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The American space agency NASA has offered its satellite technology to Brazil to help identify destruction in the Amazon rainforest.美国宇航局向巴西提供卫星技术，以帮助确定亚马逊雨林的破坏情况。NASA Administrator Bill Nelson made the offer during a recent trip to Brazil. The NASA chief visited the country’s space agency – the National Institute for Space Research – in the southeastern city of Jose dos Campos. Nelson’s trip to South America also included visits to Argentina and Colombia.美国宇航局局长比尔·尼尔森在最近访问巴西时提出了这一提议。 美国宇航局局长参观了位于东南部城市何塞多斯坎波斯的国家航天局——国家空间研究所。 纳尔逊的南美洲之行还包括访问阿根廷和哥伦比亚。Brazilian Science Minister Luciana Santos showed Nelson around the institute and explained some of the space agency’s programs.巴西科学部长卢西亚娜·桑托斯带尼尔森参观了该研究所，并解释了该航天局的一些项目。During a news conference, Nelson described one new NASA satellite that he said would be completed by January. He said the satellite, called NISAR, will even be able to capture images of what is happening in real time below the forest cover.在新闻发布会上，纳尔逊描述了美国宇航局的一颗新卫星，他表示该卫星将于一月份完成。 他说，这颗名为 NISAR 的卫星甚至能够实时捕捉森林覆盖下发生的情况的图像。"It is going to be able to look through the canopy of the jungle so that we can see if someone has burned the undergrowth and that would ultimately kill the big trees," Nelson said.尼尔森说：“它将能够透过丛林的树冠观察，这样我们就可以看到是否有人烧毁了灌木丛，这最终会杀死大树。”NASA says the new satellite will support a project called SERVIR Amazonia. It helps provide Earth science data to scientists and decision-makers across the Amazon area to record environmental changes in near real-time. The project helps predict climate threats like deforestation and food insecurity. It can also provide data to emergency workers during natural disasters.NASA 表示，这颗新卫星将支持一个名为 SERVIR Amazonia 的项目。 它有助于向亚马逊地区的科学家和决策者提供地球科学数据，以近乎实时地记录环境变化。 该项目有助于预测森林砍伐和粮食不安全等气候威胁。 它还可以在自然灾害期间向应急人员提供数据。Brazil’s space agency has launched a series of satellites in partnership with China since 1999. Those satellites aim to gather data on agricultural operations and the environment.自 1999 年以来，巴西航天局与中国合作发射了一系列卫星。这些卫星旨在收集有关农业作业和环境的数据。Brazil depends on satellite imagery to watch over the Amazon. But cloud cover often makes it difficult for satellites to capture clear and timely images. The NASA chief said the satellites NASA plans to place into orbit early next year will add an "extreme ability to understand what is happening" to the rainforest.巴西依靠卫星图像来监视亚马逊。 但云层覆盖往往使卫星难以捕捉到清晰、及时的图像。 美国宇航局局长表示，美国宇航局计划明年初送入轨道的卫星将为雨林增添“了解正在发生的事情的极端能力”。Nelson, a former U.S. senator who once flew to space, also met with President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in Brasilia. After the meeting, he told reporters he thanked the president “for his continuous effort to save the Amazon rainforest."曾经飞向太空的美国前参议员尼尔森也在巴西利亚会见了总统路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦。 会后，他告诉记者，他感谢总统“为拯救亚马逊雨林所做的持续努力”。Nelson said that when he flew aboard NASA’s Space Shuttle Columbia in 1986, he witnessed the destruction of the rainforest by the different colors he could see from his spacecraft window.纳尔逊说，1986 年，当他乘坐美国宇航局哥伦比亚号航天飞机时，他从航天器窗口看到的不同颜色亲眼目睹了热带雨林的破坏。

Japan recently put in place export controls on the latest microchip, or semiconductor, technologies. Observers said the move targets. Japan’s export controls follow other recent restrictions enforced by the United States and the Netherlands, two other major producers of the most modern semiconductors. Japan listed 23 kinds of semiconductor technology that have export restrictions. The restrictions started July 23. They include different kinds of advanced microchip manufacturing equipment.日本最近对最新的微芯片或半导体技术实施了出口管制。观察人士称，此举针对的是。日本的出口管制紧随美国和荷兰这两个最现代半导体的主要生产国最近实施的其他限制。日本列出了23种有出口限制的半导体技术。 这些限制从 7 月 23 日开始。其中包括不同种类的先进微芯片制造设备。The controls will affect ability to make advanced chips, researcher Yoshiaki Takayama of the Japan Institute for International Affairs in Tokyo said. “The Japanese measure complements U.S.-led export control measures because the number of companies with the capacity to manufacture cutting-edge chips is extremely limited,” Takayama told VOA. He added, “The Japanese measure makes it difficult for China not only to import advanced chips, but also to manufacture them.” He added that appears to be starting to produce less advanced semiconductors.东京日本国际事务研究所研究员高山义明表示，这些控制措施将影响制造先进芯片的能力。高山告诉美国之音：“日本的措施是对美国主导的出口管制措施的补充，因为有能力制造尖端芯片的公司数量极其有限。” 他补充说：“日本的措施不仅使中国进口先进芯片变得困难，而且也使制造它们变得困难。”他补充说，似乎开始生产不太先进的半导体。The United States banned the export of some advanced microchips and semiconductor manufacturing technology to in October and urged Western allies to do the same. The Netherlands is another important producer of semiconductors. That country enforced similar measures in June. Taiwan has also promised to support the U.S. policy. The U.S. says it wants to prevent from using the technology for military purposes. The Group of Seven large economic powers discussed the issue at its meeting in Japan in May. The allies agreed on the need to “de-risk” from possible economic coercion. Members said they want to avoid becoming dependent on for semiconductor technologies.美国十月份禁止向出口一些先进的微芯片和半导体制造技术，并敦促西方盟友也这样做。 荷兰是另一个重要的半导体生产国。 该国于六月实施了类似措施。 台湾也承诺支持美国的政策。美国表示希望阻止将该技术用于军事目的。七国集团五月份在日本举行的会议上讨论了这个问题。 盟友们一致认为，有必要“降低”中国可能实施的经济胁迫的风险。 成员们表示，他们希望避免在半导体技术方面变得依赖。These combined measures will severely affect ability to keep up with Western technology, Takayama said. It will hurt ability to manufacture state-of-the-art semiconductors and increase its manufacturing capacity. “Unlike the traditional mechanical technology industries, where reverse engineering has produced important technological learnings, reverse engineering does not produce useful knowledge in the semiconductor manufacturing sector,” Takayama said. He said that today’s scientific progress is largely the result of big data research and computer technology rather than repeated trial and error. And he added that it seems that, with limited availability of the latest semiconductors, could fall behind in scientific and technological research and development.高山说，这些综合措施将严重影响跟上西方技术的能力。 它将损害制造最先进半导体的能力并提高其制造能力。高山说：“与传统的机械技术行业不同，逆向工程产生了重要的技术知识，而逆向工程在半导体制造领域不会产生有用的知识。”他表示，今天的科学进步很大程度上是大数据研究和计算机技术的结果，而不是反复试错的结果。 他补充说，由于最新半导体的供应有限，似乎可能在科技研发方面落后。

While black rats have spread rapidly throughout the world over the past 400 years, they've tended to avoid mature forests, disliking the leafy floors which are noisy for these rodents to run through.虽然黑鼠在过去 400 年来在世界各地迅速蔓延，但它们倾向于避开成熟的森林，不喜欢绿叶茂盛的地板，因为这些地板对于这些啮齿类动物来说会很吵。Now researchers have found that the clearing of rainforests in the developing world could be speeding the spread of these black creatures.现在研究人员发现，发展中国家雨林的砍伐可能会加速这些黑色生物的传播。In tests in Borneo, scientists found that fallen trees contained more insects and provided better cover for these rats.在婆罗洲的测试中，科学家发现倒下的树木含有更多昆虫，并为这些老鼠提供了更好的掩护。The authors are concerned that this invasion will be bad news for other species, including nesting birds and small mammals.作者担心这种入侵对于其他物种来说是个坏消息，包括筑巢的鸟类和小型哺乳动物。词汇表throughout 遍及，到处tended 趋向于，倾向于rodents 老鼠，啮齿类动物clearing 清除provided 提供了bad news 坏消息mammals 哺乳动物

A South Korean music production company is using a method of artificial intelligence (AI) to create different language versions of pop music songs. The company using the method is HYBE. The company represents and produces music for some of South Korea’s top pop music performers. Korean pop music is also known as K-pop. The AI method combines voice recordings of South Korean pop stars with recordings of song lyrics read by native speakers of other languages. The process aims to produce complete K-pop songs in multiple languages. Officials at HYBE say the method does not change the singer’s natural voice. Instead, it uses AI to produce different language versions of the same song.韩国一家音乐制作公司正在使用人工智能（AI）方法来创作流行音乐歌曲的不同语言版本。使用该方法的公司是HYBE。 该公司为韩国一些顶级流行音乐表演者代理并制作音乐。 韩国流行音乐也被称为 K-pop。人工智能方法将韩国流行歌星的录音与其他语言的母语人士朗读的歌词录音结合起来。 该过程旨在以多种语言制作完整的韩国流行歌曲。HYBE 的官员表示，这种方法不会改变歌手的自然声音。 相反，它使用人工智能来制作同一首歌的不同语言版本。In May, the AI method successfully created a song by K-pop singer MIDNATT in six languages – Korean, English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese. The 40-year-old artist, whose real name is Lee Hyun, recorded the song Masquerade in each language. Chung Wooyong is the head of HYBE's interactive media department. He explained the creation process to reporters with Reuters news agency. He said the process involved dividing groups of sounds into separate elements. These included things like pronunciation, voice tone and sound level. Wooyong added that the technical team’s members then "used their imagination” to see what kind of results they could get from the technology. HYBE says the “deep learning” method permitted a first in the music industry – releasing the same song in multiple languages at the same time.今年5月，AI方法成功创作了韩国流行歌手MIDNATT的韩语、英语、西班牙语、中文、日语和越南语六种语言的歌曲。 这位 40 岁的艺术家，真名是 Lee Hyun，用每种语言录制了歌曲《Masquerade》。Chung Wooyong 是 HYBE 互动媒体部门的负责人。 他向路透社记者解释了创作过程。 他说这个过程涉及将声音组分成单独的元素。 其中包括发音、语气和音量等。Wooyong 补充说，技术团队的成员随后“发挥他们的想象力”，看看他们可以从该技术中获得什么样的结果。HYBE 表示，“深度学习”方法开创了音乐行业的先例——在 同一时间。The song is the latest sign of the growing influence of AI in the music industry. AI-produced music has been flooding online music services and social media in recent months. The American-based Grammy Awards recently introduced new rules for AI-created music. In general, the rules aim to protect the music of “human creators” over works created by AI systems. Wooyong said HYBE is currently considering how to use the AI method in its future music production operations. He noted the technology could be provided to other music creators and the public. Wooyong did not say whether the company would charge others to use the system in the future. MIDNATT said using the AI method had given him a "wider spectrum of artistic expressions." He added, "I feel that the language barrier has been lifted and it's much easier for global fans to have an immersive experience with my music."这首歌是人工智能在音乐行业影响力日益增强的最新迹象。 近几个月来，人工智能制作的音乐充斥着在线音乐服务和社交媒体。 美国格莱美奖最近为人工智能创作的音乐引入了新规则。 总的来说，这些规则旨在保护“人类创作者”的音乐而不是人工智能系统创作的作品。Wooyong表示，HYBE目前正在考虑如何在未来的音乐制作业务中使用AI方法。 他指出该技术可以提供给其他音乐创作者和公众。 Wooyong没有透露该公司未来是否会向其他人使用该系统收费。MIDNATT 表示，使用人工智能方法给了他“更广泛的艺术表达方式”。 他补充道：“我觉得语言障碍已经消除，全球歌迷可以更轻松地体验我的音乐。”While the technology is not new, this method demonstrates a new way to use AI in music, said Valerio Velardo. He is the director of The Sound of AI, a Spain-based company that advises organizations on AI music and audio development. Velardo added that he thinks such methods can help professional musicians and the general public in the future. "It's going to lower the barrier of music creation,” he said. “It's a little bit like Instagram for pictures, but in the case of music." For now, HYBE's AI method takes "weeks or months" to do its job, said Masquerade producer Choi Jin-woo, who also uses the name Hitchhiker. However, he noted that when the process speeds up, it could serve a wider range of purposes, such as interpreting languages in video conferences.Valerio Velardo 表示，虽然这项技术并不新鲜，但这种方法展示了一种在音乐中使用人工智能的新方法。 他是 The Sound of AI 的总监，这是一家总部位于西班牙的公司，为人工智能音乐和音频开发方面的组织提供建议。Velardo 补充说，他认为这种方法将来可以帮助专业音乐家和普通公众。 “这将降低音乐创作的门槛，”他说，“这有点像图片领域的 Instagram，只不过是音乐方面的。”假面舞会制片人 Choi Jin-woo（他也使用 Hitchhiker 的名字）表示，目前 HYBE 的人工智能方法需要“数周或数月”才能完成工作。 不过，他指出，当这一过程加快时，它可以服务于更广泛的目的，例如在视频会议中进行语言口译。

Many of us wear trainers, or sneakers as they are called in American English. They might not seem like anything special, but these items of footwear have become an obsession for some people. Get ready to meet the sneakerheads.我们中的许多人都穿着运动鞋，或者美式英语中所说的运动鞋。 它们可能看起来没什么特别的，但这些鞋类产品已经成为一些人的痴迷。 准备好与运动鞋爱好者见面吧。From their beginnings as practical footwear for athletes, trainers or sneakers have become big business. They are now a massive part of the global fashion industry, and the sneaker market could be worth $120bn by 2026. Trainers started to gain cultural cachet in the 1970s due to the popularity of basketball and football in US and UK youth culture, says fashion gallery curator Ligaya Salazar. Celebrity endorsements from the likes of Run DMC and Michael Jordan boosted the market through the 1980s and 90s. Brendan Dunne, host of a podcast dedicated to sneakers, describes how, as they became cooler and more expensive, sneakers became status signifiers.从最初作为运动员实用鞋类、训练鞋或运动鞋开始，已经成为一项大生意。 如今，它们已成为全球时尚产业的重要组成部分，到 2026 年，运动鞋市场的价值可能会达到 1200 亿美元。时尚界表示，由于篮球和足球在美国和英国青年文化中的流行，运动鞋在 20 世纪 70 年代开始获得文化声望 画廊策展人 Ligaya Salazar。 Run DMC 和迈克尔·乔丹等名人的代言在 20 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代推动了市场的发展。 布伦丹·邓恩（Brendan Dunne）是一个专门讨论运动鞋的播客主持人，他描述了随着运动鞋变得更酷、更昂贵，运动鞋如何成为身份的象征。While most trainers are made for the mass market, limited-edition pairs are made to appeal to those who are looking for something special. Sneakerheads are those who collect rare trainers, sometimes paying thousands of dollars for a pair. Dunne compares it to art collecting, pointing out that they have been sold by major auction houses and are seen by some as an investment.虽然大多数运动鞋都是为大众市场设计的，但限量版运动鞋是为了吸引那些寻求特别的人而设计的。 运动鞋迷是那些收集稀有运动鞋的人，有时会花数千美元买一双。 邓恩将其与艺术品收藏进行比较，指出它们已被主要拍卖行出售，并被一些人视为投资。Trainer manufacturers have seen this market for rare sneakers as a good business opportunity and have teamed up with celebrities to produce limited edition pairs. This feeds into the resale market for this footwear. Some sneakerheads spend hours camping outside shops to get their hands on the most desirable limited editions which they can then flip for a huge profit.运动鞋制造商将这个稀有运动鞋市场视为一个很好的商机，并与名人合作生产限量版运动鞋。 这进入了该鞋类的转售市场。 一些运动鞋迷会花上几个小时在商店外露营，以获得最理想的限量版，然后他们可以通过出售这些鞋来赚取巨额利润。So, an item that started as an everyday functional object for people playing sports can now also be a high-fashion item worth thousands of dollars.因此，最初作为运动人们的日常功能物品的物品现在也可以成为价值数千美元的高级时尚物品。词汇表trainers （英式英语）运动鞋sneakers （美式英语）运动鞋footwear 鞋类sneakerhead 运动鞋迷，痴迷于收集或交易运动鞋的人practical 实用的market 市场cultural cachet 文化声望celebrity endorsement 名人代言status signifier 地位的象征mass market 大众市场limited-edition 限量版的appeal to 吸引rare 稀有的pair 一双investment 投资manufacturer 制造商resale market 转售市场desirable 渴望得到的flip （为盈利而）迅速转售high-fashion 高级时装的

Twitter owner Elon Musk has launched a new logo – the single letter “X” – to replace the social media service’s famous blue bird.Twitter 所有者埃隆·马斯克推出了一个新徽标——单字母“X”——以取代该社交媒体服务著名的蓝鸟。The X design started appearing at the top of Twitter’s computer version on Monday. But the old bird logo could still be seen across areas of the service.X 设计于周一开始出现在 Twitter 电脑版的顶部。 但旧鸟标志仍然可以在整个服务区域看到。Musk announced in a Twitter message Sunday that he had decided to change the company’s logo. He said he had asked his millions of followers to provide logo ideas and if they would favor a change in the service’s colors from blue to black.马斯克周日在推特消息中宣布，他决定更改公司的徽标。 他说，他已要求数百万粉丝提供徽标创意，以及他们是否支持将服务颜色从蓝色改为黑色。When asked what tweets would be called without the blue bird logo, Musk said they would now be known as “Xs.”当被问及没有蓝鸟标志的推文将被称为什么时，马斯克表示它们现在将被称为“Xs”。The latest change is one in a series Musk has carried out since buying Twitter for $44 billion last year.最新的变化是马斯克自去年以 440 亿美元收购 Twitter 以来实施的一系列变化之一。The billionaire businessman dismissed about 75 percent of the company’s workforce soon after the deal closed. Musk said the move was necessary to make Twitter more effective and increase profits. He also announced plans to start charging Twitter users eight dollars a month to keep a verified account.交易完成后不久，这位亿万富翁就解雇了公司约 75% 的员工。 马斯克表示，此举对于提高 Twitter 的效率和增加利润是必要的。 他还宣布计划开始向 Twitter 用户收取每月 8 美元的费用，以保留经过验证的帐户。As Twitter chief, Musk also lifted some existing restrictions on user content. He said those changes were part of a larger effort to protect the free speech of Twitter users. Critics said his plans were likely to increase the amount of harmful content and hate speech appearing on the service.作为 Twitter 首席执行官，马斯克还取消了对用户内容的一些现有限制。 他表示，这些变化是保护 Twitter 用户言论自由的更大努力的一部分。 批评者表示，他的计划可能会增加该服务上出现的有害内容和仇恨言论的数量。Musk’s changes led to drops in the number of Twitter users. Some advertisers stopped doing business with the company, as well.马斯克的改变导致推特用户数量下降。 一些广告商也停止了与该公司的业务往来。In a message on Twitter Monday, chief executive Linda Yaccarino wrote, “X is here! Let’s do this.” Along with her message, she published a picture of the logo projected onto the building’s headquarters in San Francisco首席执行官琳达·亚卡里诺 (Linda Yaccarino) 周一在 Twitter 上发布消息写道：“X 来了！ 我们开工吧。” 除了她的信息之外，她还发布了一张投影在旧金山总部大楼上的标志图片Musk also commented on the logo change, writing, “And soon we shall bid adieu to the twitter brand and, gradually, all the birds.” Musk said the X.com web domain was already redirecting users to Twitter.com.马斯克还对标志的变化发表了评论，他写道：“很快我们就会告别推特品牌，并逐渐告别所有的鸟类。” 马斯克表示，X.com 域名已经将用户重定向到 Twitter.com。A three-member team designed the first Twitter logo in 2012. One of those designers, Martin Grasser, described the blue bird logo as "simple, balanced” and easy to read at very small sizes.2012 年，一个三人团队设计了第一个 Twitter 徽标。其中一位设计师 Martin Grasser 将蓝鸟徽标描述为“简单、平衡”，并且在非常小的尺寸下易于阅读。Matt Rhodes is with the British creative agency House 337. He told news agency Reuters that making changes to such an established brand presents big business risks. "Anything that makes it harder for people to find, or want to open the app on their cluttered phone screens risks harming usage," Rhodes said.马特·罗兹 (Matt Rhodes) 供职于英国创意机构 House 337。他告诉路透社，对这样一个知名品牌进行改变会带来巨大的商业风险。 “任何让人们更难找到或想要在杂乱的手机屏幕上打开应用程序的东西都有可能损害使用，”罗兹说。However, Paolo Pescatore, a technology and media specialist who founded advisory company PP Foresight, said the change could be good. He spoke to the Associated Press.然而，技术和媒体专家、咨询公司 PP Foresight 的创始人保罗·佩斯卡托 (Paolo Pescatore) 表示，这种变化可能是件好事。 他接受了美联社采访。Pescatore said social media users currently can get confused by too many apps and messaging services to choose from. Driving users to one central place will “engage” more users and could make Twitter easier to use, he said.Pescatore 表示，社交媒体用户目前可能会因太多的应用程序和消息服务可供选择而感到困惑。 他表示，将用户吸引到一个中心位置将“吸引”更多用户，并使 Twitter 更易于使用。

Since first being detected in Brazil less than a year ago, the Zika virus has spread like wildfire and has now been reported across Latin America. The virus usually only results in a mild rash and fever, but it's also been linked to a surge in microcephaly – a condition where babies are born with abnormally small heads.自从不到一年前在巴西首次发现以来，寨卡病毒已像野火一样蔓延，现已报道到整个拉丁美洲。这种病毒通常只会导致轻微的皮疹和发烧，但它也与小头畸形的激增有关，小头畸形是一种婴儿出生时头部异常小的疾病。Although the epicentre of the outbreak is in Northern Brazil, there've also been several cases of Zika in Rio de Janeiro. Olympic officials here say that in the run-up to this year's games they will inspect and if necessary fumigate areas where mosquitoes that transmit the disease might breed.尽管疫情的中心位于巴西北部，但里约热内卢也出现了多起寨卡病例。 奥运会官员表示，在今年奥运会之前，他们将检查并在必要时对传播疾病的蚊子可能繁殖的区域进行熏蒸。Some countries including the United States have advised pregnant women not to travel to Zika-infected areas, including parts of Brazil. With concerns about the impact on athletes and spectators coming to Rio for the Games, the British Olympic Association told the BBC they've been liaising with the London School of Tropical Medicine and will be monitoring the situation closely.包括美国在内的一些国家已建议孕妇不要前往寨卡病毒感染地区，包括巴西部分地区。 英国奥林匹克协会告诉英国广播公司，由于担心前往里约奥运会的运动员和观众受到影响，他们一直在与伦敦热带医学院联系，并将密切关注事态发展。词汇表spread like wildfire 象野火般迅速蔓延rash 热疹fever 高烧abnormally 不正常地，异常地outbreak 爆发in the run-up to 前夕，拉开…序幕前fumigate 烟熏breed 繁殖liaising 与… 保持联络

The James Webb Space Telescope recently celebrated its first year in operation. During that time, the orbiting observatory – operated by the American space agency NASA – produced colorful, detailed images. It has also helped researchers make several new scientific discoveries. NASA has described the telescope as the largest, most powerful telescope ever sent into space. The agency launched the Webb in late 2021 and released its first images in July 2022. The Webb’s first full-color images were presented by President Joe Biden. One of the images showed the clearest picture yet of the early universe, about 13 billion years ago.詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜最近庆祝了其运行一周年。 在此期间，由美国宇航局运营的轨道天文台产生了色彩丰富、细节丰富的图像。 它还帮助研究人员取得了几项新的科学发现。美国宇航局称该望远镜是有史以来发射到太空的最大、最强大的望远镜。 该机构于 2021 年底推出了 Webb，并于 2022 年 7 月发布了第一批图像。韦伯的第一张全彩图像由乔·拜登总统展示。 其中一张图像展示了大约 130 亿年前的早期宇宙最清晰的图景。NASA Administrator Bill Nelson marked the anniversary with a statement. He said, "In just one year, the James Webb Space Telescope has transformed humanity's view of the cosmos, peering into dust clouds and seeing light from faraway corners of the universe for the very first time."Most recently, NASA celebrated the Webb’s one year anniversary by releasing one of its latest images. The image showed a cloud collection of 50 stars in the process of forming. NASA said the image showed an area of space that is full of hydrogen gas and dust. Scientists said the image was a good representation of this brief period in a star’s life. At around the same time, researchers announced they had used data from the Webb to identify the most distant, active supermassive black hole ever observed. Scientists say the black hole sits in a galaxy called CEERS 1019. The galaxy is thought to have existed about 570 million years after the Big Bang – the explosion many scientists believe created the universe.美国宇航局局长比尔·尼尔森发表声明纪念这一周年纪念日。 他说：“仅仅一年的时间，詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜就改变了人类对宇宙的看法，第一次凝视尘埃云，看到来自宇宙遥远角落的光。”最近，美国宇航局发布了一张最新图像来庆祝韦伯太空望远镜一周年纪念日。 该图像显示了正在形成过程中的由 50 颗恒星组成的云团。 美国宇航局表示，该图像显示了一个充满氢气和灰尘的太空区域。 科学家表示，这张照片很好地体现了恒星生命中这段短暂的时期。大约在同一时间，研究人员宣布他们已经利用韦伯望远镜的数据来识别迄今为止观测到的最遥远、活跃的超大质量黑洞。 科学家表示，该黑洞位于一个名为 CEERS 1019 的星系中。人们认为该星系存在于大爆炸之后约 5.7 亿年，许多科学家认为大爆炸创造了宇宙。The black hole discovery and others that received help from the Webb were in part made possible through the telescope’s infrared instruments. The instruments collect infrared waves passing through gas and dust that can hide objects in space. The infrared system also shows light from more distant parts of the universe.The Webb’s instruments have also confirmed the distances of some of the farthest galaxies ever observed, NASA reported. In addition, the telescope’s data has provided more detailed information than ever before about the makeup of planet atmospheres. And the instruments have also led to discoveries about the chemicals and gases that exist around collections of stars and exoplanets outside of our solar system.黑洞的发现和其他得到韦伯望远镜帮助的发现在一定程度上是通过望远镜的红外仪器得以实现的。 这些仪器收集穿过气体和灰尘的红外波，这些气体和灰尘可以隐藏太空中的物体。 红外系统还显示来自宇宙更遥远部分的光。据美国宇航局报道，韦伯的仪器还证实了一些有史以来观测到的最远星系的距离。 此外，望远镜的数据提供了比以往更详细的有关行星大气构成的信息。 这些仪器还发现了太阳系外恒星和系外行星周围存在的化学物质和气体。For example, the Webb helped astronomers observe the most distant molecules known to exist in the universe and also led to the discovery of 12 new moons orbiting Jupiter In a statement marking the Webb’s one year anniversary, NASA noted the telescope had “resulted in hundreds of scientific papers answering longstanding questions and raising new ones.”例如，韦伯望远镜帮助天文学家观察了宇宙中已知存在的最遥远的分子，还发现了 12 颗绕木星运行的新卫星.在纪念韦伯望远镜一周年的一份声明中，美国宇航局指出，该望远镜“发表了数百篇科学论文，回答了长期存在的问题并提出了新的问题

The administration of U.S. President Joe Biden has announced a new program to identify smart devices that are better equipped to resist internet attacks. The effort is designed to help the public decide which devices in the marketplace carry the best protection against possible cyberattacks. The program will issue a “U.S. Cyber Trust Mark” to the most protected devices, the administration said in a statement Tuesday. The effort will be carried out by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).美国总统乔·拜登政府宣布了一项新计划，旨在识别能够更好地抵御互联网攻击的智能设备。这项工作旨在帮助公众决定市场上哪些设备能够提供针对可能的网络攻击的最佳保护。该计划将发布“美国 美国政府在周二的一份声明中表示，对最受保护的设备进行“网络信任标记”。 这项工作将由美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）执行。“The goal of the program is to provide tools for consumers to make informed decisions about the relative security of products they choose to bring into their homes,” the statement added. FCC chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel explained the program would cover a wide range of smart devices including climate control systems, televisions, microwaves and fitness trackers. Such devices are part of the “internet of things,” which officials warn could present increased cybersecurity threats. Several manufacturers have voluntarily agreed “to increase cybersecurity for the products they sell,” the Biden administration said. These companies include Amazon, Best Buy, Google, LG Electronics USA, Logitech and Samsung Electronics.声明补充说：“该计划的目标是为消费者提供工具，让他们就他们选择带回家的产品的相对安全性做出明智的决定。”FCC 主席杰西卡·罗森沃塞尔 (Jessica Rosenworcel) 解释说，该计划将涵盖各种智能设备，包括气候控制系统、电视、微波炉和健身追踪器。 此类设备是“物联网”的一部分，官员警告称，“物联网”可能会带来更多的网络安全威胁。拜登政府表示，多家制造商已自愿同意“加强其销售产品的网络安全”。 这些公司包括亚马逊、百思买、谷歌、LG Electronics USA、罗技和三星电子。The FCC is expected to seek public comment on the program before giving its final approval and officially launching it. Officials said the public should start seeing product identifications, or labels, sometime in 2024. The safety level of products is to be rated by quality requirements, or standards, created by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. These guidelines call for products to require unique and strong passwords, data protection measures and software improvements. In addition, the devices should have built-in tools to identify when cyberattacks are attempted. The effort will be similar to the Energy Star program, which currently labels products to show that they save energy. Labeled devices would also include QR codes to provide additional information to consumers. Officials said the products will be reexamined yearly to make sure they meet requirements.预计联邦通信委员会将在最终批准并正式启动该计划之前征求公众意见。 官员们表示，公众应该在 2024 年的某个时候开始看到产品标识或标签。产品的安全水平将根据国家标准技术研究院制定的质量要求或标准进行评级。 这些指南要求产品需要独特且强的密码、数据保护措施和软件改进。 此外，这些设备应该具有内置工具来识别何时尝试进行网络攻击。这项工作将类似于能源之星计划，该计划目前为产品贴上标签以表明它们节省能源。 带标签的设备还将包含二维码，以便为消费者提供更多信息。 官员们表示，这些产品将每年重新检查一次，以确保它们符合要求。In March, the Biden administration launched a national cyber campaign. The campaign called on software manufacturers and companies to increase efforts to protect their products against cyberattacks. The increase of smart devices on the market has happened as the number of cybercrimes has increased. Internet attacks on personal devices can give criminals a way into home computer networks. The amount of dangerous software aimed at internet-of-things devices rose sharply in 2022, cybersecurity company SonicWall has estimated. Many of the attacks happened in North America.今年三月，拜登政府发起了一场全国网络运动。 该活动呼吁软件制造商和公司加大力度保护其产品免受网络攻击。随着网络犯罪数量的增加，市场上智能设备的数量也随之增加。 对个人设备的互联网攻击可能为犯罪分子提供进入家庭计算机网络的途径。网络安全公司 SonicWall 估计，2022 年针对物联网设备的危险软件数量将大幅增加。 许多袭击发生在北美。The FCC’s Rosenworcel said consumers can now “have peace of mind that the products that they're bringing into their homes adhere to widely accepted security and privacy standards." An April report from cybersecurity company Bitdefender estimated the least secure devices were smart televisions, followed by smart plugs, routers and digital video recorders. Internationally, the U.S. Department of State will seek to persuade allies and partners to cooperate to establish similar labeling efforts, the White House statement said.FCC 的 Rosenworcel 表示，消费者现在可以“放心，他们带回家中的产品符合广泛接受的安全和隐私标准。”网络安全公司 Bitdefender 4 月份的一份报告估计，最不安全的设备是智能电视，其次是智能插头、路由器和数字录像机。白宫声明称，在国际上，美国国务院将寻求说服盟友和合作伙伴合作开展类似的标签工作。

The idea that there might be a so-called Planet X moving in the distant reaches of the Solar System has been debated for more than 100 years. It's fallen in and out of vogue.关于太阳系遥远地区可能存在一颗所谓的 X 行星的想法已经争论了 100 多年。 它时而流行，时而过时。The latest claim is based on an analysis of the movements of objects in a band of icy material orbiting more than 3bn miles away known as the Kuiper Belt. The only way these alignments can be explained, say the Caltech team, is if an object ten times as massive as the Earth is out there somewhere moving perhaps 20 times as far away as Neptune, the current most distant planet.最新的说法是基于对环绕超过 30 亿英里的柯伊伯带冰物质带中物体运动的分析。 加州理工学院的研究小组表示，解释这些排列的唯一方法是，是否有一个质量是地球十倍的物体存在于某个地方，其移动距离可能是当前最遥远的行星海王星的 20 倍远。The group hope their research will spark a telescope campaign to try to track it down. One reason the claim is being taken so seriously is that it comes from the renowned astronomer Mike Brown. It was his discoveries in the outer Solar System that eventually led to Pluto losing its planet status in 2006.该小组希望他们的研究能够引发一场望远镜运动，试图追踪它。这一说法受到如此认真对待的原因之一是它来自著名天文学家迈克·布朗。 正是他在外太阳系的发现最终导致冥王星在 2006 年失去了行星地位。词汇表so-called 所谓的，号称的debated （过去分词）辩论，争论vogue 流行，风尚claim 声称alignments （空间）序列renowned 有名的，享有声望的status 地位，资格

After a long winter, the arrival of spring can be a welcome relief. The days grow longer, the temperatures increase, and the natural world around us comes to life again. But when the seasons change, our sleep patterns change with them.经过漫长的冬天，春天的到来可以让人感到欣慰。 白天变长，气温升高，我们周围的自然世界又恢复了生机。 但当季节变化时，我们的睡眠模式也会随之改变。New research suggests that humans may need more sleep in the winter than they do in the summer. A German study found that participants slept an hour longer in December than in June, regardless of their exposure to light. "Our study shows that even while living in an urban environment, with just artificial light, humans [experience] seasonal sleep," says Dieter Kunz, one of the study's lead authors and head of the clinic of sleep and chronomedicine at St Hedwig Hospital in Berlin, Germany. The study found that the participants experienced seasonal variations in their rapid eye movement sleep, also known as REM sleep, as well as in their slow wave sleep, also known as deep sleep. REM sleep, which is when we dream and our heart rate increases, was 30 minutes longer in the winter than during the summer. Slow wave sleep, which is when our muscles are repaired, our immune system is strengthened and our memory is consolidated, was 30 minutes shorter in September than in February.新的研究表明，人类在冬天可能比夏天需要更多的睡眠。 德国的一项研究发现，参与者在 12 月的睡眠时间比 6 月长一个小时，无论他们接触的光线如何。 “我们的研究表明，即使生活在只有人造光的城市环境中，人类也会经历季节性睡眠，”该研究的主要作者之一、德国柏林圣海德维医院睡眠和时间医学诊所负责人迪特·昆茨 (Dieter Kunz) 说。 研究发现，参与者的快速眼动睡眠（也称为快速眼动睡眠）和慢波睡眠（也称为深度睡眠）经历了季节性变化。 快速眼动睡眠（即我们做梦且心率加快的时间）在冬天比夏天长 30 分钟。 慢波睡眠是指我们的肌肉得到修复、免疫系统得到增强、记忆得到巩固的时间，9 月份比 2 月份短了 30 分钟。But why do our bodies and brains need more rest at certain times of year? The answer could lie in our evolutionary past. That's according to Neil Stanley, who's a sleep expert at Sleep Station, an online provider of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. "We have evolved to dark-light cycles, so when we wake up on a winter's morning and it's dark, our brain is going 'I can't do anything… there's no point leaping out of bed.'" Particularly in summer, temperature also plays a role – our bodies require a skin temperature of between 31-35 degrees centigrade [Celsius] for a good night's sleep, but this can be harder to control during the warmer months.但为什么我们的身体和大脑在一年中的某些时候需要更多的休息呢？ 答案可能在于我们的进化史。 这是睡眠站 (Sleep Station) 的睡眠专家尼尔·斯坦利 (Neil Stanley) 的说法，该站是一家针对失眠的认知行为疗法的在线提供商。 “我们已经进化到了暗光循环，所以当我们在冬天的早晨醒来时，天很黑，我们的大脑会说‘我无能为力……从床上跳起来是没有意义的。’”特别是在夏天，温度也发挥着重要作用——我们的身体需要 31-35 摄氏度之间的皮肤温度才能睡个好觉，但在温暖的月份里这可能更难控制。Of course, nowadays, it is our school and work times – not the Sun – that determine when we get up in the morning. But, as autumn approaches, it seems we now have a good excuse for an early night.当然，如今，决定我们早上何时起床的是我们的上学和工作时间，而不是太阳。 但是，随着秋天的临近，我们似乎有了早睡的好借口。词汇表relief （不快后的）解脱come to life 复苏，恢复生机sleep pattern 睡眠模式exposure to 接触artificial light 人造光seasonal sleep 季节性睡眠chronomedicine 时间医学variation 变化rapid eye movement sleep 快速眼动睡眠slow wave sleep 慢波睡眠deep sleep 深度睡眠repair 修复immune system 免疫系统consolidate 加强，加固rest 休息cognitive behavioural therapy 认知行为疗法insomnia 失眠evolve 逐渐进化dark-light cycle （昼夜）光暗循环leap out of bed 跳下床，起床early night 早睡

U.S. officials on Monday approved the first long-acting drug to protect babies and young children against respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV. RSV sends tens of thousands of American children to the hospital each year. The virus is a cold-like disease for most healthy people. But it can be life-threatening in the very young and very old. Last year, a large increase in RSV cases crowded U.S. hospitals with sick children. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the injection for infants and children up to 2 years old who face increased risk of severe RSV.美国官员周一批准了第一种长效药物，用于保护婴儿和幼儿免受呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的侵害。RSV 每年将数万名美国儿童送往医院。 对于大多数健康人来说，该病毒是一种类似感冒的疾病。 但对于年幼和年老的人来说，它可能会危及生命。 去年，呼吸道合胞病毒病例大幅增加，美国医院里挤满了患病儿童。美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 批准该注射剂用于面临严重 RSV 风险增加的 2 岁以下婴儿和儿童。The approval helps “reduce the impact of RSV disease on children, families and the health care system” said FDA's Dr. John Farley in a statement. The drugmaker AstraZeneca developed the drug. It will be sold under the name Beyfortus. It is a laboratory-made version of an antibody that helps the immune system fight off RSV. Under the FDA approval, babies — including small infants — can receive a single injection to protect against their first season of RSV, which usually lasts about five months. Children up to age 2 can receive another dose to protect them during their second season facing the virus.FDA 的 John Farley 博士在一份声明中表示，该批准有助于“减少 RSV 疾病对儿童、家庭和医疗保健系统的影响”。制药商阿斯利康开发了这种药物。 它将以 Beyfortus 的名称出售。 它是实验室制造的抗体，可以帮助免疫系统抵抗 RSV。根据 FDA 的批准，婴儿（包括小婴儿）可以接受单次注射，以预防 RSV 的第一个季节，该季节通常持续约五个月。 2 岁以下的儿童可以接受另一剂疫苗，以在面临病毒的第二个季节提供保护。Beyfortus is already approved in Canada, Europe and Britain. It did not immediately announce the U.S. price of the treatment. FDA officials approved the drug based on three studies. They showed Beyfortus reduced the risk of RSV infection between 70 percent and 75 percent among infants and children 2 and younger. Advisers to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will meet early next month to recommend exactly who should get the drug. A similar antibody drug won FDA approval more than 20 years ago. But the drug is only recommended for high-risk babies and requires monthly injections. Doctors say that drug is underused. But they expect the longer-lasting effect of AstraZeneca's shot to be more popular.Beyfortus 已在加拿大、欧洲和英国获得批准。 它没有立即公布该疗法在美国的价格。FDA 官员根据三项研究批准了该药物。 他们表明 Beyfortus 可以将婴儿和 2 岁及以下儿童感染 RSV 的风险降低 70% 至 75%。疾病控制和预防中心的顾问将于下月初开会，准确推荐谁应该服用该药物。类似的抗体药物在 20 多年前就获得了 FDA 的批准。 但该药仅推荐用于高危婴儿，并且需要每月注射一次。 医生说这种药物没有得到充分利用。 但他们预计阿斯利康注射剂的持久效果会更受欢迎。In the U.S., about 58,000 children younger than 5 are hospitalized for RSV each year. Several hundred die. After years of setbacks for RSV research, drugmakers have made big improvements this year. In May, the FDA approved two RSV vaccines for older adults from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer. In August, the FDA is expected to make a decision on approving Pfizer’s vaccine for pregnant women. The aim is for the vaccine to pass along protection to their newborns.在美国，每年约有 58,000 名 5 岁以下儿童因 RSV 住院。 数百人死亡。RSV 研究经历了多年的挫折后，制药商今年取得了重大进展。 今年 5 月，FDA 批准了葛兰素史克和辉瑞公司的两种针对老年人的 RSV 疫苗。8月份，FDA预计将做出批准辉瑞孕妇疫苗的决定。 疫苗的目的是为新生儿提供保护。

New research suggests humans lived in South America at the same time as giant sloths, big animals that disappeared thousands of years ago. The findings support evidence that people arrived in the Americas thousands of years earlier than once thought. Scientists looked at small pendants made of bony material from the sloths. The pendants have round holes in them and look polished. The team of researchers said the pendants show signs that humans made them. The scientists published their findings in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. They reported that the material in which the pendants were found dates from 25,000 to 27,000 years ago.新的研究表明，人类与巨型树懒同时生活在南美洲，巨型树懒是数千年前消失的大型动物。 这些发现支持了人们到达美洲的时间比以前想象的要早数千年的证据。科学家们观察了由树懒骨骼材料制成的小吊坠。 吊坠上有圆孔，看起来很抛光。 研究小组表示，这些吊坠显示出人类制造它们的迹象。科学家们在《英国皇家学会学报 B》上发表了他们的发现。他们报告说，发现吊坠的材料可以追溯到 25,000 至 27,000 年前。“We now have good evidence — together with other sites from South and North America — that we have to rethink our ideas about the migration of humans to the Americas,” said Mirian Pacheco. She is a co-writer of the study and an archaeologist at the Federal University of Sao Carlos in Brazil. Some earlier theories had suggested the first people arrived in the Americas around 15,000 years ago. The pendants were found 30 years ago in the Santa Elina rock shelter in central Brazil. The new study is the first to carefully study them. The scientists ruled out the possibility that humans had found and made them thousands of years after the animals died. Instead, they say the pendants were made within days or a few years after the animal died.米里安·帕切科说：“我们现在有充分的证据——以及来自南美洲和北美的其他地点——表明我们必须重新思考我们关于人类向美洲移民的想法。” 她是该研究的合著者，也是巴西圣卡洛斯联邦大学的考古学家。一些早期的理论认为，第一批人类大约在 15,000 年前抵达美洲。这些吊坠是 30 年前在巴西中部圣埃琳娜岩石避难所发现的。 这项新研究首次对它们进行了仔细研究。 科学家们排除了人类在动物死亡数千年后发现并制造它们的可能性。 相反，他们说这些吊坠是在动物死后几天或几年内制作的。“We think they were personal objects, possibly for personal adornment,” said Thais Rabito Pansani, a co-writer and paleontologist at the Federal University of Sao Carlos in Brazil. Once among the largest animals in South America, giant ground sloths were three to four meters long and usually walked on all four legs. They weighed more than 450 kilograms. Other evidence from Mexico suggests humans may have been present in the Americas around 26,000 years ago. Discoveries from Uruguay suggest humans were living there 30,000 years ago.“我们认为它们是个人物品，可能是为了个人装饰，”巴西圣卡洛斯联邦大学的合著者兼古生物学家泰斯·拉比托·潘萨尼 (Thais Rabito Pansani) 说。巨型地懒曾经是南美洲最大的动物之一，身长三到四米，通常用四足行走。 他们的体重超过450公斤。来自墨西哥的其他证据表明，人类可能在大约 26,000 年前就已经出现在美洲。 乌拉圭的发现表明三万年前就有人类生活在那里。The evidence from more than one place means scientists have begun to rethink their ideas about human migration. This includes the idea that the first people in the Americas came over what is known as the Bering Land Bridge around 15,000 years ago. Briana Pobiner is another co-writer of the study. She is a paleoanthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington. While some early populations may have died out in the Americas, “it’s very likely that multiple waves of people came to [the] Americas,” she said.来自多个地方的证据意味着科学家们已经开始重新思考他们关于人类迁徙的想法。 其中包括这样的观点：大约 15,000 年前，第一批美洲人通过白令陆桥来到这里。Briana Pobiner 是该研究的另一位合著者。 她是华盛顿史密森学会国家自然历史博物馆的古人类学家。虽然美洲的一些早期种群可能已经灭绝，但“很可能会有多波人来到美洲，”她说。

Another experimental Alzheimer’s drug has been shown to slow patients’ worsening conditions, researchers reported Monday. The American drug company Eli Lilly said it is seeking U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the drug donanemab. If approved, it would be the second Alzheimer’s treatment for delaying the disease. Alzheimer’s affects the brain and causes memory loss and dementia. The FDA approved Leqembi, from Japanese drugmaker Eisai, earlier this month. “Finally there’s some hope, right, that we can talk about,” Lilly’s Dr. John Sims told reporters Monday at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.研究人员周一报道称，另一种实验性阿尔茨海默病药物已被证明可以减缓患者病情的恶化。美国制药公司礼来公司表示，正在寻求美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准其药物 donanemab。 如果获得批准，这将是第二种延缓阿尔茨海默病的治疗方法。 阿尔茨海默病会影响大脑并导致记忆丧失和痴呆。FDA 本月早些时候批准了日本制药商卫材 (Eisai) 的 Leqembi。礼来公司的约翰·西姆斯博士周一在荷兰阿姆斯特丹举行的阿尔茨海默病协会国际会议上对记者说：“终于有一些希望了，对吧，我们可以讨论一下。”The drug does not cure the disease. Instead, it slows its progression by about four to seven months. But Sims noted that “it doesn’t mean you can’t have very meaningful treatments for patients.” Eli Lilly published the full results of its study of 1,700 patients in the Journal of the American Medical Association. It also presented its results at the Alzheimer’s conference. Both donanemab and Leqembi are laboratory-made antibodies. The treatments are injected into the patients. The drugs target a protein buildup, called beta amyloid, in the brain of Alzheimer’s patients. Both drugs come with serious safety concerns. Patients can experience brain swelling or bleeding. In the Lilly study, such side effects were linked to three deaths.该药物不能治愈该疾病。 相反，它会减慢其进展约四到七个月。 但西姆斯指出，“这并不意味着你不能为患者提供非常有意义的治疗。”礼来公司 (Eli Lilly) 在《美国医学会杂志》上发表了对 1,700 名患者进行的研究的完整结果。 它还在阿尔茨海默病会议上展示了其研究结果。donanemab 和 Leqembi 都是实验室制造的抗体。 将治疗药物注射到患者体内。 这些药物针对的是阿尔茨海默病患者大脑中一种称为β淀粉样蛋白的蛋白质积聚。这两种药物都存在严重的安全问题。 患者可能会出现脑肿胀或出血。 在礼来公司的研究中，此类副作用与三人死亡有关。Dr. Liana Apostolova was the study investigator. She is also a professor in Alzheimer's Disease research at Indiana University School of Medicine. She said, "These side effects should not be taken lightly." But she added that, in most cases, the effects were well controlled by monitoring with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or by stopping using the drug.Lilly’s study included people ages 60 to 85 who were in the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Half of the study subjects received a monthly injection of donanemab for up to 18 months. The other half received an inactive substance, called a placebo. Patients were also switched to inactive substances if enough amyloid cleared out. The study found that it happened to half of the patients within a year. Amyloid alone does not cause Alzheimer’s. So researchers also studied the levels of tau, another protein that causes the disease in the brain. Patients with higher levels of tau are considered to be in the more advanced stages of Alzheimer’s.Liana Apostolova 博士是该研究的调查员。 她还是印第安纳大学医学院阿尔茨海默病研究的教授。 她说：“这些副作用不应掉以轻心。” 但她补充说，在大多数情况下，通过磁共振成像（MRI）监测或停止使用药物可以很好地控制效果。礼来公司的研究对象是年龄在 60 岁至 85 岁之间、处于阿尔茨海默病早期阶段的人。 一半的研究对象每月注射多南单抗，持续长达 18 个月。 另一半则接受一种称为安慰剂的非活性物质。如果清除了足够的淀粉样蛋白，患者也会改用非活性物质。 研究发现，一半的患者在一年内发生了这种情况。淀粉样蛋白本身并不会导致阿尔茨海默病。 因此，研究人员还研究了 tau 蛋白的水平，tau 蛋白是另一种导致大脑疾病的蛋白质。 tau 水平较高的患者被认为处于阿尔茨海默病的晚期阶段。The results: both groups declined during the 18-month study but the drug appears to work better for patients in earlier stages of the disease. Those with low to medium tau levels saw a 35- percent slower decline. For high tau patients, donanemab slowed the disease progression by about 17 percent. Anne White is the president of neuroscience at Lilly. She said, "At the end of the trial, the average patient had been without drugs for seven months and yet they continued to benefit.” Scientists say that, while these drugs may mark a new era in Alzheimer’s treatment, huge questions remain about which patients should try them. Questions also remain about how much benefit patients will really experience. The main safety concern is brain swelling or bleeding. These conditions often cause no symptoms but sometimes can be serious, even deadly.结果：在 18 个月的研究中，两组患者的病情均有所下降，但该药物似乎对疾病早期阶段的患者效果更好。 tau 水平低到中等的人的下降速度慢了 35%。 对于高 tau 蛋白患者，donanemab 将疾病进展速度减慢了约 17%。安妮·怀特 (Anne White) 是礼来公司神经科学总裁。 她说：“试验结束时，患者平均已经七个月没有服用药物，但他们仍然受益。”科学家表示，虽然这些药物可能标志着阿尔茨海默病治疗的新时代，但哪些患者应该尝试这些药物仍然存在巨大问题。 关于患者真正能得到多少好处仍然存在疑问。主要的安全问题是脑肿胀或出血。 这些情况通常不会引起任何症状，但有时可能很严重，甚至致命。Another concern is that more than 90 percent of the study’s patients were white. That means there is little data on how effective the treatment could be for other populations, said Alzheimer’s specialist Jennifer Manly of Columbia University. Lilly expects the FDA to decide by the end of this year whether to approve donanemab. The company is also seeking approval from other health agencies worldwide.另一个担忧是该研究中超过 90% 的患者是白人。 哥伦比亚大学阿尔茨海默病专家詹妮弗·曼利说，这意味着关于这种治疗对其他人群的有效性的数据很少。礼来公司预计 FDA 将在今年年底前决定是否批准 donanemab。 该公司还在寻求全球其他卫生机构的批准。

For more than five decades scientists have been trying to draw an accurate map of what lies under the Antarctic ice sheet, which is more than 2.5 miles thick in places. Only a couple of regions remain unexplored, what the experts refer to as the 'Poles of Ignorance'.五十多年来，科学家们一直试图绘制南极冰盖下的准确地图，该冰盖的某些地方厚度超过 2.5 英里。 只有几个地区仍未被探索，专家们将其称为“无知之极”。One of these is a vast expanse in the east of the continent known as Princess Elizabeth Land. It's now the target of intense study and satellites have detected subtle shapes in the ice surface that suggest there could be a network of canyons hiding down below. If correct, the system would be more than 600 miles long and over 0.5 mile deep. There may be a buried lake as well.其中之一是位于非洲大陆东部的一片广阔的土地，被称为伊丽莎白公主土地。 它现在成为了深入研究的目标，卫星已经检测到冰面的微妙形状，这表明下面可能隐藏着一个峡谷网络。 如果正确的话，该系统将超过 600 英里长，超过 0.5 英里深。 可能还有一个埋藏湖。Stewart Jamieson from Durham University led the research: "Knowing what lies beneath the ice sheet is important because we know that the shape of the landscape determines how the ice flows and responds over time. And so we'll be better able to predict how the ice sheet will respond to climate change in the future."杜伦大学的斯图尔特·贾米森领导了这项研究：“了解冰盖下面的东西很重要，因为我们知道地貌的形状决定了冰随着时间的推移如何流动和响应。这样我们就能够更好地预测冰盖如何变化。” 冰盖将在未来应对气候变化。”Airplanes are currently flying over Princess Elizabeth Land with sensors that can accurately survey the shape of the rock bed. They should confirm the presence of the canyon system.目前，飞机正在伊丽莎白公主土地上空飞行，其传感器可以准确测量岩床的形状。 他们应该确认峡谷系统的存在。词汇表accurate 精确的，准确的unexplored 未勘探的，未探索的expanse 广阔的区域satellites 卫星subtle 不明显的，不易察觉的determines 决定，形成，影响sensors 传感器

Since the middle of the 20th century, humans have had a very strong effect on planet Earth. These effects have included climate change, species loss and pollution. Humanity’s impact has been so strong that scientists say a new geological epoch began then.The scientists call it the Anthropocene epoch. The word comes from the Greek terms for “human” and “new.” This epoch started sometime between 1950 and 1954, the scientists say. There is evidence worldwide of the harmful impact on the Earth’s health of burning fossil fuels, dropping nuclear weapons and releasing fertilizers and plastics on land and in water.自20世纪中叶以来，人类对地球产生了非常强烈的影响。这些影响包括气候变化、物种丧失和污染。人类的影响如此之大，以至于科学家们表示，一个新的地质时代从那时开始。科学家们称之为人类世时代。这个词来自希腊语中的“人类”和“新”。科学家们说，这个时代开始于 1950 年至 1954 年之间。全世界有证据表明，燃烧化石燃料、投放核武器以及在陆地和水中释放化肥和塑料对地球健康产生有害影响。“It’s quite clear that the scale of change has intensified unbelievably and that has to be human impact,” said University of Leicester geologist Colin Waters. He led the Anthropocene Working Group. The scientists say the power of humans is comparable with the meteorite that crashed into Earth 66 million years ago. The meteorite killed off the dinosaurs and started the Cenozoic Era, or what is known as the age of mammals. While that meteorite started a whole new era, the working group is proposing that humans only started a new epoch. An epoch is a much smaller geological time period. The scientists are proposing a small but deep lake outside of Toronto, Canada, to place a historic marker. The lake is called Crawford Lake. The group aims to decide on an exact start date of the Anthropocene by measuring plutonium levels at the bottom of Crawford Lake.莱斯特大学地质学家科林·沃特斯表示：“很明显，变化的规模已经令人难以置信地加剧，而这必然是人类的影响。” 他领导了人类世工作组。科学家表示，人类的力量可与6600万年前坠落地球的陨石相媲美。陨石消灭了恐龙，开启了新生代，即所谓的哺乳动物时代。虽然那颗陨石开启了一个全新的时代，但工作组提出，人类只是开启了一个新时代。纪元是一个小得多的地质时期。科学家们提议在加拿大多伦多郊外建造一个小而深的湖泊，以放置一个历史标记。这个湖叫做克劳福德湖。该小组的目标是通过测量克劳福德湖底部的钚含量来确定人类世的确切开始日期。Crawford Lake is 29 meters deep and 24,000 square meters wide. It was chosen over 11 other sites because the yearly effects of human activity on the earth's soil, atmosphere and biology are clearly shown in its layers of sediment. That includes everything from the effect of nuclear weapons to pollution to rising temperatures.There are clear signs in Crawford Lake showing that, starting in 1950, “the effects of humans overwhelm the Earth system,” said Francine McCarthy. She is part of the working group who specializes in that site as an Earth sciences professor at Brock University in Canada. The Anthropocene shows the power — and hubris — of humankind, several scientists said. Hubris is a great or foolish amount of confidence.克劳福德湖深29米，宽24000平方米。它之所以比其他 11 个地点被选中，是因为人类活动每年对地球土壤、大气和生物的影响在其沉积层中清晰可见。这包括从核武器的影响到污染再到气温上升的一切。克劳福德湖有明显迹象表明，从 1950 年开始，“人类的影响压倒了地球系统，”弗朗辛·麦卡锡说。她是加拿大布鲁克大学地球科学教授，专门研究该站点的工作组成员之一。几位科学家表示，人类世展示了人类的力量和傲慢。狂妄自大是一种极大或愚蠢的自信。“The hubris is in imagining that we are in control," said former U.S. White House science adviser John Holdren. He was not part of the working group of scientists. He disagrees with the group’s proposed start date. Instead, he wants one much earlier. Holdren said the power of humans to change the environment is far greater than their understanding of the impacts. Geologists measure time in eons, eras, periods, epochs and ages, with eons being the longest. The scientific working group is proposing that Anthropocene Epoch followed the Holocene Epoch. Holocene started about 11,700 years ago at the end of an ice age. The proposal still needs to be approved by three different groups of geologists. It could be signed at a major conference next year. Naomi Oreskes is a science historian with Harvard University and a working group member. She said if there is no change to harmful human activities, “we are headed for tragedy.”美国前白宫科学顾问约翰·霍尔德伦 (John Holdren) 表示：“狂妄自大的想法是认为我们掌控一切。”他不是科学家工作组的成员。他不同意该工作组提议的开始日期。相反，他希望早得多 霍尔德伦表示，人类改变环境的力量远远大于他们对环境影响的理解。地质学家以亿万、纪元、时期、纪元和年龄来测量时间，其中亿万是最长的。科学工作组提议人类世紧随全新世之后。全新世始于大约 11,700 年前的冰河时代末期。该提案仍需得到三个不同地质学家小组的批准。该协议可能会在明年的一次重要会议上签署。内奥米·奥雷斯克斯 (Naomi Oreskes) 是哈佛大学的科学史学家，也是工作组成员。她说，如果有害的人类活动不改变，“我们将走向悲剧。”

Artificial intelligence technology is developing quickly. A new handbook aims to help technology developers make the best ethical decisions for the public. The new handbook is called Ethics in the Age of Disruptive Technologies: An Operational Roadmap. It promises to give guidance on concerns related to the ethical use of AI technology such as ChatGPT. The handbook has been in the works for a few years. But the writers said they saw a need to work on it with greater urgency with the recent increased use of AI.人工智能技术正在快速发展。 一本新手册旨在帮助技术开发人员为公众做出最佳的道德决策。这本新手册名为《颠覆性技术时代的道德规范：运营路线图》。 它承诺就 ChatGPT 等人工智能技术的道德使用相关问题提供指导。该手册已经编写了几年。 但作者表示，随着最近人工智能使用的增加，他们认为有必要更加紧迫地开展这方面的工作。The Institute of Technology, Ethics and Culture (ITEC) released the handbook on June 28. ITEC was launched by Santa Clara University’s Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and the Vatican’s Center for Digital Culture. Father Brendan McGuire worked in the technology industry before entering the priesthood about 23 years ago. He served as the executive director of the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association in the early 1990s. McGuire said that over the years, he has continued to meet with friends from the tech world. Many of them are now leaders in the industry. About 10 years ago, their discussions started to get more serious, he said.技术、伦理与文化研究所 (ITEC) 于 6 月 28 日发布了该手册。ITEC 由圣克拉拉大学马库拉应用伦理中心和梵蒂冈数字文化中心发起。布伦丹·麦奎尔神父在大约 23 年前成为牧师之前曾在科技行业工作。 20世纪90年代初，他担任个人电脑存储卡国际协会的执行董事。麦奎尔说，多年来，他不断与科技界的朋友见面。 他们中的许多人现在已成为该行业的领导者。 他说，大约十年前，他们的讨论开始变得更加认真。"They said, 'What is coming over the hill with AI, it's amazing, it's unbelievable. But it's also frightening if we go down the wrong valley,'" McGuire said. McGuire said his former coworkers noted there is no system to make decisions. He got in touch with Kirk Hanson, who was head of the Markkula Center. He also contacted a local bishop, or Catholic religious official. The three of them got together and thought about what they could do. They decided they should get the Vatican involved in their efforts. Involving the government of the Roman Catholic Church made sense to them because tech companies are international companies.“他们说，‘人工智能将带来什么，这太神奇了，令人难以置信。但如果我们走错了山谷，那也是可怕的，’”麦奎尔说。麦奎尔说，他的前同事指出，没有制定决策的系统。 他联系了马库拉中心的负责人柯克·汉森。 他还联系了当地的主教或天主教宗教官员。三人聚在一起，商量着自己能做些什么。 他们决定让梵蒂冈参与他们的努力。 让罗马天主教会政府参与对他们来说很有意义，因为科技公司是国际公司。For McGuire, a Catholic priest, getting guidance from the Vatican was a natural step. He worked with Bishop Paul Tighe, who was serving as the secretary of the Vatican’s Dicastery for Culture and Education. The department works for the development of people’s human values. McGuire said Pope Francis asked Tighe to look into addressing ethical concerns related to technology. After a few years of working together, the Markkula Center and the Vatican officially created the ITEC program in 2019.对于天主教神父麦奎尔来说，获得梵蒂冈的指导是很自然的一步。 他与担任梵蒂冈文化教育部秘书的保罗·泰赫主教一起工作。 该部门致力于发展人们的人类价值观。麦奎尔说，教皇弗朗西斯要求泰赫研究解决与技术相关的道德问题。经过几年的合作，马库拉中心和梵蒂冈于 2019 年正式创建了 ITEC 项目。That same year, the Vatican held a meeting in Rome called “The Common Good in the Digital Age.” McGuire said about 270 people joined. Among them were American technology company leaders and experts in robotics, cyberwarfare and security. After talking with tech leaders, the ITEC team decided to create a handbook to help companies think about how technology can be used in ethical ways. The guidelines are not just for Catholics, McGuire said.同年，梵蒂冈在罗马举行了一次名为“数字时代的共同利益”的会议。 麦奎尔说大约有 270 人加入。 其中包括美国科技公司的领导者以及机器人、网络战和安全领域的专家。在与技术领导者交谈后，ITEC 团队决定创建一本手册，帮助公司思考如何以合乎道德的方式使用技术。麦奎尔说，这些指导方针不仅适用于天主教徒。Ann Skeet is senior director of leadership ethics at the Markkula Center. She was one of the handbook’s writers. She said the handbook is written in a way that is familiar to business leaders. This handbook comes as leaders in AI are calling for help. In May, Sam Altman of OpenAI stated the need for a new agency to help regulate the powerful systems. And Microsoft president Brad Smith said the U.S. government needs to “move faster” as AI progresses.安·斯基特 (Ann Skeet) 是马库拉中心领导力道德高级总监。 她是该手册的作者之一。 她说，这本手册的编写方式是商界领袖所熟悉的。这本手册发布之际，人工智能领域的领导者正在寻求帮助。 五月，OpenAI 的 Sam Altman 表示需要一个新机构来帮助监管强大的系统。 微软总裁布拉德·史密斯表示，随着人工智能的进步，美国政府需要“加快步伐”。

The American Southwest is experiencing extremely high temperatures and that has health officials concerned. Along the U.S.-Mexico border, federal agents reported 10 deaths in early July. Another 45 people had to be rescued from the heat. The city of Phoenix, Arizona may be on its way to breaking a record for most back-to-back days with a high temperature over 43 degrees Celsius. The current record was set in 1974. Even morning low temperatures in Phoenix are tying historic records.美国西南部正在经历极高的气温，这引起了卫生官员的担忧。7 月初，联邦特工报告称，在美国和墨西哥边境，有 10 人死亡。 另有 45 人必须从酷热中获救。亚利桑那州凤凰城可能有望打破连续几天高温超过 43 摄氏度的记录。 目前的记录是 1974 年创下的。即使是凤凰城早晨的低温也追平了历史记录。Health officials are advising people to limit how much time they spend outdoors and to know the warning signs of heat sickness. Common signs of heat exhaustion and heat stroke are heavy sweating and dizziness. Uncontrolled muscle movements and vomiting are also common. Heat stroke is a serious condition that happens when the body loses its ability to control temperature. This includes losing the ability to sweat.卫生官员建议人们限制户外活动时间，并了解中暑的警告信号。热衰竭和中暑的常见症状是大量出汗和头晕。 不受控制的肌肉运动和呕吐也很常见。中暑是一种严重的疾病，当身体失去控制温度的能力时就会发生。 这包括失去出汗的能力。As a person’s body temperature reaches 39 degrees Celsius, their skin gets hot and red. Their heart rate speeds up. Their head might hurt and they may feel sick to their stomach, feel confused or even lose consciousness. Jon Femling is an emergency medicine doctor and scientist at the University of New Mexico. He told the Associated Press that the body tries to cool itself by pumping blood to the skin. Also, as a person breathes heavily, they lose fluids and become dehydrated. A lot of sweating also leads to the loss of important nutrients, such as sodium and potassium. Femling said that, at first, the muscles feel tired. Then organs like the kidneys, spleen and liver can start to become damaged and stop working. At the most severe level, the brain becomes affected.当人的体温达到39摄氏度时，他们的皮肤会变得又热又红。 他们的心率加快。 他们的头可能会疼，胃部不适，感到困惑，甚至失去知觉。乔恩·费姆林 (Jon Femling) 是新墨西哥大学的急诊医学医生和科学家。 他告诉美联社，身体试图通过将血液泵送到皮肤来冷却自己。 此外，当一个人呼吸困难时，他们会失去水分并脱水。 大量出汗还会导致重要营养素的流失，例如钠和钾。费姆林说，一开始，肌肉会感到疲劳。 然后肾脏、脾脏和肝脏等器官就会开始受损并停止工作。 在最严重的情况下，大脑会受到影响。Experts say it is important for people to be able to recognize when others may be suffering from heat stroke. That is because people suffering from the condition might not realize they are in danger. Confusion could influence their thinking. If heat stroke is suspected, call 911 for emergency services. Try to lower the person’s body temperature with a cool, wet cloth or a cool bath.专家表示，人们能够识别出其他人何时可能中暑非常重要。 这是因为患有这种疾病的人可能没有意识到自己处于危险之中。 混乱可能会影响他们的思维。如果怀疑中暑，请拨打 911 寻求紧急服务。 尝试用凉爽的湿布或冷水浴来降低患者的体温。Older people, children and those with health conditions face greater risk from high temperatures. High heat puts extra pressure on the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. During extreme heat, experts urge people to stay indoors and to seek air-conditioned buildings. They also suggest drinking more water than usual, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and eating lighter meals.老年人、儿童和有健康问题的人面临更大的高温风险。 高温会给心血管系统带来额外的压力。 心血管系统包括心脏和血管。在酷热时期，专家敦促人们呆在室内并寻找有空调的建筑。 他们还建议比平常多喝水，避免咖啡因和酒精，并吃清淡的食物。

Do you know anyone who has gone backpacking? It's a type of travel that is low-cost and independent, often meaning no fixed plans regarding accommodation or destination. The word 'backpacking' comes from 'backpack', a type of bag that you carry on your back. Travellers typically fill a backpack with life essentials, like clothing, plus anything extra needed for adventure. The stereotypical view of a backpacker is someone in their 20s, keen to tick off items on their bucket list. But, forget this. You're about to find out that anyone can backpack.你知道有谁去过背包旅行吗？ 这是一种低成本且独立的旅行，通常意味着没有关于住宿或目的地的固定计划。 “背包”一词源自“背包”，是一种背在背上的包。 旅行者通常会在背包中装满生活必需品，例如衣服，以及冒险所需的任何额外物品。 人们对背包客的刻板印象是 20 多岁，热衷于在自己的愿望清单上勾选项目。 但是，忘记这一点吧。 您将发现任何人都可以背包。Last year, my best friend's parents retired at aged 65 and set off on a 630-mile trail along the southwest coast of England. Each carrying a 15kg backpack, Mike and Lorraine hiked along cliffs, explored golden sandy beaches and even cycled. For accommodation, they didn't pre-book but stayed in whatever they could find on the day, which varied from B&Bs to camping in fields full of sheep. They did stop for the occasional well-deserved cup of tea – they were in England after all.去年，我最好朋友的父母在 65 岁时退休，沿着英格兰西南海岸踏上了一条 630 英里的小径。 Mike 和 Lorraine 每人背着 15 公斤的背包，沿着悬崖徒步旅行，探索金色沙滩，甚至骑自行车。 至于住宿，他们没有提前预订，而是住在当天能找到的任何地方，从民宿到在满是羊的田野里露营。 他们确实偶尔停下来喝杯茶——毕竟他们是在英国。Backpackers are also known for travelling with little money, but few begin with as little as Othmane Zolati from Morocco. In 2015, he embarked on an almost four-year journey, but he started out with just $80 (£64). He zigzagged across 24 countries on the African continent and filmed his experience, aiming to show the world the diversity and beauty of Africa, all on a shoestring budget. He told BBC What's New that he often had to work odd jobs and rely on the kindness of strangers to be able to afford to keep travelling. But it was worth it. South Africa was Othmane's final destination and, on reaching it, he said "It was one of the best moments in my life. It made me know that if you fight for something, you really stick to that goal… then you will reach it".So, don't give up. If you want to travel, you can, no matter your age or budget!背包客也以花很少的钱旅行而闻名，但很少有人像来自摩洛哥的奥斯曼·佐拉蒂 (Othmane Zolati) 那样带着很少的钱开始旅行。 2015 年，他开始了近四年的旅程，但他的起步价仅为 80 美元（64 英镑）。 他曲折穿越非洲大陆24个国家并拍摄了自己的经历，旨在向世界展示非洲的多样性和美丽，而这一切都是在预算有限的情况下完成的。 他告诉 BBC 新闻节目，他经常不得不打零工，依靠陌生人的善意才能继续旅行。 但它是值得的。 南非是奥斯曼的最终目的地，到达目的地后，他说“这是我一生中最美好的时刻之一。它让我知道，如果你为某事而奋斗，你就会真正坚持那个目标……那么你就会实现它” 。所以，不要放弃。 如果您想旅行，无论您的年龄或预算如何，您都可以！词汇表go backpacking 背包旅行low-cost 低成本的accommodation 住宿backpack （徒步旅行或登山时用的）背包essentials 必需品adventure 探险backpacker 背包客tick off （在清单上）勾掉（做完的事情）bucket list 人生愿望清单retire 退休set off 出发，启程trail 乡间小道hike 长途步行pre-book 预订B&B 提供住宿加早餐的小旅馆（“bed and breakfast” 的缩写）camping 露营，野营embark 开始journey 旅行，旅程zigzag 曲折前进continent 大陆shoestring budget 极少的预算odd job 零工，杂活destination 目的地

A non-profit group that studies the history of video games estimates that about 87 percent of classic games have been lost over time. The estimate was recently published in a study by the Video Game History Foundation. The foundation aims to “preserve, celebrate and teach” the history of video games. It also leads public events to raise awareness about historical classic games. The study suggests most classic video games are currently completely unavailable to people who want to buy them. This makes such games “critically endangered,” the organization said.一个研究视频游戏历史的非营利组织估计，随着时间的推移，大约 87% 的经典游戏已经丢失。这一估计最近发表在视频游戏历史基金会的一项研究中。 该基金会旨在“保护、庆祝和传授”电子游戏的历史。 它还举办公共活动来提高人们对历史经典游戏的认识。研究表明，大多数经典视频游戏目前完全无法供想要购买的人购买。 该组织表示，这使得此类游戏“极度濒危”。Other areas of pop culture – such as films, books and music – faced similar problems. But it is still easy to find those products in stores or on the internet. For example, there are many online video services that show classic movies. And major music services like Apple Music, Google Play, Pandora and Spotify offer huge collections of old music favorites. It is much harder, however, to find places that sell classic video games. For the study, the Video Game History Foundation examined the availability of all video games released before 2010. That is around the time game makers began to sell their products digitally. Earlier than 2010, game makers usually sold physical copies of games.流行文化的其他领域——例如电影、书籍和音乐——也面临着类似的问题。 但在商店或互联网上仍然很容易找到这些产品。 例如，有许多播放经典电影的在线视频服务。 Apple Music、Google Play、Pandora 和 Spotify 等主要音乐服务提供了大量的旧音乐收藏。然而，找到销售经典视频游戏的地方要困难得多。 在这项研究中，视频游戏历史基金会检查了 2010 年之前发布的所有视频游戏的可用性。那是游戏制造商开始以数字方式销售其产品的时间。 2010年之前，游戏厂商通常销售游戏的实体副本。The non-profit group says it used a list of 1,500 video games provided by the online information website MobyGames. The research showed that just 13 percent of those games are currently available to buy in the marketplace. The foundation noted that the only classic games currently widely available are ones that have been re-released. This means fans of popular classic video games like Super Mario Bros., Pac-Man and Donkey Kong – which were popular in the 1980s – can still be purchased. But hundreds of others cannot.该非营利组织表示，它使用了在线信息网站 MobyGames 提供的 1,500 款视频游戏列表。 研究表明，目前这些游戏中只有 13% 可以在市场上购买。该基金会指出，目前唯一广泛使用的经典游戏是重新发行的游戏。 这意味着 20 世纪 80 年代流行的《超级马里奥兄弟》、《吃豆人》和《大金刚》等流行经典视频游戏的粉丝仍然可以购买。 但还有数百人不能。Researchers involved in the study identified the ways fans can currently get classic games. These include searching for and buying collectible games and old hardware, called consoles. People can also travel to libraries that might lend classic games. In addition, some classic games can be downloaded online, but this method might violate copyright laws. In a statement, the Video Game History Foundation states that “anyone should be able to easily explore, research and play classic video games” in the same way they can enjoy classic books, music and movies.参与这项研究的研究人员确定了粉丝目前获得经典游戏的方式。 其中包括搜索和购买可收藏的游戏和旧硬件（称为游戏机）。 人们还可以前往可能借阅经典游戏的图书馆。 此外，一些经典游戏可以在线下载，但这种方法可能违反版权法。视频游戏历史基金会在一份声明中表示，“任何人都应该能够轻松探索、研究和玩经典视频游戏”，就像享受经典书籍、音乐和电影一样。

Action for Children questioned 2,000 parents and found that almost a quarter struggled to restrict their children's screen time. In comparison, only about a fifth said they found it difficult to persuade children to eat healthily or go to bed on time. Homework was a problem for only one in ten parents.儿童行动组织询问了 2,000 名家长，发现近四分之一的家长难以限制孩子看电视的时间。 相比之下，只有约五分之一的人表示，他们发现很难说服孩子健康饮食或按时睡觉。 对于只有十分之一的父母来说，家庭作业是个问题。Recent research from Cambridge University found that long periods in front of a screen undermined children's performance in exams. An extra hour every day of screen time at the age of 14, correlated with a lower score at GCSE at the age of 16, equivalent to two grades.剑桥大学最近的研究发现，长时间坐在屏幕前会影响孩子的考试成绩。 14 岁时每天多花一小时的屏幕时间，与 16 岁时 GCSE 成绩较低（相当于两个年级）相关。Action for Children said unplugging youngsters from electronic devices was also important to build strong relationships with parents which made children better able to communicate with adults and less susceptible to bullying or abuse outside the home.儿童行动组织表示，让孩子远离电子设备对于与父母建立牢固的关系也很重要，这可以使孩子更好地与成年人沟通，并且不易在家庭外受到欺凌或虐待。struggled 千方百计persuade 劝说undermined 削弱correlated 相关联的GCSE （英国）普通中等教育证书unplugging 拔掉（电源插头）susceptible 容易受到…影响的

People who are unhappy with the way businessman Elon Musk has been running Twitter now have a new social media service to consider.对商人埃隆·马斯克 (Elon Musk) 运营 Twitter 的方式不满意的人们现在可以考虑一项新的社交媒体服务。Meta, the company that owns Facebook and Instagram, launched an app called Threads late Wednesday.拥有 Facebook 和 Instagram 的 Meta 公司周三晚推出了一款名为 Threads 的应用程序。The app is being called a text version of Instagram, a service mainly for sharing photos and videos. Meta said it will be a place for “real-time updates and public conversations.”该应用程序被称为 Instagram 的文本版本，主要用于分享照片和视频的服务。 Meta 表示，这将是一个“实时更新和公共对话”的地方。Some users say it looks similar to Twitter. It is mostly text but permits users to link to their Instagram accounts and to post photos and short videos. Messages can be 500 characters, which is nearly two times longer than Twitter’s 280.一些用户说它看起来与 Twitter 相似。 它主要是文本，但允许用户链接到他们的 Instagram 帐户并发布照片和短视频。 消息可以有 500 个字符，几乎是 Twitter 280 个字符的两倍。People who already have an account with Instagram will be able to import the people they follow into the Threads app. Meta’s leader, Mark Zuckerberg, said 10 million people signed up in the first seven hours.已经拥有 Instagram 帐户的用户将能够将他们关注的人导入到 Threads 应用程序中。 Meta 的负责人马克·扎克伯格表示，前 7 小时内就有 1000 万人注册。Meta says it wants Threads to be “more focused on text and dialogue,” than photos and videos.Meta 表示，它希望 Threads“更加关注文本和对话”，而不是照片和视频。The app is available in 100 countries, including the U.S., Britain, Australia, Canada and Japan. The European Union has not approved it yet. People in Britain, India and Lebanon said they had problems seeing some of Zuckerberg’s early messages.该应用程序在 100 个国家/地区可用，包括美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大和日本。 欧盟尚未批准。 英国、印度和黎巴嫩的人们表示，他们在看到扎克伯格的一些早期信息时遇到了问题。Some of the first users were Gordon Ramsay, a well-known chef and television star from Britain; Shakira, a famous singer from Colombia; and the American actor Jack Black. Businesses also signed up, including Airbnb, Guinness World Records, Netflix and Vogue magazine.首批用户包括英国著名厨师和电视明星戈登·拉姆齐 (Gordon Ramsay)； 夏奇拉，哥伦比亚著名歌手； 和美国演员杰克·布莱克。 Airbnb、吉尼斯世界纪录、Netflix 和《Vogue》杂志等企业也纷纷加入。Zuckerberg said he wants to make Threads “a friendly place” which he said would be important to its success. Many Twitter users recently said they were unhappy with some of Musk’s changes, including asking for money for verification and the use of the app called Tweetdeck. He also reduced the number of tweets a user can see in one day.扎克伯格表示，他希望将 Threads 打造成“一个友好的地方”，这对其成功非常重要。 许多 Twitter 用户最近表示，他们对马斯克的一些改变感到不满，包括索要资金进行验证以及使用名为 Tweetdeck 的应用程序。 他还减少了用户一天可以看到的推文数量。Musk, the head of the electric car company Tesla and the space exploration company Space-X, purchased Twitter in 2022 for $44 billion.电动汽车公司特斯拉和太空探索公司 Space-X 的负责人马斯克于 2022 年以 440 亿美元收购了 Twitter。Some internet experts expressed concern that Meta and Zuckerberg were taking on too much responsibility by launching Threads. The company is already spending money to build its “metaverse” and laid off thousands of people in the past year because of decreasing profits.一些互联网专家担心 Meta 和扎克伯格通过推出 Threads 承担了太多责任。 该公司已经在花钱建立“元宇宙”，并在过去一年因利润下降而解雇了数千人。Others, including Musk and Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, said there could be privacy problems with Threads if users permit the app to collect too much information.其他人，包括马斯克和 Twitter 联合创始人杰克·多尔西 (Jack Dorsey) 表示，如果用户允许 Threads 收集过多信息，该应用程序可能会出现隐私问题。The app’s privacy statement says it could collect personal data including health, financial, contacts, browsing and search history, as well as other kinds of “sensitive information.”该应用程序的隐私声明称，它可以收集个人数据，包括健康、财务、联系人、浏览和搜索历史记录，以及其他类型的“敏感信息”。

U.S. officials gave full approval last week to Leqembi, a drug that moderately slows Alzheimer’s disease. The disease affects the brain causing memory loss and dementia. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval means the government’s health coverage, Medicare, and other health insurance plans will help pay for the drug’s cost. The FDA approved Leqembi for patients with mild dementia and other effects caused during the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Leqembi is the first medicine shown to moderately slow the mental loss caused by Alzheimer’s disease. The drug helps remove proteins that stick together and damage the brain.美国官员上周完全批准了 Leqembi，这是一种可适度减缓阿尔茨海默病的药物。 这种疾病影响大脑，导致记忆丧失和痴呆。美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 的批准意味着政府的健康保险、医疗保险和其他健康保险计划将有助于支付该药物的费用。FDA 批准 Leqembi 用于治疗患有轻度痴呆症和阿尔茨海默病早期阶段引起的其他影响的患者。Leqembi 是第一种被证明可以适度减缓阿尔茨海默病引起的精神损失的药物。 该药物有助于去除粘在一起并损害大脑的蛋白质。Final approval came after the FDA considered a study of 1,800 patients. The study showed the drug slowed losses in memory and decreases in thinking by about five months in those who received the medicine compared to those who received an ineffective substance. The drug carries a warning for serious side effects, such as possible bleeding in the brain. The warning notes that these side effects are found in other drugs that target harmful brain proteins. Last year, Medicare announced it would not pay for the drug unless the FDA gave it full approval. As a result, Alzheimer’s patients and people supporting them pushed for final approval. A year’s supply of Leqembi costs about $26,500. It is injected every two weeks. Some experts worry the drug’s cost is too high. Medicare pays health care costs for about 60 million Americans aged 65 or older.FDA 在考虑了一项针对 1,800 名患者的研究后最终获得批准。 研究表明，与服用无效药物的人相比，服用该药物的人的记忆力丧失和思维能力下降速度减缓了约五个月。该药物带有严重副作用的警告，例如可能导致脑出血。 警告指出，这些副作用也存在于其他针对有害脑蛋白的药物中。去年，医疗保险宣布，除非 FDA 完全批准，否则不会支付该药物的费用。 因此，阿尔茨海默氏症患者和支持他们的人们极力争取最终批准。一年的 Leqembi 供应成本约为 26,500 美元。 每两周注射一次。 一些专家担心这种药物的成本太高。 医疗保险为大约 6000 万 65 岁或以上的美国人支付医疗费用。Medicare administrator Chiquita Brooks-LaSure confirmed last week that the program will begin paying for the drug now that it has full FDA approval. But the government is also requiring patients who receive the drug to enter a program that will collect information about the drug’s safety and effectiveness. Medicare “will cover this medication broadly while continuing to gather data that will help us understand how the drug works,” Brooks-LaSure said. Some Medicare patients may have to pay for 20 percent of the cost of Leqembi. However, the amount will depend on the details of their insurance coverage plan.医疗保险管理者 Chiquita Brooks-LaSure 上周证实，该计划将开始支付该药物的费用，因为该药物已获得 FDA 的全面批准。但政府还要求接受该药物的患者参加一项计划，该计划将收集有关该药物的安全性和有效性的信息。布鲁克斯-拉苏尔说，医疗保险“将广泛覆盖这种药物，同时继续收集数据，帮助我们了解这种药物的作用原理”。一些 Medicare 患者可能需要支付 Leqembi 费用的 20%。 但是，金额将取决于其保险计划的详细信息。Hospitals and medical clinics have said it might take time to get people started on the drug. Doctors will need to test patients for the sticky brain proteins targeted by Leqembi. Nurses need to learn how to give the drug, which needs to be administered by intravenous injection.Patients also must undergo regular brain scans to look for bleeding or swelling. These brain images carry extra costs for hospitals. Japanese drug-maker Eisai developed Leqembi. The drug is co-marketed with Biogen, a company based in the eastern U.S. state of Massachusetts. Some Alzheimer’s experts say patients, or their families might not notice the moderate difference the drug makes. But federal health advisors said the difference was important enough for them to suggest in June that the FDA approve the drug.医院和医疗诊所表示，让人们开始使用这种药物可能需要一些时间。 医生需要测试患者体内 Leqembi 靶向的粘性脑蛋白。 护士需要学习如何给药，该药物需要通过静脉注射给药。患者还必须定期接受脑部扫描以检查是否有出血或肿胀。 这些大脑图像给医院带来了额外的费用。日本制药商卫材 (Eisai) 开发了 Leqembi。 该药物与总部位于美国东部马萨诸塞州的 Biogen 公司共同销售。一些阿尔茨海默氏症专家表示，患者或其家人可能没有注意到该药物所带来的轻微差异。 但联邦健康顾问表示，这一差异非常重要，足以让他们在 6 月份建议 FDA 批准该药物。

Scientists say that, for the first time, they have observed gravitational waves caused by black holes and other huge space objects moving through the universe. A group of international scientists using radio telescopes in North America, Europe, China, India and Australia made the observation. The existence of gravitational waves was first predicted more than 100 years ago by physicist Albert Einstein as part of his General Theory of Relativity. Einstein’s theory proposed that gravity is caused by a curving of space and time.科学家表示，他们首次观测到黑洞和其他巨大太空物体在宇宙中移动引起的引力波。一组国际科学家使用北美、欧洲、中国、印度和澳大利亚的射电望远镜进行了观测。一百多年前，物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在其广义相对论中首次预言了引力波的存在。 爱因斯坦的理论提出，引力是由空间和时间的弯曲引起的。Scientists believe that, as gravitational waves travel through space, they press against and stretch everything they pass through. But researchers have struggled for many years to find solid evidence of the waves. In the 1970s, researchers found indirect proof by studying the motion of two crashing stars. That work was honored as part of the 1993 Nobel Prize in physics. Then, in 2016, astronomers announced they had detected the first direct evidence of gravitational waves. That evidence came from an American-based research project known as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO. The LIGO project used ground-based telescope instruments to detect a gravitational wave produced when two black holes crashed into each other about 1.3 billion light years from Earth.科学家认为，当引力波穿过太空时，它们会挤压并拉伸所经过的所有物体。 但研究人员多年来一直在努力寻找海浪确实存在的证据。 20 世纪 70 年代，研究人员通过研究两颗碰撞恒星的运动找到了间接证据。 这项工作被授予 1993 年诺贝尔物理学奖。然后，在 2016 年，天文学家宣布他们发现了引力波的第一个直接证据。 这些证据来自一个名为激光干涉仪引力波天文台（LIGO）的美国研究项目。 LIGO 项目使用地面望远镜仪器来探测距离地球约 13 亿光年的两个黑洞相互碰撞时产生的引力波。But the LIGO effort was only able to pick up waves at high frequencies. In the latest research, scientists were attempting to find low-frequency waves as a way to confirm gravitational wave signals.↳ The researchers said they successfully discovered such signals using about 15 years of data from a project called NANOGrav. This project has long used telescopes across North America to search for low-frequency gravitational waves. The results were recently published in a study in The Astrophysical Journal of Letters.但 LIGO 的努力只能拾取高频波。 在最新的研究中，科学家们试图寻找低频波来确认引力波信号。研究人员表示，他们利用 NANOGrav 项目约 15 年的数据成功发现了此类信号。 该项目长期以来一直使用北美各地的望远镜来寻找低频引力波。 该结果最近发表在《天体物理学文学杂志》的一项研究中。The research involved scientists aiming a series of radio telescopes at dead stars called pulsars. The pulsars send out radio wave signals as they spin around in space. These signals are so predictable that scientists know exactly when the radio waves are supposed to arrive on Earth. The pulsars are like “a perfectly regular clock ticking away far out in space,” said NANOGrav member Sarah Vigeland. She is an astrophysicist at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. But gravitational waves can affect the distance between Earth and the pulsars, which can change the signal activity.这项研究涉及科学家将一系列射电望远镜瞄准称为脉冲星的死亡恒星。脉冲星在太空中旋转时发出无线电波信号。这些信号是如此可预测，以至于科学家们确切地知道无线电波何时到达地球。 NANOGrav 成员莎拉·维格兰 (Sarah Vigeland) 表示，脉冲星就像“一个在遥远的太空中滴答作响的完全规则的时钟”。她是威斯康星大学密尔沃基分校的天体物理学家。但引力波会影响地球和脉冲星之间的距离，从而改变信号活动。

It's happened to all of us: a song comes on the radio, and we are immediately transported to a time in our past. But what is it that makes music so effective at doing this? There are a few things that link tunes with our memories. Paul Donoghue, writing for ABC News, reminds us that the emotional nature of music helps make it particularly memorable. And Kelly Jakubowski, an assistant professor in music psychology, adds that music and singing are often part of many important life events and rituals, and that it is also very effective in grabbing our attention. These things combined mean that music and these life events are likely to be encoded together in our memories.我们所有人都经历过这样的事：收音机里响起一首歌，我们立刻就回到了过去的时光。但是什么让音乐如此有效地做到这一点呢？有一些东西可以将音乐与我们的记忆联系起来。美国广播公司新闻 (ABC News) 的保罗·多诺霍 (Paul Donoghue) 提醒我们，音乐的情感本质有助于使其特别令人难忘。音乐心理学助理教授凯利·雅库博夫斯基补充说，音乐和唱歌往往是许多重要生活事件和仪式的一部分，而且它在吸引我们的注意力方面也非常有效。这些东西结合起来意味着音乐和这些生活事件很可能被一起编码在我们的记忆中。Music itself is easy to remember. Tiffany Jenkins, writing for BBC Culture, tells us how throughout history oral cultures have passed important knowledge from generation to generation through song. The rhythm, rhyme, melody and alliteration in lyrics all serve as memory aids.音乐本身很容易记住。蒂芙尼·詹金斯 (Tiffany Jenkins) 为 BBC 文化撰稿，告诉我们历史上口头文化如何通过歌曲代代相传重要的知识。歌词中的节奏、韵律、旋律和头韵都是辅助记忆的。She goes on to say that pop music especially can be associated with a particular moment in time. As Shahram Heshmat, writing in Psychology Today highlights, we often become familiar with a piece of music because we hear it as background music. Familiarity is important. Jakubowski, tells us that the more familiar a piece of music is, the more effective it is at bringing back memories. This applies to music more than other cultural products because we are far more likely to hear a song over and over again than watch a film or a TV programme in the same way. Heshmat points out that our musical preferences usually form during our teens, and this corresponds with what many experts call the 'reminiscence bump', where we make our strongest memories between the ages of 10 and 30.她接着说，流行音乐尤其可以与特定的时刻联系起来。正如沙赫拉姆·赫什马特 (Shahram Heshmat) 在《今日心理学》中所强调的那样，我们常常会因为听到一首音乐作为背景音乐而熟悉它。熟悉很重要。雅库博夫斯基告诉我们，一首音乐越熟悉，它就越能有效地唤起人们的记忆。与其他文化产品相比，这一点更适用于音乐，因为我们更有可能一遍又一遍地听到一首歌，而不是以同样的方式观看电影或电视节目。Heshmat 指出，我们的音乐偏好通常在青少年时期形成，这与许多专家所说的“记忆高峰”相对应，即我们在 10 岁到 30 岁之间形成最强烈的记忆。It's clear that our memories and music are closely linked – to the point that music is being used to help dementia sufferers access memories that they thought they had lost.很明显，我们的记忆和音乐密切相关——以至于音乐被用来帮助痴呆症患者恢复他们认为已经失去的记忆。song 歌，歌曲come on the radio 在广播中播放tune 旋律，曲子music psychology 音乐心理学singing 歌唱through song 以歌曲的形式rhythm 节奏，韵律rhyme 押韵melody 旋律，曲调alliteration 头韵lyrics 歌词pop music 流行音乐piece of music 一段音乐background music 背景音乐cultural product 文化产品musical preferences 音乐偏好

For more than five decades scientists have been trying to draw an accurate map of what lies under the Antarctic ice sheet, which is more than 2.5 miles thick in places. Only a couple of regions remain unexplored, what the experts refer to as the 'Poles of Ignorance'.五十多年来，科学家们一直试图绘制南极冰盖下的准确地图，该冰盖的某些地方厚度超过 2.5 英里。 只有几个地区仍未被探索，专家们将其称为“无知之极”。One of these is a vast expanse in the east of the continent known as Princess Elizabeth Land. It's now the target of intense study and satellites have detected subtle shapes in the ice surface that suggest there could be a network of canyons hiding down below. If correct, the system would be more than 600 miles long and over 0.5 mile deep. There may be a buried lake as well.其中之一是位于非洲大陆东部的一片广阔的土地，被称为伊丽莎白公主土地。 它现在成为了深入研究的目标，卫星已经检测到冰面的微妙形状，这表明下面可能隐藏着一个峡谷网络。 如果正确的话，该系统将超过 600 英里长，超过 0.5 英里深。 可能还有一个埋藏湖。Stewart Jamieson from Durham University led the research: "Knowing what lies beneath the ice sheet is important because we know that the shape of the landscape determines how the ice flows and responds over time. And so we'll be better able to predict how the ice sheet will respond to climate change in the future."达勒姆大学的斯图尔特·贾米森领导了这项研究：“了解冰盖下面的东西很重要，因为我们知道地貌的形状决定了冰随着时间的推移如何流动和响应。这样我们就能够更好地预测冰盖如何变化。” 冰盖将在未来应对气候变化。”Airplanes are currently flying over Princess Elizabeth Land with sensors that can accurately survey the shape of the rock bed. They should confirm the presence of the canyon system.目前，飞机正在伊丽莎白公主土地上空飞行，其传感器可以准确测量岩床的形状。 他们应该确认峡谷系统的存在。词汇表accurate 精确的，准确的unexplored 未勘探的，未探索的expanse 广阔的区域satellites 卫星subtle 不明显的，不易察觉的determines 决定，形成，影响sensors 传感器

Action for Children questioned 2,000 parents and found that almost a quarter struggled to restrict their children's screen time. In comparison, only about a fifth said they found it difficult to persuade children to eat healthily or go to bed on time. Homework was a problem for only one in ten parents.儿童行动组织询问了 2,000 名家长，发现近四分之一的家长难以限制孩子看电视的时间。 相比之下，只有约五分之一的人表示，他们发现很难说服孩子健康饮食或按时睡觉。 对于只有十分之一的父母来说，家庭作业是个问题。Recent research from Cambridge University found that long periods in front of a screen undermined children's performance in exams. An extra hour every day of screen time at the age of 14, correlated with a lower score at GCSE at the age of 16, equivalent to two grades.剑桥大学最近的研究发现，长时间坐在屏幕前会影响孩子的考试成绩。 14 岁时每天多花一小时的屏幕时间，与 16 岁时 GCSE 成绩较低（相当于两个年级）相关。Action for Children said unplugging youngsters from electronic devices was also important to build strong relationships with parents which made children better able to communicate with adults and less susceptible to bullying or abuse outside the home.儿童行动组织表示，让孩子远离电子设备对于与父母建立牢固的关系也很重要，这可以让孩子更好地与成年人沟通，并且不易在家庭外受到欺凌或虐待。

A team at Tokyo University is developing robotic arms that people can wear. The devices could find use in areas from creative expression to search and rescue operations. Masahiko Inami is a professor who develops systems to expand human abilities. Inami’s team at the University of Tokyo is designing the wearable robotic arms. The team is developing a series of technologies rooted in the idea of “jizai.” It is a Japanese idea that he says roughly means the autonomy and the freedom to do as one wants.东京大学的一个团队正在开发人们可以佩戴的机械臂。 这些设备可用于从创意表达到搜索和救援行动等领域。Masahiko Inami 是一位教授，致力于开发扩展人类能力的系统。 东京大学 Inami 的团队正在设计可穿戴机械臂。该团队正在开发一系列植根于“jizai”理念的技术。 他说，这是一种日本观念，大致意味着自治和随心所欲的自由。The aim is to create something like the relationship between a musician and an instrument. Inami said, “Lying somewhere between a human and a tool, like how a musical instrument can become as if a part of your body.” Inami says the idea came to him when he thought of traditional Japanese puppetry and a short story by Yasunari Kawabata. The story is about a young man who borrows a young woman’s right arm.目的是在音乐家和乐器之间建立类似的关系。 伊波说：“介于人类和工具之间，就像乐器可以成为你身体的一部分一样。”稻波说，当他想到传统的日本木偶和川端康成的短篇小说时，他就产生了这个想法。 这个故事讲述了一个年轻男子借用了一位年轻女子的右臂的故事。Inami said the robotic device is “not a rival to human beings, but rather something that helps us do as we please.” He added that it was “like a bicycle or e-bike. It supports us and can unlock creativity." A video called JIZAI ARMS shows two dancers performing with the robotic arms on their backs. The humans and machines move together in the performance. The dancers come together and move in similar ways either leading or following the robot arms. Inami said some wearers grow attached to the arms after some time. "Taking them off after using them for a while feels a little sad. That's where they're a little different to other tools," he said.Inami 表示，机器人设备“不是人类的竞争对手，而是帮助我们做我们想做的事情。” 他补充说，它“就像自行车或电动自行车。 它支持我们并可以释放创造力。”一段名为“JIZAI ARMS”的视频显示，两名舞者背着机械臂表演。 人类和机器在表演中一起移动。 舞者聚集在一起，以类似的方式移动，或者引导或跟随机器人手臂。伊波说，一段时间后，一些佩戴者就会对手臂产生依恋。 “使用一段时间后把它们取下来感觉有点难过。这就是它们与其他工具有点不同的地方，”他说。But Inami added that the possibilities for the robot arms go beyond turning a short story into real life. He said such machines could help in search and rescue operations. He wondered if similar devices could be used to fly or perform sports in the future. "In the future we might see wings growing out of people's backs, or drones attached to people...Maybe someone will come up with a sport that requires six arms or invent a new type of swimming," Inami said.但伊波补充说，机器人手臂的可能性不仅仅是将短篇故事变成现实生活。 他说这种机器可以帮助搜救行动。他想知道未来是否可以使用类似的设备来飞行或进行运动。“未来，我们可能会看到翅膀从人们的背上长出来，或者无人机附着在人们身上……也许有人会想出一项需要六只手臂的运动，或者发明一种新型的游泳，”伊波说。

Placed among the busy streets of Washington, D.C. is a large public garden that many Americans have never heard of. The U.S. National Arboretum includes a collection of flowering plants called azaleas, a field of native plants called ferns, and flowering trees in the dogwood tree area. Government scientists are in charge of the 183-hectare area. Their main goal is to strengthen the U.S. economy by making sure an important kind of agriculture, called the nursery industry, continues to perform well. “What we do is support the American nursery industry … which is really one of the largest forms of agriculture,” said Richard Olsen, director of the National Arboretum.位于华盛顿特区繁忙的街道上有一个许多美国人从未听说过的大型公共花园。美国国家植物园包括一系列名为杜鹃花的开花植物、一片名为蕨类植物的本土植物以及山茱萸树区的开花树木。政府科学家负责管理这片 183 公顷的区域。 他们的主要目标是通过确保称为苗圃业的重要农业继续表现良好来增强美国经济。“我们所做的是支持美国苗圃业……这确实是最大的农业形式之一，”国家植物园馆长理查德·奥尔森说。He said that different kinds of agriculture industry like ornamental landscapes, horticulture, and turf, “… all of that occurs in every county, in every state of the union. So, it forms a large portion of American agriculture and therefore, an important part of the economy.” The most recent numbers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or USDA, show that the ornamental and landscape plant industry creates $13.8 billion in sales each year. The garden was established by Congress in 1927. It plays a leading part in researching and developing plants like trees, shrubs, flowers, and grasses.他说，不同类型的农业产业，如观赏景观、园艺和草坪，“……所有这些都发生在美国每个县、每个州。 因此，它构成了美国农业的很大一部分，因此也是经济的重要组成部分。”美国农业部 (USDA) 的最新数据显示，观赏和景观植物行业每年创造 138 亿美元的销售额。该花园于1927年由国会建立，在乔木、灌木、花卉、草类植物的研究和开发方面发挥着主导作用。Olsen called the arboretum a “science-based research facility and public garden.” He said the place has bred or released around 650-plus plants. They include more than 450 azaleas for landscaping, but also trees like maples, American elms, and hemlocks. The arboretum is home to one of the largest collections of preserved seeds in the world. The National Arboretum Herbarium houses around 700,000 example seeds. They include seeds from plants that the USDA considers as economically important. Scientists collect many genetically different seeds within a kind of plant from both native and non-native plants. The reason for collecting that data is to protect plants from harmful situations like climate change, changed environments, or other new and possible risks.奥尔森称该植物园为“以科学为基础的研究设施和公共花园”。 他说，这个地方已经培育或释放了大约 650 多种植物。 其中包括 450 多种用于景观美化的杜鹃花，还有枫树、美国榆树和铁杉等树木。该植物园是世界上最大的保存种子收藏地之一。 国家植物园植物标本馆收藏有约 700,000 颗样本种子。 其中包括美国农业部认为具有重要经济意义的植物种子。科学家们从本地和非本地植物中收集了一种植物中许多基因不同的种子。 收集这些数据的原因是为了保护植物免受气候变化、环境变化或其他新的和可能的风险等有害情况的影响。Kevin Conrad is a lead plant scientist at the arboretum. He said there are examples in USDA history where a gene from a plant like wheat or grapes has been able to solve a disaster or a collapse of an important agricultural crop. While the scientists do their work, the public is free to explore the arboretum grounds. About 600,000 people visit the gardens each year. That is a small amount compared to the 25 million who visit the monuments and places in the National Mall. Although many people may not know it, the arboretum has had a hand in developing many of the plants that are part of American landscaping. Conrad says the goal is to green the landscape. And he added, “It’s to create a welcoming, secure, safe, beautiful, calming landscape for the public.”凯文·康拉德 (Kevin Conrad) 是植物园的首席植物科学家。 他说，美国农业部历史上有一些例子，来自小麦或葡萄等植物的基因能够解决灾难或重要农作物的歉收。当科学家们工作时，公众可以自由地探索植物园。 每年约有 60 万人参观花园。 与参观国家广场的纪念碑和场所的 2500 万人相比，这个数字很小。尽管很多人可能不知道，但植物园参与了许多美国景观植物的开发。康拉德说，目标是绿化景观。 他补充道，“这是为了为公众创造一个热情、安全、美丽、平静的景观。”

We all know about the benefits of a healthy diet. 'We are what we eat', so some say. But sometimes our busy lives mean our healthy intentions slip, and we end up eating the wrong things. Messaging telling us to eat our 'five-a-day' encourages us to maintain a balanced diet – but is it accurate?我们都知道健康饮食的好处。有人说，“我们就是我们吃的东西”。但有时我们忙碌的生活意味着我们的健康意图会消失，最终我们会吃错东西。告诉我们“一天五顿”的信息鼓励我们保持均衡饮食——但这准确吗？If you're not sure what your 'five-a-day' is, it's a campaign based on advice from the World Health Organization which recommends eating a minimum of 400g of fruit and vegetables a day. That should lower the risk of serious health problems, such as heart disease, stroke and some types of cancer. Variety is important because different fruits and vegetables contain different combinations of fibre, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.如果您不确定自己的“每日五份”是什么，这是一项基于世界卫生组织建议的运动，该组织建议每天至少吃 400 克水果和蔬菜。这应该会降低出现严重健康问题的风险，例如心脏病、中风和某些类型的癌症。品种很重要，因为不同的水果和蔬菜含有不同的纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他营养素的组合。Eating five pieces of fruit and veg is something to aim for. An analysis of 16 worldwide studies suggested that for every portion of fruit and vegetables consumed, there was a lower risk of premature death. And in the UK, previous research by the University of Oxford found around 33,000 lives a year could be saved if everyone in the UK followed dietary guidelines. Dr Peter Scarborough told the BBC: "According to our model, the biggest impact would be eating more fruit and veg. But this doesn't mean you should just stop at five – the more the better."吃五块水果和蔬菜是我们的目标。对全球 16 项研究的分析表明，每吃一份水果和蔬菜，过早死亡的风险就会降低。在英国，牛津大学之前的研究发现，如果英国每个人都遵循饮食指南，每年大约可以挽救 33,000 条生命。彼得·斯卡伯勒博士告诉英国广播公司：“根据我们的模型，最大的影响是吃更多的水果和蔬菜。但这并不意味着你应该只吃五点——越多越好。”However, there are some doubts about the 'five-a-day' message. Some fruits and vegetables are better than others. And counting orange juice, for example, as one of your portions isn't so beneficial because it contains sugar. Also, eating more vegetables than fruit tends to be better because they're richer in nutrients. Some doctors also say the message is too ambitious, and a 'two-a-day' message might be a more realistic starting point.不过，对于“一日五”的消息也存在一些质疑。有些水果和蔬菜比其他水果和蔬菜更好。例如，将橙汁算作你的一份食物并不那么有益，因为它含有糖。此外，多吃蔬菜往往比吃水果更好，因为蔬菜营养更丰富。一些医生还表示，这一信息过于雄心勃勃，“一天两次”的信息可能是一个更现实的起点。There have been calls to up the quota to seven-a-day, but research reported in The British Medical Journal found after five portions a day, there was no further impact. But whatever fruit and vegetables you consume, every piece can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. As the old saying goes: 'an apple a day keeps the doctor away'.有人呼吁将配额增加到每天七份，但英国医学杂志报道的研究发现，每天五份后，没有进一步的影响。 但无论您吃什么水果和蔬菜，每一块都有助于降低患心血管疾病和癌症的风险。 俗话说：“一日一苹果，医生远离我”。diet （日常）饮食we are what we eat “人如其食”，想健康，得吃好intention 意愿five-a-day “每天五份果蔬”，世界卫生组织为增强健康饮食意识而发起的每日至少食用 400g 水果或蔬菜的宣传活动balanced diet 均衡饮食fruit 水果vegetable 蔬菜heart disease 心脏病stroke 中风cancer 癌，癌症fibre （食物的）纤维素vitamin 维生素mineral 矿物质nutrient 营养物premature 过早的dietary guidelines 膳食指南beneficial 有益的ambitious 要求过高的，需要极大努力才能完成的cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病an apple a day keeps the doctor away “一天一苹果，医生远离我”，每天吃苹果有助于保持健康

The message in a bottle had been lost for more than a century, bobbing along the waves before Marianne Winkler stumbled across it as she was strolling along the beach while on holiday. At first she didn’t realise how old it was and followed the instructions written on the message to break the bottle. Inside she found a postcard written in English, German and Dutch with information to fill in about where the bottle was found and when along with the offer of a shilling reward if the postcard was returned to the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth.瓶子里的信息已经丢失了一个多世纪，在玛丽安·温克勒（Marianne Winkler）度假时沿着海滩漫步时偶然发现了它，并沿着海浪漂浮。 起初她并没有意识到它有多大，并按照信息上写的说明打破了瓶子。 她在里面发现了一张用英语、德语和荷兰语写的明信片，上面写着瓶子的发现地点和时间，如果将明信片归还给普利茅斯的海洋生物协会，她将获得先令奖励。Mrs Winkler dutifully sent the postcard back, much to the excitement of the scientists in Plymouth where the research institute still exists today. They worked out that the bottle had probably been thrown into the sea in 1906 as part of an experiment into deep-sea currents.温克勒夫人尽职尽责地将明信片寄回，这让普利茅斯的科学家们非常兴奋，该研究所至今仍然存在。 他们得出结论，这个瓶子可能是 1906 年作为深海洋流实验的一部分被扔进海里的。The scientists were thrilled and duly stuck to the century-old promise about a reward, went on eBay and sent Mrs Winkler an old shilling.科学家们非常兴奋，并恪守了一个世纪以来关于奖励的承诺，在 eBay 上给温克勒夫人寄了一个旧先令。

A number of companies have been established to provide a second life for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. But industry experts say such businesses could face major difficulties, even as the EV market continues to grow. Reuters news agency reports nearly 50 startup companies have been launched with the aim of buying used EV batteries and reselling them to be used for new purposes. In addition, large carmakers, such as Mercedes and Nissan, have set up their own operations to give EV batteries a second life. The companies’ founders believe they can find new purposes for used EV batteries from vehicles. The businesses will seek batteries that have been in use for eight to 10 years. The capacity of EV batteries generally falls below 80 to 85 percent during those years. Then, the companies will repurpose the batteries and sell them.许多公司已经成立，为电动汽车（EV）电池提供第二次生命。 但行业专家表示，即使电动汽车市场持续增长，此类企业也可能面临重大困难。路透社报道称，已有近 50 家初创公司成立，旨在购买废旧电动汽车电池并将其转售以用于新用途。 此外，梅赛德斯和日产等大型汽车制造商已经建立了自己的业务，为电动汽车电池提供第二次生命。这些公司的创始人相信他们可以找到废旧电动汽车电池的新用途。 这些企业将寻求已经使用八到十年的电池。 在这些年里，电动汽车电池的容量通常会下降到 80% 至 85% 以下。 然后，这些公司将重新利用电池并出售它们。But experts say there is currently a shortage of old EV batteries and this situation is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. One reason for this is that many people are keeping their vehicles for a longer time. Financial research company S&P Global Mobility notes that EV vehicle owners in the United States are keeping their cars a record 12.5 years. This suggests to experts that many EVs will also stay on the road for years to come even if their batteries are working below capacity. Hans Eric Melin is the creator of advisory company Circular Energy Storage, which follows battery sales and prices. He told Reuters the idea "that EV batteries are only going to last eight-to-10 years and then owners would swap them out is just not true." Melin added, "It's going to be tricky to make second-life work."但专家表示，目前旧电动汽车电池短缺，预计这种情况在可预见的未来将持续下去。 原因之一是许多人保留车辆的时间更长。金融研究公司 S&P Global Mobility 指出，美国电动汽车车主的汽车保有时间达到创纪录的 12.5 年。 这向专家表明，即使电池工作低于容量，许多电动汽车也将在未来几年内继续行驶。汉斯·埃里克·梅林 (Hans Eric Melin) 是循环能源存储咨询公司的创始人，该公司跟踪电池销售和价格。 他告诉路透社，“电动汽车电池只能持续八到十年，然后车主就会更换它们”的想法是不正确的。 梅林补充道：“让第二人生继续下去会很棘手。”Elmar Zimmerling is the business development manager for automotive at German second-life battery startup Fenecon. He told Reuters that since many EVs built 10 years ago remain in use, there is currently "no market for second-life batteries." But he predicted a flood of used batteries within the next five years. Another issue is that competition from companies using EV batteries to power everything from gasoline-powered vehicles to boats have driven prices up for used batteries. Circular Energy Storage estimates this pushed prices to $235 per kilowatt hour in late 2022. This is about double the price major carmakers pay for new batteries.Elmar Zimmerling 是德国二次电池初创公司 Fenecon 的汽车业务开发经理。 他告诉路透社，由于许多 10 年前生产的电动汽车仍在使用，目前“二次电池没有市场”。 但他预测未来五年内废旧电池将大量涌现。另一个问题是，使用电动汽车电池为从汽油动力汽车到船舶等各种产品提供动力的公司的竞争导致废旧电池的价格上涨。 Circular Energy Storage 估计，这会将价格推至 2022 年底每千瓦时 235 美元。这大约是主要汽车制造商购买新电池价格的两倍。One example is the long-range Tesla Model 3, which has a 75 kilowatt hour battery. At the estimated rate, the Tesla battery would cost $17,625 on the used market. Some experts say it could even be more profitable for companies to sell needed battery elements rather than whole batteries. "The ... question is, if you have pretty valuable raw materials in a battery and you ask 'how can I get the most out of it?'” said Thomas Becker. He is the head of sustainability at German carmaker BMW. The company has a second-life battery storage facility at its Leipzig plant. The answer, Becker said, “is recycling might be better."一个例子是长续航特斯拉 Model 3，其电池容量为 75 千瓦时。 按照估计，特斯拉电池在二手市场上的售价为 17,625 美元。一些专家表示，对于公司来说，销售所需的电池元件而不是整个电池可能更有利可图。“问题是，如果你的电池中有非常有价值的原材料，你会问‘我怎样才能充分利用它？’”托马斯·贝克尔说。他是德国汽车制造商宝马的可持续发展主管。 该公司在莱比锡工厂设有二次电池存储设施。贝克尔说，答案是“回收可能会更好。”

Wildfire season has begun in many places around the world. The dangerous smoke wildfires produce can spread far and wide. It blocks sunlight, poisons the air, and damages health of people and other living things. Some of those living things could be the plants in your garden, says gardening expert Jessica Damiano. She writes gardening stories for the Associated Press. Damiano lives in New York City and recently experienced several days of very smoky air. Wildfires in eastern Canada were the source. Damiano, like other people, limited the time she spent outdoors when the air quality was poor. She also wore a face covering, or mask, when she had to go outside.↳ But the plants in her garden had no such escape. They had to breathe the poisoned air through the extremely small pores in their leaves.世界许多地方的野火季节已经开始。 野火产生的危险烟雾可能会蔓延得很远。 它阻挡阳光，毒害空气，损害人类和其他生物的健康。园艺专家杰西卡·达米亚诺说，其中一些生物可能是你花园里的植物。 她为美联社撰写园艺故事。达米亚诺住在纽约市，最近几天都经历了烟雾弥漫的空气。 加拿大东部的山火是根源。达米亚诺和其他人一样，在空气质量较差时限制了她在户外度过的时间。 当她必须外出时，她还戴着面罩或口罩。但她花园里的植物却没有这样的机会。 他们必须通过叶子上极小的气孔来呼吸有毒的空气。Brooke Edmunds is a plant scientist and community horticulturalist with Oregon State University Extension. She said plants subjected to smoke for a short amount of time will usually “bounce back,” or recover quickly. “It depends on how close you are,” she said. “There could also be a localized effect, where one garden is covered in ash, and a half-mile away, there’s nothing because that’s the way the wind was moving things around.”布鲁克·埃德蒙兹 (Brooke Edmunds) 是俄勒冈州立大学分校的植物科学家和社区园艺学家。 她说，短时间受到烟雾影响的植物通常会“反弹”，或者很快恢复。“这取决于你们的距离有多近，”她说。 “也可能会产生局部效应，一个花园被灰烬覆盖，半英里外什么也没有，因为这就是风移动物体的方式。”Pollutants and small particulate matter landing on your plants can block sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis. Reduced photosynthesis results in reduced energy. That means slower growth. Additionally, with longer exposure, organic compounds found in smoke can interfere with a plant’s ability to take in nutrients. Any damage will not be noticeable right away. The best thing home gardeners can do is “keep an eye on plants,” Edmunds advises. She suggests giving your plants some extra love and care for the entire season after exposure. “Most will pull through,” Edmunds added. Wash your plants with a gentle spray from a hose to remove substances left by smoke. Then give them a long, slow drink of water. Also, hold off on fertilizer until the air clears and plants fully recover.落在植物上的污染物和小颗粒物会阻挡阳光，而阳光对于光合作用至关重要。 光合作用减少导致能量减少。 这意味着增长放缓。此外，随着暴露时间的延长，烟雾中的有机化合物会干扰植物吸收营养的能力。 任何损坏都不会立即显现出来。埃德蒙兹建议，家庭园丁能做的最好的事情就是“密切关注植物”。 她建议在暴露后的整个季节给你的植物一些额外的爱和照顾。“大多数人都会渡过难关，”埃德蒙兹补充道。用软管轻轻喷水清洗植物，去除烟雾留下的物质。 然后给他们长时间、缓慢地喝水。 另外，推迟施肥，直到空气净化并且植物完全恢复。Edmunds said people should not use leaf blower machines to remove ashes from plants. You do not want to risk breathing in what is blowing around. “Always protect yourself as the gardener,” she said. Ash can change soil chemistry. If you find more than a dusting of ashes in your garden after a wildfire, bring a little of it to an expert for testing. And if you live in an area where wildfires are common, plant smoke-resistant species that will better withstand future exposures. Native plants are usually stronger than those from other areas. Finally, if you find ash on vegetables and other food plants, Edmunds suggests washing them before eating them. Use a solution of one part vinegar and nine parts water. Or, she said, take the skin off the vegetable. The ash is on the surface only. Your food will be safe and tasty!埃德蒙兹说，人们不应该使用吹叶机清除植物上的灰烬。 您不想冒险吸入周围吹来的东西。“作为园丁，一定要保护自己，”她说。灰烬可以改变土壤化学成分。 如果野火过后您在花园里发现的不仅仅是灰烬，请带一点给专家进行测试。如果您居住在野火经常发生的地区，请种植能够更好地承受未来暴露的抗烟物种。 本地植物通常比其他地区的植物更强壮。最后，如果您在蔬菜和其他食用植物上发现灰烬，埃德蒙兹建议在食用前清洗它们。 使用一份醋和九份水的溶液。 或者，她说，把蔬菜的皮去掉。 灰烬仅存在于表面。 您的食物将安全又美味！

The ability to feel empathy is built into the human brain. We smile or laugh almost instantly in response to others. Until now this ability was thought to extend only to our closest animal relatives such as orangutans and chimps.感受同理心的能力是人类大脑中固有的。 我们几乎立即微笑或大笑来回应别人。 到目前为止，这种能力被认为只适用于我们最近的动物亲戚，如猩猩和黑猩猩。Now researchers at the University of Pisa say dogs may be able to tune into the emotions of their canine companions. After studying hours of videotapes of dogs playing in a park, they said the animals can mimic each other's facial expressions and movements in a split-second, building social bonds.现在，比萨大学的研究人员表示，狗也许能够理解它们的犬类同伴的情绪。 在研究了狗在公园玩耍的几个小时的录像后，他们说这些动物可以在瞬间模仿彼此的面部表情和动作，从而建立社会联系。The Italian scientist believe dogs may be showing a basic form of empathy which could have evolved when their ancestors became domesticated.这位意大利科学家认为，狗可能表现出一种基本的同理心，这种同理心可能是在它们的祖先被驯化时进化而来的。词汇表empathy  同感，共鸣orangutans  （红毛）猩猩chimps   黑猩猩tune into  感应到mimic  模仿split-second  一瞬间，一刹那，一眨眼的功夫social bonds  社会连结，社会联系domesticated   被驯养了的

The European Space Agency (ESA) is preparing to launch a spacecraft designed to study the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy across far reaches of the universe. The launch of ESA’s Euclid spacecraft is set for July 1. It will lift off from Florida’s Cape Canaveral launch center aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. Euclid is a space telescope built to act as an orbiting observatory. It will gather data scientists hope to use to create a 3D map of the universe. The spacecraft is expected to observe activities in billions of galaxies and help researchers learn more about how the universe developed over the past 10 billion years. The main goal of the Euclid mission is to study the effects and activities of dark energy and dark matter – both of which are considered mysterious forces in the universe. This is because neither of these two materials can be directly seen or felt.欧洲航天局（ESA）正准备发射一艘航天器，旨在研究宇宙深处暗物质和暗能量的奥秘。ESA 的 Euclid 航天器定于 7 月 1 日发射。它将搭乘 SpaceX Falcon 9 火箭从佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角发射中心升空。欧几里得是一架太空望远镜，旨在充当轨道天文台。它将收集科学家希望用来创建宇宙 3D 地图的数据。该航天器预计将观测数十亿个星系的活动，并帮助研究人员更多地了解宇宙在过去 100 亿年中是如何发展的。欧几里得任务的主要目标是研究暗能量和暗物质的影响和活动——这两者都被认为是宇宙中的神秘力量。这是因为这两种材料都不能直接看到或感觉到。Astronomers believe dark energy makes up about 68 percent of the universe, while dark matter makes up around 27 percent, the American space agency NASA reports. But beyond that, very little is known about the two “dark” elements. Dark energy is an unidentifiable form of energy that scientists believe is responsible for helping the universe expand. Dark matter is a material that also affects the expansion of the universe. Astronomers have theorized that dark matter exists because of gravity’s observed effects on galaxies and groups of galaxies. Leaders of the mission say Euclid was built to collect data on how the universe “has expanded and how structure has formed over cosmic history,” an ESA statement says. With this information, scientists will attempt to explain some of the properties of dark energy, dark matter and gravity, the statement added. The Euclid spacecraft is 4.7 meters tall and 3.7 meters around. It contains two main parts, called modules. One module is made up of a telescope and two scientific instruments. The other contains satellite systems, power controllers, data processors and other equipment.据美国宇航局 NASA 报告，天文学家认为暗能量约占宇宙的 68%，而暗物质约占 27%。但除此之外，人们对这两种“黑暗”元素知之甚少。暗能量是一种无法识别的能量形式，科学家认为它有助于宇宙膨胀。暗物质是一种也会影响宇宙膨胀的物质。天文学家推测暗物质的存在是由于观测到引力对星系和星系团的影响。欧洲航天局的一份声明称，该任务的领导者表示，欧几里得的建立是为了收集有关宇宙“如何膨胀以及宇宙历史上的结构如何形成”的数据。声明补充说，利用这些信息，科学家将尝试解释暗能量、暗物质和引力的一些特性。欧几里得飞船高4.7米，周长3.7米。它包含两个主要部分，称为模块。一个模块由一台望远镜和两台科学仪器组成。另一个包含卫星系统、电源控制器、数据处理器和其他设备。Euclid will travel to an orbiting spot about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. The area is called the second Lagrangian Point. This is where NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope operates from, as well as ESA’s orbiting observatory Gaia. Mission leaders say Euclid will capture images in optical and near-infrared light. The images will cover about one-third of the universe beyond our Milky Way galaxy. The quality of the images is expected to be “at least four times sharper” than others captured by ground-based telescopes, the team said. These images will be used to create a new, detailed 3D map of the universe. The first images are expected to be sent back quickly once the spacecraft’s operations begin in October. In addition to studying dark matter and dark energy, Euclid will use its infrared instruments to collect data on hundreds of millions of galaxies and stars. Astronomers say this will permit them to investigate the chemical makeup and motion behaviors of many different space objects and environments in greater detail.欧几里得将前往距地球约 150 万公里的轨道点。该区域被称为第二拉格朗日点。这里是美国宇航局詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜以及欧洲航天局盖亚轨道观测站的所在地。任务负责人表示，欧几里得将利用光学和近红外光捕捉图像。这些图像将覆盖银河系以外约三分之一的宇宙。该团队表示，这些图像的质量预计将比地面望远镜捕获的其他图像“至少清晰四倍”。这些图像将用于创建新的、详细的 3D 宇宙地图。一旦航天器十月份开始运行，第一批图像预计将很快传回。除了研究暗物质和暗能量外，欧几里德还将利用其红外仪器收集数亿个星系和恒星的数据。天文学家表示，这将使他们能够更详细地研究许多不同空间物体和环境的化学组成和运动行为。NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is also based on powerful, but sensitive, infrared technology. This has permitted the telescope to collect data and produce images from parts of the universe that were never observable before.美国宇航局的詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜也基于强大但敏感的红外技术。这使得望远镜能够从宇宙中以前从未观测到的部分收集数据并生成图像。

It's long been known that giving up cigarettes, reducing alcohol intake and avoiding sunburn can reduce the chances of getting certain types of cancer. But this new study suggests that our lifestyle choices could have an impact on between 70% and 90% of all cancer cases.众所周知，戒烟、减少饮酒和避免晒伤可以降低患某些类型癌症的风险。但这项新研究表明，我们的生活方式选择可能对 70% 至 90% 的癌症病例产生影响。The team at Stony Brook University re-analysed existing cancer data and found that random cell mutation rarely gets to the point of causing cancer without some form of external factor like toxic chemicals or radiation.石溪大学的研究小组重新分析了现有的癌症数据，发现如果没有某种形式的外部因素（如有毒化学物质或辐射），随机细胞突变很少会达到导致癌症的程度。They also found that anyone who moves from a country with a low cancer risk to somewhere with a higher risk becomes more likely to develop cancer themselves. The findings are expected to influence medical advice on avoiding the disease.他们还发现，任何从癌症风险较低的国家搬到癌症风险较高的国家的人，自己患癌症的可能性都更大。预计这些发现将影响避免这种疾病的医疗建议。intake 摄取lifestyle 生活方式mutation 变异，基因突变toxic chemicals 有毒化学物质radiation 放射，辐射

Around 8,000 people gathered Wednesday around prehistoric Stonehenge in Britain to observe the summer solstice. Many wore colorful clothing and even antlers. They stayed overnight to greet the sunrise on June 21. It is the day with the most daylight in the Northern Hemisphere. The crowd greeted the morning sun shining into the heart of Stonehenge with drumming, chanting and cheering. Nichola Tasker is director of Stonehenge at English Heritage, a non-profit group that oversees many historic places in Britain. Tasker said: “Stonehenge continues to captivate and to bring people together to celebrate the seasons, just as it has done for thousands of years.” She added, “There was a wonderful atmosphere from sunset to sunrise, and everybody enjoyed a very atmospheric morning.”周三，大约 8,000 人聚集在英国史前巨石阵周围庆祝夏至。许多人穿着色彩缤纷的衣服，甚至戴着鹿角。他们过夜，迎接6月21日的日出。这是北半球日照时间最长的一天。人群用鼓声、口号和欢呼声迎接清晨的阳光照进巨石阵的中心。尼古拉·塔斯克是英国遗产委员会巨石阵的主任，该组织是一个非营利组织，负责管理英国许多历史古迹。塔斯克说：“巨石阵继续吸引着人们，让人们聚集在一起庆祝这个季节，就像它几千年来所做的那样。” 她补充道，“从日落到日出，气氛都非常美妙，每个人都度过了一个非常有气氛的早晨。”In addition to the 8,000 people present, English Heritage said that about 154,000 others watched on its live stream video.In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer solstice happened at 14:58 UTC on June 21 when “the Sun travels along its northernmost path in the sky,” said the Old Farmer’s Almanac. The day also marks the start of summer in Earth’s northern half. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the opposite: the June solstice marks the start of winter when “the Sun is at its lowest point in the sky.” In China, the summer solstice is called Xiazhi. Beijing Tourism says it is a time when people celebrate the wheat harvest and pray for peace. And people eat vegetables, cold noodles and what is commonly known as “summer solstice cake.”英国遗产协会表示，除了在场的 8,000 人之外，还有大约 154,000 人观看了其直播视频。在北半球，夏至发生在世界标准时间 6 月 21 日 14:58，《老农年鉴》称，此时“太阳沿着天空中最北的路径运行”。 这一天也标志着地球北半部夏季的开始。 在南半球，情况恰恰相反：六月至日标志着冬季的开始，此时“太阳处于天空中的最低点”。在中国，夏至被称为夏至。 北京旅游局表示，这是人们庆祝麦收、祈求平安的时刻。 人们吃蔬菜、冷面和俗称的“夏至糕”。Northern European countries like Sweden and Finland celebrate the summer solstice by singing and dancing around the midsummer pole. In Ukraine, people traditionally gather to celebrate Ivan Kupala Night in Khortytsya, an important historical area on the Dnieper River.The day is also known as the “International Day of Yoga.” On Wednesday, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi led diplomats and others for a morning yoga session at the United Nations. In 2014, Modi told world leaders at the U.N., “Yoga is not just about exercise; it is a way to discover the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and the nature.” At Stonehenge, for just one night of the year, people are permitted to spend time inside the stone circle that is believed to have been built between 5,000 to 3,500 years ago.瑞典和芬兰等北欧国家通过围绕仲夏柱载歌载舞来庆祝夏至。 在乌克兰，人们传统上聚集在第聂伯河上重要的历史地区霍尔蒂齐亚庆祝伊万·库帕拉之夜。这一天也被称为“国际瑜伽日”。周三，印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪带领外交官和其他人在联合国参加晨间瑜伽课程。 2014年，莫迪在联合国对世界领导人说：“瑜伽不仅仅是锻炼；它是一种运动。” 这是一种发现与自己、世界和自然融为一体的感觉的方式。”在巨石阵，一年中只有一个晚上，人们可以在石圈内消磨时光，据信该石圈建于 5,000 至 3,500 年前。The purpose of the stone circle is still hotly debated. English Heritage notes several explanations. They include Stonehenge being a coronation place, or crowning place, for Danish kings. Other explanations are that the place was a temple, a center for healing, or a structure for astronomy used to predict eclipses and other solar events. The organization said the most generally accepted explanation “is that of a prehistoric temple aligned with the movements of the sun.” The stones are said to line up with the sun at both the summer and winter solstices.石圈的用途至今仍存在激烈争论。 英国遗产记录了几种解释。 其中包括巨石阵是丹麦国王的加冕地或加冕地。 其他解释是，这个地方是一座寺庙、一个治疗中心，或者是一个用于预测日食和其他太阳事件的天文学结构。该组织表示，最普遍接受的解释是“史前神庙与太阳的运动一致”。据说，这些石头在夏至和冬至时都会与太阳对齐。

Negotiators here are, in effect, discussing the shape of a new world order. The old rich-versus-poor divisions are now much more complex.实际上，谈判代表正在讨论新的世界秩序的形态。 过去的贫富之分现在变得更加复杂。The most vulnerable nations blame the rich for the problem, but also fear the rise in pollution from emerging nations like China, India and Brazil. The Americans partially agree. They say emerging economies must play a much bigger role in curbing emissions and in helping the most vulnerable states. Emerging economies say the US can't wriggle out of its historic pollution this way.最脆弱的国家将问题归咎于富人，但也担心中国、印度和巴西等新兴国家污染加剧。 美国人部分同意。 他们表示，新兴经济体必须在抑制排放和帮助最脆弱国家方面发挥更大的作用。 新兴经济体表示，美国无法通过这种方式摆脱历史性污染。It's not just posturing. These are deeply-held views. Delegates have 36 hours to start reshaping the way the world sees itself.这不仅仅是装腔作势。 这些都是根深蒂固的观点。 代表们有 36 小时的时间开始重塑世界看待自身的方式。new world order 世界新秩序；新的全球秩序versus 与……相对；与……相比vulnerable 弱势的emerging economies 新兴经济体curbing 控制，限制wriggle out of 借机逃避，找借口逃避posturing 摆姿态

It is often said that if we dream in a foreign language, it's a sign that we are making progress in learning that language. But is it true? Before we can look at multilingual dreams, first we need to look at sleep. The link between sleep and language can be applied to how we learn any language, including our mother tongue. Even adults still learn about one new word every two days in their first language, but, if we are going to have a firm grasp of that new word, we need to link it to our existing knowledge. And in order to do that, we 'need to have some sleep', says Gareth Gaskell, a psychology professor at the University of York.人们常说，如果我们梦见外语，则表明我们在学习该语言方面取得了进展。但这是真的吗？在我们研究多语言梦之前，我们首先需要研究睡眠。睡眠和语言之间的联系可以应用于我们学习任何语言的方式，包括我们的母语。即使成年人仍然每两天用他们的第一语言学习一个新单词，但是，如果我们要牢牢掌握该新单词，我们需要将其与我们现有的知识联系起来。约克大学心理学教授加雷斯·加斯克尔说，为了做到这一点，我们“需要睡一会儿”。It's during sleep that the integration of old and new knowledge happens. At night, one part of our brain – the hippocampus – takes whatever new information it soaked up in the day, and passes it on to other parts of the brain to be stored. The role that dreams play in this night-time learning process is still being studied, but 'it's entirely possible that during multilingual dreams, the brain is trying to connect two languages', says Marc Züst, researcher at the University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy in Bern, Switzerland.新旧知识的融合是在睡眠期间发生的。晚上，我们大脑的一部分——海马体——吸收白天吸收的新信息，并将其传递到大脑的其他部分进行存储。梦在夜间学习过程中所扮演的角色仍在研究中，但老年精神病学大学医院的研究员和瑞士伯尔尼的心理治疗的马克·祖斯特说：“在多语言梦中，大脑完全有可能试图连接两种语言”。So having multilingual dreams could mean that our brain is trying to master a new word or phrase, for example, but it could also have an emotional significance. Danuta Gabryś-Barker, a professor of psycholinguistics at the University of Silesia in Poland, suggests that multilingual dreams can express 'fears and desires' around learning a foreign language, including the wish to be a native-like speaker or to be accepted within a certain community. We clearly still have a lot to learn about multilingual dreams, but one thing seems certain: if you're trying to learn a new language, you should definitely sleep on it.因此，做多语言的梦可能意味着我们的大脑正在尝试掌握一个新单词或短语，但它也可能具有情感意义。波兰西里西亚大学心理语言学教授达努塔·加布里斯·巴克 (Danuta Gabryś-Barker) 表示，多语言梦可以表达学习外语的“恐惧和愿望”，包括希望成为母语人士或在某个群体中被接受的愿望。某些社区。显然，关于多语言梦想，我们还有很多东西需要了解，但有一点似乎是肯定的：如果你想学习一门新语言，你绝对应该好好考虑一下。make progress 进步multilingual 使用多种语言的apply to 适用mother tongue 母语firm grasp of 牢牢掌握existing knowledge 已有知识integration 融合hippocampus 海马体soak up 吸收（信息）store 储存learning process 学习过程master 学习，掌握significance 重要意义psycholinguistics 心理语言学express 表达desire 渴望，愿望native-like 像母语人士一样的，地道的sleep on it “睡一觉再考虑”，考虑清楚再决定

A new study has found that devices used to measure air quality in the environment also take in DNA material from the local area. Scientists say this collected DNA can be useful in identifying what plants and animals have been in the area. It could also help document changes in the environment over time. Researchers say the finding suggests air quality measuring devices have collected large amounts of biodiversity data. But the collection efforts have not been recognized until now, said Elizabeth Clare. She is a biologist at Canada’s York University and a lead writer of the study.一项新的研究发现，用于测量环境空气质量的设备也会采集到当地的DNA物质。科学家表示，这些收集到的DNA可以用来识别哪些植物和动物曾在该区域出现。这也有助于记录环境随时间的变化。研究人员表示，这项发现暗示空气质量测量设备已经收集了大量的生物多样性数据。然而，直到现在，这些收集工作才被认知，伊丽莎白·克莱尔说。她是加拿大约克大学的生物学家，也是这项研究的主要作者。As animals and plants go through their life cycles, they leave small pieces of themselves in the environment. This includes materials such as fur, feathers or pollen that identify their genetic makeup. Scientists have long known this kind of environmental DNA can float in water. They have even used it to follow, or track, different species in lakes and rivers. But it has been much harder to get a genetic picture of animals living on land, said Kristine Bohmann. She studies environmental DNA at the University of Copenhagen. She was not involved in the latest study. In 2021, both Bohmann and Clare worked on similar projects to see whether they could pull animal DNA from the air. After setting up collection equipment in local zoos, the teams were able to capture and examine DNA from many different species.随着动植物经历其生命周期，它们会在环境中留下自身的小片段。这包括识别其基因构成的毛发、羽毛或花粉等物质。科学家们早就知道，这种环境DNA可以在水中漂浮。他们甚至利用它跟踪湖泊和河流中的不同物种。但是，要获取陆地生活动物的基因图谱要困难得多，克里斯廷·博曼说。她在哥本哈根大学研究环境DNA，但并未参与最新的这项研究。2021年，博曼和克莱尔都在做类似的项目，看他们是否能从空气中提取动物DNA。在当地动物园设立收集设备后，这些团队能够捕获并检测来自许多不同物种的DNA。After seeing success in that process, the researchers wanted to expand their efforts to larger areas. In the latest study, Clare and her team tested air filters from two measuring stations, one in London and one in Scotland. The two places are part of a large network that tests for pollution. After getting DNA from pieces inside the air filters, the team was able to identify more than 180 different kinds of plants and animals, study writer Joanne Littlefair said. She is a biologist at Queen Mary University of London.在这个过程中取得成功后，研究人员希望将他们的努力扩大到更大的区域。在最新的研究中，克莱尔和她的团队测试了来自两个测量站的空气过滤器，一个在伦敦，一个在苏格兰。这两个地方是一个大型网络的一部分，用于检测污染。从空气过滤器内部的片段中获取DNA后，该团队能够识别出180多种不同的植物和动物，研究作者乔安娜·利特尔费尔说。她是伦敦玛丽皇后大学的生物学家。The filter data identified many different life forms, including grasses, fungi, deer, hedgehogs and songbirds, Littlefair said. Now, the team hopes to capture DNA data on ecosystems all over the world. Clare noted that even though biodiversity issues affect the whole world, it is hard to carry out widespread testing. James Allerton is an air quality scientist at Britain’s National Physical Laboratory. He told The Associated Press that it is much easier to use capturing systems that are already in place.利特尔费尔表示，过滤器数据识别出了许多不同的生命形式，包括草类、真菌、鹿、刺猬和鸣禽。现在，该团队希望能够获取全球各地生态系统的DNA数据。克莱尔指出，尽管生物多样性问题影响着全世界，但要进行广泛的检测是很困难的。詹姆斯·阿勒顿是英国国家物理实验室的空气质量科学家。他告诉美联社，使用已经存在的捕获系统要容易得多。Allerton noted that many countries have networks to measure air quality. Some also store their old filters for many years. He said such data could help demonstrate how ecosystems have changed over time. Fabian Roger is working on a similar project at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. He wrote in an email to the AP that more research will be needed to see if data from the filters can show real biodiversity changes over time. Roger added that he finds it exciting that an existing system could help track wildlife across large areas in the environment.阿勒顿指出，许多国家都有测量空气质量的网络。有些还存放了多年的旧过滤器。他表示，这些数据可以帮助展示生态系统随时间的变化。法比安·罗杰正在瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院进行类似的项目。他在一封给美联社的电子邮件中写道，需要更多的研究才能看出过滤器的数据是否能真实反映生物多样性随时间的变化。罗杰补充说，他发现现有的系统能帮助追踪环境中大范围区域的野生动物，这让他感到非常兴奋。Biodiversity (生物多样性)Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.生物多样性对于维持健康的生态系统至关重要。Document (记录)Please document all the findings in this experiment.请记录下这个实验中所有的发现。Genetic makeup (基因构成)Your genetic makeup determines your physical characteristics.你的基因构成决定了你的身体特征。Species (物种)Many species are endangered due to climate change.由于气候变化，许多物种处于濒危状态。Ecosystem (生态系统)We should protect the ecosystem for future generations.我们应该保护生态系统以惠及未来的一代。Filters (过滤器)You should replace the filters in your air purifier every few months.你应该每隔几个月就更换空气净化器的过滤器。Hedgehogs (刺猬)Hedgehogs are small animals with sharp spines on their backs.刺猬是背上有锐利刺的小动物。Pollen (花粉)I always sneeze a lot during the pollen season.每到花粉季节，我总是打喷嚏打个不停。Fungi (真菌)Mushrooms are a type of fungi.蘑菇是一种真菌。Songbirds (鸣禽)In the morning, you can hear songbirds chirping.在早晨，你可以听到鸣禽的叫声。

In a small office behind London's King's Cross station a band of technology entrepreneurs is setting up a bank with 140 staff to offer what traditional banks need tens of thousands of people to provide. It is Tandem Bank, which will have an app and a small call centre.在伦敦国王十字车站后面的一间小办公室里，一群科技企业家正在建立一家拥有 140 名员工的银行，以提供传统银行需要数万人才能提供的服务。它是 Tandem Bank，它将有一个应用程序和一个小型呼叫中心。Two hundred and fifty miles away in Durham, Atom Bank has been given a licence too. You won't even need a password to log into an account on its app – it'll recognise your face or your voice.在 250 英里外的达勒姆，Atom Bank 也获得了许可证。您甚至不需要密码即可登录其应用程序上的帐户 - 它会识别您的脸部或声音。More start-up banks are set to follow. The Bank of England is talking to 26 candidates for licences – among them several budding app-only operations. Despite evidence that people are fearful of switching banks, they are targeting millions of customers.更多初创银行将效仿。英格兰银行正在与 26 家候选公司洽谈牌照，其中包括几家新兴的只做应用程序业务。尽管有证据表明人们害怕更换银行，但他们的目标是数百万客户。entrepreneurs （复数）创业者call centre 电话服务中心licence 许可，执照password 密码，口令recognise 识别，认出budding 刚起步的，成长中的switching 更换

A new study has found that areas of the brain containing fluid expand when astronauts are on space missions for six months or longer. The American space agency NASA funded the study. The brain areas are called cerebral ventricles. They contain cerebrospinal fluid, a clear and watery liquid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord. The fluid helps protect the brain against sudden impact. The fluid also removes waste products. Researchers based their research on brain scans of 30 astronauts. They found that it took three years for the ventricles to fully return to normal size after long space missions. The results mean that astronauts may need to wait at least three years between longer space missions.一项新研究发现，当宇航员执行六个月或更长时间的太空任务时，大脑中含有液体的区域会扩大。 美国航天局 NASA 资助了这项研究。大脑区域称为脑室。 它们含有脑脊液，一种透明的水状液体，在大脑和脊髓内部和周围流动。 这种液体有助于保护大脑免受突然的冲击。 该流体还可以去除废物。研究人员的研究基于 30 名宇航员的脑部扫描。 他们发现，经过长时间的太空任务，心室需要三年时间才能完全恢复正常大小。 结果意味着宇航员可能需要在较长的太空任务之间等待至少三年。Heather McGregor is a University of Florida brain scientist. She was the lead writer of the study, which appeared in the publication Scientific Reports. She told the Reuters news agency that if the ventricles do not have enough time to get back to normal size, they could have less space to expand on a following trip to space. This could affect the brain’s ability to deal with the changes in gravity that astronauts face. Rachael Seidler is a University of Florida professor of applied physiology and kinesiology. She was also a writer of the study. She said, “the impact of ventricular expansion is currently not known,” and that scientists need to do more studies on the subject. She added that the expansion likely compresses the area of the brain around the spaces. To compress means to press, squeeze or make smaller. On Earth, valves in the body’s vascular system prevent fluid from staying at our feet due to gravity. But in space, without gravity, the valves push the fluid more towards the head. Seidler said this is what likely causes the ventricular expansion. As a result, the brain sits higher in the skull.希瑟·麦格雷戈是佛罗里达大学的脑科学家。 她是这项研究的主要作者，该研究发表在《科学报告》杂志上。 她告诉路透社，如果心室没有足够的时间恢复到正常大小，那么在接下来的太空旅行中，它们的扩张空间可能会更少。 这可能会影响大脑处理宇航员面临的重力变化的能力。雷切尔·塞德勒（Rachael Seidler）是佛罗里达大学应用生理学和运动机能学教授。 她也是该研究的作者。 她说，“目前尚不清楚心室扩张的影响”，科学家需要对此进行更多研究。她补充说，这种扩张可能会压缩这些空间周围的大脑区域。 压缩意味着挤压或变小。在地球上，人体血管系统中的阀门可防止液体因重力而停留在我们的脚下。 但在太空中，没有重力，阀门将流体推向头部。 塞德勒说这可能是导致心室扩张的原因。 结果，大脑在头骨中的位置更高。The study involved 23 male and seven female astronauts from the U.S., Canadian and European space agencies. The average age of the astronauts was 47. Eight of the astronauts traveled on space shuttle missions that lasted about two weeks. Eighteen were on International Space Station (ISS) missions of about six months. The other four took part in ISS missions that lasted about a year.The astronauts who went on short missions experienced little or no ventricular size change. A size increase occurred in astronauts after missions of six months or longer. There was no difference in those who went on missions for six months compared to those who went on year-long missions. The fact that enlargement did not worsen after six months could be good news for future Mars missions. Astronauts may spend two years in microgravity during trips to Mars. The study results are also good news for people thinking about going on short space tourism flights, Seidler added.这项研究涉及来自美国、加拿大和欧洲航天局的 23 名男性宇航员和 7 名女性宇航员。 宇航员的平均年龄为 47 岁。其中八名宇航员执行了持续约两周的航天飞机任务。 其中 18 人执行了为期约六个月的国际空间站 (ISS) 任务。 其他四人参加了持续大约一年的国际空间站任务。执行短期任务的宇航员的心室大小变化很小或没有变化。 在执行六个月或更长时间的任务后，宇航员的体型会增加。 那些执行六个月任务的人与执行一年任务的人没有区别。六个月后扩大并没有恶化，这对未来的火星任务来说可能是个好消息。 宇航员在前往火星期间可能会在微重力环境中度过两年。 塞德勒补充说，这项研究结果对于考虑进行短途太空旅游飞行的人们来说也是个好消息。Low gravity causes other changes in the human body, as well. These include decreases in bone and muscle mass, some changes to the heart and lung system, and issues with the balance system in the inner ear. Longer space missions might also increase cancer risk because of greater exposure to solar radiation.低重力也会引起人体的其他变化。 这些包括骨骼和肌肉质量的减少，心脏和肺系统的一些变化，以及内耳平衡系统的问题。由于更多地暴露在太阳辐射下，更长的太空任务也可能会增加患癌症的风险。

Researchers say a new method for heart transplants could increase the number of available organs and save more lives. Currently, most transplanted hearts come from donors who have been declared brain dead. This means the person no longer has signs of brain function after suffering a serious injury. In a brain death, machines can keep the body breathing and can provide oxygen to organs until they can be recovered and put on ice. But the new method would take hearts from medical cases known as circulatory deaths. These cases are also known as donation after circulatory death, or DCD. Circulatory deaths happen when a person has a nonsurvivable brain injury, but still has some brain function. In these cases, family members can decide to withdraw all life support measures. This means organs go without oxygen for a time before they can be recovered.研究人员表示，一种新的心脏移植方法可以增加可用器官的数量并挽救更多生命。目前，大多数移植心脏来自已被宣布脑死亡的捐赠者。 这意味着该人在遭受严重伤害后不再有大脑功能的迹象。 在脑死亡中，机器可以让身体保持呼吸，并可以为器官提供氧气，直到它们被回收并置于冰上。但新方法将从被称为循环死亡的医疗案例中提取心脏。 这些病例也称为循环死亡后捐献或 DCD。当一个人的脑损伤无法存活，但仍有一些脑功能时，就会发生循环性死亡。 在这些情况下，家庭成员可以决定撤回所有生命支持措施。 这意味着器官在恢复之前会缺氧一段时间。Currently, kidneys and some other organs are taken from people suffering circulatory deaths. But doctors have resisted using hearts because of possible organ damage from a lack of oxygen. A new study suggests that hearts might also be recoverable from cases of circulatory deaths. Researchers at North Carolina’s Duke University School of Medicine led the study, which was recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers said using hearts from circulatory deaths could possibly give thousands more patients a chance at a lifesaving transplant. And it could increase the number of donor hearts by 30 percent. “Honestly if we could snap our fingers and just get people to use this, I think it probably would go up even more than that,” transplant doctor Jacob Schroder told The Associated Press. “This really should be standard of care,” he said.目前，肾脏和其他一些器官是从患有循环死亡的人身上取出的。 但医生们拒绝使用心脏，因为缺氧可能会损害器官。一项新的研究表明，心脏也可能从循环死亡病例中恢复过来。 北卡罗来纳州杜克大学医学院的研究人员领导了这项研究，该研究最近发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上。研究人员表示，使用循环系统死亡的心脏可能会让更多的患者有机会进行挽救生命的移植手术。 它可以使捐赠心脏的数量增加 30%。“老实说，如果我们能打响指让人们使用它，我认为它可能会涨得更多，”移植医生雅各布施罗德告诉美联社。 “这真的应该成为护理标准，”他说。With the new method, doctors can remove hearts in circulatory deaths and put them in a machine that “reanimates” them. This process pumps blood and nutrients through the heart as they are being transported. The organs can also be tested to make sure they are effectively functioning before they are transplanted. The study involved multiple hospitals around the country, as well as 180 transplant patients. Half the patients received DCD hearts and half were given hearts from brain-dead donors that were transported on ice. Survival rates six months later were about the same – 94 percent for recipients of cardiac-death donations and 90 percent for those who got the usual hearts, the researchers reported. The findings are exciting and show the possibility “to increase fairness and equity in heart transplantation…” said Dr. Nancy Sweitzer. She is a heart transplant specialist at Washington University in St. Louis. Sweitzer, who was not part of the study, said she thinks the new method will permit more people with heart failure to receive lifesaving treatment.使用这种新方法，医生可以在循环死亡中取出心脏，并将它们放入一台“复活”它们的机器中。 这个过程在输送血液和营养物质时将它们泵入心脏。 还可以对器官进行测试，以确保它们在移植前有效运作。该研究涉及全国多家医院，以及 180 名移植患者。 一半的患者接受了 DCD 心脏，另一半接受了冰上运输的脑死亡捐献者的心脏。研究人员报告说，六个月后的存活率大致相同——接受心脏死亡捐献的人为 94%，而接受普通心脏捐赠的人为 90%。Nancy Sweitzer 博士说，这些发现令人兴奋，并显示出“提高心脏移植的公平性和公平性……”的可能性。 她是圣路易斯华盛顿大学的心脏移植专家。 Sweitzer 没有参与这项研究，她说她认为这种新方法将使更多的心力衰竭患者接受挽救生命的治疗。In the U.S. last year, 4,111 heart transplants were performed. While this was a record number, it is not nearly enough to meet the need. Hundreds of thousands of people suffer from advanced heart failure but many are never offered a transplant. Still others die waiting for one.去年在美国，进行了 4,111 例心脏移植手术。 虽然这是一个创纪录的数字，但还远远不能满足需求。 数十万人患有晚期心力衰竭，但许多人从未接受过移植手术。 还有一些人死于等待。

The WMO says this five-year period has brought record heat to Asia, Europe, South America and Oceania and North America. This latest October was exceptionally warm.世界气象组织表示，这五年期间给亚洲、欧洲、南美洲、大洋洲和北美洲带来了创纪录的高温。最近的这个十月异常温暖。The report says 2015 is likely to claim the title of the hottest year recorded, with annual surface temperatures partly fuelled by greenhouse gases and partly by the disruptive current El Nino.该报告称，2015 年很可能获得有记录以来最热年份的称号，每年的地表温度部分是由温室气体造成的，部分是由破坏性的厄尔尼诺现象造成的。Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere reached new highs. And in the northern hemisphere's spring, carbon dioxide levels crossed the threshold of 400 parts per million for the first time.大气中的温室气体浓度再创新高。而在北半球的春天，二氧化碳含量首次突破了百万分之 400 的门槛。The report says more than half of the 79 studies published by the bulletin of the American Meteorological Society in the past five years found that man-made climate change had contributed to extreme weather events over the period.报告称，美国气象学会公报在过去五年发表的 79 项研究中，有一半以上发现人为的气候变化导致了这一时期的极端天气事件。exceptionally 异常地to claim 取得，获得greenhouse gases 温室气体disruptive 破坏性的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳threshold 临界值，界限man-made climate change 由于人类活动引发的气候变化extreme weather events 极端恶劣天气事件

Sausage can be made from any kind of meat, along with spices, herbs, sometimes vegetables, and even fruit. My favorite sausage is made from chicken, apple, and the herb sage. To make sausage, the ingredients are mixed together and then shaped into individual servings. High-quality sausage uses high-quality ingredients and costlier cuts of meat. Some sausages are made from parts of the animal that many people may not normally eat. But everything gets mixed up so much that you do not really know what is in the final product.香肠可以由任何肉制成，还可以加入香料、香草，有时还可以是蔬菜，甚至是水果。我最喜欢的香肠是用鸡肉、苹果和鼠尾草制成的。制作香肠时，将各种成分混合在一起，然后做成单独的份量。优质香肠使用优质原料和更贵的肉。有些香肠是用许多人通常不吃的动物部位制成的。但一切都变得如此乱，以至于你真的不知道最终产品中有什么。For this reason, seeing the sausage-making process might be a bit unpleasant for some people. In other words, some people who like to eat sausage may not want to know how it is made. If they see all the separate ingredients, they may never eat sausage again. And that is where we get the expression to see how the sausage is made. If you want to see how the sausage is made, you want to see a complex or messy process. You want to know the secrets, even if they are not very pleasing.因此，看到制作香肠的过程对某些人来说可能有点不舒服。换句话说，一些喜欢吃香肠的人可能不想知道它是如何制作的。如果他们看到所有单独的成分，他们可能再也不会吃香肠了。这就是我们了解香肠是如何制作的表情的地方。如果你想看看香肠是如何制作的，你想看到一个复杂或混乱的过程。你想知道这些秘密，即使它们不是很讨人喜欢。We use this expression for any situation or process that happens away from the view of others. And most people would find that situation or process unpleasant. For example, many people like to buy clothing that does not cost much money. But they may not want to know how the clothes are made so cheaply. They would rather not want to know how the sausage gets made. There are other similar expressions. You can also say we want to shine a light on something. This expression means you want to reveal or expose something unpleasant or possibly even illegal.我们将此表情用于任何远离他人视线的情况或过程。大多数人会觉得这种情况或过程不愉快。例如，很多人喜欢买不花多少钱的衣服。但他们可能不想知道这些衣服是如何制造得如此便宜的。他们宁愿不想知道香肠是如何制作的。还有其他类似的表情。你也可以说我们想看到某些东西的亮点。这个表情意味着你想揭露或暴露一些令人不快甚至可能违法的事情。Another similar expression is to pull back the curtain on something. This one really explains the behind-the-scenes nature of all these expressions. A curtain is a piece of cloth or fabric that covers a window. It can hide what is happening inside a room. So, if you pull back the curtain on a process or way of doing something, you reveal how something is created or how it operates in private. And if you pull back the curtain on a person, you reveal how they act when they are away from public view. You reveal their true personality or you expose their true intent.另一个类似的表达是拉开某事的帷幕。这个真的解释了所有这些表达的幕后本质。窗帘是覆盖窗户的一块布或织物。它可以隐藏房间内发生的事情。因此，如果您拉开某个过程或做某事的方式的帷幕，您就会揭示某件事是如何创建的，或者它是如何私下运作的。如果你拉开一个人的窗帘，你就会揭示他们在远离公众视野时的行为。你揭示了他们的真实个性，或者你暴露了他们的真实意图。

Bacteria becoming completely resistant to antibiotics could plunge medicine back into the dark ages. It would affect not only infections but also surgery and cancer treatment.对抗生素产生完全耐药性的细菌可能会使医学重新陷入黑暗时代。 它不仅会影响感染，还会影响手术和癌症治疗。Resistance to colistin has emerged in isolated cases before, but this time it is in a form that can spread easily between bacteria. It has already been found in multiple species of bacteria and in other Asian countries.以前在个别病例中出现了对粘菌素的耐药性，但这次是一种很容易在细菌之间传播的形式。 它已经在多种细菌和其他亚洲国家中被发现。The bacteria which can't be treated with colistin can be destroyed by using other antibiotics for now, but the concern is that it will share its resistance with other bugs to create untreatable infections.粘菌素无法治疗的细菌目前可以通过使用其他抗生素来消灭，但令人担忧的是，它会与其他细菌共享耐药性，从而造成无法治愈的感染。Resistance is thought to have emerged after the drug was used to treat farm animals. Chinese ministers are meeting with the research team this weekend to discuss whether colistin should be banned in agriculture.人们认为这种药物用于治疗农场动物后出现了耐药性。中国部长们将于本周末与研究小组会面，讨论是否应在农业中禁止粘菌素。plunge (something) back into 使某物退回、再次陷入…the dark ages 黑暗时代isolated cases 个案，个别情况multiple 多个的bugs （此文指）细菌untreatable 无法医治的banned 被禁用agriculture 农业

Reddit is a social media website where people with common interests can have conversations by posting comments, videos and images. Posts are grouped into communities, called subreddits, based on different subjects. Thousands of popular Reddit communities, including groups about technology, gaming, and music, locked out their users recently in protest. People who organize the communities, called moderators, are protesting the company’s plan to charge for access to its data. Starting next month, Reddit said third-party app developers, people who make apps but do not work for Reddit, will have to pay for its application programming interface (API). It is a programming system that permits a data provider and end-user to communicate with each other.Reddit 是一个社交媒体网站，有共同兴趣的人可以在这里通过发表评论、视频和图片进行对话。根据不同的主题，帖子被分组到称为 subreddits 的社区中。数以千计的热门 Reddit 社区，包括跟技术、游戏和音乐有关的组等最近因其用户被拒之门外以示抗议。组织社区的人，称为版主，正在抗议该公司对访问其数据收费的计划。从下个月开始，Reddit 表示第三方应用程序开发人员，即开发应用程序但不是为 Reddit 工作的人，将不得不为其应用程序编程接口 (API) 付费。它是一个允许数据提供者和最终用户相互通信的编程系统。Reddit plans to charge developers that require higher usage limits $0.24 for every 1,000 API calls or less than $1 per user every month. One such third-party app is the Apollo app. It is popular among Reddit users as a way to get content from the official Reddit page. Apollo said that with their current usage, the charges would cost more than $20 million a year. And the developer added that the costly charges have “made it impossible” to continue offering the service. Christian Selig, the creator of the Apollo app for Reddit, said that the service will close on June 30.Reddit 计划向需要更高使用限制的开发人员收取每 1,000 次 API 调用 0.24 美元或每位用户每月不到 1 美元的费用。一个这样的第三方应用程序叫 Apollo 应用程序。作为从 Reddit 官方页面获取内容的一种方式，它在 Reddit 用户中很受欢迎。阿波罗表示，按照目前的使用情况，每年的费用将超过 2000 万美元。开发商补充说，昂贵的收费“使它不可能”继续提供服务。Reddit 的 Apollo 应用程序的创建者 Christian Selig 表示，该服务将于 6 月 30 日关闭。One of the reasons that Reddit is making the change is generative artificial intelligence (AI). Generative AI can create new content, like images, videos, music, text, or other forms of data. Conversations on Reddit have a lot of data that can be used to train generative AI tools such as ChatGPT. While some of this data can be collected in an unstructured way, Reddit’s API makes it easier for companies to directly find and collect the data. Reddit chief executive Steve Huffman told The New York Times in April that Reddit’s data “is really valuable.” And he said he does not want to “give all of that value to some of the largest companies in the world for free.”Reddit 做出改变的原因之一是生成式人工智能 (AI)。生成式 AI 可以创建新内容，例如图像、视频、音乐、文本或其他形式的数据。Reddit 上的对话有大量数据可用于训练生成式 AI 工具，例如 ChatGPT。虽然其中一些数据可以以非结构化方式收集，但 Reddit 的 API 使公司更容易直接查找和收集数据。Reddit 首席执行官史蒂夫霍夫曼在 4 月份告诉纽约时报，Reddit 的数据“非常有价值”。他说他不想“将所有这些价值免费提供给世界上一些最大的公司。”Thousands of subreddits, including r/Music, r/gaming, r/science, and r/todayilearned, are protesting the move. They all have more than 30 million followers. Unlike most other social media services, Reddit is heavily dependent on community moderators who police their subreddits for free to deal with offensive or illegal content. And the moderators planned a blackout during which their pages will go private. That means millions of users will be left without access to those communities. Huffman noted the anger among many moderators of Reddit communities. But he said the company cannot let companies use large amounts of its data for free and Reddit needs to be able to support itself.包括 r/Music、r/gaming、r/science 和 r/todayilearned 在内的数以千计的 subreddits 正在抗议此举。他们都拥有超过3000万的粉丝。与大多数其他社交媒体服务不同，Reddit 严重依赖社区版主，他们免费监督他们的 subreddits 以处理攻击性或非法内容。版主们计划了一次抵制，在此期间他们的页面将被私有化。这意味着数百万用户将无法访问这些社区。霍夫曼注意到 Reddit 社区的许多版主之间的愤怒。但他表示，公司不能让其它公司免费使用其大量数据，Reddit 需要能够自给自足。access 访问 I need access to the company's database to complete the project.（我需要访问公司的数据库来完成这个项目。）ap 应用程序 I just downloaded a new app that helps me learn languages.（我刚下载了一个新的应用程序，可以帮助我学习语言。）interface 界面 The new software has a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to navigate.（这个新软件有一个用户友好的界面，方便操作。）generate 生成 The solar panels on the roof generate enough electricity to power the entire house.（屋顶上的太阳能电池板产生足够的电力来供应整个房子。）blackout 停电 There was ablackoutlast night, and we had to use candles for lighting.（昨晚停电了，我们不得不用蜡烛照明。）substitute 替代品 I forgot my lunch at home, so I had to buy a sandwich as a substitute.（我忘记把午餐带在家里，所以我不得不买一个三明治作为替代品。）

We all know children love to play with toys. But as they approach adulthood, they stop being playful and concentrate on grown-up things – or so we believe. However, in recent times at least, adults are revisiting their childhood and buying toys for themselves – and they've been given the nickname 'kidults'.我们都知道孩子们喜欢玩玩具。但当他们接近成年时，他们不再嬉戏，而是专注于成人的事情——至少我们是这么认为的。然而，至少在最近，成年人正在重温他们的童年并为自己购买玩具——他们被冠以“大小孩”的绰号。There are many reasons for the rise of the kidult, but it's certainly big business. In the USA for example, the Toy Association says that over half of adults bought toys and games for themselves last year. Nostalgia is part of the reason: people want to relive their childhood and now have the disposable income to do so. Puzzles and board games are traditional toys that can be enjoyed at any age.大小孩增多的原因有很多，但这无疑是一项大生意。例如在美国，玩具协会表示，去年超过一半的成年人为自己购买了玩具和游戏。怀旧是部分原因：人们想重温童年，现在有足够的可支配收入来这样做。拼图和棋盘游戏是任何年龄段都可以玩的传统玩具。But there's more to being a big kid than just taking a trip down memory lane. People have more time to let their hair down and play. Hobbies such as modelling and construction with plastic bricks can help people develop skills into adulthood. And they allow people to switch off and relax. In fact, Frederique Tutt, global industry analyst at NPD, told the BBC: "I'd say much of this is providing an escape from the stresses and strains of modern-day living, fulfilling our need to find downtime."但是，要成为一个大孩子，而不仅仅是沿着儿时的记忆走。人们有更多的时间放松下来玩耍。建模和用塑料积木建造等爱好可以帮助人们在成年后发展技能。他们可以让人们静心并放松。事实上，NPD 全球行业分析师弗雷德里克·图特 (Frederique Tutt) 告诉 BBC：“我想说的是，这在很大程度上是为了摆脱现代生活的压力，满足我们休息的需要。”Some people are even finding comfort and camaraderie by playing with others. Although competing with others through video gaming might be nothing new, others are coming together to build train sets or sophisticated models. In Brighton in the UK, for example, Brighton Bricks is a club where adult fans of the toy Lego meet up every month to talk, play and swap collections.有些人甚至通过与他人玩耍来寻找安慰和友情。尽管通过视频游戏与他人竞争可能并不是什么新鲜事，但其他人正在聚在一起构建积木火车或复杂模型。例如，在英国布莱顿，Brighton Bricks 是一个乐高玩具的成年粉丝每月聚会的俱乐部，他们在这里聊天、玩耍和交换收藏品。But those who think playing with toys is childish and immature should take note of the research by René Proyer, professor of psychology at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in Germany. It suggests that adults who demonstrate more playful personality traits are more motivated, creative and spontaneous. So, it seems life shouldn't be all work and no play, and maybe we should take play more seriously!但那些认为玩玩具是幼稚和不成熟的人应该注意德国哈雷-维滕贝格马丁路德大学心理学教授勒内普罗耶的研究。 该研究表明表现出更多俏皮性格特征的成年人更有动力、更有创造力和自发性。所以，生活似乎不应该只有工作而没有娱乐，也许我们应该更认真地对待娱乐！kidult 童心未泯的成年人，大小孩 My brother is such a kidult; he still collects action figures and plays video games.（我弟弟真是个“大孩子”；他还收集玩具人偶和玩电子游戏。）nostalgia 怀旧 Looking at old photographs always fills me with nostalgia for my childhood.（看着老照片总是让我充满对童年的怀旧之情。）board game 棋盘游戏或玩具 Let's invite some friends over and have a fun evening playing board games.（让我们邀请一些朋友过来，度过一个玩桌游的愉快夜晚吧。）a trip down memory lane 追忆往昔 After a long week at work, she likes to go out with friends and let her hair down.（工作了一个漫长的星期之后，她喜欢和朋友出去玩，放松一下。）let someone's hair down 某人彻底放松、尽情享受  After a long week at work, she likes to go out with friends and let her hair down.（ 工作了一个漫长的星期之后，她喜欢和朋友出去玩，放松一下。）downtime 休息时间 I enjoy having some downtime on the weekends, just relaxing and doing nothing. （ 我喜欢在周末放松一下，什么都不做，享受一段自由时间。）camaraderie 友情 The team building activities helped foster a sense of camaraderie among the colleagues. （ 团队建设活动有助于同事们建立起一种同仁之情。）spontaneous 随性的 We decided to have a spontaneous road trip and ended up exploring a new city. （ 我们决定进行一次即兴的公路旅行，结果去了一个新的城市。）

The blood-brain barrier does a good job of keeping toxins out. But this tightly-packed layer of cells which separates the brain from its blood vessels is a hindrance if you want to deliver drugs into the brain.血脑屏障可以很好地防止毒素侵入。但是，如果你想将药物输送到大脑中，这种将大脑与其血管隔开的紧密堆积的细胞层就会成为一个障碍。The patient – 56-year-old Bonny Hall from Canada – had a brain tumour that was growing in size despite conventional treatment and so she was given an intravenous infusion of chemotherapy along with a small dose of microbubbles. A focus beam of ultrasound was then applied to her skull to make the bubbles vibrate and punch holes in the blood-brain barrier.这位来自加拿大的 56 岁患者 Bonny Hall 患有脑瘤，尽管进行了常规治疗，但脑瘤的体积仍在增大，因此她接受了静脉输注化疗和小剂量的微泡。然后将超声波束聚焦在她的头骨，使气泡振动并在血脑屏障上打孔。Mrs Hall's neurosurgeon Dr Todd Mainprize says the procedure went well but more tests and safety checks are needed. Another six to ten patients will take part in a safety trial to check for any side effects. If it goes well, the technique could eventually be used to treat other brain conditions, such as dementia, as well as cancer.霍尔夫人的神经外科医生 Todd Mainprize 博士说手术进行得很顺利，但还需要更多的测试和安全检查。另外六到十名患者将参加一项安全试验，以检查是否有任何副作用。如果进展顺利，该技术最终可用于治疗其他大脑疾病，例如痴呆症和癌症。toxins 毒素 I try to eat organic food to avoid consuming toxins.（我尽量食用有机食品，以避免摄入毒素。)hindrance 障碍，阻碍物 The heavy traffic was a hindrance to my timely arrival at the meeting.（交通拥堵妨碍了我准时到达会议的计划。）conventional 传统的 Although online shopping is popular, some people still prefer the conventional method of shopping in physical stores.（虽然网上购物很受欢迎，但仍有人更喜欢传统的实体店购物方式。）chemotherapy 化学疗法 My aunt is undergoing chemotherapy for her cancer treatment, and she has experienced some side effects like hair loss and fatigue.（我阿姨正在接受化疗治疗她的癌症，她经历了一些副作用，如脱发和疲劳。）ultrasound 超声波 The doctor recommended an ultrasound to get a clearer picture of the internal organs.（医生建议进行超声波检查以更清楚地了解内部器官情况。）procedure 手术，程序 Before undergoing surgery, the patient must follow the pre-operative procedure, which includes fasting and medical tests.（在接受手术之前，病人必须遵循术前程序，包括禁食和医学检查。）eventually 最终，终将 It took a lot of hard work and dedication, but I eventually achieved my goal of running a marathon.（经过努力和奉献，我最终实现了参加一次马拉松的目标。）

Many people are allergic to dogs, or at least the dead skin cells and saliva that they shed as they groom themselves.许多人对狗过敏，或者至少会对它们在梳理毛发时所脱落的死皮细胞和唾液过敏。But a new piece of research from Sweden suggests early exposure to these pets could cut a child's future risk of allergy. Living with a dog in the home in the first year of life was linked to a 13% lower risk of asthma in later childhood among the 650,000 children the authors tracked.但瑞典的一项新研究表明，及早接触这些宠物可以降低孩子未来患过敏症的风险。在作者追踪的 650,000 名儿童中，出生后第一年在家中与狗同住所带来的风险和儿童后期患哮喘的风险低 13%。The researchers say this fits with the hygiene hypothesis which favours exposure to dust and dirt to improve our tolerance of common allergens. But for a child who is already allergic to dogs, buying a puppy would not be a good idea.研究人员表示，这符合卫生假说，即有利于接触灰尘和污垢来提高我们对常见过敏原的耐受性。但是对于已经对狗过敏的孩子来说，买一只小狗可不是个好主意。allergic （生理上）过敏的，有过敏反应的 I'm allergic to peanuts, so I always make sure to read food labels carefully before eating anything. (我对花生过敏，所以在吃任何东西之前我总是会仔细阅读食品标签。)saliva 唾液 The dentist asked me to spit out my saliva into the sink during the dental examination. (牙医要求我在牙齿检查时把唾液吐进水池里。)shed 掉下，流出 My pet dog sheds a lot of fur, so I have to vacuum the house regularly to keep it clean. (我的宠物狗掉很多毛，所以我必须定期用吸尘器清洁房子。)tracked 跟踪调查的 The package can be tracked online using the tracking number provided by the courier. (可以使用快递提供的跟踪号码在线追踪包裹。)hygiene 卫生；保健 Personal hygiene is important for maintaining good health. Remember to wash your hands frequently and brush your teeth regularly. (个人卫生对于保持良好的健康很重要。记得经常洗手和定期刷牙。)tolerance 容忍度，耐受性 Developing tolerance towards different cultures and beliefs is crucial for fostering harmony in a diverse society. (对不同的文化和信仰发展容忍是在多元社会中培养和谐关系的关键。)allergens 过敏源 Common allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. (常见的过敏原如花粉、尘螨和宠物皮屑可能引发敏感人群的过敏反应。)