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Plant lovers often look at lists of plants or seeds for sale in the winter to plan their gardens for the coming year. Those lists usually have two names for each plant: a common name and a botanical, or scientific name. The botanical name is not in English, which makes a lot of people unsure about what it means or how to say it. The language is Latin. Its purpose is to help growers be sure that the plant they bring home is the one they wanted to buy. The problem with common names is that they are nicknames, or informal names, for plants. Many plants can share a common name. One plant can also have many common names. You can see how this can cause misunderstandings. For example, you may have heard the name “geranium.” The common name for the true Geranium is perennial cranesbill. The container plant people call the geranium is actually a Pelargonium.植物爱好者经常查看冬季出售的植物或种子清单，以规划来年的花园。这些列表通常对每种植物都有两个名称：一个通用名称和一个植物学名称或学名。植物学名称不是英文，这让很多人不确定它是什么意思或怎么说。语言是拉丁语。它的目的是帮助种植者确保他们带回家的植物是他们想要购买的植物。通用名称的问题在于它们是植物的昵称或非正式名称。许多植物可以有一个共同的名字。一种植物也可以有许多通用名称。你可以看到这会如何引起误解。例如，您可能听说过“天竺葵”这个名字。真正的天竺葵的通用名称是多年生鹤嘴兰。人们称之为天竺葵的容器植物实际上是一种天竺葵。The Latin system of naming goes back to the 1700s and Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus. His books Systema Naturae and Fundamenta Botanica created rules for classifying and naming plants in botanical Latin. For this reason, gardeners should try to become familiar with it. Linnaeus spent his life giving every plant and animal that he knew a two-part, or binomial, name. The two parts are: genus and species. These names are often based on the appearance of parts of the plant or animal. Linnaeus' International Code of Botanical Nomenclature sets rules for how plants should be named. They include:拉丁命名系统可以追溯到 1700 年代的瑞典植物学家、动物学家和医生卡尔·林奈 (Carl Linnaeus)。他的著作 Systema Naturae 和 Fundamenta Botanica 制定了用植物学拉丁语对植物进行分类和命名的规则。因此，园丁应该尝试熟悉它。林奈一生都在为他所知道的每一种植物和动物起一个由两部分组成的或二项式的名字。这两个部分是：属和种。这些名称通常基于植物或动物部分的外观。林奈的《国际植物命名法典》为植物命名设定了规则。他们包括：A plant name must start with a capitalized genus, The second part of the name is the species, written in lower-case, usual letter. Next, the name includes either a variety (if the plant is found in nature), cultivar (if the plant is created by a breeder) or hybrid name (if it is a cross between two plants, an "x" is used).植物名称必须以大写的属开头，名称的第二部分是种，用小写字母书写。接下来，该名称包括品种（如果植物是在自然界中发现的）、栽培品种（如果植物是由育种者创造的）或杂交种名称（如果它是两种植物之间的杂交，则使用“x”）。The International Botanical Congress has gathered every six years to examine and decide on new naming questions. The questions come up because of new genetic research and scientific findings. After all, Linnaeus did not have modern microscopes or DNA testing laboratories to decide which plants are related.For example, bleeding hearts, once officially called Dicentra spectabilis, were moved into the newly created Lamprocapnos genus several years ago. Their name is now Lamprocapnos spectabilis. The snapdragon, a popular garden flower, was once in the Antirrhinum genus. The Congress moved it into the plantain family, Plantaginaceae.国际植物学大会每六年召开一次，以审查和决定新的命名问题。这些问题是由于新的基因研究和科学发现而出现的。毕竟，林奈 (Linnaeus) 没有现代显微镜或 DNA 测试实验室来确定哪些植物是相关的。例如，流血的心脏，曾被官方称为 Dicentra spectabilis，几年前被移入新创建的 Lamprocapnos 属。他们现在的名字是 Lamprocapnos spectabilis。金鱼草是一种流行的园林花卉，曾属于金鱼草属。国会将其移入车前草科车前草科。Since no group controls the use of common names, the same plant may have several. Take Rudbeckia hirta. Some call it a black-eyed Susan, others say it is a yellow-oxeye daisy and others know it as the gloriosa daisy. Ask a garden center employee for a snowball bush, and you might walk out with a Hydrangea arborescens or a Viburnum plicatum. There is a big difference. The first one has large round flower heads that bloom in the summer. The second one has groups of smaller flowers and blooms in the spring. But both are beautiful. How can you learn the botanical name for a plant before you buy it? Search for the common name in the Royal Horticultural Society's free online Garden Plant Finder and get a list of the botanical names. You can also search for a botanical name and learn the common names.由于没有任何团体控制通用名称的使用，因此同一家工厂可能有多个。以金光菊为例。有人称它为黑眼苏珊，有人称它为黄牛眼菊，还有人称它为嘉兰菊。向花园中心的员工要一株雪球灌木丛，你可能会得到一株绣球花或一株荚莲花。有一个很大的不同。第一个有大的圆形头状花序，在夏天开花。第二个有成群的小花，在春天开花。但是两个都很美。在购买植物之前如何了解植物学名称？在皇家园艺学会的免费在线园林植物查找器中搜索常见名称，并获得植物学名称列表。您还可以搜索植物学名称并了解常用名称。

European space officials have called for establishing a separate time zone on the moon. The European Space Agency (ESA) said the idea was discussed at a recent meeting held at the agency’s Space Research and Technology Centre in the Netherlands. ESA said the effort is part of a larger project to create a complete communication and navigation system for the moon. Space officials say such a system will be necessary to support a growing number of planned launches to the moon in coming years.欧洲太空官员呼吁在月球上建立一个单独的时区。欧洲航天局 (ESA) 表示，最近在该机构位于荷兰的空间研究和技术中心举行的会议上讨论了这个想法。 ESA 表示，这项工作是一个更大项目的一部分，该项目旨在为月球创建一个完整的通信和导航系统。太空官员表示，这样的系统对于支持未来几年越来越多的登月计划是必不可少的。A series of space operations around the moon will require spacecraft and controllers “to communicate together and fix their positions independently from Earth,” ESA said in a statement. Currently, moon operations run on the time of the country that launched the spacecraft. But ESA officials say this will have to change when more countries and private space companies start launching their own moon missions. ESA has partnered with the American space agency NASA on several planned lunar projects, or missions. ESA helped build NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which is expected to transport American astronauts back to the moon by the mid-2020s. NASA reported it was pleased with Orion’s last uncrewed test mission late last year. ESA has also been involved in planning and development operations for a lunar project called Gateway. Private companies have been asked to develop living spaces, called habitats, for NASA and ESA, as part of the Gateway project.欧空局在一份声明中表示，围绕月球的一系列太空行动将需要航天器和控制器“相互通信并独立于地球确定其位置”。目前，月球运行以发射航天器的国家的时间运行。但欧空局官员表示，当更多国家和私人航天公司开始启动自己的月球任务时，这种情况将不得不改变。 ESA 已与美国航天局 NASA 合作开展多个计划中的月球项目或任务。 ESA 帮助建造了 NASA 的猎户座飞船，该飞船有望在 2020 年代中期将美国宇航员送回月球。美国宇航局报告说，它对猎户座去年年底的最后一次无人测试任务感到满意。 ESA 还参与了名为 Gateway 的月球项目的规划和开发操作。作为 Gateway 项目的一部分，私营公司被要求为 NASA 和 ESA 开发称为栖息地的生活空间。NASA has described Gateway as a small spaceship that would remain in orbit around the moon. It would be designed as a living space for astronauts and as a laboratory for science activities. Gateway would give the astronauts a base for making trips to the moon, and possibly in the future to Mars. Pietro Giordano is a navigation system engineer for ESA. He said after the issue was considered at the recent ESA meeting, “a joint international effort is now being launched” to establish a lunar time zone. ESA says the planned lunar communications and navigation systems will perform much better if they “employ the same timescale, along with the many other crewed and uncrewed missions they will support.”NASA 将 Gateway 描述为一艘将留在月球轨道上的小型宇宙飞船。它将被设计成宇航员的生活空间和科学活动的实验室。 Gateway 将为宇航员提供前往月球旅行的基地，并可能在未来前往火星。 Pietro Giordano 是 ESA 的导航系统工程师。他说，在最近的欧空局会议上审议了这个问题后，“现在正在发起国际联合努力”以建立月球时区。欧空局表示，如果计划中的月球通信和导航系统“采用相同的时间尺度，以及它们将支持的许多其他载人和无人任务，它们的性能将会好得多。”NASA also had to deal with the time question while designing and building the International Space Station (ISS), which is nearing the 25th anniversary of the launch of its first piece. The ISS does not have its own time zone. Instead, it runs on Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC, which is based on time kept by atomic clocks. This helps ease the time difference between NASA and the Canadian Space Agency, as well as other space partners in Russia, Japan and Europe. ESA says the international team looking at establishing a lunar time zone is debating whether a single organization should set and keep time on the moon.美国国家航空航天局在设计和建造国际空间站 (ISS) 时还必须解决时间问题，国际空间站即将迎来其首件发射 25 周年。国际空间站没有自己的时区。相反，它在协调世界时 (UTC) 上运行，该时间基于原子钟保持的时间。这有助于缩小美国宇航局与加拿大航天局以及俄罗斯、日本和欧洲其他太空合作伙伴之间的时差。 ESA 表示，考虑建立月球时区的国际团队正在讨论是否应该由一个组织在月球上设置和保持时间。There are also technical questions to consider. For example, clocks run faster on the moon than on Earth, gaining about 56 microseconds each day, officials said. The exact difference depends on the position of the clock and whether it is in orbit or on the lunar surface. One of the most important things to consider is whether separate lunar time will be helpful and effective for the astronauts working there, said ESA official Bernhard Hufenbach. “This will be quite a challenge,” Hufenbach said in a statement. He noted that a day on the moon lasts as long as 29.5 days on Earth. Hufenbach added that after successfully establishing a working time system for the moon, “we can go on to do the same for other planetary destinations.”还有一些技术问题需要考虑。例如，时钟在月球上的运行速度比在地球上快，每天增加约 56 微秒，官员说。确切的差异取决于时钟的位置以及它是在轨道上还是在月球表面。 ESA 官员伯恩哈德·胡芬巴赫 (Bernhard Hufenbach) 说，要考虑的最重要的事情之一是，单独的月球时间是否对在那里工作的宇航员有帮助和有效。 “这将是一个相当大的挑战，”Hufenbach 在一份声明中说。他指出，月球上的一天与地球上的 29.5 天一样长。 Hufenbach 补充说，在成功建立月球工作时间系统后，“我们可以继续为其他行星目的地做同样的事情。”

Quaoar is a minor planet orbiting the sun beyond Pluto. It is named after a god of creation in Native American mythology. And it is creating some surprises for astronomers as it orbits in the cold outer parts of our solar system.Quaoar 是一颗绕太阳运行的小行星，位于冥王星之外。 它以美洲原住民神话中的创世神命名。 当它在我们太阳系寒冷的外围运行时，它给天文学家带来了一些惊喜。Researchers said recently that they have found a ring surrounding Quaoar similar to the one around the planet Saturn. But the ring around Quaoar differs from the current understanding of where rings can form. It is located much further away from it than current scientific understanding would permit.研究人员最近表示，他们在 Quaoar 周围发现了一个类似于土星周围的环。 但 Quaoar 周围的环与目前对环形成位置的理解不同。 它的位置比目前的科学理解所允许的要远得多。The distance of the ring from Quaoar places it in a place where scientists believe particles should come together around a planet to form a moon, rather than a ring.环与 Quaoar 的距离使它位于科学家认为粒子应该聚集在行星周围形成卫星而不是环的地方。"This is the discovery of a ring located in a place that should not be possible," said Bruno Morgado. He is an astronomer with the Valongo Observatory at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. He is the lead writer of the study published in Nature.Bruno Morgado 说：“这是在一个不应该出现的地方发现了一个戒指。” 他是巴西里约热内卢联邦大学 Valongo 天文台的天文学家。 他是发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究的主要作者。Discovered in 2002, Quaoar is currently defined as a minor planet. Some scientists are proposing to call it a dwarf planet. But it has not yet been officially given that name by the International Astronomical Union, the scientific group that names astronomy objects.Quaoar 于 2002 年被发现，目前被定义为一颗小行星。 一些科学家提议称它为矮行星。 但它尚未被国际天文学联合会正式命名，国际天文学联合会是为天文物体命名的科学团体。Quaoar is about 1,110 kilometers across, which is about one third the size of Earth's moon. But the minor planet is about half the size of the dwarf planet Pluto. Quaoar has a small moon called Weywot, Quaoar's son in mythology. It has a diameter of 170 kilometers and orbits beyond the ring.Quaoar 的直径约为 1,110 公里，大约是地球月球大小的三分之一。 但这颗小行星的大小大约是矮行星冥王星的一半。 Quaoar 有一个小月亮，叫做 Weywot，是神话中 Quaoar 的儿子。 它的直径为 170 公里，轨道在环外。Quaoar is in a distant part of the Solar System called the Kuiper belt, which contains many icy bodies. It orbits about 43 times the distance from the sun to the Earth. Neptune, the most distant planet from the sun, orbits at about 30 times the Earth-to-sun distance.Quaoar 位于太阳系的遥远部分，称为柯伊伯带，其中包含许多冰体。 它绕太阳运行的距离约为太阳到地球距离的 43 倍。 海王星是距太阳最远的行星，其公转距离约为地日距离的 30 倍。Quaoar's ring was discovered using the European Space Agency's orbiting CHEOPS telescope. The telescope’s main use is to study planets beyond our solar system.Quaoar 环是使用欧洲航天局的轨道 CHEOPS 望远镜发现的。 该望远镜的主要用途是研究太阳系以外的行星。The ring is a disk made of ice-covered particles. It is about 4,100 kilometers away from Quaoar's center. It has a diameter of about 8,200 kilometers.环是由冰覆盖的颗粒制成的圆盘。 距离Quaoar中心约4100公里。 它的直径约为8200公里。Unlike any other known rings around bodies in space, Quaoar's ring is outside what is called the Roche limit. That is the distance from any celestial body where it gravitational force would cause an approaching object to be pulled apart. Material orbiting outside the Roche limit would be expected to become a moon.与太空中围绕物体的任何其他已知环不同，Quaoar 的环位于所谓的罗氏极限之外。 这是与任何天体的距离，它的引力会导致接近的物体被拉开。 在罗希极限之外运行的物质有望成为卫星。Saturn has the largest ring system in our solar system. The other large gas planets - Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune - all have rings, but not as big. Other non-planetary bodies, Chariklo and Haumea, also have rings. All are inside the Roche limit.土星拥有我们太阳系中最大的环系统。 其他大型气体行星——木星、天王星和海王星——都有环，但没有那么大。 其他非行星天体 Chariklo 和 Haumea 也有环。 都在罗氏限制范围内。Why is Quaoar’s ring outside the Roche limit?为什么 Quaoar 的戒指在罗氏限制之外？Isabella Pagano is with the Astrophysical Observatory of Catania and one of the study’s writers. She said rings could form from debris when the body was formed, or when something collided with the minor planet or another body.伊莎贝拉·帕加诺 (Isabella Pagano) 在卡塔尼亚天体物理观测站工作，她是该研究的作者之一。 她说，当天体形成时，或者当某物与小行星或其他天体相撞时，环可能会由碎片形成。But: “We do not have hints at the moment on how the Quaoar ring formed," Pagano said.但是：“我们目前没有关于 Quaoar 环是如何形成的线索，”Pagano 说。She added that the science on how large bodies like moons are created might “need to be revised.”她补充说，关于像卫星这样的大天体是如何形成的科学可能“需要修改”。

Scientists have discovered some of the oldest stone tools ever found at a research site in Kenya. But the find created a mystery about which group of early humans made and used the tools.科学家们在肯尼亚的一个研究地点发现了一些最古老的石器。但这一发现创造了一个谜团，即哪一群早期人类制造并使用这些工具。A study recently published in Science suggests early humans used the tools to cut up animals for food about 3 million years ago.最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，大约 300 万年前，早期人类使用这些工具将动物切碎作为食物。In the past, scientists thought our direct ancestors were the ones making and using tools. But two teeth from an extinct human-like creature were found at the site. This led researchers to believe that other kinds of hominins might have picked up tools too.过去，科学家认为我们的直系祖先是制造和使用工具的人。 但在该地点发现了两颗已灭绝的类人生物的牙齿。 这让研究人员相信其他种类的古人类也可能会使用工具。The term hominin is still developing and is used to describe species that are considered human or closely linked to humans.人类一词仍在发展中，用于描述被认为是人类或与人类密切相关的物种。The team said the newly found tools are probably the oldest example of what is known as the Oldowan toolkit. This was a set of tools that spread across Africa and beyond during the Stone Age.该团队表示，新发现的工具可能是所谓的 Oldowan 工具包中最古老的例子。 这是一套在石器时代传播到非洲及其他地区的工具。Rick Potts is the director of the Smithsonian’s Human Origins Program. He told the Associated Press that he thinks the find adds to existing evidence that our direct ancestors may not have been the only users of Stone Age technology.里克·波茨 (Rick Potts) 是史密森尼人类起源计划的负责人。 他告诉美联社，他认为这一发现增加了现有证据，证明我们的直系祖先可能不是石器时代技术的唯一使用者。“Those teeth open up an amazing whodunit – a real question of, well, who were these earliest toolmakers?” Potts said.“那些牙齿打开了一个惊人的侦探小说——一个真正的问题，嗯，这些最早的工具制造者是谁？” 波茨说。The researchers said the tools date back to about 2.9 million years ago, when early humans used them to cut up hippopotamuses and other big animals for food. The study suggests these kinds of tools were widely used earlier than had been believed.研究人员表示，这些工具可以追溯到大约 290 万年前，当时早期人类使用它们来切割河马和其他大型动物作为食物。 该研究表明，这些工具的广泛使用早于人们的想象。Three kinds of tools were found. These included some with flat sides believed to have been used to crush plants, bone and meat. Others had sharp edges for cutting meat.发现了三种工具。 其中包括一些据信用于压碎植物、骨头和肉类的扁平侧面。 其他人有锋利的边缘来切肉。Thomas Plummer is with Queens College of the City University of New York and was the lead writer of the study. He told the AP that, with the tools found, early humans could cut and crush a wide range of materials. In addition, he said tools from the Kenyan site also suggested they had assisted early humans with eating.Thomas Plummer 就职于纽约市立大学皇后学院，是该研究的主要作者。 他告诉美联社，利用发现的工具，早期人类可以切割和压碎各种材料。 此外，他说来自肯尼亚遗址的工具也表明它们曾帮助早期人类进食。The site, known as Nyayanga, is in a hilly area on the shores of Lake Victoria. Since starting work there in 2015, researchers have also found many objects and animal bones.该遗址被称为 Nyayanga，位于维多利亚湖岸边的丘陵地区。 自 2015 年开始在那里工作以来，研究人员还发现了许多物体和动物骨骼。Plummer said cut marks on several hippo bones show they were cut up for their meat. The early humans also likely used the tools to break open antelope bones to get out marrow and tissue inside the bones, the study said.Plummer 说，几块河马骨头上的切割痕迹表明它们是为了取肉而被切开的。 该研究称，早期人类也可能使用这些工具打开羚羊的骨头，以取出骨头内的骨髓和组织。Plummer added that the stone tools permitted the early humans to get and process a lot of necessities from the environment. “If you can butcher a hippo, you can butcher pretty much anything,” he said.Plummer 补充说，石器使早期人类能够从环境中获取和处理许多必需品。 “如果你能屠杀河马，你几乎可以屠杀任何东西，”他说。

An Italian project on the social media service Instagram is aiming to bring attention to women who do not look like usual fashion models. Carlotta Giancane started L’Imperfetta modeling agency in 2020. The name means “imperfect” in the Italian language. And the agency aims to redefine ideas about beauty in Italy. The agency works with models who are unusual for the industry in many ways. The models are of all sizes and ages. Some of the models have disabilities. Others have medical conditions — like alopecia, which causes hair loss. Still others have scars where they have been injured or have skin discolorations.社交媒体服务 Instagram 上的一个意大利项目旨在吸引那些看起来不像普通时装模特的女性。 Carlotta Giancane 于 2020 年创办了 L'Imperfetta 模特经纪公司。这个名字在意大利语中的意思是“不完美”。该机构旨在重新定义意大利关于美的观念。该机构与在许多方面对行业来说不同寻常的模特合作。这些模特有各种尺寸和年龄。有些模型有残疾。其他人有健康问题——比如导致脱发的脱发。还有一些人在受伤的地方有疤痕或皮肤变色。Sonia Spartá is one of the models. The 28-year-old from Sicily has a condition called hyperpigmentation or unusual skin coloring. It results in dark spots on her face and body. She said that she often hears people talk in public about her appearance. She has heard some parents tell their children that she is from the circus. Before, she tried to hide her condition. Now, she does not. She considers her appearance beautiful. She said, “I changed things so that my weakness, or how I perceived a weakness, became my source of strength -- my distinctiveness.” This is the first such agency in Italy. Giancane, the founder of the company, said: “I feel like a revolutionary because I realize that around me all this did not exist before L’Imperfetta.” The agency has more than 140 models. They are in Italy and around the world. However, Giancane said she wants to change things in Italy.Sonia Spartá 是模特之一。这位来自西西里岛的 28 岁男子患有一种称为色素沉着过度或异常肤色的病症。这导致她的脸和身体出现黑斑。她说她经常听到人们在公共场合谈论她的外表。她曾听一些父母告诉他们的孩子，她来自马戏团。之前，她试图隐瞒自己的病情。现在，她没有。她认为自己的外表很漂亮。她说，“我改变了一些事情，让我的弱点，或者我对弱点的看法，成为我力量的源泉——我的与众不同。”这是意大利第一个这样的机构。公司创始人 Giancane 说：“我觉得自己像个革命者，因为我意识到在我周围，这一切在 L’Imperfetta 之前都不存在。”该机构拥有 140 多个模型。他们在意大利和世界各地。然而，吉安卡内说她想改变意大利的情况。Her models have appeared in advertising campaigns for cosmetic products, fashion retailers, and supermarkets. Much of the work is in online advertisements. But there have also been calls for models in television advertisements. Two models have appeared in fashion shows in Milan for designer Marco Rambaldi.Model Lucia Della Ratta is a university student in Rome. She hid her albinism for most of her life. She tried to darken the color of her hair and skin with products. But during the pandemic lockdown, she let her natural hair color grow out and began posting photos on Instagram. “I felt beautiful for the first time,” Della Ratta said recently. The change still brings tears to her eyes. “I felt it was my essence, as though it is me, as I really am.” Another model, Desireé D’Angelo, has had alopecia since she was 10 years old. At school she wore a hat to hide her baldness. But classmates would often take it off her head. At age 15, a dance teacher suggested that she accept her condition and stop hiding it. Since then, she has become a successful dancer, performer, and model.她的模特出现在化妆品、时装零售商和超市的广告活动中。大部分工作都在在线广告中。但在电视广告中也出现了对模特的呼声。两位模特出现在米兰设计师 Marco Rambaldi 的时装秀上。模特 Lucia Della Ratta 是罗马的一名大学生。她一生中的大部分时间都在隐藏自己的白化病。她试图用产品使头发和皮肤的颜色变深。但在大流行封锁期间，她让自然的头发颜色长出来，并开始在 Instagram 上发布照片。 “我第一次觉得自己很美，”Della Ratta 最近说道。这种变化仍然让她热泪盈眶。 “我觉得这是我的本质，就好像它就是我，就像我真的一样。”另一位模特 Desireé D’Angelo 从 10 岁起就开始脱发。在学校，她戴着一顶帽子来掩饰她的秃头。但同学们经常会把它从她的头上拿走。 15 岁时，一位舞蹈老师建议她接受自己的状况，不要再隐瞒了。从那以后，她成为了一名成功的舞者、表演者和模特。“I like my body. I like my peculiarity. In the end, I have accepted it,” she said.“我喜欢我的身体。我喜欢我的独特之处。最后，我接受了，”她说。

esearchers in Norway say they have found what they believe is the world’s oldest runestone – a stone with ancient writing on it.挪威的研究人员表示，他们发现了他们认为是世界上最古老的如尼文石——一块刻有古代文字的石头。Runes are the characters in several Germanic alphabets. These characters were used in northern Europe from ancient times until the change to the Latin alphabet. The exact origin of runic writing is unclear.符文是几个日耳曼字母表中的字符。 这些字符自古以来就在北欧使用，直到更改为拉丁字母。 符文文字的确切起源尚不清楚。The Norwegian researchers say the writing on the runestone could be up to 2000 years old.挪威研究人员表示，符文石上的文字可能已有 2000 年历史。The runestone is square and flat. The runes carved into it may represent the earliest example of recorded words in Scandinavia, the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo said.符文石呈方形，扁平。 奥斯陆文化历史博物馆表示，刻在上面的如尼文可能代表了斯堪的纳维亚半岛最早的文字记载。It said it was “among the oldest runic inscriptions ever found” and “the oldest datable runestone in the world.”它说它是“有史以来发现的最古老的符文铭文之一”和“世界上最古老的可数据符文石”。Kristel Zilmer is a professor at University of Oslo, of which the museum is part. Zilmer told The Associated Press, “This find will give us a lot of knowledge about the use of runes in the early Iron Age. This may be one of the first attempts to use runes in Norway and Scandinavia on stone.”Kristel Zilmer 是奥斯陆大学的教授，该博物馆是奥斯陆大学的一部分。 齐尔默告诉美联社，“这一发现将为我们提供大量有关铁器时代早期符文使用的知识。 这可能是挪威和斯堪的纳维亚半岛在石头上使用符文的首次尝试之一。”Runes have been found on stones and on home goods. Older runes have been found on other objects, also, but not on stone. The oldest known runic writing is on a hair tool made from bone. It was found in Denmark.在石头和家居用品上发现了符文。 在其他物体上也发现了更古老的符文，但不是在石头上。 已知最古老的符文书写在用骨头制成的头发工具上。 它是在丹麦发现的。Zilmer said that the ancient writer might have used a knife or needle to make the runes.齐尔默说，这位古代作家可能用刀或针来制作符文。The runestone was discovered in the fall of 2021 during a dig in Tyrifjord, west of Oslo. The area is known for several major archaeological finds.这块如尼符文石是 2021 年秋天在奥斯陆以西的 Tyrifjord 进行挖掘时发现的。 该地区以几项重大考古发现而闻名。Zilmer explained that the find was announced late because researchers needed time to study “and date the runestone.”Zilmer 解释说，这一发现的公布时间较晚，因为研究人员需要时间来研究“符文石并确定其年代”。Measuring 31 centimeters by 32 centimeters, the stone has several kinds of writings. Not all of them make sense. Eight runes on the front of the stone read “idiberug” — which could be the name of an individual or family.这块石头长 31 厘米，宽 32 厘米，上面刻有多种文字。 并非所有这些都有意义。 石头正面的八个符文写着“idiberug”——可以是个人或家庭的名字。Zilmer called the discovery “the most sensational thing that I, as an academic, have had.” Sensational means causing great excitement.齐尔默称这一发现是“作为一名学者，我所经历过的最轰动的事情”。 耸人听闻的意思是引起极大的兴奋。There is still a lot of research to be done on the rock, named Svingerud stone after where it was found.在这块岩石上还有很多研究要做，根据它的发现地命名为 Svingerud 石头。“Without doubt, we will obtain valuable knowledge about the early history of runic writing,” Zilmer added.“毫无疑问，我们将获得有关符文书写早期历史的宝贵知识，”齐尔默补充道。The Museum of Cultural History is holding a public showing of the runestone for a month. The museum holds Norway’s largest collection of historical objects, from ancient times to modern-day.文化历史博物馆将举行为期一个月的符文石公开展示。 该博物馆拥有挪威最大的历史文物收藏，从古代到现代。

Adverts are designed to persuade us, but which techniques have been shown to be effective in enticing us to buy things? One way is simply to portray something as normal. Former advertising professional Dan Parker explains that 'normalisation', showing people happily eating unhealthily, can lead to higher sales of junk food as people start to see these habits as normal. This is like product placement, where products are shown or mentioned in TV shows and films. Beth Fossen, an assistant professor of marketing, tells us that product placement is most effective when it is not too obvious. We become defensive if we know that someone is trying to sell us something. It seems that a subtle approach can be more convincing.广告旨在说服我们，但哪些技术已被证明可以有效地吸引我们购买东西？一种方法是简单地将某些事物描绘成正常的。前广告专业人士丹·帕克解释说，“正常化”，即让人们愉快地吃不健康的食物，会导致垃圾食品的销量增加，因为人们开始将这些习惯视为正常现象。这就像植入式广告，在电视节目和电影中展示或提及产品。营销学助理教授 Beth Fossen 告诉我们，植入式广告在不太明显时最有效。如果我们知道有人试图向我们推销东西，我们就会变得防御起来。似乎微妙的方法可以更有说服力。Appealing to our emotions is another strategy that advertisers use. Some of them use fear to persuade us. Jannet Pendleton, a senior lecturer in communication studies, explains that for fear to be an effective tool, we need to believe that both the fears raised, and the possibility that our actions can make a difference are credible. Where fears are exaggerated or we feel helpless, we are likely to switch off.吸引我们的情绪是广告商使用的另一种策略。他们中的一些人用恐惧来说服我们。传播学高级讲师珍妮特·彭德尔顿 (Jannet Pendleton) 解释说，要使恐惧成为一种有效的工具，我们需要相信所引起的恐惧以及我们的行动可能产生影响的可能性都是可信的。在恐惧被夸大或我们感到无助的地方，我们可能会关闭。Adverts often show perfect-looking people because marketers believe that we will aspire to be like them and buy the products they endorse. However, as Karen Middleton, a senior lecturer in marketing and advertising, points out, this may not be the best strategy. The research that she mentions shows these adverts can make people feel bad and put them off products. These studies say that seeing a more human and relatable side of people can sway us into believing them. David Robson, writing for BBC Worklife, explains that endorsements from characters who admit their mistakes can often be more believable.广告经常展示完美相貌的人，因为营销人员相信我们会渴望像他们一样并购买他们代言的产品。然而，正如市场营销和广告学高级讲师凯伦米德尔顿指出的那样，这可能不是最好的策略。她提到的研究表明，这些广告会让人们感觉不好，并让他们远离产品。这些研究表明，看到人们更人性化和更亲切的一面可以让我们相信他们。为 BBC Worklife 撰稿的大卫·罗布森 (David Robson) 解释说，承认错误的角色的认可往往更可信。So, it seems that the secret to these persuasion techniques is that, to be most effective, they need to be used carefully. Perhaps the best technique advertisers can use to persuade people is to fully understand the people they are selling to.因此，这些说服技巧的秘诀似乎在于，要最有效，就需要谨慎使用。也许广告商可以用来说服人们的最佳技巧是充分了解他们的销售对象。词汇表persuade 说服，使相信entice 诱使，引诱portray 描绘advertising 广告业normalisation 正常化，常态化product placement 植入式广告convincing 有说服力的appeal to emotions 迎合（某人的）情感，投合（某人的）喜好credible 可信的，令人信服的exaggerate 夸张，夸大switch off 失去兴趣，不再理睬marketer 营销商aspire 渴望endorse 宣传，代言put off 让（人）打消念头，望而却步sway 说服endorsement （产品）宣传，名人代言believable 可信的

Twenty-six words were included in what is known as Section 230 of the 1996 law setting telecommunication policies in the United States. Those words have enabled companies like Facebook, Twitter and Google to grow into the giant technology companies they are today. This week, the U.S. Supreme Court is hearing challenges to the law on whether those companies are responsible for what users posted on their services. In Gonzalez v. Google, the justices will decide whether the family of an American college student killed in a terror attack in Paris can sue Google, which owns YouTube. The family claims the video service’s algorithm helped extremists spread their message.美国 1996 年制定电信政策的法律第 230 条包含 26 个词。这些话让 Facebook、Twitter 和谷歌等公司成长为今天的巨型科技公司。本周，美国最高法院将审理对这些公司是否应对用户在其服务上发布的内容负责的法律提出的质疑。在冈萨雷斯诉谷歌一案中，法官将决定在巴黎恐怖袭击中丧生的美国大学生的家人是否可以起诉拥有 YouTube 的谷歌。这家人声称视频服务的算法帮助极端分子传播他们的信息。The second case, Twitter v. Taamneh, also centers on legal responsibility. It involves a Jordanian citizen killed in Istanbul, Turkiye. The results of these cases could reshape the internet as we know it. Section 230 will not be easily changed. But if it is, online speech could be greatly changed.If a news organization or website falsely accuses you of harmful things, you can take legal action against the publisher for libel. Libel is a published false statement about someone and is a crime. But if someone posts a libelous statement on Facebook, you cannot sue Facebook. You can only sue the person who posted it. In this case, Facebook is protected under Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act. The law says that “no provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.”第二个案例，Twitter 诉 Taamneh，也以法律责任为中心。它涉及一名在土耳其伊斯坦布尔遇害的约旦公民。正如我们所知，这些案例的结果可能会重塑互联网。第 230 条不会轻易改变。但如果是的话，网络言论可能会发生很大的变化。如果新闻机构或网站诬告你有害，你可以以诽谤罪对发布者提起法律诉讼。诽谤是对某人发表的虚假陈述，是一种犯罪行为。但是，如果有人在 Facebook 上发表诽谤言论，您不能起诉 Facebook。您只能起诉发布它的人。在这种情况下，Facebook 受到 1996 年《通信规范法》第 230 条的保护。法律规定，“交互式计算机服务的提供者或用户不得被视为另一信息内容提供者提供的任何信息的发布者或发言人。”That legal statement protects companies that can host trillions of messages from being sued by anyone who feels wronged by something someone else has posted. Section 230 also permits social media services to moderate their services. They can remove posts that, for example, are obscene or violate the services’ standards.The measure’s history dates to the 1950s. At the time, bookstore owners were being held legally responsible for selling books containing “obscenity,” which is not protected by the First Amendment. One case made it to the Supreme Court, which ruled that it created a “chilling effect” to hold someone responsible for someone else’s content.Now, lawmakers from both Republican and Democratic parties have argued that social media websites have misused that protection and should lose it. Some argue that the companies should have to meet requirements set by the government.该法律声明保护可以托管数万亿条消息的公司不会被任何因他人发布的内容而感到委屈的人起诉。第 230 条还允许社交媒体服务调节其服务。例如，他们可以删除淫秽或违反服务标准的帖子。该措施的历史可以追溯到 1950 年代。当时，书店老板因销售包含不受第一修正案保护的“淫秽内容”的书籍而被追究法律责任。一个案件提交到最高法院，最高法院裁定它产生了一种“寒蝉效应”，让某人对他人的内容负责。现在，共和党和民主党的立法者都认为社交媒体网站滥用了这种保护，应该失去它。一些人认为，这些公司应该必须满足政府规定的要求。Eric Goldman is a professor at Santa Clara University specializing in internet law. He said the main thing people do on the internet is to communicate with each other. And a lot of that communication is made possible by Section 230. The law says that tech companies that permit people to communicate are not responsible for the discussions, he said. Goldman said that if protections for services permitting people to communicate are removed “they won’t allow us to talk to each other anymore.” There are two possible results. Services might be more careful with content. For example, in 2018, a law was passed that created an exception to Section 230 for material that helps with sex work. The advertising service Craigslist removed its “personals” area that was taken over by those who used it for sex work.埃里克·戈德曼 (Eric Goldman) 是圣克拉拉大学的教授，专攻互联网法。他说人们在互联网上做的主要事情是相互交流。第 230 条使很多交流成为可能。法律规定，允许人们交流的科技公司不对讨论负责，他说。戈德曼说，如果取消对允许人们交流的服务的保护，“他们将不再允许我们互相交谈。”有两种可能的结果。服务可能对内容更加谨慎。例如，2018 年通过了一项法律，为帮助性工作的材料创建了第 230 条的例外情况。广告服务 Craigslist 删除了其“交友”区域，该区域已被用于性工作的人接管。Another possibility is that Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and others could stop moderating materials on their services altogether. However, the unmoderated services could easily end up with a lot of harmful content. Any change to Section 230 is likely to have strong effects on online speech around the world. Goldman noted that the rest of the world is taking measures against internet companies faster than the U.S. “So we’re a step behind the rest of the world in terms of censoring the internet. And the question is whether we can even hold out on our own.”另一种可能性是 Facebook、Twitter、YouTube 和其他公司可以完全停止在其服务上审核材料。但是，未经审核的服务很容易以大量有害内容告终。对第 230 条的任何更改都可能对全球的在线言论产生强烈影响。高盛指出，世界其他地区对互联网公司采取措施的速度快于美国。“因此，我们在审查互联网

Over three thousand years ago, several important civilizations in the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean collapsed or decreased in power. This event is called the Bronze Age collapse.三千多年前，中东和地中海东部的几个重要文明崩溃或衰落。 这个事件被称为青铜时代的崩溃。One of the strongest to disappear was the Hittite empire in what is now Turkey and parts of Syria and Iraq.最强大的消失者之一是位于现在土耳其以及叙利亚和伊拉克部分地区的赫梯帝国。Researchers recently offered new ideas about the Hittite collapse. An examination of trees alive at the time showed three years of too little rainfall, or severe drought. The drought may have caused crop failures, hunger and political problems.研究人员最近提出了有关赫梯崩溃的新想法。 对当时活着的树木进行的检查表明，三年来降雨量太少，或者是严重干旱。 干旱可能导致作物歉收、饥饿和政治问题。The Hittites had their capital Hattusa in Turkey’s central Anatolia. At the time, they were one of the ancient world's great powers. The Hittites became the main competitors of the ancient Egyptian empire during its New Kingdom period.赫梯人的首都哈图萨位于土耳其中部的安纳托利亚。 当时，他们是古代世界的强国之一。 赫梯人成为古埃及新王国时期的主要竞争对手。Sturt Manning of Cornell University was the lead writer of the research published in Nature. He said that in ancient times, the Hittites controlled a huge area for hundreds of years although they faced threats from neighbors and the difficulty of being in a dry area.康奈尔大学的斯特曼宁是发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究的主要作者。 他说，在古代，赫梯人虽然面临着邻国的威胁，也面临着身处干旱地区的困难，但他们控制着广阔的地区达数百年之久。Scholars long have wondered what caused the fall of the Hittites and the collapse of other civilizations in Greece, Crete and the Middle East. Ideas have included war and climate change. The new study offers some new ideas about the Hittites.长期以来，学者们一直想知道是什么导致了赫梯人的衰落以及希腊、克里特岛和中东其他文明的崩溃。 想法包括战争和气候变化。 这项新研究提供了一些关于赫梯人的新想法。The trees offered a record of the climate at the time in two ways. First, there are the yearly growth rings in the trees. For example, narrow tree rings suggest dry conditions. Then, there is the ratio of two forms of carbon within the rings. The carbon forms show how the tree dealt with water availability.这些树木以两种方式记录了当时的气候。 首先，树木有年轮。 例如，狭窄的树木年轮表明天气干燥。 然后，环内有两种形式的碳的比例。 碳形式显示了树木如何处理水的可用性。Researchers discovered a slow change to drier conditions during a period about 3200 years ago. More importantly, both forms of evidence suggested three straight years of severe drought, in 1198, 1197 and 1196 BC. These years are the same as the known timing of the empire's collapse.研究人员发现，在大约 3200 年前的一段时期内，气候条件发生了缓慢变化。 更重要的是，两种形式的证据都表明在公元前 1198、1197 和 1196 年连续三年发生严重干旱。 这些年与已知的帝国崩溃时间相同。Study co-writer Brita Lorentzen of the University of Georgia said: "There was likely near-complete crop failure for three consecutive years. The people most likely had food stores that would get them through a single year of drought. But when hit with three consecutive years, there was no food to sustain them."佐治亚大学的研究合著者 Brita Lorentzen 说：“可能连续三年几乎完全歉收。人们很可能有粮食储备来度过一年的干旱。但是当遭受三年 连续几年，没有食物可以维持他们的生活。”Lorentzen added, "This would have led to a collapse of the tax base...and likely a mass movement of people seeking survival.”洛伦岑补充说，“这将导致税基崩溃……并可能导致人们寻求生存的大规模运动。”She explained that the Hittites did not have a port or other easy way of moving food into the area.她解释说，赫梯人没有港口或其他方便的方式将食物运送到该地区。Hattusa, a city protected by a large, stone wall, was burned and abandoned. Texts written on clay tablets using the cuneiform writing common in the area did not report what happened.Hattusa 是一座由大型石墙保护的城市，被烧毁并被遗弃。 使用该地区常见的楔形文字书写在粘土板上的文本没有报道发生的事情。It was a sudden end. Less than one hundred years earlier, the Hittites under king Muwatalli II and the Egyptians under pharaoh Rameses II fought the famous Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC. The groups reached history's first recorded peace treaty.这是一个突然的结束。 不到一百年前，国王穆瓦塔利二世统治下的赫梯人和法老拉美西斯二世统治下的埃及人在公元前 1274 年打了一场著名的加低斯战役。 这些团体达成了历史上第一个有记录的和平条约。Study co-writer Jed Sparks of Cornell University said: "I think this study really shows the lessons we can learn from history. The climate changes that are likely to occur for us in the next century will be much more severe than those the Hittites experienced."研究合著者康奈尔大学的杰德·斯帕克斯说：“我认为这项研究确实展示了我们可以从历史中吸取的教训。下个世纪我们可能发生的气候变化将比赫梯人经历的气候变化严重得多 ”Sparks added that these lessons create questions about our own time. “What is our resilience? How much can we withstand?"Sparks 补充说，这些教训对我们自己的时代提出了疑问。 “我们的韧性如何？ 我们能承受多少？”The researchers examined long-lived juniper trees that grew in the area at the time and eventually were used to build a wooden structure about 2700 years ago. The structure is southwest of Ankara. It might have been the burial place for a family member of Phrygia's King Midas.研究人员检查了当时生长在该地区并最终在大约 2700 年前用于建造木结构的长寿杜松树。 该结构位于安卡拉西南部。 它可能是弗里吉亚国王迈达斯 (King Midas) 一位家庭成员的墓地。

The man who made the first call from a wireless phone is now 94 years old. The year was 1973. Martin Cooper operated a large, heavy new communication device on a street in New York City. The device was not physically connected to phone lines. But, Cooper was able to make use of it --- he called a technology business competitor. Fifty years later, the inventor says he hopes wireless phones can make life better but he also expresses some worries. “My most negative opinion is that we don’t have any privacy anymore because everything about us is now recorded someplace,” Cooper said. And, he says he is concerned about how easily young people can link to harmful online material on their cell phones.第一个用无线电话拨打电话的人现年 94 岁。那是 1973 年，马丁·库珀 (Martin Cooper) 在纽约市的一条街道上操作着一个又大又重的新型通讯设备。该设备未物理连接到电话线。但是，库珀能够利用它——他称之为技术业务竞争对手。五十年后，这位发明家说他希望无线电话可以让生活更美好，但他也表达了一些担忧。 “我最消极的看法是，我们不再有任何隐私，因为现在关于我们的一切都被记录在某个地方，”库珀说。而且，他说他担心年轻人很容易在手机上链接到有害的在线材料。Cooper spoke with the Associated Press from Barcelona, Spain, where he attended the Mobile World Congress, the biggest telecom industry trade show. Cooper received an award there for his lifetime of work.Cooper says he is an optimist. He believes the technology’s best days may still be ahead in areas such as education and health care. “Between the cellphone and medical technology and the internet, we are going to conquer disease,” he said Monday, at the MWC. Cooper was working for Motorola when he used the Dyna-Tac phone to make a call in April 1973. Things have changed greatly since then. But, he said, “we had no way of knowing this was the historic moment.”Cooper 在西班牙巴塞罗那接受了美联社的采访，他在那里参加了世界移动通信大会，这是最大的电信行业贸易展。 Cooper 在那里因其一生的工作而获奖。Cooper 说他是一个乐观主义者。他认为，在教育和医疗保健等领域，这项技术的最好日子可能还在前方。 “在手机、医疗技术和互联网之间，我们将战胜疾病，”他周一在 MWC 上说。库珀在 1973 年 4 月使用 Dyna-Tac 电话拨打电话时正在为摩托罗拉工作。从那时起，情况发生了很大变化。但是，他说，“我们无法知道这是历史性的时刻。”Cooper said there are still ways for the mobile phone to change. The first one he used weighed over 1 kilogram. Today, they are small. But he thinks one day, they will be more like a part of our body than something we hold. He said perhaps the human body can even power the phones. “The human body is the charging station, right,” he asked. The body makes energy from food, he argues, so it could possibly also power a phone. Instead of holding the phone in the hand, for example, the device could be placed under the skin. Cooper said he also hopes there can be more protection for internet users concerned about privacy and for children.库珀表示，手机仍有许多改变的方法。他使用的第一个重量超过 1 公斤。今天，他们很小。但他认为有一天，它们会更像是我们身体的一部分，而不是我们持有的东西。他说，也许人体甚至可以为手机供电。 “人体就是充电站，对吧，”他问道。他争辩说，身体从食物中获取能量，因此它也可能为手机供电。例如，该设备可以放在皮肤下，而不是手持电话。库珀表示，他还希望能够为关注隐私和儿童的互联网用户提供更多保护。Speaking about privacy concerns, he said: “it’s going to get resolved, but not easily.” He also said there should be a special internet for children so they do not run into material made for adults. Cooper said the idea for the mobile phone came from a communication device used by the comic book character Dick Tracy. The imaginary detective had a wristwatch from which he could make phone calls.谈到隐私问题，他说：“它会得到解决，但并不容易。”他还说应该为儿童提供专门的互联网，这样他们就不会遇到为成人制作的材料。 Cooper 说手机的创意来自漫画人物 Dick Tracy 使用的通讯设备。想象中的侦探有一块手表，可以用来打电话。

Gardeners in the Northern Hemisphere are starting to plan their summer gardens. Most are thinking about how their plants and flowers will look in the bright sunshine in the coming summer. But when the summer sun goes down in the evening, and you are sitting outside at home, you may not be able to see many flowers in the yard without artificial lighting. With some planning, you can plant a “moon garden.” That is one you can enjoy by the light of the moon.北半球的园丁开始规划他们的夏季花园。大多数人都在考虑他们的植物和花卉在即将到来的夏天在明媚的阳光下会是什么样子。但是当夏日的傍晚夕阳西下，坐在家里外面的时候，如果没有人工照明，你可能看不到院子里的许多花。通过一些计划，您可以种植一个“月亮花园”。那是你可以在月光下享受的。Jessica Damiano writes about gardening for The Associated Press. She says plants with silver or multi-colored leaves, white or light-colored flowers, or flowers that open only at night are good choices for a moon garden. Another way to enjoy plants in the evening is to choose ones with a pleasing smell. Plant them along a walkway or near a seating area outdoors, where you can enjoy them up close, or within view of a window. For a moon garden, Damiano suggests planting these kinds of light-colored, moon-reflecting blooms: the moonflower (of course!), as well as Shasta daisy, four o'clock, sweet alyssum, yarrow, snow-in-summer, evening primrose, petunias, New Guinea impatiens and geranium. Insects that visit flowers at night to collect pollen, such as the sphinx moth, love them, too.杰西卡·达米亚诺 (Jessica Damiano) 为美联社撰写有关园艺的文章。她说，带有银色或多色叶子、白色或浅色花朵或只在夜间开放的花朵的植物是月亮花园的不错选择。晚上欣赏植物的另一种方法是选择气味宜人的植物。将它们种植在人行道上或户外休息区附近，在那里您可以近距离欣赏它们，或在窗户的视野内。对于月亮花园，达米亚诺建议种植这些浅色、反射月亮的花朵：月亮花（当然！），以及沙斯塔雏菊、四点钟、香雪球、西洋蓍草、夏雪、月见草、牵牛花、新几内亚凤仙花和天竺葵。夜间来花采集花粉的昆虫，如狮身人面像蛾，也很喜欢它们。You can begin the garden early with early bloomers, like lily of the valley, daffodil and azalea. Make the season last longer into the autumn with late bloomers like chrysanthemum and autumn clematis. Plants with unusual or multi-colored leaves include spotted dead nettle, Japanese painted fern, Jack Frost Siberian bugloss, hostas, silver lamb's ears, dusty miller, Russian sage, silver mound wormwood and some euonymus varieties. All of these plants can be seen after sundown and especially seem to shine under a full moon.你可以早点开始种植早期开花的植物，比如铃兰、水仙花和杜鹃花。用菊花和秋季铁线莲等晚开的植物让这个季节持续到秋天。具有不寻常或多色叶子的植物包括斑点死荨麻、日本彩绘蕨、杰克弗罗斯特西伯利亚牛舌草、玉簪属植物、银羊耳、尘土飞扬的磨坊主、俄罗斯鼠尾草、银丘艾草和一些大叶黄杨品种。所有这些植物都可以在日落后看到，尤其是在满月下似乎闪闪发光。If you want good smells to fill your yard in the evening, plant mock orange gardenia, lilac, summersweet, and jasmine. In very warm places, try planting ylang-ylang and frangipani to fill your evenings with pleasure. Remember that like a painting, a garden needs something behind the attention-getting objects in front. Include a backdrop of woody plants like the sweet-smelling Korean spice viburnum, or white-blooming hydrangeas. Trees like paper birch white or silver poplar, acacia and eucalyptus light up the night. Find out about those that work best in your climate by talking with other gardeners or a local expert.如果你想让好闻的气味在晚上充满你的院子，可以种植仿橙子栀子花、丁香花、夏日甜和茉莉花。在非常温暖的地方，尝试种植依兰和鸡蛋花，让您的夜晚充满乐趣。请记住，就像一幅画一样，花园需要在前面引人注目的物体背后有一些东西。以木本植物为背景，例如香气扑鼻的韩国香料荚莲或开满白花的绣球花。纸桦树、白杨树、金合欢树和桉树等树木照亮了夜晚。通过与其他园丁或当地专家交谈，找出最适合您的气候的那些。For the best visual effect, plant in groups of three, five or seven, of the same kind of plant. That is a good gardening method in general because it avoids creating a disorganized mixture of plants and flowers. But it is more important in a moon garden. You do not want your single plants to get lost in the dark. There is one more thing to increase how much you can see your moon garden -– add some small lights that face the plants. Their light will increase the appeal of your moon garden. Think about using other light-colored design elements, as well, such as fencing, plant supports, stones, water features and glass balls.为了获得最佳视觉效果，将同种植物分成三组、五组或七组种植。一般来说，这是一种很好的园艺方法，因为它避免了植物和花卉杂乱无章的混合。但它在月亮花园中更为重要。你不希望你的单株植物在黑暗中迷路。还有一件事可以增加你能看到你的月亮花园的程度——添加一些面向植物的小灯。他们的光会增加你的月亮花园的吸引力。考虑使用其他浅色设计元素，例如栅栏、植物支架、石头、水景和玻璃球。

A team of Russian scientists recently examined something extremely unusual: the frozen body of a brown bear that lived thousands of years ago. The cold preserved the body almost perfectly in the frozen lands of eastern Siberia for almost 3,500 years. Maxim Cheprasov is the laboratory chief at the Lazarev Mammoth Museum Laboratory at the North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, eastern Siberia. "This find is absolutely unique: the complete body of an ancient brown bear," he said. In 2020, reindeer herders found the female bear on an island in the Arctic Ocean. Part of the animal was sticking out of the frozen ground, or permafrost, on Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. The island is around 4,600 kilometers east of Moscow.一组俄罗斯科学家最近检查了一些非常不寻常的东西：一头生活在数千年前的棕熊的冰冻尸体。寒冷将尸体几乎完美地保存在西伯利亚东部的冰冻土地上近 3,500 年。马克西姆·切普拉索夫 (Maxim Cheprasov) 是位于西伯利亚东部雅库茨克的东北联邦大学拉扎列夫猛犸象博物馆实验室的实验室主任。 “这个发现绝对是独一无二的：一具古代棕熊的完整身体，”他说。 2020 年，驯鹿牧民在北冰洋的一个岛屿上发现了这只母熊。在 Bolshoy Lyakhovsky 岛上，这只动物的一部分从冻土或永久冻土中伸出来。该岛位于莫斯科以东约 4,600 公里处。Because it was found just east of the Bolshoy Etherican River, it has been named the Etherican brown bear.Low temperatures helped preserve the bear's soft tissue for 3,460 years. It also let the scientists know about its final meals - bird feathers and plants. The bear is 1.55 meters tall and weighs nearly 78 kilograms. "For the first time, a carcass with soft tissues has fallen into the hands of scientists, giving us the opportunity to study the internal organs and examine the brain," said Cheprasov. The scientific team in Siberia looked at the bear’s brain, skin and internal organs so they could study its cells, genes, viruses and other organisms that lived inside it.因为它是在 Bolshoy Etherican 河以东发现的，所以被命名为 Etherican 棕熊。低温帮助熊的软组织保存了 3,460 年。它还让科学家们知道了它的最后一餐——鸟的羽毛和植物。这只熊身高1.55米，体重近78公斤。 Cheprasov 说：“这是第一次，带有软组织的尸体落入了科学家的手中，让我们有机会研究内脏和检查大脑。”西伯利亚的科学团队观察了这只熊的大脑、皮肤和内脏，以便研究它的细胞、基因、病毒和生活在它体内的其他生物。"Genetic analysis has shown that the bear does not differ in mitochondrial DNA from the modern bear from the north-east of Russia – Yakutia and Chukotka," Cheprasov said. He said the bear was about three to four years old when it died from an injury to its back. It is unclear how the bear came to be on the island, which is now divided from the mainland by a 50-kilometer-wide body of water. It may have crossed over ice, it might have swum over, or the island might still have been part of the mainland. The Lyakhovsky Islands contain some of the richest treasures in the world for the field of paleontology. The area attracts both scientists and ivory traders hunting for the remains of woolly mammoths, a kind of hairy elephant that disappeared long ago.“基因分析表明，这只熊的线粒体 DNA 与来自俄罗斯东北部的现代熊——雅库特和楚科奇熊没有区别，”Cheprasov 说。他说这只熊因背部受伤而死亡时大约三到四岁。目前尚不清楚这只熊是如何来到岛上的，该岛现在与大陆被 50 公里宽的水域隔开。它可能已经越过冰层，可能已经游过，或者该岛可能仍然是大陆的一部分。 Lyakhovsky 群岛拥有世界上古生物学领域最丰富的宝藏。该地区吸引了寻找猛犸象遗骸的科学家和象牙贸易商，猛犸象是一种很久以前就消失了的毛茸茸的大象。

At least three times a week, Mexico City bus driver Nicolás Cuatencos purchases a kind of tamale known as “guajolota,” or “turkey.” The food is made of corn dough and filled with meat, bean and cheese. Tamales are then wrapped in corn husks, the green leaves outside an ear of corn, or banana leaves for cooking. Cuatencos has loved the dish since childhood. “The flavor, the dough, all of that is really good,” a smiling Cuatencos said recently. But tamales are not only tasty and a good way to fuel the workday. They also carry lovely memories for millions of people like Cuatencos. He remembers his grandmother preparing tamales for family celebrations and religious events like Candlemas Day on February 2.墨西哥城的公交车司机 Nicolás Cuatencos 每周至少购买 3 次被称为“guajolota”或“火鸡”的玉米粉蒸肉。食物由玉米面团制成，内馅有肉、豆类和奶酪。然后将玉米粉蒸肉包裹在玉米壳、玉米穗外的绿叶或香蕉叶中进行烹饪。 Cuatencos 从小就喜欢这道菜。 “味道、面团，所有这些都非常好，”Cuatencos 最近笑着说。但玉米粉蒸肉不仅美味，而且是为工作日加油的好方法。他们也为像 Catencos 这样的数百万人留下了美好的回忆。他记得他的祖母为家庭庆祝活动和宗教活动（例如 2 月 2 日的圣烛节）准备玉米粉蒸肉。Tamale buying on February 2 has a connection to an earlier holiday. Mexican tradition holds that the tamale buyer on February 2nd is the person who finds the baby Jesus figure in the Rosca de Reyes cake that is eaten on Three Kings Day on January 6. Tamales date to pre-Hispanic times. Ancient civilizations such as Olmecs, Mexicas and Mayas prepared them for religious offerings and even placed them in special burial areas. Tamales are eaten in several neighboring countries under other names like “humita,” “pamonhas,” “hallaca” and “guanime.” But the number of tamales in Mexico is unmatched, said chef and food researcher Ricardo Muñoz Zurita. He has identified 25 families of tamales in Mexico, which themselves have many different kinds based on ingredients, wrappings and size.2 月 2 日购买玉米粉蒸肉与较早的假期有关。墨西哥传统认为，2 月 2 日的墨西哥玉米粉蒸肉买家是在 1 月 6 日三王节吃的 Rosca de Reyes 蛋糕中发现婴儿耶稣形象的人。玉米粉蒸肉可追溯到前西班牙时代。奥尔梅克人、墨西哥人和玛雅人等古代文明为他们准备了宗教祭品，甚至将他们安置在特殊的墓地。玉米粉蒸肉在几个邻国以“humita”、“pamonhas”、“hallaca”和“guanime”等其他名称食用。但墨西哥的玉米粉蒸肉的数量是无与伦比的，厨师兼食品研究员 Ricardo Muñoz Zurita 说。他在墨西哥确定了 25 个玉米粉蒸肉家族，根据成分、包装和大小，它们本身有许多不同的种类。The tradition comes from a time when farmers would bring their ears of corn to the church for blessings. That would bring good luck for future crop plantings. “The popularity of the tamal is so great that I don’t think they’re going to stop making them in this century because it is not an isolated dish, there is a total tamal culture,” Muñoz Zurita said. Just like his parents and grandparents did, Cuatencos said he will gather with his wife, children and other relatives on Thursday to celebrate Candlemas. “My kids found the figurine in the cake, but I will bring the tamales,” he said, adding that it is his way of passing the tradition on to his children. “Tamales are going to survive many generations because they are passed from generation to generation.”这个传统起源于农民将他们的玉米穗带到教堂祈求祝福的时代。这将为未来的作物种植带来好运。 Muñoz Zurita 说：“玉米粉蒸肉如此受欢迎，我认为他们不会在本世纪停止制作它们，因为它不是一道孤立的菜肴，而是一种完整的玉米粉蒸肉文化。”就像他的父母和祖父母一样，Cuatencos 说他将在周四与他的妻子、孩子和其他亲戚一起庆祝圣烛节。 “我的孩子们在蛋糕里找到了小雕像，但我会带上玉米粉蒸肉，”他说，并补充说这是他将传统传给孩子们的方式。 “玉米粉蒸肉会代代相传，因为它们会代代相传。”

Astronomers have discovered what appear to be huge galaxies dating back to within 600 million years of the Big Bang. The findings suggest the early universe may have quickly produced these extremely large galaxies. The new James Webb Space Telescope has seen even older galaxies, dating to within 300 million years of the beginning of the universe. But it is the size and maturity of these six galaxies that excite scientists. Ivo Labbe of Australia’s Swinburne University of Technology was the lead researcher. He and his team expected to find little galaxies this close to the beginning of the universe — not these very large ones.天文学家发现了可追溯到大爆炸后 6 亿年内的巨大星系。这些发现表明，早期宇宙可能已经迅速产生了这些极大的星系。新的詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜已经观测到更古老的星系，距宇宙诞生不到 3 亿年。但这六个星系的大小和成熟度让科学家们兴奋不已。澳大利亚斯威本科技大学的 Ivo Labbe 是首席研究员。他和他的团队希望在如此接近宇宙开端的地方找到小星系——而不是这些非常大的星系。He said most galaxies at that time are still small and slowly grow over time. But, “there are a few monsters that fast-track to maturity. Why this is the case or how this would work is unknown.” Each of the six objects looks to weigh billions of times more than our sun. In one of them, the total weight of all its stars may be as much as 100 billion times greater than our sun, the scientists found. They recently published their findings in the journal Nature. Yet these galaxies are believed to be very compact. They have as many stars as our own Milky Way, but in a relatively small area in space, Labbe said.他说，当时的大多数星系还很小，并且会随着时间慢慢变大。但是，“有一些怪物可以快速成熟。为什么会这样或如何运作尚不清楚。”这六个物体中的每一个看起来都比我们的太阳重数十亿倍。科学家们发现，其中一颗恒星的所有恒星的总重量可能比我们的太阳大 1000 亿倍。他们最近在《自然》杂志上发表了他们的发现。然而，这些星系被认为非常紧凑。 Labbe 说，它们拥有与我们银河系一样多的恒星，但在太空中相对较小的区域。Labbe said he and his team did not think the results were real at first. They thought there could not be galaxies as mature as the Milky Way so early in time. The objects appeared so big and bright that some members of the team thought they had made a mistake. Pennsylvania State University’s Joel Leja, who took part in the study, calls them “universe breakers.” The finding that “massive galaxy formation began extremely early in the history of the universe upends what many of us had thought was settled science,” Leja said in a statement. “It turns out we found something so unexpected it actually creates problems for science. It calls the whole picture of early galaxy formation into question.”Labbe 说他和他的团队一开始并不认为结果是真实的。他们认为不可能有像银河系这么早的成熟星系。这些物体看起来又大又亮，以至于一些团队成员认为他们搞错了。参与这项研究的宾夕法尼亚州立大学的 Joel Leja 称他们为“宇宙破坏者”。莱贾在一份声明中说，“大质量星系的形成在宇宙历史的极早时期就开始了，这一发现颠覆了我们许多人认为的固定科学。” “事实证明，我们发现了一些意想不到的东西，它实际上给科学带来了问题。它使早期星系形成的全貌受到质疑。”These galaxy observations were among the first data that came from the $10 billion Webb telescope. The telescope, from NASA and the European Space Agency, was launched just over a year ago to replace the Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble is approaching its 33rd year of service. Webb is bigger and more powerful than Hubble. It can see through clouds of dust with its infrared vision and discover galaxies previously unseen. Scientists hope to eventually observe the first stars and galaxies formed following the creation of the universe 13.8 billion years ago. The researchers still are awaiting official confirmation of their research. They are careful to call them candidates for now. Leja said it is possible that a few of the objects might not be galaxies, but very large black holes.这些星系观测是来自价值 100 亿美元的韦伯望远镜的首批数据之一。该望远镜由美国国家航空航天局和欧洲航天局于一年多前发射升空，以取代哈勃太空望远镜。哈勃望远镜即将迎来其服务的第 33 个年头。韦伯比哈勃更大更强大。它可以用红外视觉看穿尘埃云，发现以前看不见的星系。科学家们希望最终能观察到 138 亿年前宇宙形成后形成的第一批恒星和星系。研究人员仍在等待官方确认他们的研究。他们暂时谨慎地称他们为候选人。 Leja 说，其中一些物体可能不是星系，而是非常大的黑洞。While some may prove to be smaller, Labbe said at least some of them will likely turn out to be huge galaxies. “The next year will tell us,” he said. One early lesson from Webb is "to let go of your expectations and be ready to be surprised,” Labbe added.虽然有些可能会被证明更小，但拉贝说至少其中一些可能会变成巨大的星系。 “明年会告诉我们，”他说。韦伯的一个早期教训是“放下你的期望，准备好迎接惊喜，”拉贝补充道。

A sea creature known as the sunflower sea star was once plentiful in the Pacific Ocean along the coast of North America. They used to be found in the waters along the coast of Mexico’s Baja peninsula all the way to Alaska. But in the last 10 years, about 90 percent of them have died. Scientists at the University of Washington are trying to understand why the sea stars died. To do so, they are growing them in a lab. The sickness that killed them is known as sea star wasting syndrome.一种被称为向日葵海星的海洋生物曾经大量存在于北美沿岸的太平洋中。它们曾经在墨西哥巴哈半岛沿岸一直到阿拉斯加的水域被发现。但在过去 10 年中，其中约 90% 已经死亡。华盛顿大学的科学家们正试图了解海星死亡的原因。为此，他们在实验室中种植它们。导致他们死亡的疾病被称为海星消瘦综合症。Jason Hodin is the top researcher at the Friday Harbor Marine Lab. He said the sickness might have happened because of warmer water caused by climate change. The lab is on San Juan Island, northwest of Seattle. They have nearly 150 sea stars between the ages of one and three. They also have around 5,000 sea stars that are at the larvae stage. They also have 16 adult sea stars transferred from ocean waters. Hodin called his lab the world’s only “captive breeding program for the world’s only endangered sea star.” Endangered means at risk of dying out. The university’s neuroscience department is also working on the study. They are trying to find out if warmer water changes the way the stars move.Jason Hodin 是周五港海洋实验室的首席研究员。他说，这种疾病的发生可能是因为气候变化导致水温升高。该实验室位于西雅图西北部的圣胡安岛。他们拥有将近 150 颗年龄在 1 到 3 岁之间的海星。他们还有大约 5,000 颗处于幼虫阶段的海星。他们还有 16 颗从海水中转移过来的成年海星。霍丁称他的实验室是世界上唯一的“世界上唯一濒临灭绝的海星的圈养繁殖计划”。濒危意味着有灭绝的危险。该大学的神经科学系也在开展这项研究。他们正试图找出温暖的水是否会改变恒星移动的方式。The group is using special cameras to see how the stars move and to create 3-dimensional pictures that can show differences. The pictures would show differences even with small changes to their environments – such as a small water temperature change. So far, researchers think the sea stars are able to survive in warmer water. That, Hodin said, is a good thing. “If sunflower stars are going to recover in the wild with or without human assistance,” Hodin said, “they're going to be doing so in a change in climate.”该小组正在使用特殊相机观察星星如何移动并创建可以显示差异的 3 维图片。即使环境发生微小变化，例如水温发生微小变化，这些图片也会显示出差异。到目前为止，研究人员认为海星能够在温暖的水中生存。霍丁说，这是一件好事。 “如果向日葵星要在有或没有人类帮助的情况下在野外恢复，”霍丁说，“他们将在气候变化的情况下这样做。”

You know the feeling – your ears start to warm up, your tongue goes numb, you start sweating and taking deep breaths. You've just eaten something spicy knowing it would be painful, and, yet, you chose to do it anyway. Are humans just masochistic, or is there something else going on? The answer lies in both science and history.你知道那种感觉——你的耳朵开始变暖，你的舌头变得麻木，你开始出汗并深呼吸。你刚刚吃了一些辛辣的东西，知道它会很痛，但你还是选择了这样做。人类只是受虐狂，还是另有原因？答案在于科学和历史。Let's start with the science. Spicy isn't actually a taste like salty, sweet, sour and bitter – it’s a sensation. This sensation is triggered by a chemical compound found in chilli peppers called 'capsaicin'. When we eat foods containing capsaicin, our bodies are tricked into thinking the temperature is actually rising. In trying to temper the burning sensation, our bodies release endorphins which control pain and, at the same time, give a feeling of pleasure – like painkillers.让我们从科学开始。辣实际上不是咸、甜、酸、苦那样的味道——它是一种感觉。这种感觉是由辣椒中发现的一种叫做“辣椒素”的化合物引发的。当我们吃含有辣椒素的食物时，我们的身体会误以为温度实际上正在升高。为了缓和灼烧感，我们的身体会释放内啡肽来控制疼痛，同时给人一种愉悦的感觉——就像止痛药一样。This is what is happening chemically, but there is also a conscious side to choosing spicy food. Dr Tamara Rosenbaum, Cognitive Neuroscientist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, explains in an interview with the BBC that this is because we are rational beings – we know that the burning sensation of chilli does not physically harm us. Furthermore, we derive pleasure from the other ingredients chilli is generally cooked and eaten with – including fat, sugar and salt. So – like skydiving – eating chilli is a form of thrill-seeking or 'benign masochism', where we get pleasure from a seemingly negative sensation.这就是化学反应，但选择辛辣食物也有意识的一面。墨西哥国立自治大学认知神经科学家 Tamara Rosenbaum 博士在接受 BBC 采访时解释说，这是因为我们是理性的人——我们知道辣椒的灼烧感不会对我们造成身体伤害。此外，我们从辣椒通常与其他配料一起烹调和食用中获得乐趣——包括脂肪、糖和盐。所以——就像跳伞一样——吃辣椒是一种寻求刺激或“良性受虐”的形式，我们从看似消极的感觉中获得快乐。This masochistic relationship with capsaicin has been a long one, starting in the Andes of South America, where chilli peppers originate. Humans were one of the few mammals on Earth that developed a taste for capsaicin so, archaeological evidence suggests, they started cultivating chilli peppers about six thousand years ago. Human intervention changed the chilli pepper to suit human tastes and needs – including the pepper's colour, size and capsaicin content – helping to explain the many different types of chilli peppers now available.这种与辣椒素的受虐关系由来已久，始于南美洲的安第斯山脉，那里是辣椒的发源地。人类是地球上为数不多的对辣椒素产生兴趣的哺乳动物之一，因此，考古证据表明，人类大约在 6000 年前就开始种植辣椒。人为干预改变了辣椒以适应人类口味和需求——包括辣椒的颜色、大小和辣椒素含量——这有助于解释现在有许多不同类型的辣椒。Fast-forward to today, and our love affair with the chilli pepper is going strong. We eat around 57.3 million tons of peppers globally each year, and chilli is a key ingredient in traditional dishes from Mexico to Korea. Maybe we are masochistic after all.快进到今天，我们对辣椒的热爱越来越强烈。我们每年在全球食用约 5730 万吨辣椒，辣椒是从墨西哥到韩国的传统菜肴中的关键成分。也许我们毕竟是受虐狂。词汇表go numb 发麻masochistic 自讨苦吃的，自找罪受的taste 味道sour 酸的bitter 苦的sensation 感觉trigger 引发，触发chemical compound 化合物capsaicin 辣椒素contain 含有trick 使产生错觉temper 使缓和release 释放endorphin 内啡肽conscious 有意的rational being 理性的动物derive 获得，得到thrill-seeking 寻求刺激的benign masochism 良性自虐，从不适中得到享受develop a taste for 养成吃…的习惯cultivate 种植intervention 干预content 含量going strong 依旧强烈

An 11-year-old girl has died in Cambodia of bird flu. Health officials say it was the country’s first known human infection of bird flu since 2014. The virus, officially known as H5N1, usually spreads among different kinds of poultry. Most human cases of bird flu have involved direct contact with infected poultry. The girl who died lived in a rural part of southeastern Cambodia. She became sick on February 16 and was sent to a hospital in the capital, Phnom Penh, to be treated. She had suffered with a fever of up to 39 degrees Celsius, as well as a cough and throat pain. The girl died shortly after being admitted to the hospital, Cambodia’s Health Ministry said in a statement.一名 11 岁的女孩在柬埔寨死于禽流感。卫生官员表示，这是该国自 2014 年以来已知的首例人类感染禽流感的病例。这种病毒的正式名称为 H5N1，通常在不同种类的家禽中传播。大多数禽流感人类病例都涉及与受感染家禽的直接接触。死者住在柬埔寨东南部的农村地区。她于2月16日生病，被送往首都金边的一家医院接受治疗。她发烧高达 39 摄氏度，并伴有咳嗽和喉咙痛。柬埔寨卫生部在一份声明中说，这名女孩在被送往医院后不久就死亡了。Health workers took samples from a dead wild bird found in an area near the girl's home, the ministry said. It said teams in the area would also warn local people about touching dead and sick birds. Health Minister Mam Bunheng warned the public that bird flu presents an especially high risk to children who may be working around poultry or collecting eggs from animals. Signs of H5N1 infection are similar to that of other flus, including cough, body aches and a high temperature. In serious cases, patients can develop life-threatening pneumonia. Cambodia had 56 human cases of H5N1 from 2003 through 2014. Of those cases, 37 were deadly, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported.卫生部说，卫生工作者从女孩家附近发现的一只死野鸟身上采集了样本。它说该地区的团队还将警告当地人不要接触死鸟和病鸟。卫生部长 Mam Bunheng 警告公众，禽流感对可能在家禽周围工作或从动物身上收集鸡蛋的儿童构成特别高的风险。 H5N1 感染的症状与其他流感相似，包括咳嗽、身体疼痛和发烧。在严重的情况下，患者可能会发展为危及生命的肺炎。从 2003 年到 2014 年，柬埔寨有 56 例 H5N1 人类病例。据世界卫生组织 (WHO) 报道，在这些病例中，有 37 例是致命的。Worldwide, about 870 human infections and 457 deaths have been reported to the WHO in 21 countries. But the spreading rate then slowed, with about 170 infections and 50 deaths in the last seven years. Earlier this month, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus expressed concern about bird flu infections in other mammals, including minks, otters, foxes and sea lions. “H5N1 has spread widely in wild birds and poultry for 25 years, but the recent spillover to mammals needs to be monitored closely,” he warned.在全球范围内，已有 21 个国家向 WHO 报告了约 870 例人类感染和 457 例死亡。但随后传播速度放缓，在过去七年中约有 170 人感染，50 人死亡。本月早些时候，世卫组织总干事谭德塞对水貂、水獭、狐狸和海狮等其他哺乳动物感染禽流感表示担忧。 “H5N1 在野生鸟类和家禽中广泛传播了 25 年，但需要密切监测最近向哺乳动物的蔓延，”他警告说。In January, a 9-year-old girl in Ecuador became the first reported case of human infection in Latin America and the Caribbean. She was treated with antiviral medicine. Tedros said earlier this month that the WHO still considers the risk to humans from bird flu quite low. But he warned that this could change in the future and he urged officials in areas of concern to prepare for possible outbreaks. Tedros advised people not to touch dead or sick wild animals and for countries to strengthen their monitoring efforts in areas where people and animals make contact.1 月，厄瓜多尔一名 9 岁女童成为拉丁美洲和加勒比地区报告的第一例人类感染病例。她接受了抗病毒药物治疗。谭德塞本月早些时候表示，世界卫生组织仍然认为禽流感对人类的风险很低。但他警告说，这种情况在未来可能会发生变化，他敦促有关地区的官员为可能爆发的疫情做好准备。谭德塞建议人们不要接触死亡或生病的野生动物，并建议各国加强对人与动物接触地区的监测工作。

Space scientists say they have identified what might be the "perfect explosion," but much work remains to fully explain the observation. The explosion, called a kilonova, was observed in 2017 and has been studied carefully since then. Astronomers say a kilonova happens when two neutron stars crash into each other. The rapidly growing explosion that they described went beyond the researchers’ expectations. The event led to the formation of a black hole: an object with so much gravity that even light cannot escape it. The two neutron stars had a combined mass of 2.7 times that of our sun. They orbited each other for billions of years before crashing into each other at a high speed and exploding.太空科学家表示，他们已经确定了可能是“完美爆炸”的原因，但要充分解释这一观察结果还有很多工作要做。 2017 年观察到这种称为千新星的爆炸，并从那时起对其进行了仔细研究。天文学家说，当两颗中子星相互碰撞时，就会发生千新星爆发。他们描述的快速增长的爆炸超出了研究人员的预期。这一事件导致了黑洞的形成：一个引力如此之大的物体，连光都无法逃脱。这两颗中子星的总质量是我们太阳的 2.7 倍。它们相互绕行了数十亿年，然后高速相撞并爆炸。This event took place in a galaxy called NGC 4993. The galaxy is at least 140 million light years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Hydra. A light year is the distance light travels in a year. Astronomers used the European Southern Observatory's Chile-based Very Large Telescope to study the kilonova.The existence of kilonova explosions was proposed in 1974. The theory was confirmed in 2013. But astronomers did not know what they looked like until one was identified in 2017 and studied carefully. "It is a perfect explosion in several ways. It is beautiful...in the simplicity of the shape, and in its physical" importance, said Albert Sneppen of the Cosmic Dawn Center in Copenhagen, Denmark. Sneppen was the lead writer of the research published in Nature.这一事件发生在一个名为 NGC 4993 的星系中。该星系在九头蛇星座的方向上距离地球至少有 1.4 亿光年。一光年是光在一年中传播的距离。天文学家利用欧洲南方天文台位于智利的甚大望远镜研究千新星。1974 年提出了千新星爆炸的存在。该理论于 2013 年得到证实。但天文学家直到 2017 年才发现一颗新星并不知道它们长什么样。仔细研究。丹麦哥本哈根宇宙黎明中心的 Albert Sneppen 说：“从几个方面来说，这是一次完美的爆炸。它很美……在形状的简单性和物理上的”重要性。 Sneppen 是发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究的主要作者。The researchers had expected the explosion to look flat and round, with a jet of material coming out of it. "To be honest, we are really going back to the drawing board with this," said study co-writer Darach Watson of the Cosmic Dawn Center. "Given the extreme nature of the physical conditions...there may well be fundamental physics here that we don't understand yet," Watson added. The two neutron stars began their lives as large normal stars in a two-star system called a binary system. Each exploded and collapsed after running out of fuel, leaving behind a small and dense center, or core, only 20 kilometers across. The neutron stars then slowly drew nearer to each other. They were then stretched out and pulled apart because of the power of the other's gravity. Their inner parts crashed into each other at about 25 percent of the speed of light, creating the most intense magnetic fields in the universe. The explosion released the luminosity of a billion suns for a few days.研究人员原以为爆炸看起来是扁平的、圆形的，并有一股物质从中喷出。 “老实说，我们真的要回到绘图板，”宇宙黎明中心的研究合著者 Darach Watson 说。 “鉴于物理条件的极端性质......这里很可能存在我们尚不了解的基础物理学，”沃森补充道。这两颗中子星在称为双星系统的双星系统中作为大型普通恒星开始它们的生命。每一个都在燃料耗尽后爆炸和坍塌，留下一个小而致密的中心或核心，只有 20 公里宽。然后中子星彼此慢慢靠近。然后由于对方的引力，他们被拉伸并拉开。它们的内部部分以大约 25% 的光速相互碰撞，产生了宇宙中最强烈的磁场。爆炸释放了十亿个太阳几天的光度。The two briefly formed a single massive neutron star that then collapsed to form a black hole. The outer parts of the neutron stars, however, were stretched into long streamers, with some material flying off into space. During the process, the densities and temperatures were so strong that they created heavy elements, including gold, platinum, arsenic, uranium and iodine. Sneppen used the term challenge, meaning a difficult task or problem, to talk about the findings, which are hard understand. "This is fundamentally astonishing, and an exciting challenge for any theoreticians and numerical simulations," Sneppen said. "The game is on."两者短暂地形成了一颗巨大的中子星，然后坍塌形成了一个黑洞。然而，中子星的外部被拉伸成长长的流光，一些物质飞向太空。在此过程中，密度和温度如此之高，以至于产生了重元素，包括金、铂、砷、铀和碘。 Sneppen 使用术语挑战，意思是一项艰巨的任务或问题，来谈论难以理解的发现。 “对于任何理论家和数值模拟来说，这从根本上来说是惊人的和令人兴奋的挑战，”Sneppen 说。 “比赛开始了。”

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter’s family recently announced that he is receiving special care and is preparing for the end of his life. Carter is under hospice care. Hospice care means the former president is being looked after so he can live his remaining days comfortably. But he will not seek medical treatment to extend his life. In some cases, people under hospice care receive drugs so they can live their final days without pain. Carter is 98 years old. He has lived longer than any president in American history. Carter won his election in 1976 and took office in 1977. He lost the next election, however, in 1980 to President Ronald Reagan.美国前总统吉米·卡特的家人近日宣布，他正在接受特殊照顾，正在为生命的终结做准备。卡特正在接受临终关怀。临终关怀意味着前总统得到照顾，这样他就可以舒适地度过余生。但他不会寻求医疗来延长生命。在某些情况下，接受临终关怀的人会接受药物治疗，这样他们就可以在没有痛苦的情况下度过最后的日子。卡特今年 98 岁。他的寿命比美国历史上任何一位总统都长。卡特在 1976 年的选举中获胜，并于 1977 年上任。然而，他在 1980 年的下一次选举中输给了罗纳德·里根总统。After his term in office, Carter continued to work in public and for charitable causes. In 1982, he started the Carter Center, which supports democracy, public health and human rights. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. He also worked often with the charity organization Habitat for Humanity. The group, which was started by Millard and Linda Fuller in 1976, helps build homes for people who need a place to live. VOA spoke with Suzanne Taylor of Buffalo, New York, who gave her time to Habitat for Humanity and worked with Carter. She helped build homes from 2006 to 2019. Taylor said she cried when she heard the news that Carter was preparing for the end of his life. "So many people really appreciate him," she said.任期结束后，卡特继续在公共场合和慈善事业中工作。 1982 年，他创办了支持民主、公共卫生和人权的卡特中心。他于2002年获得诺贝尔和平奖。他还经常与慈善组织Habitat for Humanity合作。该组织由 Millard 和 Linda Fuller 于 1976 年创立，旨在帮助需要安身之所的人们建造房屋。美国之音采访了纽约布法罗的苏珊娜·泰勒，她将时间投入仁人家园并与卡特共事。从 2006 年到 2019 年，她帮助建造了房屋。泰勒说，当她听到卡特准备结束生命的消息时，她哭了。 “很多人真的很欣赏他，”她说。Jonathan Alter wrote a book about Carter called His Very Best. Alter said he “led such an epic American life.” When talking about Carter, both as a politician and being married to his wife Rosalynn for almost 77 years, Alter said: “He won at life.” Alter went on to say that Carter was born in a hospital, but he does not want to die in one. Instead, he will live his final days in the home he and his wife built in the small town of Plains, Georgia. After living a long life, Carter aims to die in the same place where he was born. “I think it is fitting,” Alter said, “that Jimmy Carter is ending his journey on his own terms.”乔纳森·奥尔特 (Jonathan Alter) 写了一本关于卡特的书，名为《他的最佳》(His Very Best)。奥尔特说他“过着史诗般的美国生活”。在谈到卡特，既是一名政治家，又与妻子罗莎琳结婚近 77 年时，奥尔特说：“他赢得了人生。”奥尔特接着说，卡特出生在医院，但他不想死在医院里。相反，他将在他和妻子在佐治亚州普莱恩斯小镇建造的家中度过最后的日子。在长寿之后，卡特打算死在他出生的地方。 “我认为这是合适的，”奥尔特说，“吉米卡特以他自己的方式结束他的旅程。”Carter lost the 1980 presidential election but kept working in public. Alter said Carter’s popularity today is based on what he did after he was president. That included working to end diseases in poor countries through the Carter Center, his work with Habitat for Humanity and as an “elder statesman” in world and American politics.“Historians…need to look at how a president changed the world, changed people’s lives…and that takes longer and is not really directly connected to his popularity as president,” Alter said. Carter also wrote a number of books and traveled the U.S. speaking about them.卡特输掉了 1980 年的总统选举，但仍继续在公共场合工作。奥尔特说，卡特今天的受欢迎程度是基于他担任总统后的所作所为。这包括通过卡特中心在贫穷国家终结疾病，他与仁人家园的合作，以及作为世界和美国政治的“元老政治家”。“历史学家……需要看看一位总统如何改变世界，改变人们的生活......这需要更长的时间，并且与他作为总统的受欢迎程度并没有直接关系，”Alter 说。卡特还写了很多书，并在美国旅行时谈论这些书。During a church service recently, Carter’s niece, Kim Fuller, talked about her uncle. She said: “maybe it is time to pass the baton,” when speaking about the former president. “Who will pick it up, I have no clue,” she added. A baton is a short stick passed between runners in a race. Taylor, the Habitat for Humanity volunteer, discussed a reason why Carter will be missed. She said people feel more connected to him than to other former presidents. "I think his accessibility has created a bond with a lot of Americans that most presidents don't have,” she said.最近在一次教堂礼拜中，卡特的侄女金·富勒 (Kim Fuller) 谈到了她的叔叔。在谈到这位前总统时，她说：“也许是时候传递接力棒了”。 “谁会捡起它，我不知道，”她补充道。接力棒是在比赛中在赛跑者之间传递的短棒。仁人家园志愿者泰勒讨论了卡特会被遗忘的原因。她说，与其他前总统相比，人们觉得与他的联系更紧密。 “我认为他的亲和力与许多美国人建立了一种大多数总统所没有的联系，”她说。

In two recent studies, researchers say warm water is melting weak areas on Antarctica’s huge Thwaites Glacier. Two research papers describing melting recently appeared in the publication Nature. The research results came after an investigative effort involving a team of 13 American and British scientists. Teams spent about six weeks on the glacier in late 2019 and early 2020.在最近的两项研究中，研究人员表示，温暖的海水正在融化南极洲巨大的思韦茨冰川上的薄弱区域。两篇描述熔化的研究论文最近发表在《自然》杂志上。研究结果是在由 13 名美国和英国科学家组成的团队进行调查后得出的。 2019 年底和 2020 年初，团队在冰川上度过了大约六周的时间。The researchers used an underwater robot vehicle equipped with instruments and sensors to collect data. They were able to measure the glacier's grounding line, the place where glacial ice stops being supported by land and starts being supported by water. One of the papers was led by Cornell University-based scientist Britney Schmidt. She reported the warmer water was making its way into crevasses and other openings known as terraces, which caused sideways melt of 30 meters or more per year.研究人员使用配备仪器和传感器的水下机器人车辆来收集数据。他们能够测量冰川的接地线，即冰川停止由陆地支撑并开始由水支撑的地方。其中一篇论文由康奈尔大学的科学家布兰妮·施密特 (Britney Schmidt) 领导。她报告说，温暖的水正在流入裂缝和其他被称为梯田的开口，每年造成 30 米或更多的侧向融化。"Warm water is getting into the weakest parts of the glacier and making it worse," Schmidt told Reuters news agency. "That is the kind of thing we should all be very concerned about," she said about the latest findings. Schmidt’s paper said the collapse of the Thwaites Glacier “represents more than half a meter of global sea-level-rise.” It could also influence events leading to a three-meter rise in the sea levels over several hundred years. Schmidt also worked on the other paper's findings. That research showed about five meters per year of melt near the glacier's grounding line. This level was less than what the most aggressive thinning scientific potential models had predicted.施密特对路透社说：“温水正在进入冰川最薄弱的部分，使情况变得更糟。” “这是我们都应该非常关心的事情，”她谈到最新的调查结果时说。施密特的论文称，思韦茨冰川的崩塌“代表全球海平面上升超过半米”。它还可能影响导致海平面在数百年内上升三米的事件。施密特还研究了另一篇论文的发现。该研究表明，冰川接地线附近每年融化约 5 米。这一水平低于最激进的稀疏科学潜力模型所预测的水平。But Schmidt said the melting was still extremely concerning. "If we observe less melting...that doesn't change the fact that it's retreating," she added.In the past, scientists have depended on satellite images to show the behavior of the ice, making it difficult to get detailed results. The papers represent the first time a team has gone to the grounding line of a major glacier, providing a look into where "the action begins," Schmidt said.但施密特表示，融化仍然非常令人担忧。她补充说：“如果我们观察到较少的融化......这不会改变它正在消退的事实。”过去，科学家们依赖卫星图像来显示冰的行为，因此很难获得详细的结果。施密特说，这些论文代表了一个团队第一次到达主要冰川的接地线，提供了“行动开始”的视角。The findings should help with the development of climate change models, said Paul Cutler. He is the program director of Antarctic Sciences at the National Science Foundation. He examined the papers, but was not involved in the research. "These things can now be taken on board in the models that will predict the future behavior,” Cutler said. “And that was exactly the goal of this work," he added.保罗卡特勒说，这些发现应该有助于气候变化模型的开发。他是美国国家科学基金会南极科学项目主任。他检查了论文，但没有参与研究。卡特勒说：“现在可以将这些东西纳入预测未来行为的模型中。”“这正是这项工作的目标，”他补充道。

The size of the ship and the shoes seized Robert Ballard’s attention when he saw the wreckage of the Titanic from a submarine deep below the sea. “The first thing I saw coming out of the gloom…was this wall, this giant wall of…steel that rose over 100 and some feet above us,” Ballard told the Associated Press. “I never looked down at the Titanic. I looked up at the Titanic. Nothing was small.” In 1986, Ballard and a group of explorers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution helped find the famous passenger ship. The Titanic struck a huge piece of ice and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912. This week, Woods Hole released a video of the wreckage recorded by the explorers more than three kilometers below the ocean’s surface.pproved malaria vaccine to African countries as soon as possible.当罗伯特·巴拉德 (Robert Ballard) 从海底深处的潜艇上看到泰坦尼克号的残骸时，船的大小和鞋子引起了他的注意。 “我从黑暗中看到的第一件事……就是这堵墙，这堵巨大的……钢墙，高出我们 100 多英尺，”巴拉德告诉美联社。 “我从来没有低头看过泰坦尼克号。我抬头看着泰坦尼克号。没有什么是小的。” 1986 年，巴拉德和伍兹霍尔海洋研究所的一群探险家帮助找到了这艘著名的客轮。 1912 年，泰坦尼克号撞上一块巨大的冰块并在北大西洋沉没。本周，伍兹霍尔发布了一段由探险家在海面以下三公里处记录的残骸视频。Ballard saw the Titanic’s windows. “It was like people looking back at us. It was pretty haunting actually,” he said. There were no human remains left, but he saw shoes, including what appeared to be the shoes of a mother and a baby. “After the Titanic sank, those that went into the water that didn’t have lifejackets died of hypothermia and their bodies came raining down,” he said. The Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg in the early morning hours of April 15, 1912. The vessel was on its first trip from Southampton, England, to New York City.巴拉德看到了泰坦尼克号的窗户。 “就像人们回头看我们一样。实际上这很令人难以忘怀，”他说。没有留下任何人类遗骸，但他看到了鞋子，包括似乎是母亲和婴儿的鞋子。 “泰坦尼克号沉没后，那些没有穿救生衣而下水的人都死于体温过低，他们的尸体如雨点般落下，”他说。 1912 年 4 月 15 日清晨，泰坦尼克号在撞上冰山后沉没。这艘船是第一次从英国南安普敦前往纽约市。The Woods Hole team, in partnership with the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, discovered the final resting place of the ship in 3,780 meters of water on September 1, 1985, using an underwater camera. The newly released video was from a second research trip the following year. There had been earlier efforts to find the sunken ship. But the 1985 discovery and the 1986 trip were made possible by underwater vehicles that could withstand the severe conditions, said Woods Hole engineer Andy Bowen. “The water is near freezing temperatures and probably the biggest challenge is the remoteness of the location, and in particular the harsh environment with regard to the pressure our equipment is exposed to,” he said.伍兹霍尔团队与法国海洋开发研究所合作，于 1985 年 9 月 1 日使用水下相机在 3,780 米深的水中发现了这艘船的最后安息地。新发布的视频来自次年的第二次研究旅行。早些时候曾有人努力寻找沉船。但 1985 年的发现和 1986 年的旅行是由能够承受恶劣条件的水下航行器实现的，伍兹霍尔工程师安迪·鲍恩 (Andy Bowen) 说。 “水的温度接近冰点，最大的挑战可能是位置偏远，尤其是我们的设备所承受压力的恶劣环境，”他说。“We had a small memorial service for all those that had died. But we were there, we were at this spot,” Ballard said.The video is part of the 25th-anniversary release of the Academy Award-winning movie Titanic. “More than a century after the loss of Titanic, the human stories embodied in the great ship continue to resonate,” James Cameron, the film’s director, said in a statement. Ballard said the story of the Titanic continues to interest people to this day for many reasons. It was at the time the world’s largest passenger ship and was supposed to be unsinkable. Its passengers included some of the world’s wealthiest and most famous people. After it sank, the world heard remarkable stories of heroism and bravery by the crew and passengers. He said: “I think everyone wonders in their own mind ‘If I were there, what would I have done?’”“我们为所有死去的人举行了小型追悼会。但我们在那里，我们在这个地方，”巴拉德说。这段视频是奥斯卡获奖电影《泰坦尼克号》25 周年纪念版的一部分。 “在泰坦尼克号失事一个多世纪后，这艘巨轮所体现的人类故事继续引起共鸣，”电影导演詹姆斯卡梅隆在一份声明中说。巴拉德说，泰坦尼克号的故事至今仍让人们感兴趣，原因有很多。它是当时世界上最大的客轮，被认为是永不沉没的。它的乘客包括一些世界上最富有和最著名的人。它沉没后，全世界都听到了船员和乘客的英勇事迹。他说：“我想每个人都在想‘如果我在那里，我会怎么做？’”

Avian flu has reached new areas of the world and has become a year-round problem, animal and disease experts warn. More than 20 experts and farmers on four continents spoke to the Reuters news agency about the problem. They suggested that record outbreaks will not stop soon on poultry farms. They also warned that farmers must view the disease as a serious risk all year, instead of doing prevention efforts during spring movement seasons for wild birds. The outbreaks of the virus have continued through the summer heat and winter cold in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Egg prices set records after the disease killed tens of millions of chickens last year. These record prices, at a time of worldwide economic problems, are especially damaging to people who use eggs as a main source of protein.动物和疾病专家警告说，禽流感已经蔓延到世界的新地区，并已成为一个全年性的问题。来自四大洲的 20 多位专家和农民向路透社谈到了这个问题。他们表示，创纪录的疫情不会很快在家禽养殖场停止。他们还警告说，农民必须将这种疾病视为全年的严重风险，而不是在春季野生鸟类迁徙季节进行预防工作。在南北美洲、欧洲、亚洲和非洲，病毒的爆发一直持续到夏季炎热和冬季寒冷。去年该病导致数千万只鸡死亡后，鸡蛋价格创下历史新高。在全球经济出现问题之际，这些创纪录的价格对使用鸡蛋作为主要蛋白质来源的人们尤其有害。Wild birds are mainly responsible for spreading the virus, experts say. Waterfowl like ducks can carry the disease without dying and pass it to poultry through contaminated waste, saliva and other means. Farmers' best efforts to protect their birds are falling short. In the United States, Rose Acre Farms, the country's second-largest egg producer, lost about 1.5 million chickens at a Guthrie County, Iowa, production farm last year. These losses occurred even though anyone who entered barns was required to shower first to remove any sign of the virus, Chief Executive Marcus Rust said.专家说，野生鸟类是传播病毒的主要原因。鸭子等水禽可以在不死亡的情况下携带这种疾病，并通过受污染的粪便、唾液和其他途径将其传染给家禽。农民为保护鸟类所做的最大努力都没有达到预期效果。在美国，该国第二大鸡蛋生产商 Rose Acre Farms 去年在爱荷华州格思里县的生产农场损失了大约 150 万只鸡。首席执行官马库斯·拉斯特 (Marcus Rust) 说，即使进入谷仓的任何人都必须先淋浴以消除病毒迹象，但仍会发生这些损失。A company farm in Weld County, Colorado, was infected twice within about six months, killing more than 3 million chickens, Rust said. He thinks wind blew the virus in from nearby fields where geese left their waste. The U.S., Britain, France and Japan are among the countries that have suffered record losses of poultry over the past year, leaving some farmers feeling helpless. "Avian flu is occurring even in a new poultry farm with modern equipment and no windows, so all we could do now is ask God to avoid an outbreak," said Shigeo Inaba, who raises chickens for meat in Ibaraki, near Tokyo.Rust 说，科罗拉多州韦尔德县的一家公司农场在大约六个月内被感染了两次，导致超过 300 万只鸡死亡。他认为是风从附近鹅留下粪便的田地吹来了病毒。美国、英国、法国和日本等国家在过去一年中遭受了创纪录的家禽损失，这让一些农民感到无助。在东京附近的茨城县饲养肉鸡的 Shigeo Inaba 说：“即使是在一个拥有现代化设备且没有窗户的新家禽养殖场中，禽流感也在发生，所以我们现在所能做的就是祈求上帝避免爆发。”The virus is usually deadly to poultry, and entire groups of birds are killed when even one bird tests positive. Vaccinations are not a simple solution: they may reduce but not eliminate the threat from the virus, making it harder to detect its presence among the birds. Still, Mexico and the European Union are among those vaccinating or considering shots. Wild birds have spread the disease farther and wider around the world than ever before, likely carrying record amounts of the virus, said Gregorio Torres. Torres is the head of the science department at the Paris-based World Organization for Animal Health, an intergovernmental group for animal diseases. The virus changed from previous outbreaks to a form that is probably more easily spread, he told Reuters.这种病毒通常对家禽是致命的，即使一只鸟检测呈阳性，也会杀死整群鸟。疫苗接种不是一个简单的解决方案：它们可能会减少但不会消除病毒的威胁，从而更难检测到它在鸟类中的存在。尽管如此，墨西哥和欧盟仍在接种疫苗或考虑接种疫苗。格雷戈里奥·托雷斯说，野生鸟类在世界范围内传播这种疾病的范围比以往任何时候都大，可能携带了创纪录数量的病毒。托雷斯是总部位于巴黎的世界动物卫生组织科学部的负责人，该组织是一个动物疾病政府间组织。他告诉路透社，这种病毒从以前的爆发变成了一种可能更容易传播的形式。"The disease is here to stay at least in the short term," Torres said. While the virus can infect people, usually those who have contact with infected birds, the World Health Organization says the risk to humans remains low.“这种疾病至少在短期内会持续存在，”托雷斯说。虽然这种病毒可以感染人，通常是那些与受感染的鸟类有过接触的人，但世界卫生组织表示，对人类的风险仍然很低。

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the Carnival is back. The Carnival is a week-long celebration marking the beginning of the Easter season in the Catholic church. Brazil’s federal government expects 46 million people to join the festivities that officially begin Friday and run through Feb. 22. It features many parades filled with music and samba dancing. Among them is a group from Turma da Paz de Madureira, or TPM, samba school. What makes TPM special is that it is the city’s first all-female samba school.在巴西里约热内卢，狂欢节又回来了。狂欢节是为期一周的庆祝活动，标志着天主教堂复活节的开始。巴西联邦政府预计将有 4600 万人参加于周五正式开始并持续到 2 月 22 日的庆祝活动。庆祝活动包括许多充满音乐和桑巴舞的游行。其中有一群来自 Turma da Paz de Madureira，或 TPM，桑巴舞学校。 TPM 的特别之处在于它是该市第一所全女性桑巴舞学校。In Brazil, it is rare for women to be leaders of samba groups. “The big samba schools are coordinated by men, which means women are used to receiving orders,” said Barbara Rigaud. She is the 54-year-old leader of the new TPM samba school. “Here, a woman can express her desires, her ideas, her opinions . . . it is empowering, “ Rigaud added.在巴西，很少有女性担任桑巴舞团的领队。 “大型桑巴舞学校由男性协调，这意味着女性习惯于接受命令，”Barbara Rigaud 说。她是 54 岁的新 TPM 桑巴舞学校的负责人。 “在这里，女人可以表达她的愿望、她的想法、她的意见。 . .它正在赋权，”Rigaud 补充道。TPM started in 2011 as a bloco, the name for musical groups that play in the streets during the Carnival season. Rigaud decided she wanted to take the women-only group further and compete in the city’s samba leagues. She won approval from city officials and the school was opened last September. It now has 320 members. However, the group is still a target of insults from some men. Gisele Rosires is one of several TPM drummers. “Men look me up and down, they think I’m not capable,” she said. She remembered her first performance with the school a year and a half ago in Madureira’s park. A man took the instrument from her and said, “You’re a woman, get out".TPM 于 2011 年作为 bloco 开始，这是狂欢节期间在街头演奏的音乐团体的名称。 Rigaud 决定让女子组更进一步，参加该市的桑巴舞联赛。她获得了市政府官员的批准，学校于去年 9 月开学。它现在有320个成员。然而，该组织仍然是一些男性侮辱的目标。 Gisele Rosires 是几位 TPM 鼓手之一。 “男人上下打量我，他们认为我没有能力，”她说。她记得一年半前在马杜雷拉的公园里与学校的第一次表演。一个男人从她手里拿过乐器，说：“你是女人，滚出去"。In Brazil, women make up the majority of the population, but they hold few positions of leadership in government and business. Women won only 18 percent of Lower House seats in the National Congress and an even smaller percentage in the Senate. Meanwhile, sexual attack and harassment continue to happen at Carnival’s street parties. However, over the last ten years, women have pushed back and spread the message “No means No!” For their first parade, on Feb. 19, TPM will honor Iansã, a female warrior of Candomblé. But parade rules require two men to lead the parade. Rigaud noted that “It has to be a man for now, until it changes, until this machismo ends.”在巴西，女性占人口的大多数，但她们在政府和企业中担任的领导职位很少。女性在国民议会中仅赢得下议院席位的 18%，在参议院中所占比例甚至更低。与此同时，狂欢节的街头派对上，性侵和性骚扰事件不断发生。然而，在过去的十年里，女性们开始反击并传播“不就是不！”的信息。在 2 月 19 日的第一次游行中，TPM 将纪念 Candomblé 的女战士 Iansã。但游行规则要求两名男子领导游行。 Rigaud 指出，“现在必须是一个男人，直到它改变，直到这种大男子主义结束。”TPM will compete in Rio’s lowest-level samba league. If the women perform well enough, they can climb to a higher level for next year’s parade. Already, Rigaud wants to reach the Sambodrome, where only the top schools compete. “We’re not here to play around,” Rigaud said. “We’re here to fight, to win.”TPM将参加里约最低级别的桑巴联赛。如果女性表现足够好，她们可以在明年的游行中更上一层楼。 Rigaud 已经想要到达 Sambodrome，只有顶尖学校才能参加比赛。 “我们不是来这里玩耍的，”里戈说。 “我们来这里是为了战斗，为了胜利。”

Our planet is heating up due to something called the greenhouse effect. This is one of the reasons why Earth is seeing more extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, forest fires and floods each year. But what exactly is the greenhouse effect, and what can we do to reduce it?由于称为温室效应的现象，我们的星球正在升温。这就是为什么地球每年都会发生更多极端天气事件，例如热浪、森林火灾和洪水的原因之一。但究竟什么是温室效应，我们可以做些什么来减少它呢？Let's first think about a greenhouse – you may have one in your garden! It's a glass structure that protects plants against low temperatures by trapping heat inside. But, while this helps your plants grow, Earth is trapping heat in the same way, and it's causing global warming. When fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and gas, are burnt for power, carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. It enters the atmosphere and acts like a blanket around the planet, which means heat radiation can't escape and the temperature increases.让我们首先考虑温室——您的花园中可能有一个！它是一种玻璃结构，通过将热量收集在内部来保护植物免受低温影响。但是，虽然这有助于植物生长，但地球也在以同样的方式吸收热量，并导致全球变暖。燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料发电时，会释放出二氧化碳作为废物。它进入大气层并像毯子一样包裹着地球，这意味着热辐射无法逸出，温度升高。The impact of gases on the Earth's climate was first investigated in the 1820s. Eunice Foote, a scientist and women's rights activist, tested the effects of sunlight on different gases that she put into glass cylinders. Her results showed that carbon dioxide traps heat more than other gases. The idea of the greenhouse effect was born.气体对地球气候的影响最早是在 1820 年代研究的。科学家和妇女权利活动家尤尼斯·富特 (Eunice Foote) 测试了阳光对她放入玻璃瓶中的不同气体的影响。她的研究结果表明，二氧化碳比其他气体更能吸收热量。温室效应的想法诞生了。So, what can we do to reduce the greenhouse effect? The UN recommends using more energy-efficient electrical appliances at home and switching to LED lightbulbs. Also, by washing your clothes at 30° instead of a higher temperature, around 40% less electricity is used over a year, according to the Energy Saving Trust. A change in diet is also something to consider. The charity A Well-Fed World, claim that plant-based foods, as opposed to meat and dairy, need less land and water to be produced. So, switching saves energy and lowers emissions, which contribute to climate change. We only have one planet, so let's try and take care of it as much as we can.那么，我们可以做些什么来减少温室效应呢？联合国建议在家中使用更节能的电器，并改用 LED 灯泡。此外，根据 Energy Saving Trust 的数据，通过在 30° 而不是更高的温度下洗涤衣服，一年内的用电量减少了大约 40%。饮食的改变也是需要考虑的事情。慈善机构 A Well-Fed World 声称，与肉类和奶制品相比，植物性食品需要更少的土地和水来生产。因此，转换可以节省能源并减少排放，从而导致气候变化。我们只有一个星球，所以让我们尽可能多地照顾它。

Most of us would agree that being healthy is important. We are inundated with articles in health magazines talking about the latest fad diets, or adverts that offer potential miracle cures for obesity that are often too good to be true. One of the latest crazes is fasting, often referred to as intermittent fasting. But what is it? And how can it help us to lose weight?我们大多数人都会同意健康很重要。我们淹没在健康杂志上谈论最新时尚饮食的文章，或提供潜在的肥胖奇迹疗法的广告，这些广告往往好得令人难以置信。最新的狂热之一是禁食，通常被称为间歇性禁食。但它是什么？它如何帮助我们减肥？Fasting refers to a period of abstinence from consuming food. The idea of intermittent fasting is to reduce calories over a certain number of days or hours rather than a sustained period. It has been linked to longevity and generally improved health. It also helps those interested in keeping off the weight or dropping a few pounds. There are also different ways to fast. For example, in the 5:2 diet, you eat normally on five days of a week and reduce your calorie intake on the other two. Then there's a restricted-hours diet that sees people only eating during a limited part of the day, for example, over eight hours. But is it for everyone? Well, before we get to that, let's look at some of the possible benefits.禁食是指一段时间内不进食。间歇性禁食的想法是在一定的天数或小时内减少卡路里，而不是持续一段时间。它与长寿和普遍改善健康有关。它还可以帮助那些有兴趣保持体重或减掉几磅的人。也有不同的禁食方式。例如，在 5:2 饮食法中，您每周有 5 天正常进食，而减少其他两天的卡路里摄入量。然后是限时饮食，人们只在一天中的有限时间内进食，例如八小时以上。但它适合所有人吗？好吧，在我们开始之前，让我们看看一些可能的好处。A study published on the National Library of Medicine website suggests that intermittent fasting may help with the control of blood sugar and potentially lower the risk of diabetes. However, more research on this is needed. Other studies have claimed that some form of intermittent fasting may help to prevent some diseases, aid with metabolism, slow the ageing process, support brain function, and help to shed weight.国家医学图书馆网站上发表的一项研究表明，间歇性禁食可能有助于控制血糖并可能降低患糖尿病的风险。但是，需要对此进行更多研究。其他研究声称，某种形式的间歇性禁食可能有助于预防某些疾病、帮助新陈代谢、减缓衰老过程、支持大脑功能并帮助减轻体重。And what about the downsides? Well, this diet is not for everyone. Fasting might not suit those who are underweight or with a long-term medical condition. Fasting may cause some people to experience symptoms such as headaches or make them prone to overeating after a reduced calorie intake day. As with many diets, it's always wise to speak to your doctor or weight loss professional before changing your eating habits. And, at the end of the day, it could just come down to what lifestyle choice suits you.那么缺点呢？好吧，这种饮食并不适合所有人。禁食可能不适合体重过轻或患有长期疾病的人。禁食可能会导致一些人出现头痛等症状，或者使他们在卡路里摄入量减少的一天后容易暴饮暴食。与许多饮食一样，在改变您的饮食习惯之前咨询您的医生或减肥专家总是明智的。而且，在一天结束时，它可能只是归结为适合您的生活方式选择。词汇表inundate 使应接不暇fad 一时的风尚miracle cure 灵丹妙药obesity 肥胖too good to be true 好得令人难以置信，好到不像真的craze 风靡一时的事物intermittent fasting 间歇性禁食abstinence 节制consume 吃，喝longevity 长寿keep off the weight 保持体重drop a few pounds 减重intake 摄入量blood sugar 血糖metabolism 新陈代谢ageing process 衰老的过程brain function 大脑功能shed weight 减重underweight 过瘦的，体重不足的prone to 有…倾向的，易于overeat 过量饮食，吃得过饱

For many of us, our closest encounter with wild animals is at a zoo. These places allow us to observe the behaviours and characteristics of amazing creatures from big cats to tiny amphibians. It's an enjoyable and educational experience for us, but is it the best environment for the animals?对于我们中的许多人来说，与野生动物最亲密的接触是在动物园。这些地方让我们能够观察到从大型猫科动物到小型两栖动物的惊人生物的行为和特征。这对我们来说是一种愉快的教育体验，但它是动物最好的环境吗？A long time ago, people could only see wild animals as stuffed dead exhibits in a museum. Later, live animals were captured by explorers, brought home and put on show to the public in menageries – animal welfare was not a priority. But modern zoos and wildlife parks have transformed the conditions and environments for animals, making bigger enclosures, removing bars, and, to some extent, mimicking their natural habitats.很久以前，人们只能在博物馆里看到野生动物作为标本陈列品。后来，活体动物被探险家捕获，带回家并在动物园向公众展示——动物福利不是优先事项。但现代动物园和野生动物园已经改变了动物的条件和环境，建造了更大的围栏，拆除了栏杆，并在某种程度上模仿了它们的自然栖息地。Some people have questioned the cruelty of keeping animals captive and using them just for entertainment, but zoos are keen to show they are here to help wildlife by educating us about conservation. In the UK, the introduction of The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 also required zoos to educate the public. Well-managed zoos are now also involved in supporting and funding conservation programmes.有些人质疑圈养动物并仅将它们用于娱乐的残忍行为，但动物园热衷于表明他们来这里是为了通过教育我们保护野生动物来帮助野生动物。在英国，1981 年动物园许可法的出台也要求动物园对公众进行教育。管理良好的动物园现在也参与支持和资助保护计划。Probably the biggest claim from zoos today is that they help to protect species that are under threat in the wild due to climate change. Robert Young, Chair in Wildlife Conservation at Salford University says: "There are quite a lot of different species around the planet which we wouldn't have today if it wasn't for zoos." Some zoos have captive breeding programmes which help to preserve the future of species that would otherwise face extinction. Actor Leonardo DiCaprio recently praised Chester Zoo in the UK for its conservation work. It brought a "rare fish species back from the dead" after breeding and releasing a school of golden skiffia fish back into their native river.当今动物园最大的主张可能是它们有助于保护因气候变化而在野外受到威胁的物种。索尔福德大学野生动物保护主席罗伯特·扬 (Robert Young) 说：“地球上有很多不同的物种，如果没有动物园，我们今天就不会拥有这些物种。”一些动物园有圈养繁殖计划，这有助于保护可能面临灭绝的物种的未来。演员莱昂纳多迪卡普里奥最近赞扬了英国切斯特动物园的保护工作。在繁殖了一群金色的 skifia 鱼并将其放回它们的原生河流后，它带来了一种“死而复生的稀有鱼类”While the debate about having zoos continues, new opportunities to meet wildlife are being explored, such as using virtual reality, and Jon Coe, a zoo designer, told the BBC: "Taking a walk through a herd of elephants in the Serengeti, I think, is going to be possible pretty soon."虽然关于拥有动物园的争论仍在继续，但人们正在探索接触野生动物的新机会，例如使用虚拟现实，动物园设计师乔恩·科 (Jon Coe) 告诉 BBC：“在塞伦盖蒂 (Serengeti) 的一群大象中散步，我认为，很快就会成为可能。”词汇表encounter 不期而遇，偶然相遇creature 动物，生物big cat 大型猫科动物amphibian 两栖动物environment 环境stuffed （动物）制成标本的menagerie （供私人收藏或公众观赏的）野生动物园animal welfare 动物保护wildlife park 野生动物园enclosure 围场natural habitat 自然栖息地captive 圈养的conservation （动物）保护fund 资助species 物种in the wild 在野生环境中breeding （动物）繁殖，饲养extinction 灭绝golden skiffia 弗氏斯基法鳉native 原地的，土生的herd 兽群

A recent study says there are enough rare earth metals on Earth for new “low-carbon electricity generation” technologies. Rare earth metals come from minerals found in countries around the world. The researchers said more mining is needed to make more of the valuable metals available to industry. Rare earth metals are in demand for products such as magnets, wind turbines, solar panels and computers. All are part of the “green energy” push to remove carbon gases from electricity generation. The researchers said the amount of minerals available is enough to supply a switch to renewable energy. They wrote that the carbon gasses “related to electricity infrastructure may be substantial.” But the study said it would be between one and nine percent of the world’s budget for carbon gas production.最近的一项研究表明，地球上有足够的稀土金属用于新的“低碳发电”技术。稀土金属来自世界各国发现的矿物。研究人员表示，需要进行更多的开采才能为工业提供更多有价值的金属。磁铁、风力涡轮机、太阳能电池板和计算机等产品对稀土金属有需求。所有这些都是推动从发电中去除碳气体的“绿色能源”的一部分。研究人员表示，可用的矿物质数量足以提供向可再生能源的转换。他们写道，“与电力基础设施相关的碳气体可能很多。”但该研究称，这将占世界碳气体生产预算的 1% 到 9%。The study came out recently in the science publication Joule. Zeke Hausfather helped write the study. He is an expert who works at a technology company called Stripe and at Berkeley Earth, a non-profit climate research group. He called the process “big and messy.” But he thinks reducing carbon gases, or “decarbonization,” can be done. He said he is not worried about the long-term supply of rare earth materials. However, the scientists warn that in the early days of the switch to green energy, there will be shortages. For example, there could be a shortage of the element called dysprosium. It is used to make strong magnets. Industry will require three times more of the metal than is produced now. However, there is 12 times more dysprosium available than needed, the researchers said.这项研究最近发表在科学出版物《焦耳》上。Zeke Hausfather 帮助撰写了这项研究。他是一名专家，在一家名为 Stripe 的科技公司和非营利性气候研究组织 Berkeley Earth 工作。他称这个过程“庞大而混乱”。但他认为减少碳气体或“脱碳”是可以做到的。他表示，他并不担心稀土材料的长期供应。然而，科学家们警告说，在转向绿色能源的初期，会出现短缺。例如，称为镝的元素可能会短缺。用于制造强力磁铁。工业对这种金属的需求量将是现在生产量的三倍。然而，研究人员表示，可用镝是所需量的 12 倍。Another element is tellurium, which is used in large groups of solar panels, called solar farms. There is just enough of that material available if the world makes a fast push to solar power, the researchers said. In addition, there are other materials that can be used instead of tellurium if needed. Daniel Ibarra is an environment professor at Brown University. He did not take part in the study but knows about lithium shortages. He told the Associated Press that the study was “robust” and “debunks” concerns about running out of rare earth materials. He said the main question is if production of the materials can keep up with demand. The United States Geological Survey reports that the countries with the largest supplies of rare earth metals are China, Vietnam, Russia and Myanmar, also known as Burma. The study also noted that mining causes pollution. But the scientists said that if the world switches to green energy, the mining will not be a problem.另一种元素是碲，用于大量太阳能电池板，称为太阳能农场。研究人员说，如果世界快速推动太阳能发电，那么可用的材料就足够了。此外，如果需要，还有其他材料可以代替碲。丹尼尔·伊巴拉 (Daniel Ibarra) 是布朗大学的环境教授。他没有参加这项研究，但知道锂短缺。他告诉美联社，这项研究是“稳健的”并且“揭穿”了对稀土材料耗尽的担忧。他说，主要问题是材料的生产能否满足需求。美国地质调查局报告称，稀土金属供应量最大的国家是中国、越南、俄罗斯和缅甸，又称缅甸。该研究还指出，采矿会造成污染。但科学家们表示，如果世界转向绿色能源，采矿将不会成为问题。Rob Jackson is an energy expert and studies how humans affect the earth, but was not involved in the study. He is a professor at Stanford University. He said even with evidence that there are enough rare earth materials, humans should still be concerned with creating less pollution. “Along with mining more, we should be using less,” he said. The study centered on the creation of electric power and did not look at the materials used in electric car batteries. Hausfather said that study is too complicated and will be examined by the team next.Rob Jackson 是一位能源专家，研究人类如何影响地球，但他没有参与这项研究。他是斯坦福大学的教授。他说，即使有证据表明有足够的稀土材料，人类仍然应该关注减少污染。“随着开采更多，我们应该减少使用，”他说。该研究以电力的创造为中心，并没有研究电动汽车电池中使用的材料。Hausfather 说这项研究太复杂了，接下来将由团队进行检查。

A new museum in Mexico aims to educate the public about the critically endangered axolotl salamander. The museum recently opened at Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City. The axolotl is native only to Mexico. The animal is extremely endangered in the wild because its natural environment is increasingly threatened.The salamander has captured wide attention for its ability to heal itself when its body gets harmed. For example, the animal can regrow legs and damaged tissue. It can even repair problems affecting the heart and brain.墨西哥的一家新博物馆旨在向公众宣传极度濒危的蝾螈。该博物馆最近在墨西哥城的查普尔特佩克动物园开放。蝾螈原产于墨西哥。由于其自然环境日益受到威胁，这种动物在野外极度濒危。 蝾螈因其在身体受到伤害时能够自愈而受到广泛关注。例如，动物可以再生腿和受损组织。它甚至可以修复影响心脏和大脑的问题。Scientists have also documented how the salamander can breathe with lungs and gills. It can also take in oxygen through its skin. This can cause problems if the animal comes in contact with polluted water. "They are one of the few animals that can regenerate their skin, muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, heart, brain," said Fernando Gual, a conservation official at the zoo. Speaking about the museum, Gual said he sees it as a valuable tool to inform citizens about the unusual creature. "A hugely important part of this space is environmental education," he said.科学家们还记录了蝾螈如何用肺和鳃呼吸。它还可以通过皮肤吸收氧气。如果动物接触到被污染的水，这可能会导致问题。 “它们是少数能够再生皮肤、肌肉、骨骼、血管、神经、心脏和大脑的动物之一，”动物园保护官员费尔南多·瓜尔 (Fernando Gual) 说。谈到博物馆，Gual 说他认为这是一个有价值的工具，可以让市民了解这种不寻常的生物。 “这个领域的一个非常重要的部分是环境教育，”他说。In Aztec tradition, a rebel god named Xolotl turned himself into an axolotl to hide and avoid being killed by his other gods. But the god was still discovered, captured and killed. Axolotl salamanders were also commonly eaten by Aztec kings. The axolotl that is native to Mexico City's southern Xochimilco area is especially well-known. But Gual noted that 16 other kinds of axolotls also call Mexico home.在阿兹特克的传统中，一位名叫 Xolotl 的反叛神为了躲藏起来避免被他的其他神杀死，将自己变成了一条蝾螈。但是神还是被发现了，被俘虏了，被杀了。阿兹特克国王也常吃蝾螈。原产于墨西哥城南部霍奇米尔科地区的蝾螈尤为出名。但 Gual 指出，还有 16 种其他种类的蝾螈也以墨西哥为家。In the past, axolotls did very well in Xochimilco's muddy canals. The canals are the only remaining part of a once large waterway system dating back to Aztec times. But studies have shown the spread of cities, polluted water and non-native fish that eat the salamanders have led to their near-total collapse. Still, Xochimilco still holds nearly 11 percent of Mexico's biodiversity, Gual said. The term biodiversity describes the number and kinds of plants and animals that exist in a particular area. With Mexico’s 370 different kinds of amphibians, the country ranks number 5 in biodiversity worldwide.过去，蝾螈在霍奇米尔科泥泞的运河中生活得很好。这些运河是可追溯到阿兹特克时代的曾经庞大的水道系统中仅存的部分。但研究表明，城市的扩张、污染的水域和以蝾螈为食的外来鱼类导致它们几乎完全崩溃。 Gual 说，霍奇米尔科仍然拥有墨西哥近 11% 的生物多样性。生物多样性一词描述了特定地区存在的植物和动物的数量和种类。墨西哥拥有 370 种不同种类的两栖动物，该国在全球生物多样性方面排名第五。As the museum opened to its first visitors, the axolotl's popularity with the public was very clear. "The truth is I'm very, very, very, very excited to be able to see how they eat, how they live, just how they are," said one visitor named Fernando. The man, who did not want to give his last name, showed off a small axolotl tattoo he had on his arm. "I'm marked for life," he said.随着博物馆向第一批游客开放，蝾螈在公众中的受欢迎程度显而易见。一位名叫费尔南多的游客说：“事实上，我非常、非常、非常、非常兴奋能够看到他们如何吃东西、如何生活以及他们是怎样的。”这名不愿透露姓氏的男子展示了他手臂上的一个小蝾螈纹身。 “我被终身标记，”他说。

Indoor plants are a beautiful way to brighten up your home, especially in the gray months of winter. But there can be a dark side to houseplants if you have children or if children visit your home. It is important that you know which plants are toxic to young, curious humans.↳ Gardening expert Jessica Damiano recently wrote about the issue for The Associated Press. She said she often points out houseplants in friends’ homes that should be kept out of children’s mouths. “I don’t mind dashing friends’ hopes of an Instagram-worthy indoor jungle if it means…preventing harm,” Damiano wrote.室内植物是照亮您家的美丽方式，尤其是在灰蒙蒙的冬天。但是，如果您有孩子或孩子来您家，盆栽植物可能会有阴暗面。了解哪些植物对好奇的年轻人有毒很重要。↳ 园艺专家杰西卡·达米亚诺 (Jessica Damiano) 最近为美联社撰写了有关该问题的文章。她说她经常指出朋友家里的室内植物应该远离孩子的嘴。达米亚诺写道：“如果这意味着……防止伤害，我不介意打破朋友们对 Instagram 价值室内丛林的希望。”Kaitlyn Brown works at America’s Poison Centers in Arlington, Virginia. She told the AP, “We get an average of 33,000 calls a year from people whose kids put different plants in their mouths.” She added that the cases usually involve children under 3, “because they explore their environment," she said, "and they put everything in their mouths.”↳ Most accidental exposures are not serious, Brown said. But in some cases a child’s breathing, skin and eyes can be badly harmed.凯特琳·布朗 (Kaitlyn Brown) 在弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿的美国毒物中心工作。她告诉美联社，“我们平均每年接到 33,000 个电话，这些电话来自那些孩子把不同植物放进嘴里的人。”她补充说，这些病例通常涉及 3 岁以下的儿童，“因为他们探索他们的环境，”她说，“他们把所有东西都放在嘴里。”↳ 大多数意外接触并不严重，布朗说。但在某些情况下，孩子的呼吸、皮肤和眼睛可能会受到严重伤害。Damiano wrote that she recently visited her cousin’s home and saw a Dieffenbachia plant in the kitchen. Her cousin told her that her young son, who had just begun crawling, had shown interest in the leaves. Damiano had to explain to her cousin that eating a small amount of the plant’s stem can cause temporary but severe pain. The plant parts can cause throat and mouth swelling. The plant’s sap can cause nose, skin and eye pain. Other plants that can cause similar reactions include: Caladium, flamingo flower, Swiss cheese plant, peace lily, ZZ plant, philodendron and pothos.达米亚诺写道，她最近拜访了她堂兄的家，在厨房里看到了一株万年青。她的堂兄告诉她，她刚开始爬行的小儿子对树叶表现出了兴趣。达米亚诺不得不向她的表妹解释说，食用少量这种植物的茎会导致暂时但剧烈的疼痛。植物部分会导致喉咙和口腔肿胀。这种植物的汁液会导致鼻子、皮肤和眼睛疼痛。其他可引起类似反应的植物包括：贝母、火烈鸟花、瑞士奶酪植物、和平百合、ZZ 植物、蔓绿绒和绿萝。Amaryllis and its relatives including clivia and daffodil, contain lycorine, a toxic substance that can cause a range of stomach issues. Damiano wrote that parents should teach their young children not to put non-food plant parts into their mouths. Parents should also educate themselves, she said. She urges parents to research whether the plants in their homes are safe to grow around children. She also suggests learning the official botanical names of any houseplants so that they are able to provide that information quickly to a poison control expert, if needed.孤挺花及其近亲，包括君子兰和水仙花，都含有石蒜碱，这是一种可引起一系列胃病的有毒物质。达米亚诺写道，父母应该教导年幼的孩子不要将非食用植物部分放入口中。她说，父母也应该自我教育。她敦促父母研究他们家中的植物在儿童周围生长是否安全。她还建议了解任何室内植物的官方植物学名称，以便他们能够在需要时迅速向毒物控制专家提供该信息。Not all houseplants are problematic, of course. Spider plants (Chlorophytum comosum) are nontoxic and are also among the easiest indoor plants to grow. African violets, Boston ferns, Christmas cactus, waxplants, parlor palms, radiator plants, prayer plants and baby’s tears are other safe choices.当然，并非所有的室内植物都有问题。吊兰（Chlorophytum comosum）无毒，也是最容易种植的室内植物之一。非洲紫罗兰、波士顿蕨类植物、圣诞仙人掌、蜡科植物、客厅棕榈、散热器植物、祈祷植物和婴儿的眼泪是其他安全的选择。

February 12 is not a holiday in the United States, but it may seem like one to many Americans because of one big game. Tens of millions of Americans will gather for parties at restaurants and homes around the nation. They will enjoy food and drink together. Then, these families and friends, in groups of all sizes, will settle around televisions. It is Super Bowl Sunday in America.2 月 12 日在美国不是假期，但对许多美国人来说可能会因为一场大型比赛而显得很特别。数以千万计的美国人将聚集在全国各地的餐馆和家中参加派对。他们将一起享受美食和美酒。然后，这些大小不一的家庭和朋友将围坐在电视机旁 这是美国的超级碗星期天。The Super Bowl is the yearly championship game of the National Football League, or NFL. The game is many things. It is usually the most-watched television program of the year. It is the biggest event for television advertisers. And halfway through the game, play stops for a performance from some of the biggest names in the music industry. This year it is Rihanna.超级碗是美国国家橄榄球联盟 (National Football League) 或 NFL 的年度冠军赛。游戏有很多东西。它通常是一年中收视率最高的电视节目。对于电视广告商来说，这是最大的盛会。游戏进行到一半时，音乐界一些知名人士的表演将停止。今年是蕾哈娜。Sunday will be the 57th Super Bowl. The Philadelphia Eagles and the Kansas City Chiefs are to face each other in Glendale, Arizona. The NFL’s 32 member teams played a 17-game season and then top teams competed in playoff games to earn a chance at the championship. Both teams have long histories and loyal fans. The Chiefs have appeared in the Super Bowl four other times and came away champions in 1970 and 2020.↳ The Eagles have won the Super Bowl once, in 2018. Sunday will be the team’s fourth appearance in the championship.周日将是第 57 届超级碗。费城老鹰队和堪萨斯城酋长队将在亚利桑那州格伦代尔迎战。 NFL 的 32 个成员球队打了 17 场比赛，然后顶级球队参加季后赛以赢得冠军。两支球队都拥有悠久的历史和忠实的球迷。酋长队另外四次出现在超级碗中，并在 1970 年和 2020 年夺得冠军。↳ 老鹰队在 2018 年赢得过一次超级碗。周日将是球队第四次参加冠军赛。This year’s Super Bowl is getting attention for a special reason. For the first time, Black quarterbacks will lead both teams on the field. Eagles coach Nick Sirianni is happy about that.“I’m really excited for both quarterbacks, what they can represent to a ton of kids,” Sirianni said at a media event this week. “They both play at the highest level,” he added. Patrick Mahomes is the quarterback of the Chiefs. He led the team to its most recent Super Bowl championship. The 27-year-old football player told reporters that this game was important for Black people.今年的超级碗之所以受到关注是有特殊原因的。黑人四分卫将首次带领两支球队上场。老鹰队教练尼克西里安尼对此很高兴。“我为这两位四分卫感到非常兴奋，他们可以代表很多孩子，”西里安尼在本周的一次媒体活动中说。 “他们都在最高水平上发挥，”他补充道。帕特里克马霍姆斯是酋长队的四分卫。他带领球队获得了最近的超级碗冠军。这位 27 岁的足球运动员告诉记者，这场比赛对黑人来说很重要。“I think about it a lot,” he said. “The quarterbacks that came before me — Shack Harris, Doug Williams — that laid the foundation for me to be in this position.” He is also looking to the future. “How can we motivate kids who are younger, who want to follow their dreams to be a quarterback?” Mahomes asked. His opponent, Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts, also spoke to reporters this week about how special this Super Bowl is.“我想了很多，”他说。 “在我之前的四分卫——沙克哈里斯、道格威廉姆斯——为我担任这个位置奠定了基础。”他也在展望未来。 “我们如何激励那些想追逐梦想成为四分卫的年轻孩子？”马霍姆斯问道。他的对手老鹰队四分卫贾伦赫茨本周也向记者谈到了这个超级碗有多么特别。“So many African American quarterbacks have played this game, and for the first time for two to go head-to-head, that's uplifting for the next generations of quarterbacks,” said the 24-year-old. “Texas, Louisiana, wherever across the world, regardless of what someone might say or have an opinion about you, you can do it, too.”“这么多非裔美国四分卫都参加过这场比赛，而且这是第一次有两人正面交锋，这对下一代四分卫来说是令人振奋的，”这位 24 岁的球员说。 “得克萨斯州、路易斯安那州，无论在世界的任何地方，无论别人对你说什么或有什么看法，你都可以做到。”

A recently released study says the average yearly temperature on Greenland has increased by 1.5 degree Celsius above the average for the 20th century for a 15-year period ending in 2011. Scientists used examples of Greenland’s ice to get information about temperatures from hundreds of years in the past. Until recently, Greenland’s ice cores had not shown a clear sign of warming on the remotest north-central part of the island. Those findings were based on cores from 1995. Researchers involved in the recent study examined cores that were drilled in 2011. They said their work showed a rise in temperature in the previous 15 years. The German researchers published their study in Nature.最近发布的一项研究表明，在截至 2011 年的 15 年里，格陵兰岛的年平均气温比 20 世纪的平均气温高 1.5 摄氏度。过去。直到最近，格陵兰岛最偏远的中北部地区的冰芯还没有显示出明显的变暖迹象。这些发现基于 1995 年的岩心。参与最近研究的研究人员检查了 2011 年钻探的岩心。他们说，他们的工作表明过去 15 年温度有所上升。德国研究人员在《自然》杂志上发表了他们的研究。Maria Hoerhold, the study's lead writer, said this a clear signal of climate change. “We keep on (seeing) rising temperatures between 1990s and 2011,” she said. Hoerhold is a glaciologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany. “We have now a clear signature of global warming.”↳ Scientists take years to study ice core data. Hoerhold has new cores from 2019. But she has not finished studying them. She expects the temperature rise to continue. The study said Greenland's ice sheet and glaciers have been melting.该研究的主要作者 Maria Hoerhold 表示，这是气候变化的一个明显信号。 “从 1990 年代到 2011 年，我们一直（看到）气温上升，”她说。 Hoerhold 是德国阿尔弗雷德韦格纳研究所的冰川学家。 “我们现在有了全球变暖的明显迹象。”↳ 科学家们花了数年时间研究冰芯数据。 Hoerhold 从 2019 年开始有了新的核心。但她还没有完成对它们的研究。她预计气温会继续上升。该研究称，格陵兰岛的冰盖和冰川一直在融化。Information from ice cores has been used to estimate temperatures in Greenland from the year 1000 to 2011. Scientific models suggest average temperatures fell a little for the first 800 years of that period. Temperatures then increase a little and then go down until a sudden increase from the 1990s until 2011. The increase in temperatures after 1995 was much larger than pre-industrial times before the mid-19th century. There is an “almost zero” chance that it is anything but human-caused climate change, Hoerhold said. Hoerhold said Greenland’s natural weather changes in the past had hidden human-caused climate change. But, as of about 25 years ago, the warming became too big to be hidden, she said.来自冰芯的信息已被用于估计格陵兰岛从 1000 年到 2011 年的温度。科学模型表明，该时期的前 800 年平均温度略有下降。从 1990 年代到 2011 年，气温略有上升，然后下降，直到突然上升。1995 年之后的气温上升幅度远大于 19 世纪中叶之前的工业化前时期。 Hoerhold 说，这不是人为造成的气候变化的可能性“几乎为零”。霍尔霍尔德说，格陵兰岛过去的自然天气变化隐藏了人为造成的气候变化。但是，大约 25 年前，变暖变得太大而无法隐藏，她说。Scientists say past data shows that Greenland is not warming as fast as the rest of the Arctic, the extreme northern part of the world. Some scientists suggest the temperature of the Arctic is now increasing at a rate four times faster than the average world temperature is. Hoerhold and scientists not involved in the research said the new warming data is bad because Greenland’s ice is melting. The study ends with data from 2011. Hoerhold said that, in the following year, a lot of ice melted across Greenland, and the island’s ice loss has been high since then.科学家们说，过去的数据表明，格陵兰岛变暖的速度不如北极其他地区，即世界最北部地区。一些科学家认为，北极的温度现在正在以比世界平均温度快四倍的速度上升。 Hoerhold 和未参与该研究的科学家表示，新的变暖数据很糟糕，因为格陵兰岛的冰层正在融化。该研究以 2011 年的数据结束。Hoerhold 说，第二年，格陵兰岛上的大量冰融化，此后岛上的冰流失量一直很高。Jason Box is a scientist with the Danish Meteorological Institute. He said, “We should be very concerned about North Greenland warming because that region has a dozen sleeping giants in the form of wide tidewater glaciers and an ice stream.” As temperatures continue to get warmer, more ice will melt in Greenland, he said. Twila Moon is a scientist with the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Melting glaciers in Greenland means “rising seas that threaten homes, businesses, economies and communities," she said.Jason Box 是丹麦气象研究所的科学家。他说：“我们应该非常关注北格陵兰岛变暖，因为该地区有十几个沉睡的巨人，以宽阔的潮水冰川和冰流的形式出现。”他说，随着气温继续变暖，格陵兰岛将有更多的冰融化。 Twila Moon 是美国国家冰雪数据中心的科学家。她说，格陵兰岛冰川融化意味着“海平面上升威胁着家庭、企业、经济和社区”。

The actor Ke Huy Quan has traveled an often-changing path on his way to America’s most important movie honors, the Academy Awards. The 51-year-old was nominated for an Oscar for his performance in the 2022 film, Everything Everywhere All at Once. Few Oscar nominees this year have gone as far to reach the Academy Awards as Quan. Born in Vietnam, he and his family fled that country in 1978. They settled in California.演员 Ke Huy Quan 在获得美国最重要的电影荣誉奥斯卡金像奖的道路上走过了一条经常变化的道路。这位 51 岁的演员因其在 2022 年电影《一切都在同一时间》中的表演而获得奥斯卡提名。今年很少有奥斯卡提名人能像权一样获得奥斯卡金像奖。他和家人出生于越南，1978 年逃离该国。他们在加利福尼亚定居。As a child, he starred in two of the most popular films of the 1980s. Quan played the characters Short Round in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Data in The Goonies. But after this early success, Quan struggled to find work as an adult. The film industry had few parts for Asian-American actors. The actor went to film school, and later began working behind the camera. He left his dreams of acting in the past, mostly. But Everything Everywhere All at Once changed it all for Quan. The movie leads the 2023 Academy Awards race with 11 Oscar nominations. That includes the award for best picture. Quan is now living the dream he thought he had surrendered. The actor spoke recently with the Associated Press about the experience.小时候，他主演了 1980 年代两部最受欢迎的电影。Quan 在 Indiana Jones 中扮演 Short Round 角色，在 The Goonies 中扮演 Doom 和 Data 角色。但在取得了早期的成功之后，全成年后很难找到工作。电影业几乎没有亚裔美国演员的角色。演员去了电影学校，后来开始在镜头后面工作。他大部分时间都放弃了演戏的梦想。但是 Everything Everywhere All On Once 改变了 Quan 的一切。这部电影以 11 项奥斯卡提名领跑 2023 年奥斯卡颁奖典礼。其中包括最佳影片奖。权现在实现了他认为已经放弃的梦想。这位演员最近与美联社谈到了这段经历。“When I heard the nomination, I jumped up and I screamed so loud,” he said. “It just seemed so far-fetched. Especially when I had to step away from acting for so many years, that dream seemed like it was dead.” Quan was thankful for the support. But he had been afraid about returning to acting. “The last time they saw me up on the screen, I was a little kid. Now, I'm a middle-aged man,” he said.“当我听到提名时，我跳了起来，大声尖叫，”他说。“这看起来太牵强了。尤其是当我不得不离开演艺圈这么多年的时候，那个梦想就像死了一样。” Quan 对支持表示感谢。但他一直害怕重返演艺圈。“他们最后一次在银幕上看到我时，我还是个小孩。现在，我是一个中年男人，”他说。“Ever since our movie came out, they have shown me nothing but love and kindness,” Quan said. “This has been a wild and unbelievable ride. I didn't expect any of this. But I do hope that my story inspires them to not give up on their dreams.” The Academy Awards will take place in Hollywood, California on March 12.“自从我们的电影上映以来，他们给我的只有爱和善意，”全说。“这是一次狂野而令人难以置信的旅程。我没想到这一切。但我确实希望我的故事能激励他们不要放弃自己的梦想。”奥斯卡颁奖典礼将于 3 月 12 日在加利福尼亚州好莱坞举行。

An Italian ship in waters near Antarctica has sailed further south than any ship has done before. The ship was able to make it so far south because of an unusual lack of ice in the Antarctic.↳ The ship, called the Laura Bassi, made it into the Bay of Whales in the Ross Sea. The location was confirmed by Italy’s Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics. The Laura Bassi is carrying scientists researching in the Antarctic. Franco Sedmak is the ship’s captain. He expressed both happiness and sadness when he spoke with Italy’s ANSA news agency.南极洲附近海域的一艘意大利船只比以往任何船只都向南航行得更远。由于南极异常缺冰，这艘船能够一直向南航行。↳ 这艘名为劳拉·巴西 (Laura Bassi) 的船驶入了罗斯海的鲸鱼湾。该位置得到了意大利海洋学和应用地球物理学研究所的确认。 Laura Bassi 载着在南极进行研究的科学家。 Franco Sedmak 是这艘船的船长。他在接受意大利安莎通讯社采访时表达了快乐和悲伤。"I am happy with setting a record, but at the same time I am sad to see that things are really changing here in Antarctica and in the world in general," he said. Sedmak attempted a similar trip in 2017 but could not make it as far because the ice was too thick. He said this time, there was much less ice. "I never thought that I would find such a melting of the ice after a few years to be able to go as far south as we managed this year,” Sedmak said.他说：“我很高兴能创下纪录，但同时我也很难过看到南极洲和整个世界的情况正在发生真正的变化。” Sedmak 曾在 2017 年尝试过一次类似的旅行，但由于冰层太厚而未能走得那么远。他说这次冰少了很多。塞德马克说：“我从没想过几年后我会发现冰层融化，能够像我们今年那样向南走。”Satellite images in 2022 showed the area around Antarctica is losing ice very quickly. Researchers on the ship are studying water temperatures and the health of fish in the area. They took samples as far down as 216 meters to help them get a better understanding of the sea currents. Early results show that the water remained extremely cold and that there is still a large number of young fish.2022 年的卫星图像显示南极洲周围地区的冰层正在迅速流失。船上的研究人员正在研究该地区的水温和鱼类的健康状况。他们采集了深达 216 米的样本，以帮助他们更好地了解海流。初步结果显示，水仍然非常冷，还有大量的幼鱼。

This week, Google researchers published a paper describing results from an artificial intelligence (AI) tool built to create music. The tool, called MusicLM, is not the first AI music tool to launch. But the examples Google provides demonstrate musical creative ability based on a limited set of descriptive words. AI shows how complex computer systems have been trained to behave in human-like ways.本周，谷歌研究人员发表了一篇论文，描述了一种用于创作音乐的人工智能 (AI) 工具的结果。这个名为 MusicLM 的工具并不是第一个推出的 AI 音乐工具。但是谷歌提供的例子展示了基于一组有限的描述性词语的音乐创作能力。人工智能展示了复杂的计算机系统是如何被训练成以类似人类的方式行事的。Tools like ChatGPT can quickly produce, or generate, written documents that compare well with the work by humans. ChatGPT and similar systems require powerful computers to operate complex machine-learning models. The San Francisco-based company OpenAI launched ChatGPT late last year. Developers train such systems on huge amounts of data to learn methods for recreating different forms of content. For example, computer-generated content could include written material, design elements, art or music.↳ ChatGPT has recently received a lot of attention for its ability to generate complex writings and other content from just a simple description in natural language.像 ChatGPT 这样的工具可以快速生成或生成与人类工作相媲美的书面文档。ChatGPT 和类似系统需要强大的计算机来运行复杂的机器学习模型。总部位于旧金山的 OpenAI 公司去年年底推出了 ChatGPT。开发人员使用大量数据训练此类系统，以学习重新创建不同形式内容的方法。例如，计算机生成的内容可能包括书面材料、设计元素、艺术或音乐。↳ ChatGPT 最近因其能够从自然语言的简单描述中生成复杂的文字和其他内容而受到广泛关注。Google engineers explain the MusicLM system this way: First, a user comes up with a word or words that describe the kind of music they want the tool to create. For example, a user could enter this short phrase into the system: “a continuous calming violin backed by a soft guitar sound.” The descriptions entered can include different music styles, instruments or other existing sounds.谷歌工程师这样解释 MusicLM 系统：首先，用户想出一个或多个词来描述他们希望该工具创建的音乐类型。例如，用户可以在系统中输入这个短语：“柔和的吉他声伴随着持续平静的小提琴。”输入的描述可以包括不同的音乐风格、乐器或其他现有声音。Several different music examples produced by MusicLM were published online. Some of the generated music came from just one- or two-word descriptions, such as “jazz,” “rock” or “techno.” The system created other examples from more detailed descriptions containing whole sentences. In one example, Google researchers include these instructions to MusicLM: “The main soundtrack of an arcade game. It is fast-paced and upbeat, with a catchy electric guitar riff. The music is repetitive and easy to remember, but with unexpected sounds…”MusicLM 制作的几个不同的音乐示例已在线发布。一些生成的音乐仅来自一两个词的描述，例如“爵士乐”、“摇滚”或“电子音乐”。该系统根据包含整个句子的更详细的描述创建了其他示例。在一个示例中，谷歌研究人员将这些说明包含在 MusicLM 中：“街机游戏的主要配乐。它节奏快且乐观，带有朗朗上口的电吉他即兴重复段。音乐是重复的，容易记住，但有意想不到的声音……”In the resulting recording, the music seems to keep very close to the description. The team said that the more detailed the description is, the better the system can attempt to produce it. The MusicLM model operates similarly to the machine-learning systems used by ChatGPT. Such tools can produce human-like results because they are trained on huge amounts of data. Many different materials are fed into the systems to permit them to learn complex skills to create realistic works. In addition to generating new music from written descriptions, the team said the system can also create examples based on a person’s own singing, humming, whistling or playing an instrument.在最终的录音中，音乐似乎与描述非常接近。该团队表示，描述越详细，系统就越能尝试生成它。 MusicLM 模型的运行类似于 ChatGPT 使用的机器学习系统。这些工具可以产生类似人类的结果，因为它们接受了大量数据的训练。许多不同的材料被输入系统，使他们能够学习复杂的技能来创作逼真的作品。该团队表示，除了根据书面描述生成新音乐外，该系统还可以根据一个人自己的歌唱、哼唱、吹口哨或演奏乐器来创建示例。The researchers said the tool “produces high-quality music...over several minutes, while being faithful to the text conditioning signal.” At this time, the Google team has not released the MusicLM models for public use. This differs from ChatGPT, which was made available online for users to experiment with in November. However, Google announced it was releasing a “high-quality dataset” of more than 5,500 music-writing pairs prepared by professional musicians called MusicCaps. The researchers took that step to assist in the development of other AI music generators.研究人员表示，该工具“可以在几分钟内产生高质量的音乐，同时忠实于文本调节信号。”目前，谷歌团队尚未发布 MusicLM 模型供公众使用。这与 ChatGPT 不同，ChatGPT 于 11 月在线提供给用户进行试验。然而，谷歌宣布它正在发布一个名为 MusicCaps 的由专业音乐家准备的超过 5,500 对音乐创作对的“高质量数据集”。研究人员采取这一步骤是为了协助开发其他人工智能音乐生成器。The MusicLM researchers said they believe they have designed a new tool to help anyone quickly and easily create high-quality music selections. However, the team said it also recognizes some risks linked to the machine learning process. One of the biggest issues the researchers identified was “biases present in the training data.” A bias might be including too much of one side and not enough of the other. The researchers said this raises a question “about appropriateness for music generation for cultures underrepresented in the training data.”MusicLM 研究人员表示，他们相信他们已经设计出一种新工具，可以帮助任何人快速轻松地创建高质量的音乐选集。然而，该团队表示，它也认识到与机器学习过程相关的一些风险。研究人员发现的最大问题之一是“训练数据中存在偏差”。偏见可能包括一侧太多而另一侧不够。研究人员表示，这提出了一个问题，“

Educators say children’s behavior reached crisis levels after the pandemic shutdowns. Now, many schools are facing pressure from critics to rethink the ways they discipline students. In recent years, some schools have adopted policies intended to reduce suspensions and expulsions. Some experts say suspensions and expulsions hurt students’ ability to learn and largely affect minority students. But more students have been misbehaving. Some school systems have faced questions from teachers, parents and lawmakers about whether a softer approach can effectively deal with problems that disrupt classrooms.教育工作者说，在大流行关闭后，儿童的行为达到了危机水平。现在，许多学校都面临来自批评者的压力，要求他们重新考虑他们管教学生的方式。近年来，一些学校采取了旨在减少停学和开除的政策。一些专家表示，停学和开除会损害学生的学习能力，并在很大程度上影响少数民族学生。但是更多的学生行为不端。一些学校系统面临着来自教师、家长和立法者的问题，即更温和的方法是否可以有效地处理扰乱课堂的问题。Educators say children’s behavior reached crisis levels after the pandemic shutdowns. Now, many schools are facing pressure from critics to rethink the ways they discipline students. In recent years, some schools have adopted policies intended to reduce suspensions and expulsions. Some experts say suspensions and expulsions hurt students’ ability to learn and largely affect minority students. But more students have been misbehaving. Some school systems have faced questions from teachers, parents and lawmakers about whether a softer approach can effectively deal with problems that disrupt classrooms.最新的例子最近发生在弗吉尼亚州的纽波特纽斯，当时一名 6 岁的孩子开枪打死了他的老师。那里的老师在学校董事会会议上抱怨学校系统对学生过于宽容。他们说，对学校工作人员进行人身攻击的学生通常被允许留在教室里。 当地学校董事会表示，将采取“必要措施来恢复公众对学校系统的信心”。 自从学生在 COVID-19 封锁后返回教室以来，不当行为一直在增加。去年夏天，国家教育统计中心就此问题向学校领导提出了质疑。调查发现，56% 的学校领导表示，大流行导致学生的不当行为导致课堂中断增加。 48% 的人表示，这导致了更多对教师和员工的不尊重行为。Rachel Perera studies education at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. She said new criticism of approaches to discipline could slow changes in policy. “There’s a lot of pressure on schools right now,” she said. “I worry that that will translate to schools falling back on old practices that are not effective in terms of supporting students in the way they need.” Policy changes are already happening. In Gwinnett County, Georgia, the school board approved the use of a “restorative practices” program in August. The program was meant to center on conflict resolution, repairing harm and rebuilding relationships in the classroom. But the district paused the program in December, with plans to restart it in the 2023-2024 school year. It did so after concerns were raised over incidents in school, including a video of a student attacking a teacher at a high school.雷切尔·佩雷拉 (Rachel Perera) 在华盛顿特区的布鲁金斯学会 (Brookings Institution) 研究教育。她说，对纪律方法的新批评可能会减缓政策的变化。 “现在学校压力很大，”她说。 “我担心这会导致学校重新采用旧做法，而这些旧做法在以学生需要的方式支持学生方面效果不佳。”政策变化已经在发生。在佐治亚州格威内特县，学校董事会于 8 月批准使用“恢复性做法”计划。该计划旨在以解决冲突、修复伤害和重建课堂关系为中心。但学区在 12 月暂停了该计划，并计划在 2023-2024 学年重新启动。它是在对学校事件提出担忧之后这样做的，其中包括一段学生袭击高中老师的视频。As of 2020, 21 states and the District of Columbia had passed legislation supporting the use of restorative practices in schools. That information comes from the Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality. Carrying out the practice correctly takes time, resources, and community support, said Rebecca Epstein. She is the center’s executive director. “Change is hard,” Epstein said. “It can’t be up to individual teachers alone to shift the culture… It really takes a whole school cultural shift.”截至 2020 年，21 个州和哥伦比亚特区已通过立法支持在学校使用恢复性做法。该信息来自乔治敦贫困与不平等法律中心。 Rebecca Epstein 说，正确地进行这种做法需要时间、资源和社区支持。她是该中心的执行主任。 “改变很难，”爱泼斯坦说。 “改变文化不能仅靠个别教师……这真的需要整个学校的文化转变。”Using restorative justice does not mean a school cannot remove a disruptive student from the classroom, said Thalia González. She is a professor at the University of California College of the Law, San Francisco. But unlike other forms of discipline, restorative practices aim to understand the causes of a student’s behavior. The approach is less centered on punishment. Traditional discipline has widened inequities. Black children are often suspended or expelled at rates far higher than white children. Research has found that these differences in discipline can have lifelong effects for children, including worsened educational results and higher rates of imprisonment. The Virginia city of Newport News has its own history with restorative justice.塔利亚·冈萨雷斯 (Thalia González) 说，使用恢复性司法并不意味着学校不能将捣乱学生赶出课堂。她是旧金山加州大学法学院的教授。但与其他形式的纪律不同，恢复性实践旨在了解学生行为的原因。该方法不太以惩罚为中心。传统纪律扩大了不平等。黑人儿童被停学或开除的比率通常远高于白人儿童。研究发现，纪律方面的这些差异会对儿童产生终生影响，包括教育成果恶化和入狱率上升。弗吉尼亚州纽波特纽斯市在恢复性司法方面有着自己的历史。At a school board meeting in 2017, district officials discussed efforts to reduce school suspensions while using restorative practices. At the same time, Tracy Pope was the school system’s restorative practices specialist. She said at the meeting that such practices did not do away with anything already in place. She described the practices as "another way to look at how we do discipline.” Even before the shooting of a first-grade teacher, many educators were unhappy with the way the

The Carter Center said recently that only 13 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported worldwide last year. That is a major drop from 3.5 million cases of infected people in 1986. These early numbers are expected to be confirmed in the coming months. Still, the Carter Center, founded by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife, Eleanor Rosalynn Carter, said the last part of the international effort to end the parasitic disease will be “the most difficult.” Guinea worm is a disease that affects poor communities in distant parts of Africa and Asia that do not have safe water to drink. People who drink unclean water can get parasites that can grow up to 1 meter. The worm grows in people for up to a year before painfully coming out, often through the feet or other sensitive parts of the body.卡特中心最近表示，去年全球仅报告了 13 例人类麦地那龙线虫病病例。与 1986 年的 350 万感染病例相比大幅下降。预计这些早期数字将在未来几个月内得到确认。尽管如此，由美国前总统吉米·卡特和他的妻子埃莉诺·罗莎琳·卡特创立的卡特中心表示，结束寄生虫病的国际努力的最后一部分将是“最困难的”。麦地那龙线虫是一种影响非洲和亚洲偏远地区贫困社区的疾病，那里没有安全饮用水。饮用不洁水的人会感染长达 1 米的寄生虫。蠕虫在人体内生长长达一年，然后才痛苦地出来，通常是通过脚或身体的其他敏感部位。The World Health Organization (WHO) says there is neither a drug treatment for Guinea worm disease nor a vaccine to prevent it. Guinea worm disease can be prevented by training people to filter and drink clean water. In 1986, the Atlanta-based Carter Center joined the WHO and UNICEF in the fight against Guinea worm disease. The center said the remaining infections occurred in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Six human cases were reported in Chad, five in South Sudan, one in Ethiopia and one in the Central African Republic. The Central African Republic case remains under investigation.世界卫生组织 (WHO) 表示，既没有治疗麦地那龙线虫病的药物，也没有预防它的疫苗。可以通过训练人们过滤和饮用干净的水来预防麦地那龙线虫病。 1986 年，位于亚特兰大的卡特中心与世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会一起抗击麦地那龙线虫病。该中心表示，其余感染病例发生在撒哈拉以南非洲的四个国家。乍得报告了 6 例人间病例，南苏丹有 5 例，埃塞俄比亚有 1 例，中非共和国有 1 例。中非共和国案件仍在调查中。Adam Weiss is the director of The Carter Center’s Guinea Worm Eradication Program. Weiss told The Associated Press that the final efforts to eradicate, or completely end, the disease could be difficult.↳ Weiss said the populations where Guinea worm still exists often face insecurity, including conflict, which can prevent workers and volunteers from going house to house to offer support. Weiss cautioned if support for these communities slows or stops “there’s no question that you’re going to see a surge in Guinea worm.” He added, “We’re continuing to make progress, even if it is not as fast as we all want it to be, but that progress continues.”Adam Weiss 是卡特中心麦地那龙线虫根除计划的主任。 Weiss 告诉美联社，根除或彻底结束这种疾病的最后努力可能很困难。↳ Weiss 说，麦地那龙线虫仍然存在的人群经常面临不安全，包括冲突，这可能会阻止工人和志愿者挨家挨户提供支持。韦斯警告说，如果对这些社区的支持放缓或停止，“毫无疑问，你会看到麦地那龙线虫病激增。”他补充说，“我们正在继续取得进展，即使它没有我们所有人希望的那么快，但这种进步仍在继续。”Guinea worm could be the second human disease to be ended after smallpox, says The Carter Center.卡特中心表示，麦地那龙线虫病可能是继天花之后被消灭的第二种人类疾病。

A University of Michigan student is one of the world’s top “speedcubers,” a person able to quickly solve a Rubik’s Cube. He also is a talented violinist. Stanley Chapel says the two activities work well together. He adds that he has equal interest in both. But the 21-year-old says the violin has helped him succeed in speedcubing. Chapel is studying violin performance at the university’s school of music, theater and dance. He said that ideas he learned from music study such as repetition and “breaking things down into their smallest” elements helped him get better at cubing.密歇根大学的一名学生是世界顶尖的“魔方魔方”之一，他能够快速解开魔方。他还是一位才华横溢的小提琴家。 Stanley Chapel 说这两项活动配合得很好。他补充说，他对两者都有同等的兴趣。但这位 21 岁的年轻人表示，小提琴帮助他在速滑方面取得了成功。 Chapel 在该大学的音乐、戏剧和舞蹈学院学习小提琴演奏。他说，他从音乐研究中学到的想法，例如重复和“将事物分解成最小的”元素，帮助他在立方体方面做得更好。Chapel grew up in Ann Arbor, not far from where the University of Michigan is located. He solved his first 3x3 Rubik’s Cube as a 14-year-old. Five weeks later, Chapel entered his first competition, solving the cube in an average of 22 seconds.↳ In 2017 in Paris, Chapel placed fifth in both the 4x4 blindfolded and 5x5 blindfolded groups at the World Cube Association World Championship. At the 2019 world championship in Melbourne, Australia, he won both events.Chapel 在 Ann Arbor 长大，离密歇根大学不远。他在 14 岁时解决了他的第一个 3x3 魔方。五周后，查佩尔参加了他的第一场比赛，平均用时 22 秒解决了魔方。↳ 2017 年在巴黎举行的世界魔方协会世界锦标赛上，查佩尔在 4x4 蒙眼组和 5x5 蒙眼组中均获得第五名。在澳大利亚墨尔本举行的 2019 年世界锦标赛上，他赢得了两项赛事的冠军。Accounting for the time it takes for him to study the cube before placing the blindfold over his eyes, Chapel can solve one in around 17 seconds. “The deeper I go into ... cubing technique, the more I find interest in pushing the boundaries of what’s possible there,” he said.↳ Chapel has some strong natural abilities. He is able to remember thousands of ways to solve a Rubik’s Cube and perform one of Johann Sebastian Bach’s violin pieces from memory.考虑到他在将眼罩蒙上眼睛之前研究立方体所花费的时间，Chapel 可以在大约 17 秒内解决一个问题。他说：“我对......立方体技术的了解越深，我就越有兴趣突破那里可能发生的事情的界限。”↳ Chapel 有一些强大的天赋。他能够记住数以千计的解魔方的方法，并凭记忆演奏约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫的一首小提琴曲。But Chapel also spends many hours working on his skills. In addition, he does regular hand exercises that help him avoid the kinds of pains that come with the large amounts of time turning the cube’s sides. Chapel says years of playing the violin also has helped him have “very, very fine motor control already built up.” Later this year, Chapel plans to defend his world titles in South Korea. Once he is done with school, though, Chapel is not sure how speedcubing fits into his future plans.但查佩尔也花了很多时间来提高自己的技能。此外，他还定期进行手部锻炼，帮助他避免长时间转动立方体边带来的各种疼痛。 Chapel 说，多年的小提琴演奏也帮助他“建立了非常非常好的运动控制能力。”今年晚些时候，查佩尔计划在韩国卫冕他的世界冠军头衔。不过，一旦完成学业，查佩尔就不确定速成魔方如何融入他未来的计划。“I guess it’s cool to know that nobody is able to do this,” he said. “But, at the same time, giving myself a little bit of a reality check, it’s like, ‘How much does that actually matter?’” “It’s not going to pay the bills when I’m older,” Chapel said, laughing.“我想知道没有人能够做到这一点很酷，”他说。 “但是，与此同时，给自己一点现实检查，就像，‘这到底有多大关系？’”笑。

A green comet will appear again in Earth’s sky for the first time in 50,000 years. The American space agency NASA says the comet's last visit came during Neanderthal times. It will come within 42 million kilometers of Earth on Wednesday before continuing on its path, unlikely to return for millions of years. Discovered less than a year ago, this green comet can be observed in the northern night sky with devices such as binoculars and telescopes. It is also possible to see with one’s own eyes in the darkest corners of the Northern Hemisphere.一颗绿色彗星将在 5 万年来首次出现在地球天空中。美国宇航局表示，这颗彗星最后一次造访是在尼安德特人时代。它将在周三到达距地球 4200 万公里以内，然后继续前进，数百万年内不太可能返回。这颗绿色彗星被发现不到一年前，可以用双筒望远镜和天文望远镜等设备在北方夜空中观测到。在北半球最黑暗的角落也可以亲眼看到。The comet will be best seen in the early morning hours. It is expected to brighten as it comes closer and rises higher over the horizon through the end of January. By February 10, the comet will be near Mars. Viewers in the Southern Hemisphere will have to wait until next month to see it. Paul Chodas is director of the Center for Near Earth Object Studies at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California.这颗彗星最好在清晨看到。到 1 月底，随着它越来越近并在地平线上上升得更高，预计它会变亮。到 2 月 10 日，这颗彗星将靠近火星。南半球的观众要等到下个月才能看到。保罗·乔达斯 (Paul Chodas) 是加利福尼亚州美国宇航局喷气推进实验室近地天体研究中心的主任。Chodas said that while several comets have appeared in the sky over the past year, “this one seems probably a little bit bigger and therefore a little bit brighter and it’s coming a little bit closer to the Earth’s orbit." The comet was discovered last March by researchers using the Zwicky Transient Facility, a special camera at Caltech’s Palomar Observatory. That explains its official, difficult name: comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF). On Wednesday, the comet will pass between the orbits of Earth and Mars at a relative speed of 207,000 kilometers. Its nucleus, or center, is thought to be about 1.6 kilometers across, with its tails extending millions of kilometers.Chodas 说，虽然过去一年天空中出现了几颗彗星，但“这颗彗星看起来可能更大一点，因此也更亮一点，而且它离地球轨道也更近了一点。”这颗彗星于去年三月被发现由研究人员使用加州理工学院帕洛玛天文台的特殊相机 Zwicky Transient Facility 拍摄。这解释了它的官方名称：彗星 C/2022 E3 (ZTF)。周三，这颗彗星将在地球和火星轨道之间以相对速度为 207,000 公里。它的核或中心被认为大约有 1.6 公里宽，其尾部延伸数百万公里。The comet is not expected to be nearly as bright as Neowise in 2020, or Hale-Bopp in the mid to late 1990s. Karen Meech of the University of Hawaii said in an email to the Associated Press that the comet “will be bright by virtue of its close Earth passage ... which allows scientists to do more experiments and the public to be able to see a beautiful comet.” Scientists are confident in their calculations, putting the comet’s last pass through the solar system at 50,000 years ago. However, they do not know how close it came to Earth or whether it was even visible to the Neanderthals, said Chodas.预计这颗彗星不会像 2020 年的 Neowise 或 1990 年代中后期的海尔波普那样明亮。夏威夷大学的卡伦·米奇在给美联社的一封电子邮件中说，这颗彗星“将因其接近地球的通道而变得明亮……这让科学家们可以做更多的实验，让公众能够看到一颗美丽的彗星”科学家们对他们的计算充满信心，认为这颗彗星最后一次穿过太阳系是在 5 万年前。然而，他们不知道它离地球有多近，也不知道尼安德特人是否能看到它，Chodas 说。When the comet returns, though, is more difficult to estimate. Every time the comet passes the sun and planets, their gravitational pulls change the comet’s path by small amounts. However, these small effects lead to major path changes over time. There is another source of measurement difficulty. Large amounts of dust and gas come off the comet as it heats up near the sun. “We don’t really know exactly how much they are pushing this comet around,” Chodas explained.然而，彗星返回的时间更难估计。每次彗星经过太阳和行星时，它们的引力都会稍微改变彗星的路径。然而，随着时间的推移，这些小的影响会导致主要的路径变化。还有另一个测量困难的来源。当彗星在太阳附近升温时，大量的尘埃和气体从彗星上脱落。 “我们真的不知道他们到底在多大程度上推动了这颗彗星，”乔达斯解释道。The comet — an ancient object produced from the emerging solar system 4.5 billion years ago — came from what is known as the Oort Cloud well beyond Pluto. This area is believed to extend more than one-quarter of the way to the next star. While comet ZTF began in our solar system, we cannot be sure it will stay there, Chodas said. If it gets sent out of the solar system, it will never return, he added. However, you should not worry if you miss it. “In the comet business, you just wait for the next one because there are dozens of these,” Chodas said. “And the next one might be bigger, might be brighter, might be closer.”这颗彗星是 45 亿年前新兴太阳系产生的古老物体，它来自远在冥王星之外的所谓奥尔特云。据信，该区域延伸到下一颗恒星的路径超过四分之一。 Chodas 说，虽然 ZTF 彗星开始出现在我们的太阳系中，但我们不能确定它会留在那里。他补充说，如果它被送出太阳系，它将永远不会返回。但是，如果您错过了，也不用担心。 “在彗星业务中，你只需等待下一个，因为有几十个这样的彗星，”Chodas 说。 “下一个可能更大，可能更亮，可能更近。”

The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for a total ban on what it calls industrially produced trans fatty acids worldwide in 2023. The health organization said the artificially produced form of fat is responsible for half a million early deaths each year. Products containing trans fat are commonly found in baked goods and cooking oils. In 2020, the WHO said more than 58 countries have introduced laws to protect people from artificial trans fat. But, it said, more than 100 countries should remove them from their food supplies.世界卫生组织 (WHO) 呼吁在 2023 年全面禁止其所谓的工业生产的反式脂肪酸。该卫生组织表示，这种人工生产的脂肪每年导致 50 万人过早死亡。含有反式脂肪的产品常见于烘焙食品和食用油中。世界卫生组织表示，2020 年已有超过 58 个国家出台了保护人们免受人造反式脂肪侵害的法律。但是，它说，100 多个国家应该将它们从食品供应中移除。The health agency reported that two-thirds of the deaths that it blames on trans fat happened in 15 countries. Of these countries, Canada, Latvia, Slovenia, and the United States have set limits on or banned artificial trans fat. But many countries have yet to take action. In Asia, the countries are Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, India, Iran, and South Korea. Others include Ecuador, Mexico and Egypt. Tom Frieden is head of the public health organization Resolve to Save Lives. The organization is working with the WHO to remove artificial trans fat from the international food supply. He said the total removal of trans fat from food could prevent up to 17 million deaths from heart-related disease by 2040.该卫生机构报告说，它归咎于反式脂肪的死亡人数中有三分之二发生在 15 个国家/地区。在这些国家中，加拿大、拉脱维亚、斯洛文尼亚和美国已经限制或禁止人造反式脂肪。但许多国家尚未采取行动。在亚洲，这些国家是阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、不丹、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、印度、伊朗和韩国。其他国家包括厄瓜多尔、墨西哥和埃及。 Tom Frieden 是公共卫生组织 Resolve to Save Lives 的负责人。该组织正在与世界卫生组织合作，从国际食品供应中去除人造反式脂肪。他说，到 2040 年，从食物中完全去除反式脂肪可以防止多达 1700 万人死于心脏病。The American Heart Association is a non-profit group that supports heart health and research. It says there are two different kinds of trans fat Natural trans fat forms in the gut of some animals and foods made from these animals such as milk and meat products. Artificial trans fat, also called trans fatty acids, is created through an industrial process that adds hydrogen to vegetable oils. Food makers use this lower-cost oil so food will stay fresh longer.美国心脏协会是一个支持心脏健康和研究的非营利组织。它说有两种不同类型的反式脂肪 天然反式脂肪存在于一些动物的肠道和由这些动物制成的食物中，例如牛奶和肉制品。人造反式脂肪，也称为反式脂肪酸，是通过向植物油中添加氢的工业过程产生的。食品制造商使用这种成本较低的油，因此食物保鲜时间更长。\Trans fat can be found in foods such as donuts, cakes, cookies and deep-fried foods. Baked goods that sit on store shelves for many months but remain soft and moist usually contain trans fat. This is because the oil remains solid at room temperature. Frieden from Resolve to Save Lives said it is important to understand the difference between artificial trans fat and saturated fat. He called trans fat “a toxic chemical” which should be completely removed from the food supply. That is different from saturated fat, a common substance in many food groups, which “nobody is proposing to ban.”↳ Frieden said, “Think of artificial trans fat as the tobacco of nutrition. It has no values.”反式脂肪存在于甜甜圈、蛋糕、饼干和油炸食品等食物中。在商店货架上放置数月但仍保持柔软湿润的烘焙食品通常含有反式脂肪。这是因为油在室温下保持固态。 Resolve to Save Lives 的 Frieden 说，了解人造反式脂肪和饱和脂肪之间的区别很重要。他称反式脂肪是“一种有毒化学物质”，应该从食品供应中完全去除。这与饱和脂肪不同，饱和脂肪是许多食物类别中的常见物质，“没有人提议禁止”。↳ Frieden 说，“将人造反式脂肪想象成营养烟草。它没有任何价值。”In 2018, the WHO launched a step-by-step guide calling on governments around the world to remove artificial trans fat from the food supply. The guide urges governments to replace trans fat with oils such as olive oil, creating public awareness of the harms of trans fat, and enforcing the anti-trans fat policies and laws. By the end of 2020, the health agency said new laws have protected more than 3.2 billion people from the substance. Most of the action came from wealthy countries and areas. But several low- and lower-middle-income countries including Bangladesh, India, the Philippines and Ukraine also followed WHO’s best practices for artificial trans fat. India’s policy covers more than 1 billion people. And Nigeria is expected to join South Africa as the second African country to remove trans fats.2018 年，世界卫生组织发布了分步指南，呼吁世界各国政府从食品供应中去除人造反式脂肪。该指南敦促各国政府用橄榄油等油类替代反式脂肪，提高公众对反式脂肪危害的认识，并执行反反式脂肪政策和法律。该卫生机构表示，到 2020 年底，新法律已保护超过 32 亿人免受该物质的侵害。大多数行动来自富裕的国家和地区。但包括孟加拉国、印度、菲律宾和乌克兰在内的几个低收入和中低收入国家也遵循了世卫组织关于人造反式脂肪的最佳做法。印度的政策覆盖超过10亿人。尼日利亚有望加入南非，成为第二个去除反式脂肪的非洲国家。Frieden noted 5 billion people are still at risk from trans fat. He said governments can stop preventable deaths by enacting WHO’s best-practice policies. “Policy wins in one country can help encourage other countries to take action,” Frieden noted. He added that countries like India and Bangladesh could be examples for all of South and Southeast Asia. And Nigeria, along with South Africa, would become “a leader for Africa.”弗里登指出，仍有 50 亿人面临反式脂肪的风险。他说，各国政府可以通过制定世卫组织的最佳实践政策来阻止可预防的死亡。 “一个国家的政策胜利可以帮助鼓励其他国家采取行动，”弗里登指出。他补充说，印度和孟加拉国等国家可以成为整个南亚和东南亚的例子。尼日利亚和南非将成为“非洲的领导者”。

A new government report says half of the mass attacks in the United States over the past few years started as personal, family, or workplace disputes. The attackers, the report found, were mostly men. The attackers often have a history of mental health issues, money problems or domestic violence. Their weapons of choice: guns. The report was released Wednesday by the U.S. Secret Service’s National Threat Assessment Center.一份新的政府报告称，在过去几年中，美国发生的大规模袭击事件中有一半起因于个人、家庭或工作场所纠纷。报告发现，袭击者大多是男性。袭击者通常有精神健康问题、金钱问题或家庭暴力的历史。他们选择的武器：枪支。该报告于周三由美国特勤局国家威胁评估中心发布。The 70-page report studied 173 mass attacks carried out over a five-year period, from January 2016 to December 2020. The mass attacks happened in places such as businesses, schools and religious centers. The attacks killed a total of 513 people and injured 1,234.↳ “It’s just happening way too often,” said Lina Alathari, the center’s director.这份长达 70 页的报告研究了 2016 年 1 月至 2020 年 12 月这五年间发生的 173 起大规模袭击事件。大规模袭击事件发生在企业、学校和宗教中心等场所。这些袭击共造成 513 人死亡，1,234 人受伤。↳ “这种情况发生得太频繁了，”该中心主任 Lina Alathari 说。Alathari said that while the center did not study the two most recent shootings in California, there are themes seen “over and over again” when studying mass attacks. Officials said the suspects in both recent California shootings were older men. They both used semi-automatic guns.Alathari 说，虽然该中心没有研究加州最近发生的两起枪击事件，但在研究大规模袭击事件时，有些主题“反复出现”。官员们说，加州最近发生的两起枪击案的嫌疑人都是年长男子。他们都使用半自动枪。The report is the latest in a series undertaken by the center to examine mass attacks. Earlier reports examined the years of 2017, 2018 and 2019. But the new report noted that it examines several years of data, which offers more “in-depth analysis of the thinking and behavior of mass attackers.”↳ The center defines a mass attack as one in which three or more people — not including the attacker — were harmed.该报告是该中心为调查大规模袭击而进行的一系列调查中的最新报告。较早的报告检查了 2017 年、2018 年和 2019 年。但新报告指出，它检查了几年的数据，提供了更多“对大规模攻击者的思想和行为的深入分析”。↳ 该中心定义了大规模攻击作为三个或三个以上的人——不包括袭击者——受到伤害的人。The report noted that nearly two-thirds of attackers showed behaviors or communications “that were so concerning, they should have been met with an immediate response.” It said these concerns were often shared with law enforcement, employers, school workers or parents. But in 20 percent of the cases, the concerning behavior was not communicated to anyone who could do something about it. Ninety-six percent of the attackers were men. The attackers ranged in age from 14 to 87.该报告指出，近三分之二的攻击者表现出“令人担忧的行为或交流，他们本应立即得到回应。”它说，这些担忧经常与执法部门、雇主、学校工作人员或家长分享。但在 20% 的案例中，相关行为并未传达给任何可以采取措施的人。百分之九十六的袭击者是男性。袭击者的年龄从 14 岁到 87 岁不等。The report called for greater attention toward violence at home. It noted that half of the attackers had a history of domestic violence or hatred toward women. About half the attacks in the study involved workplace violence related to co-workers, customers or businesses. The report said workplaces should establish “behavioral threat assessment programs” to prevent possible violence. And it said businesses should work with law enforcement to deal with “incidents involving a concern for violence.”该报告呼吁更多地关注家庭暴力。它指出，一半的袭击者有家庭暴力或仇视女性的历史。研究中大约一半的攻击涉及与同事、客户或企业有关的工作场所暴力。报告称，工作场所应建立“行为威胁评估计划”，以防止可能发生的暴力行为。它还表示，企业应与执法部门合作处理“涉及暴力的事件”。The report also found that firearms were used in 73 percent of incidents. Mass shootings happen often in the United States. But American lawmakers remain divided on how to deal with gun violence. Democrats are calling for more gun control measures, while Republicans’ calls center on mental health and increased security. Last June, the U.S. Supreme Court expanded the right to carry guns outside the home. The court struck down a state law in New York that required people to show a specific need to carry a firearm in public.该报告还发现，73% 的事件使用了枪支。美国经常发生大规模枪击事件。但美国立法者在如何处理枪支暴力问题上仍存在分歧。民主党人呼吁采取更多的枪支管制措施，而共和党人的呼吁则集中在心理健康和加强安全方面。去年 6 月，美国最高法院扩大了出门携带枪支的权利。法院否决了纽约州的一项州法律，该法律要求人们表明有特定需要在公共场合携带枪支。

That is the sound of ducks. Are you picturing these birds fishing or floating on a nice lake somewhere? A normal reaction to be sure -- but these ducks are different. They live on a grape grower’s land in South Africa. The Vergenoegd Löw Wine Estate is in Stellenbosch. And the ducks are employees of the winemaker.那是鸭子的叫声。您是否在想象这些鸟儿在某处美丽的湖面上钓鱼或漂浮？可以肯定这是正常反应——但这些鸭子是不同的。他们住在南非葡萄种植者的土地上。 Vergenoegd Löw 酒庄位于斯泰伦博斯。鸭子是酿酒师的雇员。About 500 white, black and brown Indian runner ducks make their home on the grounds. They hunt and eat insects and other animals that can damage grape vines. The birds help protect the plants naturally. This saves the winemaker from having to use poisonous chemicals against such pests in his vineyard. Corius Visser runs the land. “We call them the soldiers of the vineyards. They eat all the small insects so we don’t have to spray for any pests in the vineyards. They keep them pest-free. They are the caretakers.”大约 500 只白色、黑色和棕色的印度跑鸭在这片土地上安家。他们捕食昆虫和其他会破坏葡萄藤的动物。鸟类有助于自然保护植物。这使酿酒师不必在他的葡萄园中使用有毒化学品来对付这些害虫。 Corius Visser 掌管这片土地。 “我们称他们为葡萄园的士兵。它们吃掉了所有的小昆虫，所以我们不必在葡萄园中喷洒任何害虫。他们让他们远离害虫。他们是看护人。”The ducks are tall, which means they can reach up and eat insects on the vines above the ground. In addition, the people who run the vineyard use the waste from the ducks to make fertilizer, which helps the grapes grow.鸭子很高，这意味着它们可以伸手去吃地上藤蔓上的昆虫。此外，经营葡萄园的人用鸭子的粪便制成肥料，帮助葡萄生长。Merle Holdsworth was visiting the vineyard and saw the ducks. She praised their orderliness. “It’s amazing how they behave themselves, walk in a row, and it’s like they’re in the army,” she said.Merle Holdsworth 在参观葡萄园时看到了鸭子。她称赞他们井然有序。 “他们的举止令人惊奇，他们排成一排，就像在军队里一样，”她说。The ducks get up in the morning and go to the vines to eat the insects. At the end of the day, they go back to their home and eat some bird food provided by the winemaker. Yodell Scholtz works in the vineyard and takes care of the ducks. “It’s almost like raising your own children, so I enjoy it a lot,” he said.鸭子们早上起床，到藤蔓上吃虫子。一天结束后，他们会回到家中，吃一些酿酒师提供的鸟食。 Yodell Scholtz 在葡萄园工作并照顾鸭子。 “这几乎就像抚养自己的孩子，所以我很享受，”他说。

Police in California are investigating the deadly mass shooting Saturday night in the city of Monterey Park, near Los Angeles. The gunman killed 10 people -- five women and five men -- in an attack at the Star Ballroom Dance Studio, a dance school. The city has a majority Asian-American population and is known for its Lunar New Year’s celebration. Traditional dances and a parade had been planned for the first time since the start of the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020. But officials cancelled Sunday’s events because of the shooting. Other nearby cities increased security.加州警方正在调查周六晚上发生在洛杉矶附近蒙特利公园市的致命大规模枪击事件。枪手在舞蹈学校 Star Ballroom Dance Studio 的一次袭击中杀死了 10 人，其中 5 名女性和 5 名男性。这座城市以亚裔美国人为主，以庆祝农历新年而闻名。自 2020 年 COVID-19 大流行开始以来，首次计划举行传统舞蹈和游行。但由于枪击事件，官员们取消了周日的活动。附近的其他城市加强了安全。The police said they found the body of the gunman, whom they identified as 72-year-old Huu Can Tran, on Sunday. They said he had shot himself. Police say the gunman went to another dance school in a nearby city after the attack in Monterey Park. However, people disarmed the gunman and he fled. Los Angeles County Sheriff Robert Luna said a white vehicle, a van, had been seen near one of the attacks and police launched a search. On Sunday, police found the van with the suspect’s body inside.↳ Luna said no other suspects were involved.警方表示，他们于周日找到了枪手的尸体，他们确认他是 72 岁的 Huu Can Tran。他们说他开枪自杀了。警方称，枪手在蒙特利公园发生袭击事件后去了附近城市的另一所舞蹈学校。然而，人们解除了枪手的武装，他逃走了。洛杉矶县警长罗伯特卢纳说，在其中一起袭击事件附近发现了一辆白色的面包车，警方展开了搜查。周日，警方发现了装有嫌疑人尸体的面包车。↳ Luna 说没有其他嫌疑人参与其中。The gunman’s motive, or reason, for the attack remains unclear, Luna said. Ten people were also wounded in the attack. Seven were under hospital care as of Monday. Luna did not release the ages of the victims but said they all appeared to be over the age of 50.↳ Congressional representative Judy Chu spoke at a news conference after the attack. She said she still had questions but said people in the city should feel safe.Luna 说，枪手发动袭击的动机或理由仍不清楚。袭击中还有 10 人受伤。截至周一，七人正在接受住院治疗。 Luna 没有公布遇难者的年龄，但表示他们似乎都超过 50 岁。↳ 国会议员 Judy Chu 在袭击发生后的新闻发布会上发表讲话。她说她仍然有疑问，但说这个城市的人应该感到安全。“The community was in fear thinking that they should not go to any events because there was an active shooter,” Chu said, adding, “You are no longer in danger.” The area has a big Chinese population. The Lunar New Year celebration was expected to bring 100,000 people to the area. The Associated Press (AP) reports that the mass shooting was the fifth in January. The AP defines a mass shooting as one in which four people or more are killed, not including the shooter.“社区很害怕，认为他们不应该参加任何活动，因为有一名活跃的射手，”朱说，并补充说，“你不再处于危险之中。”该地区有大量华人。农历新年庆祝活动预计将有 10 万人前往该地区。美联社 (AP) 报道称，大规模枪击事件是 1 月份发生的第五起枪击事件。美联社将大规模枪击事件定义为四人或四人以上死亡，不包括枪手。The Star Ballroom Dance Studio was holding a Lunar New Year event called “Star Night” on Saturday. It had advertised the event on its website the day before the shooting. Tony Lai of Monterey Park said he heard sounds the night of the attack but thought they were fireworks. He said he thought the city was very safe. Fifty-seven-year-old Wynn Liaw said she was shocked that such a crime could happen during the Lunar New Year’s celebration. She took a picture of the activity outside the Star Ballroom to send to relatives and friends in China. She said she wanted “to let them know how crazy the U.S. is becoming with all these mass shootings, even in the New Year.”星舞厅周六举办了名为“星夜”的农历新年活动。它在枪击前一天在其网站上发布了此次活动的广告。蒙特利公园的托尼赖说，他在袭击当晚听到了声音，但认为那是烟花。他说他认为这座城市非常安全。 57 岁的 Wynn Liaw 说，她对在农历新年庆祝活动期间发生这样的犯罪感到震惊。她将星辰宴会厅外活动的照片拍了下来，寄给国内的亲友。她说她想“让他们知道美国在所有这些大规模枪击事件中变得多么疯狂，即使在新年也是如此。”

Designers are increasingly using different kinds of materials to produce products that do not harm the environment. Reused plastic bottles, wood, plant fiber, and even seaweed are being used in place of traditional materials for household goods and clothing.设计师越来越多地使用不同种类的材料来生产对环境无害的产品。重复使用的塑料瓶、木材、植物纤维，甚至海藻都被用来代替传统的家居用品和服装材料。Nina Edwards Anker’s sconces and chandeliers look like ancient pieces of paper placed around electronic lights known as LEDs. But a closer look shows that they are made of algae. Anker came up with the idea while working on a doctoral research project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design.Nina Edwards Anker 的烛台和枝形吊灯看起来就像放置在称为 LED 的电子灯周围的古老纸片。但仔细观察就会发现它们是由藻类制成的。 Anker 在奥斯陆建筑与设计学院从事博士研究项目时萌生了这个想法。Anker chose not to hide the dried algae. “From the beginning, we wanted to keep the integrity of the material, and display its unique properties,” Anker said.↳ She is one of many designers thinking about traditional materials. She wants to find ways to mix design ideas with production and supply methods that do not use up resources.Anker 选择不隐藏干藻。 “从一开始，我们就想保持材料的完整性，并展示其独特的特性，”Anker 说。↳ 她是众多考虑传统材料的设计师之一。她想找到将设计理念与不耗尽资源的生产和供应方法相结合的方法。Heimtextil is an international trade show, or fair, for new textiles in Frankfurt, Germany. This year’s fair placed attention on making new products that came from reused materials. Olaf Schmidt is Heimtextil’s vice president of textiles and textile technology.↳ “We’ll see companies demonstrating how inorganic materials like nylon, plastic and metal can be reused – for example, carpet tiles that can be dismantled at the end of their life and used as a raw material for new tiles,” he said.Heimtextil 是在德国法兰克福举办的新纺织品国际贸易展或展览会。今年的展会将重点放在使用回收材料制作新产品上。 Olaf Schmidt 是 Heimtextil 的纺织品和纺织技术副总裁。↳作为新瓷砖的原材料，”他说。He added, “And there’s seaweed, used to produce acoustic mats and panels that provide great insulation, are fire-resistant and regulate humidity well...At the end of their life, the panels can be shredded and reused.” Fashion industry expert Veronika Lipar described the field’s most important change – a move to sustainability. She said, “The industry is trying to minimize its” effect “on the environment and no longer be the biggest polluter.”他补充说，“还有海藻，用于生产隔音垫和隔音板，具有良好的隔音效果，具有防火性能，并且可以很好地调节湿度……在使用寿命结束时，可以切碎并重复使用这些面板。”时尚行业专家 Veronika Lipar 描述了该领域最重要的变化——向可持续发展的转变。她说，“该行业正在努力将其对环境的”影响“降到最低，不再是最大的污染者。”Patagonia, North Face and Timberland are among the companies now using natural materials to produce goods. Italian company Frumat has developed a plant-based leather made from the waste created by apple juice makers. Two Mexican developers, Adrian Lopez Velarde and Marte Cazarez, have created a leather they call “Desserto” using nopal cactus leaves. Cactus plants are of interest to new material developers because they can live in hot climates and poor soil.Patagonia、North Face 和 Timberland 等公司现在都在使用天然材料生产商品。意大利公司 Frumat 开发了一种植物皮革，由苹果汁制造商产生的废料制成。两位墨西哥开发商 Adrian Lopez Velarde 和 Marte Cazarez 使用胭脂仙人掌叶制作了一种他们称之为“Desserto”的皮革。新材料开发人员对仙人掌植物很感兴趣，因为它们可以生活在炎热的气候和贫瘠的土壤中。Pinatex helps support farms in the Philippines by using waste from the pineapple harvest to create material that is sold to makers of shoes, clothing and other products. And Bolt Threads, a company based in California, created Mylo, a mycelium-based leather that is used by companies like Adidas, Lululemon and designer Stella McCartney.Pinatex 帮助支持菲律宾的农场，利用菠萝收获时产生的废物生产材料，然后出售给制鞋、服装和其他产品的制造商。总部位于加利福尼亚州的 Bolt Threads 公司创造了 Mylo，这是一种以菌丝体为基础的皮革，被 Adidas、Lululemon 和设计师 Stella McCartney 等公司使用。

For many time-poor, health-conscious people, the must-have kitchen gadget at the moment is an air fryer. From top chefs to humble students, many are singing the praises of the device that seems to be flying off the shelves at shops and online. One British department store reported sales increased by 400% in 2021. But are they really the best thing since sliced bread, or is the hype all just hot air?!对于许多时间紧迫、注重健康的人来说，当下必备的厨房小工具是空气炸锅。从顶级厨师到不起眼的学生，许多人都在为这款在商店和网上热销的设备大加赞赏。一家英国百货公司报告称，2021 年销售额增长了 400%。但它们真的是自切片面包以来最好的东西，还是炒作只是空话？！If you got one as a present, or bagged one in the sales, you'll already know the benefits. An air fryer avoids the need to deep-fry food in hot and often unhealthy oil. Instead, the food is cooked by having very hot air blown on it at high speed – it doesn't actually fry but bakes the food.如果您收到一件作为礼物，或者在促销活动中买到一件，您就会知道其中的好处。空气炸锅避免了在热的且通常不健康的油中油炸食物的需要。相反，食物是通过高速吹过非常热的空气来烹饪的——它实际上不是油炸而是烘烤食物。The technology sounds simple, and Dr Jakub Radzikowski, Culinary Education Designer at Imperial College London, told the BBC: "You could compare it to drying your hair with a hairdryer." The combination of a powerful fan and a smaller compartment makes the air fryer more efficient and reduces the time needed to pre-heat it. In addition, because the food is cooked in a basket, excess fat will drip to the bottom, so you don't have to eat it. And it's good to know air fryers use less energy than a conventional oven because of the shorter cooking times needed.这项技术听起来很简单，伦敦帝国理工学院烹饪教育设计师 Jakub Radzikowski 博士告诉 BBC：“你可以把它比作用吹风机吹干头发。”强大的风扇和较小的隔间相结合，使空气炸锅更高效，并减少了预热所需的时间。另外，因为食物是用筐子煮的，多余的油脂会滴到筐底，不用吃。很高兴知道空气炸锅比传统烤箱使用更少的能源，因为所需的烹饪时间更短。Some people may question how versatile they are and whether they can be used for cooking whole meals. But experts have prepared crispy sweet potato fries, chips, and chicken and fish, quickly and with good flavoursome results – cooked to perfection. Dr Jakub Radzikowski's favourite is chicken legs or thighs, which he says after 20 minutes gives you something that's "perfectly juicy inside" with a skin that is so crispy it "shatters like glass".有些人可能会质疑它们的用途有多广泛，是否可以用来做一顿饭。但是专家们已经准备好了酥脆的红薯薯条、薯片、鸡肉和鱼肉，而且速度很快，而且味道很好——煮得恰到好处。 Jakub Radzikowski 博士最喜欢的是鸡腿或大腿，他说 20 分钟后，你会得到“内部非常多汁”的东西，外皮酥脆得“像玻璃一样破碎”。If this whets your appetite, remember that, because of the air fryer's size, there is a limit to the amount that can be cooked in them at one time. So your oven may still come in handy. But if you're on a budget or in a rush, it might be worth giving one a try and seeing what amazing meals you can serve up.如果这激起了你的胃口，请记住，由于空气炸锅的尺寸，一次可以烹饪的量是有限的。所以你的烤箱可能仍然派上用场。但是，如果您的预算有限或时间匆忙，可能值得一试，看看您能提供哪些美味佳肴。gadget 小器具air fryer 空气炸锅chef 厨师singing the praises 大加赞扬flying off the shelves 抢购一空，畅销the best thing since sliced bread 非常好的事物hot air 大话deep-fry 油炸bake 烘烤，烘焙fat 油，脂肪oven 烤箱versatile 多用途的meal 一餐，一顿饭crispy 酥脆的flavoursome 美味的cooked to perfection （饭菜）烧得恰到好处juicy 多汁的whet your appetite 勾起兴趣serve up 做出饭菜，盛饭，分菜

A huge 3D printer is working to create what is believed to be the first two-story home built with the technology in the United States. The home is currently taking shape in Houston, Texas. The 3D printing machine working on the project weighs more than 12 tons. The 3D printer is using concrete to produce the home, which will be about 371 square meters. Some parts of the home will also have wood elements. Leaders of the project said the process is expected to take about 330 hours of printing.一台巨大的 3D 打印机正在努力建造据信是美国第一座采用该技术建造的两层楼住宅。该住宅目前正在得克萨斯州休斯敦成型。用于该项目的 3D 打印机重量超过 12 吨。 3D 打印机使用混凝土制作房屋，面积约为 371 平方米。房屋的某些部分也会有木质元素。该项目的负责人表示，该过程预计需要大约 330 小时的打印时间。Leslie Lok is the architect who designed the three-bedroom home and who leads the design studio HANNAH. Lok told Reuters news agency that in the design process, the team had to think about more than the design of the house and how it would be used. “We also design the actual print path, like how the printer will print, where it starts and where it stops,” Lok said. The project is a two-year cooperative effort by HANNAH, building company PERI 3D and CIVE, which provided engineering support.Leslie Lok 是设计这栋三居室住宅的建筑师，也是 HANNAH 设计工作室的负责人。 Lok 告诉路透社，在设计过程中，团队不得不考虑的不仅仅是房子的设计以及如何使用。 “我们还设计了实际的打印路径，例如打印机的打印方式、开始位置和停止位置，”Lok 说。该项目由 HANNAH、建筑公司 PERI 3D 和 CIVE 合作完成，历时两年，CIVE 提供了工程支持。Lok said since the printer does most of the work, fewer workers are needed at the building site. She said the effort only requires four to five people to oversee the 3D printing process. Lok said: “One of the benefits is also, it takes a lot of the heavy lifting, the labor” from human workers. Concrete is a very strong material to use in home building and can survive hurricanes, heavy storms and other severe weather.Lok 说，由于打印机完成了大部分工作，因此建筑工地需要的工人较少。她说这项工作只需要四到五个人来监督 3D 打印过程。 Lok 说：“其中一个好处是，它需要人工进行大量繁重的工作和劳动”。混凝土是一种非常坚固的房屋建筑材料，可以抵御飓风、暴风雨和其他恶劣天气。Roberto Montemayor is the project leader for PERI 3D Construction. He told Reuters the large 3D printer operates in much the same way as the small printers used in homes and offices. But there are two main differences. The first is that the home-building 3D printer can be expanded and changed to fit the needs of any size project, Montemayor said. The other difference is the material it uses. “We are printing here with concrete, which is a completely different material than plastic.”Roberto Montemayor 是 PERI 3D Construction 的项目负责人。他告诉路透社，大型 3D 打印机的操作方式与家庭和办公室使用的小型打印机大致相同。但是有两个主要区别。 Montemayor 说，首先是住宅建筑 3D 打印机可以扩展和更改以适应任何规模项目的需求。另一个区别是它使用的材料。 “我们在这里用混凝土打印，这是一种与塑料完全不同的材料。”The home is expected to be completed in the second half of 2023. The builders say they hope the modern method can be used in the future to build even larger housing structures. They said the technology can also build homes faster and for a lot less money. A growing number of American companies have begun offering homes built with 3D printing technology in recent years. But so far, the homes being offered are much smaller. The startup company Icon, based in Austin, Texas, made news in 2018 by completing the first permitted 3D printed home in the U.S. At the time, it said the home had been built in just one day.该房屋预计将于 2023 年下半年完工。建筑商表示，他们希望未来可以使用现代方法建造更大的房屋结构。他们表示，这项技术还可以更快地建造房屋，而且花费更少。近年来，越来越多的美国公司开始提供采用 3D 打印技术建造的房屋。但到目前为止，提供的房屋要小得多。位于得克萨斯州奥斯汀的初创公司 Icon 在 2018 年完成了美国第一座获准的 3D 打印房屋，成为新闻。当时，该公司表示这座房屋仅用了一天就建成了。

Scientists said this week that they used a high-powered laser to change the direction of lightning strikes for the first time. The laser was aimed at the sky atop Mount Santis in northeastern Switzerland. Lightning is a powerful electrical discharge between a cloud and the ground, within a cloud or between clouds. It kills thousands of people and causes billions of dollars of damage to communication systems, power lines, and equipment each year. American inventor Benjamin Franklin first invented the lightning rod in the 1750s. That technology is still used today but can protect only a small area.科学家们本周表示，他们首次使用高功率激光改变了雷击的方向。激光瞄准了瑞士东北部桑蒂斯山顶的天空。闪电是云与地面之间、云内或云与云之间的强大放电。它每年造成数千人死亡，并对通信系统、电力线和设备造成数十亿美元的损失。美国发明家本杰明·富兰克林在 1750 年代首先发明了避雷针。该技术至今仍在使用，但只能保护一小部分区域。Scientists say the new device, called Laser Lightning Rod (LLR), could increase protection by extending the height of rods hundreds of meters. With further development, LLR could improve protection for important places such as power stations and airports.↳ Workers brought the equipment to the top of Mount Santis at 2,500 meters by helicopter and gondola. The laser is the size of a large car and weighs more than 2,700 kilograms. It was aimed at the sky above a 124-meter Swisscom telecommunications tower, one of Europe’s structures most affected by lightning. The laser works by creating a beam of electrically charged particles called ions. The ions attract lightning, just as a metal lightning rod does.科学家表示，这种名为激光避雷针 (LLR) 的新装置可以通过将避雷针的高度延长数百米来增强保护。随着进一步的发展，LLR 可以提高对电站和机场等重要场所的保护。↳ 工人们通过直升机和缆车将设备运到 2500 米处的桑蒂斯山顶。激光器有一辆大型汽车那么大，重量超过 2700 公斤。它瞄准了一座 124 米高的瑞士电信塔上方的天空，该塔是欧洲受闪电影响最严重的建筑之一。激光的工作原理是产生一束称为离子的带电粒子。离子会吸引闪电，就像金属避雷针一样。In experiments during the summer of 2021, the LLR sent strong laser pulses 1000 times per second. The laser redirected all four lightning strikes that happened during the laser’s operation. "We demonstrate for the first time that a laser can be used to guide natural lightning," said physicist Aurelien Houard of Ecole Polytechnique's Laboratory of Applied Optics in France. He is the coordinator of the Laser Lightning Rod project and lead writer of the research published in the journal Nature Photonics. Houard said that 10 to 15 years more work would be needed before the Laser Lightning Rod can enter common use. One worry is avoiding airplanes in flight. In fact, air traffic in the area was stopped when the researchers used the laser.在 2021 年夏季的实验中，LLR 每秒发送 1000 次强激光脉冲。激光重定向了激光运行期间发生的所有四次雷击。 “我们首次证明激光可用于引导自然闪电，”法国高等理工学院应用光学实验室的物理学家 Aurelien Houard 说。他是激光避雷针项目的协调员，也是发表在《自然光子学》杂志上的研究的主要作者。 Houard 说，在激光避雷针投入普遍使用之前，还需要 10 到 15 年的工作。一个担心是避免飞行中的飞机。事实上，当研究人员使用激光时，该地区的空中交通停止了。"Indeed, there is a potential issue using the system with air traffic in the area because the laser could harm the eyes of the pilot if he crosses the laser beam and looks down," Houard said.“事实上，在该地区的空中交通中使用该系统存在一个潜在问题，因为如果飞行员穿过激光束并向下看，激光可能会伤害他的眼睛，”Houard 说。

Sweden’s government has promised to remove the “red tape” that restricts dance in some public places. It recently considered a 10-year-old legal requirement for restaurants, bars, and clubs to get a government permit to offer dancing at such businesses. The permit costs about $67. A restaurant, bar, or club that permitted dancing without possession of such a document could lose its right to do business.瑞典政府已承诺取消限制在某些公共场所跳舞的“繁文缛节”。它最近考虑了一项已有 10 年历史的法律要求，要求餐馆、酒吧和俱乐部获得政府许可才能在此类企业提供舞蹈服务。许可证的费用约为 67 美元。允许在没有此类文件的情况下跳舞的餐馆、酒吧或俱乐部可能会失去经营权。But a new government proposal says businesses will only need to register with local police in order to permit dancing. No payment is necessary under the proposal. Gunnar Strommer is Sweden’s Justice Minister. He said “it is not reasonable for the state to regulate people’s dance.”但一项新的政府提案称，企业只需向当地警方登记即可获准跳舞。根据该提案，无需付款。 Gunnar Strommer 是瑞典的司法部长。他说：“国家对人们的舞蹈进行规范是不合理的。”He said the proposal would reduce “bureaucracy and costs” for businesspeople and those who organize dances. Swedish media welcomed the proposed plan. The proposal requires parliamentary approval. If lawmakers pass it, the new rule will go into effect July 1.他表示，该提案将减少商人和舞会组织者的“官僚作风和成本”。瑞典媒体对拟议的计划表示欢迎。该提案需要议会批准。如果立法者通过，新规则将于 7 月 1 日生效。

The President of Vietnam Nguyen Xuan Phuc resigned Tuesday as an anti-corruption campaign spreads in the national government. The state-controlled Vietnam News agency reported the resignation took place during a meeting of the ruling Communist Party Central Committee. The agency said the meeting was held “to consider and give opinions on Comrade Nguyen Xuan Phuc’s wish to stop holding positions, quit work and retire.” The language of the announcement suggested that he was forced to resign. Phuc also resigned from membership in the Politburo, the executive committee of the Central Committee and as chairman of the National Defense and Security Council.越南总统阮春福周二辞职，因为反腐败运动在国民政府中蔓延。国家控制的越南通讯社报道说，辞职是在执政的共产党中央委员会会议期间进行的。该机构称，召开会议是“就阮春福同志提出的停止任职、辞去工作和退休的意愿进行审议并提出意见”。公告的措辞暗示他被迫辞职。 Phuc还辞去了政治局、中央委员会执行委员会和国防与安全委员会主席的职务。The 68-year-old Phuc started as a local politician in 1979. He joined national government service in 2006. He became part of the powerful Politburo in 2011. Phuc served as prime minister from 2016 to 2021. The National Assembly then elected him president. As prime minister, Phuc led Vietnam as it increased links to the international economic system. The country reported seven percent economic growth until the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, Vietnam was one of the few countries to report any economic growth.68岁的Phuc 1979年开始担任地方政治家，2006年进入国家政府工作，2011年成为权势极大的中央政治局委员，2016年至2021年担任总理，国民议会随后选举他为总统.作为总理，阮春福领导越南加强了与国际经济体系的联系。在 COVID-19 大流行之前，该国报告经济增长为 7%。 2020 年，越南是少数几个实现经济增长的国家之一。Vietnam established lockdown measures early in the pandemic and saw low numbers of infections during the first year. But, in 2021, more communicable versions of the virus began spreading around the world. By the middle of the year, COVID cases in the country were quickly rising. The most powerful position is considered to be the general secretary of the ruling Communist Party. Nguyen Phu Trong holds that position. In 2021, he was appointed to a third term. He is known for his campaign against corruption. During his second term, he targeted two former cabinet ministers and Hanoi’s former mayor.越南在大流行初期就制定了封锁措施，第一年的感染人数很少。但是，在 2021 年，该病毒的更多传染性版本开始在世界范围内传播。到年中，该国的 COVID 病例迅速上升。最有权势的职位被认为是执政的共产党的总书记。 Nguyen Phu Trong 担任该职位。 2021 年，他被任命为第三个任期。他以反腐败运动而闻名。在他的第二个任期内，他将目标对准了两名前内阁部长和河内前市长。State media released an official statement praising Phuc for his efforts to fight COVID-19 as prime minister. But, the statement said, as the country’s top executive, he was responsible for wrongdoing involving people under him. That included two deputy prime ministers and three other ministers. State media noted that the two deputy prime ministers have resigned, and several other officials face criminal charges. In some of the cases, the government is investigating wrongdoing linked to COVID-19 control measures.官方媒体发布了一份官方声明，赞扬 Phuc 作为总理为抗击 COVID-19 所做的努力。但是，声明说，作为该国的最高行政官，他应对涉及他手下人员的不当行为负责。其中包括两名副总理和其他三名部长。官方媒体指出，两位副总理已经辞职，其他几名官员面临刑事指控。在某些情况下，政府正在调查与 COVID-19 控制措施相关的不当行为。

A new study has found that a lizard that once lived in forests has gone through genetic changes to survive in city environments.Researchers studied a lizard called the crested anole. The lizard’s official name is Anolis cristatellus. It is commonly found in the American territory of Puerto Rico. The team said it discovered the lizard had grown special scales that helped it climb more easily on smooth surfaces like walls and windows. It also grew longer legs in order to run faster across open areas.一项新的研究发现，曾经生活在森林中的蜥蜴经历了基因变化以在城市环境中生存。↳ 研究人员研究了一种叫做凤头变色龙的蜥蜴。蜥蜴的正式名称是 Anolis cristatellus。它常见于波多黎各的美国领土。该团队表示，他们发现这只蜥蜴长出了特殊的鳞片，可以帮助它更轻松地爬上墙壁和窗户等光滑表面。它还长出了更长的腿，以便在开阔地带跑得更快。Kristin Winchell is a biology professor at New York University and the main writer of the study. She told The Associated Press, “We are watching evolution as it’s unfolding.” Research results were recently published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Winchell said as city development spreads out around the world, it is important to understand how organisms adapt to new environments. That way, she added, humans can design cities in ways that can support all kinds of animals.克里斯汀温切尔是纽约大学的生物学教授，也是该研究的主要作者。她告诉美联社，“我们正在观察正在发生的进化。”研究结果最近发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。温切尔说，随着城市发展在世界范围内蔓延，了解生物体如何适应新环境非常重要。她补充说，这样一来，人类就可以以支持各种动物的方式设计城市。The study examined 96 Anolis cristatellus lizards. Researchers compared the genetic makeup of lizards in forests to those living in Puerto Rico's capital, San Juan, as well as two other cities. Scientists found that 33 genes were repeatedly linked to city spread. Wouter Halfwerk is an evolutionary ecologist and professor at Vrije University Amsterdam. He was not involved in the study. He told the AP, “You can hardly get closer to a smoking gun,” meaning evidence or proof of something.该研究检查了 96 只 Anolis cristatellus 蜥蜴。研究人员将森林蜥蜴的基因构成与生活在波多黎各首都圣胡安以及其他两个城市的蜥蜴进行了比较。科学家发现有 33 个基因与城市传播反复相关。 Wouter Halfwerk 是阿姆斯特丹自由大学的进化生态学家和教授。他没有参与这项研究。他告诉美联社，“你很难靠近确凿的证据”，意思是证据或证据。Halfwerk said he was excited that the researchers were able to identify such rich evidence that the lizards had changed genetically to adapt to a different environment. Winchell said the research demonstrated that scientists might be able to predict how populations will react to city environments just by looking at genetic signs.Halfwerk 说，他很高兴研究人员能够找到如此丰富的证据，证明蜥蜴已经发生基因改变以适应不同的环境。温切尔说，这项研究表明，科学家们或许能够通过观察遗传信号来预测人口对城市环境的反应。The study found that larger legs permitted the lizards to run more quickly across open city areas. And the special scales they developed permit them to hold onto surfaces that are much smoother than trees. The scientists followed many lizards for the study, using their hands or fishing poles to catch them. “It takes some practice,” Winchell said. Among Winchell’s favorite findings was a rare albino lizard. She also found a nearly 20-centimeter-long one, a rather large individual for that species of lizard. She decided to call that one “Godzilla.”研究发现，较大的腿使蜥蜴能够更快地穿过开阔的城市地区。他们开发的特殊鳞片使它们能够抓住比树木光滑得多的表面。科学家们在研究中跟踪了许多蜥蜴，用它们的手或鱼竿来捕捉它们。 “这需要一些练习，”Winchell 说。温切尔最喜欢的发现之一是一种罕见的白化蜥蜴。她还发现了一只近20厘米长的蜥蜴，对于这种蜥蜴来说，个体算是比较大的了。她决定称那个为“哥斯拉”。The study centered on adult male lizards, so it is unclear if females are changing in the same way or at the same rate as males. The researchers said it is also not clear at which point in a lizard’s life the changes happen. Halfwerk’s own research showed how one frog species changed its reproducing call in city areas. He said scientists should look next for possible limitations on evolutionary changes and how genetic adaptations relate to reproductive behavior. Halfwerk added that for the adaptive changes to be lasting, “they need to lead to higher reproduction.”该研究以成年雄性蜥蜴为中心，因此尚不清楚雌性是否以与雄性相同的方式或以相同的速度发生变化。研究人员表示，目前还不清楚这种变化是在蜥蜴生命的哪个阶段发生的。 Halfwerk 自己的研究表明，一种青蛙物种如何改变其在城市地区的繁殖叫声。他说科学家接下来应该寻找进化变化的可能限制以及遗传适应与生殖行为的关系。 Halfwerk 补充说，要使适应性变化持久，“它们需要带来更高的繁殖率。”

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the number of people in the United States who speak a language other than English at home increased by three times between 1980 and 2019. About one in five people in America speak a second language at home. That is 68 million people.美国人口普查局报告称，在 1980 年至 2019 年期间，美国人在家中使用非英语语言的人数增加了三倍。大约五分之一的美国人在家中使用第二语言。那是6800万人。Dina Arid of California, who is the mother of three children, is one of them. She grew up speaking Arabic at home. She said it is true that the country is “a melting pot,” a place where many cultures come together. Arabic is one of the five most-spoken second languages in the U.S. Arid speaks mostly English to her children and is trying to teach them a little Arabic. She said some of her cousins “didn't get to learn Arabic.” They “always wished that their parents spoke to them in Arabic more so that they have that language,” she noted.加州的迪娜·阿里德 (Dina Arid) 是三个孩子的母亲，她就是其中之一。她从小在家里说阿拉伯语。她说，这个国家确实是一个“大熔炉”，是多种文化汇聚的地方。阿拉伯语是美国使用最多的五种第二语言之一。Arid 主要对她的孩子说英语，并试图教他们一点阿拉伯语。她说她的一些表亲“没学过阿拉伯语”。他们“总是希望他们的父母更多地用阿拉伯语与他们交谈，这样他们就能掌握那种语言，”她指出。Spanish is the most popular second language in the United States. More than 41 million people — about 12 times more than the other most common second languages — speak Spanish at home. Hispanics are the largest minority group in the United States. Fifty-five percent of Spanish speakers were born in the United States. The other languages in the top five are Chinese, Tagalog and Vietnamese.西班牙语是美国最受欢迎的第二语言。超过 4100 万人——大约是其他最常见的第二语言的 12 倍——在家里说西班牙语。西班牙裔是美国最大的少数族群。百分之五十五的西班牙语使用者出生在美国。前五名中的其他语言是中文、他加禄语和越南语。Jenny Nguyen is studying dentistry in Virginia. Her parents emigrated from Vietnam, so they spoke both English and Vietnamese at home. “I would speak English at school during the day and at night I would only speak Vietnamese just so I could keep the language, Nguyen says. “When I was younger, I didn't understand the importance, but I think now I'm very glad that I'm able to speak and write at such a proficient level.”Jenny Nguyen 正在弗吉尼亚学习牙科。她的父母从越南移民，所以他们在家说英语和越南语。“白天我会在学校说英语，晚上我只会说越南语，这样我就可以保留这门语言，”Nguyen 说。“年轻的时候，我不明白其中的重要性，但我想现在我很高兴我能以如此熟练的水平说和写。”She was able to put her language skills to use when she traveled to Vietnam to offer free dental care to poor communities. Many of her co-workers there were also Vietnamese Americans. “They couldn't really communicate with the patients,” Nguyen says. “I was one of the very few young volunteers that were able to speak with the patients and communicate with them what was going on.”当她前往越南为贫困社区提供免费牙科护理时，她能够运用自己的语言技能。她的许多同事也是越南裔美国人。 “他们无法真正与患者沟通，”Nguyen 说。 “我是为数不多的能够与患者交谈并与他们交流正在发生的事情的年轻志愿者之一。”Cathy Erway is a food writer based in New York City. Erway is using a language application to improve her ability in her mother’s native Mandarin Chinese. She said her parents used Chinese between them to talk secretly when their young children were listening The Census Bureau reports that the number of people who spoke only English at home also increased – by about 25 percent – during the same period.Cathy Erway 是纽约市的美食作家。 Erway 正在使用一种语言应用程序来提高她使用母亲的母语普通话的能力。她说，当他们年幼的孩子在听的时候，她的父母在他们之间用中文秘密交谈。人口普查局报告说，同一时期在家里只说英语的人数也增加了约 25%。