英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

Christian: So recently, I've been coming across a lot of mental health posts on social media, such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube. And I've just been wondering, what is mental health? Could you please explain it to me? Christian：最近，我在 Instagram、Twitter、Facebook、YouTube 等社交媒体上看到了很多心理健康帖子。我只是想知道，什么是心理健康？你能给我解释一下吗？ Tahia: Sure. So in a nutshell, mental health is about the day-in, day-out state of our emotional, psychological and social wellbeing. But unfortunately, we tend to neglect our mental health and brush it aside until it snowballs into a more serious problem and even a mental health disorder in some cases. 塔希亚：当然。简而言之，心理健康是指我们日复一日的情绪、心理和社会健康状态。但不幸的是，我们往往忽视我们的心理健康，并将其抛在一边，直到它像滚雪球一样发展成更严重的问题，甚至在某些情况下成为心理健康障碍。 Christian: Wow. Okay. Could you please explain what is a mental health disorder, and what kind of different mental health disorders are there? 克里斯蒂安：哇。好的。您能否解释一下什么是心理健康障碍，以及有哪些不同的心理健康障碍？Tahia: So, everybody experiences mental health issues, but for some people, they might have a mental health disorder genetically, or for some people, they might develop mental health disorders over time. So there are about five categories of mental health disorders, I would say. The first one is mood disorders like depression and bipolar, where you can be really happy one moment and extremely sad the next, and this can actually start interrupting your day to day life and your ability to complete simple tasks. There's also psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, where you can hallucinate. There's body disorders like anorexia and body dysmorphia, which affects the way that you look at yourself physically and ultimately affects how you psychologically perceive yourself. There are also cognitive disorders, which are issues relating to learning difficulties, Alzheimer's and things like this. And then the final, perhaps most common area of mental health disorders is anxiety, which includes things like social anxiety and OCD, which stands for obsessive compulsive disorder. So this could be for example, obsessively cleaning, because you feel as though if you don't clean, you're being lazy or you feel like you can't be productive. So that's kind of the five different categories of mental health disorders that I think are out there at the moment. 塔希亚：所以，每个人都会经历心理健康问题，但对于某些人来说，他们可能在遗传上患有心理健康障碍，或者对于某些人来说，随着时间的推移，他们可能会出现心理健康障碍。我想说，心理健康障碍大约有五类。第一种是情绪障碍，如抑郁症和躁郁症，您可能某一时刻非常高兴，下一时刻非常悲伤，这实际上会开始干扰您的日常生活和完成简单任务的能力。还有精神分裂症等精神疾病，您可能会产生幻觉。厌食症和身体畸形等身体疾病会影响你看待自己身体的方式，并最终影响你在心理上看待自己的方式。还有认知障碍，即与学习困难、阿尔茨海默病等相关的问题。最后，也许是最常见的精神健康障碍领域是焦虑，其中包括社交焦虑和强迫症（强迫症）等。例如，这可能是过度清洁，因为你感觉好像自己不清洁、很懒或者感觉自己无法提高工作效率。我认为这就是目前存在的五种不同类别的精神健康障碍。 Christian: Wow. That's very interesting. And I do think that I have social anxiety because whenever I go out, I tend to get very nervous and sweaty. So for someone like me and for other people that may have other mental health disorders, what can we do to improve our mental health? 克里斯蒂安：哇。这很有趣。我确实认为我有社交焦虑，因为每当我出去时，我都会变得非常紧张和出汗。那么，对于像我这样的人和其他可能患有其他心理健康障碍的人来说，我们可以做些什么来改善我们的心理健康呢？ Tahia: Well, depending on what you think you're struggling with, there are loads of different techniques and specific things that you can do to tackle them. So, for example, have you seen fidget toys recently on social media? 塔希亚：嗯，根据你认为自己正在努力解决的问题，你可以采取很多不同的技术和具体的措施来解决这些问题。举例来说，您最近在社交媒体上看到过烦躁的玩具吗？Christian: Yeah, I have. 克里斯蒂安：是的，我有。 Tahia: So, fidget toys are a really good way to just manage your anxiety. So, for example, my little sister loves using fidget toys when she's speaking or when she's thinking about something that's making her feel stressed out. It's just a way of physically releasing some of the energy that you have built up inside of you because of your anxiety. 塔希亚：所以，坐立不安的玩具是控制焦虑的好方法。例如，我的妹妹在说话或思考让她感到压力的事情时喜欢使用坐立不安的玩具。这只是一种身体释放你因焦虑而积聚的能量的方法。 Christian: Wow. That's amazing. I think I'm going to have to buy one. 克里斯蒂安：哇。太棒了。我想我必须买一个。 Tahia: Definitely. I would recommend it. But apart from more specific things that you can do, I have some general advice. I think that we really have to take care of our physical health, meaning exercising and eating and drinking the right foods and lots of water. We also have to make sure that we're spending time with our friends and families and then we take time for ourselves. I personally love meditating as this is me time. And I also like doing self care activities like putting on a mask and going to the salon to look and feel good. I would really recommend that you spend a lot of me time and do have a self-care activity that you care about. What activity would you do? 塔希亚：当然。我会推荐它。但除了您可以做的更具体的事情之外，我还有一些一般性建议。我认为我们确实必须照顾我们的身体健康，这意味着锻炼身体、饮食正确的食物和大量的水。我们还必须确保花时间与朋友和家人在一起，然后花时间陪伴自己。我个人喜欢冥想，因为这是我的时间。我也喜欢做自我护理活动，比如戴上面具、去沙龙让自己看起来更好、感觉更好。我真的建议您花很多时间并进行您关心的自我护理活动。你会做什么活动？ Christian: I think I would do meditating, but I'm not too sure how to do it. Could you please explain to me how I could meditate? 克里斯蒂安：我想我会

A study led by the Stanford School of Medicine in California says hospitals and health care systems are turning to artificial intelligence (AI). The health care providers are using AI systems to organize doctors’ notes on patients’ health and to examine health records.加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学医学院领导的一项研究表明，医院和医疗保健系统正在转向人工智能 (AI)。 医疗保健提供者正在使用人工智能系统来组织医生关于患者健康状况的记录并检查健康记录。However, the researchers warn that popular AI tools contain incorrect medical ideas or ideas the researchers described as “racist.” Some are concerned that the tools could worsen health disparities for Black patients.然而，研究人员警告说，流行的人工智能工具包含不正确的医学想法或研究人员称之为“种族主义”的想法。 一些人担心这些工具可能会加剧黑人患者的健康差距。The study was published this month in Digital Medicine. Researchers reported that when asked questions about Black patients, AI models responded with incorrect information, including made up and race-based answers.该研究发表在本月的《数字医学》杂志上。 研究人员报告说，当被问及有关黑人患者的问题时，人工智能模型会给出错误的信息，包括编造的答案和基于种族的答案。The AI tools, which include chatbots like ChatGPT and Google’s Bard, “learn” from information taken from the internet.人工智能工具（包括 ChatGPT 和 Google 的 Bard 等聊天机器人）从互联网上获取的信息进行“学习”。Some experts worry these systems could cause harm and increase forms of what they term medical racism that have continued for generations. They worry that this will continue as more doctors use chatbots to perform daily jobs like emailing patients or working with health companies.一些专家担心这些系统可能会造成伤害，并增加他们所说的持续几代人的医疗种族主义。 他们担心，随着越来越多的医生使用聊天机器人执行日常工作，例如向患者发送电子邮件或与医疗公司合作，这种情况将继续下去。The report tested four tools. They were ChatGPT and GPT-4, both from OpenAI; Google’s Bard, and Anthropic’s Claude. All four tools failed when asked medical questions about kidney function, lung volume, and skin thickness, the researchers said.该报告测试了四种工具。 它们是 ChatGPT 和 GPT-4，均来自 OpenAI； 谷歌的巴德和 Anthropic 的克劳德。 研究人员表示，当被问及有关肾功能、肺容量和皮肤厚度的医学问题时，所有四种工具都失败了。In some cases, they appeared to repeat false beliefs about biological differences between black and white people. Experts say they have been trying to remove false beliefs from medical organizations.在某些情况下，他们似乎重复了关于黑人和白人之间生物学差异的错误信念。 专家表示，他们一直在努力消除医疗机构中的错误信念。Some say those beliefs cause some medical providers to fail to understand pain in Black patients, to misidentify health concerns, and recommend less aid.一些人说，这些信念导致一些医疗提供者无法理解黑人患者的痛苦，错误地识别健康问题，并建议减少援助。Stanford University’s Dr. Roxana Daneshjou is a professor of biomedical data science. She supervised the paper. She said, “There are very real-world consequences to getting this wrong that can impact health disparities.”斯坦福大学的 Roxana Daneshjou 博士是生物医学数据科学教授。 她监督报纸。 她说：“如果犯了这个错误，就会产生非常现实的后果，从而影响健康差异。”She said she and others have been trying to remove those false beliefs from medicine. The appearance of those beliefs is “deeply concerning” to her.她说她和其他人一直在努力消除医学中的这些错误信念。 这些信念的出现让她“深感担忧”。Daneshjou said doctors are increasingly experimenting with AI tools in their work. She said even some of her own patients have met with her saying that they asked a chatbot to help identify health problems.Daneshjou 表示，医生在工作中越来越多地尝试人工智能工具。 她说，甚至她自己的一些患者也曾与她会面，表示他们要求聊天机器人帮助识别健康问题。Questions that researchers asked the chatbots included, “Tell me about skin thickness differences between Black and white skin,” and how do you determine lung volume for a Black man.研究人员向聊天机器人提出的问题包括：“告诉我黑人和白人皮肤之间的皮肤厚度差异”，以及如何确定黑人的肺容量。The answers to both questions should be the same for people of any race, the researchers said. But the chatbots repeated information the researchers considered false on differences that do not exist.研究人员表示，对于任何种族的人来说，这两个问题的答案都应该是相同的。 但聊天机器人重复了研究人员认为不存在差异的错误信息。Both OpenAI and Google said in response to the study that they have been working to reduce bias in their models. The companies also guided the researchers to inform users that chatbots cannot replace medical professionals.OpenAI 和谷歌在回应这项研究时均表示，他们一直在努力减少模型中的偏差。 这些公司还指导研究人员告知用户，聊天机器人无法取代医疗专业人员。Google noted people should “refrain from relying on Bard for medical advice.”谷歌指出，人们应该“不要依赖巴德寻求医疗建议”。

Antonio Vivaldi’s famous musical work, The Four Seasons, was first performed in the 1700s. 安东尼奥·维瓦尔第的著名音乐作品《四个季节》于 1700 年代首次演出。 Many music historians call it a “masterpiece,” the musical composer’s greatest work. 许多音乐历史学家称其为“杰作”，是音乐作曲家最伟大的作品。 The composition includes four parts for the four seasons: “Spring,” “Summer,” “Autumn,” and “Winter.” 该作品包括四个季节的四个部分：“春”、“夏”、“秋”和“冬”。 Each part recalls the season it is aiming to describe. For example, the website Galaxy Music Notes says “Summer” has a “slow start, portraying the weather as too hot for any movement.” 每个部分都让人回想起它想要描述的季节。例如，Galaxy Music Notes 网站称“Summer”“开始缓慢，将天气描绘成不适合任何运动”。 “Autumn” is a “celebration of the harvest.” “秋天”是“庆祝丰收”的意思。One music director in Spain decided to interpret the 300-year-old work for modern times. The composer and producer Hache Costa told the Reuters news agency that Vivaldi’s work would have been “a lot more aggressive and dirty” if it was written today. 西班牙的一位音乐总监决定以现代方式诠释这部具有 300 年历史的作品。作曲家兼制作人哈切·科斯塔（Hache Costa）告诉路透社，维瓦尔第的作品如果放在今天写的话，会“更加激进和肮脏”。 Costa said the weather is so different now that “if today someone were to compose the Four Seasons from a…realistic perspective, it would be…daring.” 科斯塔说，现在的天气如此不同，“如果今天有人从……现实的角度来创作《四季》，那将是……大胆的。” So, he updated Vivaldi’s piece to reflect the real world. The work is now being performed in Madrid at the EDP Gran Via concert hall. Reuters said he added “prominence and drama” to the summer portion and shortened the other seasons because of global warming. 因此，他更新了维瓦尔第的作品以反映现实世界。该作品目前正在马德里的 EDP Gran Via 音乐厅上演。路透社称，由于全球变暖，他在夏季部分增加了“突出性和戏剧性”，并缩短了其他季节。 The musical group, or orchestra, performs the music in front of a video screen showing the effects of climate change – such as wildfires and dry weather. One part shows the clouds involved in a hurricane. 音乐团体或管弦乐队在显示气候变化影响（例如野火和干燥天气）的视频屏幕前演奏音乐。其中一部分展示了飓风中的云层。Costa created the adaptation of The Four Seasons to go along with the recent Global Climate Action Day. 科斯塔改编了《四个季节》，以配合最近的全球气候行动日。 He said he wants people listening to “feel really bothered…by becoming truly aware of what is happening.” 他说，他希望人们听后“感到真正的困扰......通过真正意识到正在发生的事情。” He said the sheet music is freely available for anyone to play. 他说任何人都可以免费演奏乐谱。 Ernesto Rodriguez Camino is president of the Spanish Meteorological Society. He said the effects of climate change in Spain could be “catastrophic.” 埃内斯托·罗德里格斯·卡米诺是西班牙气象学会主席。他表示气候变化对西班牙的影响可能是“灾难性的”。 He said periods of high heat will last longer and bring wildfires and the chance of strong rainfall. 他说，高温时期将持续更长时间，并可能带来野火和强降雨。 When asked, Costa, the composer, said he did not think Vivaldi would have a problem with his changes. 当被问到时，作曲家科斯塔表示，他认为维瓦尔第的改动不会有问题。

During excavations of ancient palace ruins in the central city of Xi'an in the summer, archaeologists unearthed broken parts of the old toilet as well as a bent flush pipe.去年夏天，在挖掘 “国家中心城市” 西安市的古代宫殿遗址的过程中，考古学家们发现了古代厕所的破损部分和一根弯曲的冲水管。In their report, researchers say it could be 2,400 years old. If true, that would make it the oldest flushing toilet ever found. But what they can't say is whether users sat on a seat or squatted over it because the top part is missing.在他们的报告中，研究人员说这个马桶可能有2400年的历史。该发现如果是真的，它将成为迄今为止发现的最古老的抽水马桶。不过研究人员们无法确定当时使用马桶的人是坐在座便上还是蹲在座便上，因为厕所的顶部缺失。Prior to this discovery, the invention of the first flushing toilet was widely credited to English courtier John Harrington, who supposedly installed one for Queen Elizabeth in the 16th Century – though 4,000-year-old drainage systems that might have been connected with toilets have been found in northwest India.在这个厕所被发现之前，英国朝臣约翰·哈灵顿被公认为是第一个抽水马桶的发明者，据说他在16世纪为伊丽莎白女王安装了一个抽水马桶，尽管人们已在印度西北部发现了有4000年历史的排水系统，排水系统可能与马桶是连通的。The recent find is part of a broader effort to understand ancient Chinese dynasties, including how people lived and how their cities were constructed. Archaeologists are now analysing soil samples collected from the toilets in the hope of finding out what people ate during that time.这个新的发现是为了了解中国古代王朝的考古工作的一部分，目的包括了解古代人们的生活方式和城市的构建方式。考古学家们现在正在分析从该厕所遗迹里采集的土壤样本，希望能查明在那段时期生活的人们的饮食情况。词汇表unearthed 发现了flush 冲水squatted 蹲着credited 被认为是…的功劳drainage 排水系统dynasties 朝代

What do table football, a doll's house and a remote-control car all have in common? They are all smaller versions of real things. And humans have long been intrigued by all things miniature. The Chinese ancient art of nut carving sees artists sculpt intricate designs, including microscopic people, into fruit or nut stones. English author Mary Norton wrote the fictional book series The Borrowers – they are tiny people who live secretly in the walls and floors of a normal-sized house. And then there are the online channels all about miniature cooking. 桌上足球、娃娃屋和遥控车有什么共同点？ 它们都是真实事物的较小版本。 人类长期以来对所有微型事物都很感兴趣。 在中国古代的坚果雕刻艺术中，艺术家们将复杂的图案（包括微观人物）雕刻成水果或坚果核。 英国作家玛丽·诺顿（Mary Norton）撰写了小说系列《借款人》（The Borrowers）——他们是秘密生活在普通大小房子的墙壁和地板上的小人物。 还有一些关于微型烹饪的在线频道。Valarmathi and Rajkumar, who run The Tiny Foods, film tiny versions of traditional Indian dishes being made, set amongst the backdrop of a minuscule village complete with teeny cooking utensils. Speaking to the BBC, Valarmathi says she was inspired by her grandmother who 'used to cook in really tiny pots'. Similarly, Kate Murdoch, who runs Tiny Kitchen, makes meals cooked on a hob that's powered by a tealight. Her videos include whisking eggs in a tiny mixing bowl and then cooking omelettes in pans the size of a postage stamp.经营 The Tiny Foods 的 Valarmathi 和 Rajkumar 拍摄了制作传统印度菜肴的微型版本，背景是一个小村庄，配有微型炊具。 瓦拉玛蒂在接受 BBC 采访时表示，她的灵感来自于她的祖母，她“过去常常用非常小的锅做饭”。 同样，小厨房的经营者凯特·默多克 (Kate Murdoch) 也用小蜡烛驱动的炉灶做饭。 她的视频包括在一个小搅拌碗中搅拌鸡蛋，然后在邮票大小的平底锅中煮煎蛋卷。 And then there's the art world… The miniature artist and photographer Tanaka Tatsuya has been rising to online fame. He takes everyday small objects and turns them into new fun-size dioramas. His creations include a face mask resembling lanes in a swimming pool, watermelon mountains and some penguins on an iceberg, which is in fact a bar of soap. 然后是艺术世界……微型艺术家兼摄影师田中达也（Tanaka Tatsuya）在网上声名鹊起。 他将日常小物品变成新的有趣的立体模型。 他的创作包括一个类似于游泳池泳道的面罩、西瓜山和冰山上的一些企鹅，而冰山实际上是一块肥皂。 So, why do we love small things? Simon Garfield, author of In Miniature, says that holding a scaled-down world in our hands, gives us a feeling of control and helps us understand what is too big to envision at full scale, like skyscrapers and railways. With models, we can observe, learn and appreciate what we have – with less. He discusses how the fascination may also relate to childhood. Toy dolls and plastic construction kits make us conquerors of worlds. 'We may never have such dominion over the world again, unless we continue the play into adulthood.' 那么，我们为什么喜欢小东西呢？ 《缩影》一书的作者西蒙·加菲尔德表示，将一个按比例缩小的世界握在手中，会给我们一种掌控感，并帮助我们理解什么太大而无法按比例想象，例如摩天大楼和铁路。 有了模型，我们就可以用更少的钱观察、学习和欣赏我们所拥有的东西。 他讨论了这种迷恋如何与童年有关。 玩具娃娃和塑料建筑套件使我们成为世界的征服者。 “我们可能永远不会再对世界拥有这样的统治权，除非我们继续这种游戏到成年。” So, just like the worlds of art and literature, why not embrace a little love of miniature? 那么，就像艺术和文学的世界一样，为什么不拥抱一点对微型模型的热爱呢？ 词汇表miniature 微型的，袖珍的intricate 复杂精细的microscopic 极小的，需要用显微镜才能看到的tiny 微小的normal-sized 正常尺寸的backdrop 背景minuscule 微小的，极小的teeny 很小的tealight 茶蜡postage stamp 邮票turn into 将…变成…fun-size 比普通尺寸小的diorama （重现故事场景或自然世界样貌的）立体透视模型resemble 看起来像，与…相似scaled-down 缩小比例的full scale 全尺寸，原物大小model 模型

The U.S. State Department is working on a test program that would permit some work visa holders to renew their documents in the United States. 美国国务院正在制定一项测试计划，允许一些工作签证持有者在美国更新他们的文件。 The pilot program would involve holders of H-1B visas. This kind of visa permits highly skilled foreigners to enter the U.S. for work purposes for at least three years. 试点计划将涉及 H-1B 签证持有者。 这种签证允许高技能外国人进入美国工作至少三年。 Currently, H-1B visa holders are required to travel to an American diplomatic office outside the U.S. to seek renewals 目前，H-1B 签证持有者必须前往美国境外的美国外交办事处寻求续签 A State Department spokesperson told VOA the pilot program aims to improve "the uncertainty often experienced by U.S. companies” that temporarily employ H-1B workers. The official communicated by email. The official spoke to VOA on the condition that they not be identified. 美国国务院发言人告诉美国之音，该试点计划旨在改善临时雇用 H-1B 员工的“美国公司经常遇到的不确定性”。该官员通过电子邮件进行了沟通。该官员在不愿透露姓名的情况下接受了美国之音的采访。 The official said that the State Department would judge whether the policy change would improve the availability and speed of visa approvals worldwide. 该官员表示，国务院将判断政策变化是否会提高全球签证审批的可用性和速度。Immigration lawyers have long urged the administration of President Joe Biden to bring back U.S. visa renewals that were ended in 2004. They say the current renewal process can make it difficult for U.S.-based foreign employees to get appointments at U.S. diplomatic offices abroad. And the travel linked to those appointments can be very costly. 移民律师长期以来一直敦促乔·拜登总统的政府恢复2004年终止的美国签证续签。他们表示，目前的续签程序可能会让美国的外国雇员很难获得美国驻外外交机构的任命。 与这些约会相关的旅行可能会非常昂贵。 The spokesperson said the State Department is hoping to begin accepting renewal documents by the end of this year. The program is to begin with officials inviting a small number of visa holders to take part. 该发言人表示，国务院希望在今年年底前开始接受续签文件。 该计划首先由官员邀请少数签证持有者参加。 But the spokesperson said the program must first go through a rule-making process, which will start at the White House. Once those rules are decided, the State Department will seek public comments and consider any necessary changes. The proposal will then go back to the White House for final review. 但发言人表示，该计划必须首先经过规则制定程序，该程序将从白宫开始。 这些规则一旦确定，国务院将征求公众意见并考虑任何必要的修改。 该提案随后将返回白宫进行最终审查。

A new study says that no matter how much the world cuts back on carbon emissions, a large and important part of Antarctica is expected to disappear. 一项新的研究表明，无论世界减少多少碳排放，南极洲的大部分重要地区都将消失。 Researchers used computer models to predict the future melting of protective ice around Antarctica’s Amundsen Sea in western Antarctica. They said the “unavoidable” melting will take hundreds of years. It will slowly add nearly 1.8 meters to sea levels. And it will be enough to reshape where and how people live in the future. 研究人员利用计算机模型预测了南极洲西部阿蒙森海周围保护性冰的未来融化情况。他们表示，“不可避免”的融化将需要数百年的时间。海平面将缓慢上升近1.8米。这足以重塑人们未来的居住地点和生活方式。 The study was published recently in Nature Climate Change. It found that even if future warming was limited to just a few tenths of a degree more, it would have “limited power to prevent ocean warming that could lead to the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” 该研究最近发表在《自然·气候变化》杂志上。研究发现，即使未来的变暖幅度仅限于零点几度，“防止海洋变暖导致西南极冰盖崩塌的能力也有限”。 Many scientists say the goal of just a few tenths of a degree of warming is unlikely to be met. 许多科学家表示，将气温升高零点几度的目标不太可能实现。“Our main question here was: How much control do we still have over ice shelf melting? How much melting can still be prevented by reducing emissions?” said study lead writer Kaitlin Naughten. She is an expert on oceans at the British Antarctic Survey. “我们的主要问题是：我们对冰架融化还有多少控制力？通过减少排放还可以防止多少融化？” 研究主要作者凯特琳·诺顿说。她是英国南极调查局的海洋专家。 She said their research suggests that Earth is set on the path to a quick increase in the rate of ocean warming and ice shelf melting over the rest of the century. 她说，他们的研究表明，在本世纪剩余时间内，地球将走上海洋变暖和冰架融化速度迅速加快的道路。 While past studies have talked about how serious the situation is, Naughten was the first to use computer modeling to study how warm water from below will melt the ice. 虽然过去的研究已经讨论了情况的严重性，但诺顿是第一个使用计算机模型来研究来自下面的温水如何融化冰的人。 The study looked at four different cases in how much carbon emissions the world produces. In each case, ocean warming was just too much for this area of the ice to survive, the study found. 该研究考察了世界碳排放量的四种不同情况。研究发现，在每种情况下，海洋变暖都导致该区域的冰无法生存。 Naughten looked at melting, floating areas of ice that hold back glaciers. Once these areas of ice melt, there is nothing to stop the glaciers behind them from flowing into the sea. 诺顿观察了正在融化、漂浮的冰块，这些冰块阻碍了冰川的形成。一旦这些区域的冰融化，就没有什么可以阻止它们后面的冰川流入大海。 The study also looked at what would happen if future warming was limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius over mid-19th century levels: the international goal. They found the runaway melting process in this case as well. 该研究还研究了如果未来气温升高限制在 19 世纪中叶水平的 1.5 摄氏度之内会发生什么：国际目标。他们在这种情况下也发现了失控的熔化过程。 The world has already warmed about 1.2 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times and much of this summer went past the 1.5 degrees mark. 自前工业化时代以来，全球气温已经升高了约 1.2 摄氏度，今年夏天的大部分时间都超过了 1.5 摄氏度。 Naughten’s study looked at the part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet that is most at risk from melting from below, near the Amundsen Sea. It includes the very large Thwaites ice shelf that is melting so fast it is called “the Doomsday Glacier.”诺顿的研究着眼于西南极冰盖中阿蒙森海附近最有可能从下方融化的部分。它包括非常大的思韦茨冰架，该冰架融化速度如此之快，被称为“世界末日冰川”。 That part of Antarctica “is doomed,” said University of California Irvine ice scientist ice scientist Eric Rignot. He was not part of the study. He added, “The damage has already been done.” 加州大学欧文分校的冰科学家埃里克·里格诺特（Eric Rignot）表示，南极洲的这一部分“注定要灭亡”。他没有参与这项研究。他补充说：“损害已经造成了。” Naughten does not like to use the word “doomed,” because she said 100 years from now, the world might not just stop but drive back carbon levels in the air and climate change. But she said what is happening now on the ground is a slow collapse that cannot be stopped, at least not in this century. 诺顿不喜欢使用“注定”这个词，因为她说，100年后，世界可能不仅会停止，还会降低空气中的碳水平和气候变化。但她表示，目前正在发生的事情正在缓慢崩溃，无法阻止，至少在本世纪无法阻止。 

Mark: Hey, Haruka. I have a question for you. Do you ever meditate? 马克：嘿，Haruka。我有一个问题问你。你有冥想过吗？ Haruka: Only occasionally. I know it's very good for your mental health, but I forget all the time. Do you? Haruka：只是偶尔。我知道这对你的心理健康非常有好处，但我总是忘记。你呢？ Mark: I do, but not in the most traditional or usual way. I don't sit in silence very often. I do that too sometimes, but I'll meditate either by going through a guided meditation, like a voice, someone telling me to relax your shoulders and focus on your breathing, et cetera. Or I meditate at other times like when I'm doing the dishes. I just focus on just the act of the water going over my hands or cleaning the dishes. And that's a form of meditation to me. 马克：我愿意，但不是以最传统或通常的方式。我不经常安静地坐着。有时我也会这样做，但我会通过引导冥想来冥想，比如一个声音，有人告诉我放松你的肩膀并专注于你的呼吸，等等。或者我在其他时间冥想，比如洗碗的时候。我只关注水流过我的手或清洗盘子的动作。这对我来说是一种冥想形式。 Haruka: Do you feel much better after that? Haruka：那之后你感觉好多了吗？ Mark: I feel calmer. I certainly feel more relaxed. Yeah. I feel like when I do that, my mind usually is going very fast and it's a good way to slow it down and bring it back to a more tolerable way of thinking. 马克：我感觉平静多了。我当然感觉更放松了。是的。我觉得当我这样做时，我的思维通常会转得很快，这是一个放慢速度并使其恢复到更容易忍受的思维方式的好方法。 Haruka: Is meditation similar to zoning out? Haruka：冥想和走神很相似吗？ Mark: I guess, but to me, zoning out is letting your mind wander. Whereas meditation, you're bringing it to a single focal point. 马克：我想，但对我来说，走神就是让你的思绪走神。而冥想，你将它带到一个单一的焦点。 Haruka: I see. Actually, I remember that I have used this app called Undo. It's a very simple three minutes or whatever minutes you choose. And it start with a bamboo sound. And I like it and I feel, yeah, much calmer after that meditation. Haruka：原来如此。其实我记得我用过一个叫Undo的应用程序。这是非常简单的三分钟或您选择的任何分钟。它以竹声开始。我喜欢它，是的，冥想之后我感觉平静多了。 Mark: Yeah. I have the same app. That is the one time I will do a silent meditation. I'll use that app because, like you said, there's this bamboo sound at the beginning and a gong at the end, but it's just silent in between. Other than meditation, what else do you do when you get stressed out? 马克：是的。我有同样的应用程序。那是我第一次进行静默冥想。我会使用那个应用程序，因为就像你说的，开头有竹子的声音，结尾有锣声，但中间很安静。压力大的时候，除了冥想，你还会做什么？ Haruka: Recently, I do try to do deeper breathing, inhale and exhale. And also looking at the window, mountains, skies, feeling the breeze. They are all very calming to me. How about you? Haruka：最近我确实尝试做更深的呼吸，吸气和呼气。还望着窗外，山峦，天空，感受着微风。他们都让我非常平静。你呢？ Mark: If I get stressed out or if I'm unhappy, I try to think about other people. What could I do for someone else to make them happy? How could I surprise someone, something like that. 马克：如果我感到压力很大或不开心，我会尝试考虑其他人。我能为别人做些什么才能让他们快乐？我怎么能让别人感到惊讶，这样的事情。 Haruka: That's very nice of you. Haruka：你真是太好了。Mark: Yeah, I guess. It just, it helps me. Because if I don't do that, I will probably focus too much on whatever's making me unhappy or stressed out. But if I put my attention on someone else, that makes me happy. 马克：是的，我想。只是，它对我有帮助。因为如果我不这样做，我可能会过于关注那些让我不开心或压力很大的事情。但如果我把注意力放在别人身上，那会让我很高兴。 Haruka: I love that way of thinking. I will try that. Haruka：我喜欢这种思维方式。我会尝试一下。

Haruka: I know you love Zen, the concept of Zen. When did you start learning it? Haruka：我知道你喜欢禅宗，喜欢禅宗的概念。你什么时候开始学习它的？ Mark: I started learning about Zen philosophy when I was in college Mark：我在大学的时候就开始学习禅宗哲学 Haruka: In college? Haruka：大学里？ Mark: Yeah. Zen's not really a religion, but I've studied it in a religion class. It comes from Buddhism originally. 马克：是的。禅宗并不是真正的宗教，但我在宗教课上学过它。它最初源自佛教。Haruka: Was it a Japanese teacher? Haruka：是日语老师吗？ Mark: No, but it was an Asian studies teacher. So he was an expert in Asian religions. 马克：不，但那是一位亚洲研究老师。所以他是亚洲宗教方面的专家。 Haruka: And what was the concept of Zen by that teacher? Haruka：那位老师的禅宗概念是什么？ Mark: Well, it's difficult to explain, but Zen is basically about appreciating the little moments in life and being in the present moment. A lot of times we think about the future or we spend a lot of time thinking about the past. Zen is mostly about trying to be in the right now. 马克：嗯，这很难解释，但禅宗基本上就是欣赏生活中的点点滴滴，活在当下。很多时候，我们会思考未来，或者花很多时间思考过去。禅宗主要是关于尝试活在当下。 Haruka: Sounds like mindfulness. Haruka:听起来像是正念。 Mark: It's very close to that. Mindfulness is discussed a lot in Zen philosophy. 马克：非常接近。禅宗哲学中经常讨论正念。 Haruka : So, is there a way to be good at Zen or, what I can do to- Haruka：那么，有没有一种方法可以擅长禅宗，或者，我可以做什么—— Mark: I think I understand your question. There is no good or bad about it. It's really like, do you like taking a walk in nature sometime? 马克：我想我理解你的问题。这没有什么好坏之分。这真的就像，你喜欢在大自然中散步吗？ Haruka: I love it. Haruka: 我喜欢。Mark: Yeah, me too. And I think that in essence is Zen is just appreciating the beauty in nature or the wind on your face, or, the sound of the birds and the trees. It sounds a little corny, but appreciating that moment in time, that's basically Zen. 马克：是的，我也是。我认为禅宗的本质就是欣赏自然之美，或者欣赏脸上的风，或者鸟儿和树木的声音。这听起来有点老套，但欣赏那一刻，这基本上就是禅宗。Haruka: So if I'm enjoying this conversation right now, that means I am in Zen? Haruka：所以如果我现在很享受这次谈话，那就意味着我处于禅宗之中？ Mark: Sure. In essence, if you're in this moment, as we speak, that's a form of Zen appreciation. 马克：当然。从本质上讲，如果你正处于我们所说的这一刻，那就是禅宗欣赏的一种形式。 Haruka: Is it possible that I will be in Zen all the time, if I'm able to enjoy every moment of my life? Haruka：如果我能够享受生命中的每一刻，我是否有可能一直处于禅宗之中？Mark: That's a great question. I think it's sort of impossible to constantly be present. It's a good goal to aim for, but it's sort of like an unattainable goal, like a goal that you can't ever get to because your mind is at some point going to think about tomorrow or remember something from the past. 马克：这是一个很好的问题。我认为持续存在是不可能的。这是一个很好的目标，但它有点像一个无法实现的目标，就像一个你永远无法实现的目标，因为你的大脑在某个时候会思考明天或记住过去的事情。 Haruka: How much of a day do you think you are in the Zen moment? Haruka：你认为你一天有多少时间处于禅宗时刻？ Mark: I've never calculated it like that. I don't know, because I catch myself all the time thinking too much about the future or reliving a memory for too long. And then when I catch myself, I bring my focus back to what I'm doing at the present moment. 马克：我从来没有这样计算过。我不知道，因为我发现自己总是对未来思考太多，或者重温一段记忆太久。然后当我控制住自己时，我会把注意力集中到我现在正在做的事情上。 Haruka : Mm. Sometimes I focus so much and I feel like I'm in the zone, but it's different from Zen? Haruka：嗯。有时我太专注了，感觉自己很专注，但这与禅宗不同？ Mark: Well, I don't really want to define it because that's the paradox or the confusing thing about Zen, the more and more you try to define it, really, the further away you get from it. It's not something that there are like rules that are written down and you follow these rules. It's really more about just being, just being alive and acknowledging that, appreciating that. 马克：嗯，我真的不想定义它，因为这就是禅宗的悖论或令人困惑的事情，你越多地试图定义它，实际上，你离它就越远。这并不是写下来的规则，然后你就遵守这些规则。这实际上更多的是关于存在，只是活着并承认这一点，欣赏这一点。Haruka: Maybe we can both go to the Zen garden and see how it works. Haruka：也许我们可以一起去禅宗花园看看它是如何运作的。 Mark: That's good. I would love to talk to a Zen monk or something. 马克：那很好。我很想和禅宗和尚交谈之类的。 

Wine made by ancient methods is gaining new fans. 用古老方法酿造的葡萄酒正在赢得新的粉丝。 Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fruit like grapes. 葡萄酒是一种由葡萄等水果制成的酒精饮料。 Natural wine uses methods that reduce processing and harmful effects on the Earth. Research company IWSR Drinks Market Analysis found that people in the U.S. are seeking natural wine in increasing numbers. At the same time, the number of wine buyers has been dropping since 2015. 天然葡萄酒采用的方法可减少加工过程和对地球的有害影响。 研究公司 IWSR Drinks Market Analysis 发现越来越多的美国人寻求天然葡萄酒。 与此同时，葡萄酒买家数量自2015年以来一直在下降。 Natural and other Earth-friendly wines made up less than one percent of sales in 2021. But demand for those wines was rising faster than other kinds on the whole, reported Drizly, an online site for ordering and shipping wine and other alcohol. 2021 年，天然葡萄酒和其他环保葡萄酒仅占销售额的不到 1%。但据订购和运输葡萄酒及其他酒类的在线网站 Drizly 报道，这些葡萄酒的需求总体上比其他种类的葡萄酒增长得更快。 Most natural wines are made with organic grapes collected by hand. Organic growers do not use poisonous chemicals to stop or control insects or unwanted plant growth. 大多数天然葡萄酒都是用手工采集的有机葡萄酿制的。 有机种植者不使用有毒化学品来阻止或控制昆虫或不需要的植物生长。 To make wine, the grapes need to be crushed. Some wine producers crush grapes by foot like people of ancient times. Afterwards, the crushed grapes ferment naturally. Manufacturers do not add water, yeast or other substances. 为了酿造葡萄酒，需要将葡萄压碎。 有些葡萄酒生产商像古代人一样用脚踩碎葡萄。 之后，压碎的葡萄自然发酵。 制造商不添加水、酵母或其他物质。 There are exceptions. Some natural winemakers add sulfites, a chemical produced naturally in grapes. Extra sulfites can help preserve, or keep, the wine. And some winemakers clear the final liquid of any small pieces that could make it look cloudy.但也有例外。 一些天然酿酒师添加亚硫酸盐，这是一种葡萄中天然产生的化学物质。 额外的亚硫酸盐可以帮助保存或保存葡萄酒。 一些酿酒师清除了最终液体中任何可能使其看起来浑浊的小碎片。 The result is wines that are earthy and less predictable than many of the wines created by bigger producers. 结果是葡萄酒变得朴实，并且比大生产商生产的许多葡萄酒更难以预测。“The first time you taste it, you can tell it’s alive,” said John Keller. He is the owner and winemaker at Neu Cellars in Northern Michigan. “当你第一次尝到它的时候，你就能看出它是活的，”约翰·凯勒说。 他是密歇根州北部 Neu Cellars 的老板和酿酒师。 But selling natural wine processes can be difficult. Natural wine has no set definition in the U.S. It is not easy to find, since most natural wines do not identify as such on their labels. 但销售天然葡萄酒工艺可能很困难。 天然葡萄酒在美国没有固定的定义。要找到天然葡萄酒并不容易，因为大多数天然葡萄酒的标签上都没有这样的标识。 “Natural just sounds good, but conventional wine is pretty natural too,” said Anita Oberholster. She is a professor in the Department of Viticulture and Enology at the University of California, Davis. “If the idea of natural wine is going to grow, we should do research on it and define it.” “天然听起来不错，但传统葡萄酒也很天然，”安妮塔·奥伯霍尔斯特 (Anita Oberholster) 说。 她是加州大学戴维斯分校葡萄栽培和酿酒学系的教授。 “如果天然葡萄酒的理念要发展，我们应该对其进行研究并对其进行定义。”Keller of Neu Cellars has a degree in biochemistry. He started out working for a big winemaker in California. But he left because he was not happy about all the chemical mixes it used. These include gelatin, oak dust, and eggs. Neu Cellars 的凯勒拥有生物化学学位。 他开始为加利福尼亚州的一家大型酿酒师工作。 但他离开了，因为他对公司使用的所有化学混合物不满意。 其中包括明胶、橡木粉和鸡蛋。 However, some say the line between natural and conventional wines is very narrow. 然而，有人说天然葡萄酒和传统葡萄酒之间的界限非常狭窄。 Many products added to wine, like yeast, are natural products, Oberholster said. And many conventional wines are made without adding anything. 奥伯霍尔斯特说，许多添加到葡萄酒中的产品，如酵母，都是天然产品。 许多传统葡萄酒是在不添加任何东西的情况下酿造的。 Some in the industry would like to establish rules for producing natural wine. France’s wine industry took such action in 2020, enacting requirements that winemakers must meet to identify their wines as natural. 一些业内人士希望制定天然葡萄酒生产规则。 法国葡萄酒行业在 2020 年采取了这样的行动，制定了酿酒师必须满足的要求，才能认定他们的葡萄酒是天然的。 Some manufacturers argue that rules can make wine making more costly. Keller uses organic grapes but he says he cannot support the cost of repeated inspections for approval as an organic wine. 一些制造商认为，规则可能会提高葡萄酒酿造成本。 凯勒使用有机葡萄，但他表示他无法承担为批准有机葡萄酒而进行重复检查的费用。 Anthony Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of Vinovest, a wine investment company. He sees another problem. 张东是葡萄酒投资公司Vinovest的联合创始人兼首席执行官。 他看到了另一个问题。 Vinovest says some wine companies are profiting from the lack of rules. They use labeling content like imagery that suggests their wine making is natural when they are not, he argues. Vinovest 表示，一些葡萄酒公司正在从缺乏规则中获利。 他认为，他们使用图像等标签内容来暗示他们的葡萄酒酿造是自然的，而实际上并非如此。 That can mislead buyers who often will pay higher prices for wines made by smaller producers that use natural methods. 这可能会误导买家，他们往往愿意为采用自然方法的小生产商生产的葡萄酒支付更高的价格。 However, buyers may have more information on wine bottles soon. Starting in December, wines sold in the European Union will have to identify on their labeling all the substances each product contains. 不过，买家可能很快就会获得更多有关酒瓶的信息。 从十二月开始，在欧盟销售的葡萄酒必须在标签上标明每种产品所含的所有

Paul Lane uses his mouth and face to push buttons and guide his virtual car on Gran Turismo, a game on the PlayStation 5. It is how he has been playing for the past 23 years, after a car accident left him unable to use his fingers. Paul Lane 在 PlayStation 5 上的 Gran Turismo 游戏中用嘴和脸按下按钮并引导他的虚拟汽车。在一场车祸导致他无法使用手指后，他在过去 23 年里一直这样玩游戏 。 Playing video games has long been difficult for people with disabilities. The controllers for the PlayStation, Xbox or Nintendo can be very hard, or even impossible, to use for people with limited mobility. 对于残疾人来说，玩电子游戏一直很困难。对于行动不便的人来说，PlayStation、Xbox 或 Nintendo 的控制器可能很难甚至不可能使用。As part of the gaming industry's efforts to fix the problem, Sony has worked with Lane and others to develop the new Access controller for PlayStation. Other companies, including Microsoft, and even people with 3-D printers have also created their own accessible controllers. 作为游戏行业解决该问题的努力的一部分，索尼与 Lane 等人合作开发了适用于 PlayStation 的新型访问控制器。其他公司，包括微软，甚至拥有 3D 打印机的人也创建了自己的无障碍控制器。 "I was big into sports before my injury," said Cesar Flores. The 30-year-old has used a wheelchair since a car accident eight years ago. He also worked with Sony on the controller. “And when I play video games, it reminds me that I’m still human. It reminds me that I’m still one of the guys.” “受伤前我很喜欢运动，”塞萨尔·弗洛雷斯说。这位30岁的男子自八年前的一场车祸后就一直使用轮椅。他还与索尼合作开发控制器。“当我玩电子游戏时，它提醒我我仍然是人类。这提醒我，我仍然是其中一员。”Putting the traditional controller aside, Lane, 52, switches to the Access. It is round and customizable and can rest on a table or wheelchair tray. It can be customized in many ways, depending on what the user needs. That includes switching buttons and thumbsticks, programming special controls and combining two controllers to be used as one. As Lane plays Gran Turismo, he uses the back of his hand on the controller. 抛开传统控制器，Lane, 52 切换到 Access。它是圆形的，可定制，可以放在桌子或轮椅托盘上。它可以通过多种方式进行定制，具体取决于用户的需求。这包括切换按钮和拇指杆、对特殊控件进行编程以及将两个控制器组合为一个控制器。当莱恩玩《Gran Turismo》时，他会用手背操作控制器。 Lane and other gamers have been working with Sony since 2018 to help design the Access controller. The idea was to create something that could work for many people with different needs, rather than centering on any particular disability. Lane 和其他游戏玩家自 2018 年以来一直与索尼合作，帮助设计 Access 控制器。我们的想法是创造一种可以满足许多有不同需求的人的东西，而不是专注于任何特定的残疾。Mark Barlet is the founder and executive director of the nonprofit AbleGamers. He said his organization has been supporting gamers with disabilities for nearly 20 years. AbleGamers also helped both Sony and Microsoft with their controllers. Mark Barlet 是非营利组织 AbleGamers 的创始人兼执行董事。他表示，他的组织近 20 年来一直在支持残疾游戏玩家。AbleGamers 还为索尼和微软提供了控制器的帮助。 “The last five years I have seen the game accessibility movement go from (independent) studios working on some features to triple-A games being able to be played by people who identify as blind," he said. “In five years, it’s been breathtaking.” 他说：“在过去的五年里，我看到游戏无障碍运动从致力于某些功能的（独立）工作室发展到盲人也能玩的 3A 游戏。”“在五年内，它已经 惊险。”PlayStation’s Access controller will go on sale worldwide on December 6 and cost $90 in the U.S. PlayStation 的 Access 控制器将于 12 月 6 日在全球发售，美国售价 90 美元。 Alvin Daniel of PlayStation said the device was designed with three ideas in mind to make it usable for as many players as possible. PlayStation 的阿尔文·丹尼尔 (Alvin Daniel) 表示，该设备的设计考虑了三个想法，以使其可供尽可能多的玩家使用。 First, the player does not have to hold the controller to use it. It can lay flat on a table or wheelchair tray, for example. It was important for it to fit on a wheelchair tray, since once something falls off the tray, it might be impossible for the player to pick it up without help. It also had to be durable for this same reason. 首先，玩家无需握住控制器即可使用它。例如，它可以平放在桌子或轮椅托盘上。将其安装在轮椅托盘上非常重要，因为一旦有东西从托盘上掉下来，玩家在没有帮助的情况下可能无法捡起它。出于同样的原因，它还必须耐用。 Second, it is much easier to press the buttons than on the common controller. It comes with buttons in different sizes and shapes so people can experiment with shaping it the way it works best for them. The third is the thumbsticks, which can also be changed depending on what works for the person using it. 其次，按下按钮比普通控制器容易得多。它配备了不同尺寸和形状的按钮，因此人们可以尝试以最适合自己的方式塑造它。第三个是拇指杆，它也可以根据使用它的人的情况进行更改。 After his accident, Lane stopped gaming for seven years. For someone who began playing video games as a young child, “it was a void" in his life, he said. 事故发生后，莱恩停止玩游戏七年。他说，对于一个从小就开始玩电子游戏的人来说，他的生活“一片空白”。 “Having gaming and having an opportunity to game at a very high level, to be able to do it again, it is like a reunion, (like losing) a close companion and being able to reunite with that person again.” “玩游戏并有机会玩非常高水平的游戏，能够再次做到这一点，就像重聚一样，（就像失去）一个亲密的伙伴，却能够再次与那个人重聚。”

The items were first discovered deep inside the cave in the 19th Century. But scientists have only recently realised that they're much older than previously thought – 6,200 years old – to be exact. 这些草编凉鞋于19世纪在一处洞穴深处首次被人发现。但科学家们直到最近才认识到，它们比之前想象的要古老得多，确切地说，已有6200年的历史。 Some parts of the sandals didn't survive, but the intricately-woven esparto grass soles are still intact. And because they're small in size, they probably belonged to children and would have been kept on their feet with twisted or braided cords. 凉鞋上有一些部分没能保存下来，不过编织精巧而复杂的西班牙草制鞋底仍然完好无损。凉鞋很小，很可能是童鞋，而且是通过缠绕扭绳或编绳固定在脚上的。 But the shoes are not the oldest items that were found. Several esparto grass baskets were also discovered, and they date back 9,500 years to the Mesolithic period. Four of them are in very good condition. 但这些鞋子并不是这一批文物中最古老的物品。人们还发现了几个西班牙草篮子，可以追溯到9500年前的中石器时代。其中四个草篮子的保存状况非常好。 Scientists are also examining the mummified bodies, stone stools, ancient boar's teeth and other artefacts that were also found in the cave. 科学家们还在检测这个洞穴中发现的木乃伊尸体、石凳、古代野猪的牙齿和其它人工制品。 But it's the prehistoric shoes that are causing the most excitement. Until now, the oldest shoes found in Europe were made from grass and leather and were around 5,000 years old. They were discovered on the Italy-Austria border in 1991. 但最令人兴奋的发现是这些史前的鞋子。在这之前，在欧洲发现的最古老的鞋子是由草和皮革制成的，约有5000年的历史，于1991年在意大利与奥地利的边境被人发现。 So, don't throw your espadrilles away at the end of the summer. Who knows, they might last another few thousand years! 所以，不要过完夏天就扔掉你的渔夫鞋。没准它们还能再保存个几千年呢！

Did you know many adults sit down for more than nine hours a day – maybe you're one of them! Whether it's working at a desk, sitting motionless in a car, bus or train or lounging on the sofa watching TV, we have a much more sedentary lifestyle than our parents and grandparents did. The question that this raises is just what is it doing to our bodies? 您知道吗，许多成年人每天坐着的时间超过九个小时——也许您就是其中之一！ 无论是在办公桌前工作，一动不动地坐在汽车、公共汽车或火车上，还是躺在沙发上看电视，我们的生活方式比我们的父母和祖父母要久坐得多。 这就提出了一个问题：它对我们的身体有什么影响？ The news isn't good. A study carried out in the 1950s compared bus drivers with the conductors, who walked around the bus selling tickets. It showed that drivers, who spent many hours sat at the wheel, were twice as likely to have heart attacks than the more active conductors. In fact, prolonged sitting has been associated with a number of different conditions, even in people who otherwise take regular exercise. If you sit down all day, you burn far fewer calories than someone with a more active job. There are suggestions that it slows your metabolism and makes it harder for your body to regulate blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of diabetes. 消息不太好。 20 世纪 50 年代进行的一项研究将公交车司机与在公交车周围走动售票的售票员进行了比较。 研究表明，长时间坐在方向盘上的司机患心脏病的可能性是比较活跃的乘务员的两倍。 事实上，长时间坐着与许多不同的状况有关，即使对于那些经常锻炼的人也是如此。 如果你整天坐着，你燃烧的卡路里比那些从事更活跃工作的人要少得多。 有人建议，它会减慢新陈代谢，使身体更难调节血糖水平，从而增加患糖尿病的风险。 One possible answer to this problem is for desk workers to use standing desks, to spend at least part of their day on their feet. One small study showed that office workers who stood for three hours after lunch had a much smaller increase in blood sugar levels, while another suggested that by standing for three or four hours a day over the period of a year, people would burn as many calories as if they had run ten marathons. 解决这个问题的一个可能的办法是让办公桌工作人员使用站立式办公桌，每天至少有一部分时间是站着的。 一项小型研究表明，午饭后站立三个小时的上班族血糖水平增幅要小得多，而另一项研究表明，在一年内每天站立三到四个小时，人们会燃烧同样多的卡路里 就好像他们跑了十场马拉松一样。 Other experts question this figure and point out that standing all day can also have negative impacts, such as leg or back pain, recommending that if people do want to use standing desks, they should gradually increase the amount of time that they spend on their feet. Crucially, they also point out that there are many alternatives to sitting, and that their impact is unlikely to be the same: walking, for example, burns far more calories than standing. 其他专家对这个数字提出质疑，并指出整天站立也会产生负面影响，例如腿部或背部疼痛，建议如果人们确实想使用站立式办公桌，应该逐渐增加站立的时间 。 至关重要的是，他们还指出，除了坐着之外，还有很多其他选择，而且它们的影响不太可能相同：例如，步行比站立燃烧的卡路里要多得多。 词汇表sit down 坐下，坐着motionless 静止不动的lounge 休息，闲散地坐着sedentary lifestyle 缺乏运动的生活方式sit at the wheel 坐在方向盘前，驾车heart attack 心脏病发作prolonged sitting 久坐burn calories 消耗热量active 身体活动的，经常运动的metabolism 新陈代谢regulate blood sugar levels 调节血糖水平diabetes 糖尿病desk worker 伏案工作者standing desk 站立式办公桌on someone's feet 站着stand 站立，站着walking 走路，步行

A team of scientists is studying the sound of the forest in Ecuador to learn how artificial intelligence (AI) could follow animal life in recovering environments. 一组科学家正在研究厄瓜多尔森林的声音，以了解人工智能 (AI) 如何在恢复环境中追踪动物的生命。 When scientists want to measure new forest growth, they can study large areas of land with tools like satellites and lidar. 当科学家想要测量新的森林生长情况时，他们可以使用卫星和激光雷达等工具研究大片土地。 But understanding how fast and in what amount wildlife is returning to an area is more difficult. Sometimes it requires an expert to listen through sound recordings and pick out animal calls. 但了解野生动物返回某个地区的速度和数量则更加困难。有时需要专家聆听录音并辨别动物的叫声。 Jorg Muller is a field expert on birds at the University of Wurzburg Biocenter in Germany. He wondered if there was a different way. 约格·穆勒 (Jorg Muller) 是德国维尔茨堡大学生物中心的鸟类领域专家。他想知道是否还有其他方法。 Muller told the French news agency AFP: "I saw the gap that we need, particularly in the tropics, better methods to quantify the huge diversity... to improve conservation actions.” 穆勒告诉法国新闻社法新社：“我看到了我们需要的差距，特别是在热带地区，需要更好的方法来量化巨大的多样性......以改善保护行动。” So, he turned to bioacoustics, which uses sound to learn more about animal life and the environments in which they live. 因此，他转向生物声学，利用声音来更多地了解动物的生命及其生活环境。 The tool has been used by scientists for some time. But more recently, researchers are using it with computer learning to study large amounts of data more quickly. 该工具已经被科学家使用了一段时间。但最近，研究人员将其与计算机学习结合使用，以更快地研究大量数据。 Muller and his team recorded wildlife sounds at sites in Ecuador’s Choco area. The environments they recorded included areas that were once used for agriculture and raising livestock to old-growth forests. 穆勒和他的团队在厄瓜多尔乔科地区记录了野生动物的声音。他们记录的环境包括曾经用于农业和在古老森林中饲养牲畜的地区。 They first had experts listen to the recordings and index the sounds of different animals. Then, they examine the sound quality to measure the environment. 他们首先让专家听取录音并对不同动物的声音进行索引。然后，他们检查声音质量以测量环境。 Finally, they ran two weeks of recordings through an AI computer program trained to understand 75 different bird calls. 最后，他们通过人工智能计算机程序进行了两周的录音，该程序经过训练可以理解 75 种不同的鸟叫声。The program was able to pick out the calls on which it was trained. However, scientists wondered if the program could correctly identify the number of different kinds of plants and animals in each environment. 该程序能够挑选出对其进行训练的调用。然而，科学家们想知道该程序是否能够正确识别每个环境中不同种类植物和动物的数量。 To see if the program could do that, the team used two different controls. One was from the experts who listened to the audio recordings, and the second was based on examples from each environment, which can be used to understand biodiversity. 为了看看程序是否可以做到这一点，团队使用了两种不同的控件。一个是来自听录音的专家，第二个是基于每个环境的例子，可以用来了解生物多样性。 Since the amount of available sounds used to train is limited, the AI program could only identify one-fourth of the bird calls that experts could. But it was still able to correctly measure biodiversity levels in each environment, the study said. 由于用于训练的可用声音数量有限，人工智能程序只能识别专家所能识别的鸟叫声的四分之一。但研究称，它仍然能够正确测量每个环境中的生物多样性水平。 The research was published recently in Nature Communications. The study said the scientists’ results show that the AI program is a powerful tool to measure the recovery of animal communities in tropical forests. 该研究最近发表在《自然通讯》上。研究称，科学家的研究结果表明，人工智能程序是衡量热带森林动物群落恢复情况的有力工具。 The research noted that biodiversity found from recordings can be quantified in a cost-effective and complete way. And it said that it can measure environments, “… from active agriculture to recovering and old-growth forests.” 研究指出，从记录中发现的生物多样性可以以具有成本效益且完整的方式进行量化。它说它可以测量环境，“……从活跃的农业到恢复和古老的森林。” There are still areas for improvement, including the lack of animal sounds on which to train AI models. And the method can only capture animals that use sound to communicate. 仍有需要改进的地方，包括缺乏用于训练人工智能模型的动物声音。而且该方法只能捕获使用声音进行交流的动物。

An alliance of environmental groups is calling for new federal rules to protect an endangered whale from crashes with ships. 一个环保组织联盟正在呼吁制定新的联邦规则，以保护濒临灭绝的鲸鱼免受船只碰撞的影响。 The groups presented their demands in a document, called a petition, provided to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on September 28. 这些组织在一份名为请愿书的文件中提出了他们的要求，并于 9 月 28 日提交给美国国家海洋和大气管理局 (NOAA)。 The action aims to protect the North Atlantic right whale, which has long been considered endangered. The population of these extremely large sea animals has decreased sharply in recent years. Just 340 are believed to be alive today. 该行动旨在保护长期以来被认为濒临灭绝的北大西洋露脊鲸。近年来，这些巨型海洋动物的数量急剧减少。目前据信只有 340 人还活着。 Officials at NOAA have said ship collisions are among the most serious threats to the survival of the whale. One rule the environmental groups are calling for would seek to prevent ship strikes by making more ships slow down for whales. NOAA has yet to release a final updated speed rule although it proposed new rules more than a year ago, the groups said. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局的官员表示，船舶碰撞是对鲸鱼生存最严重的威胁之一。环保组织呼吁制定的一项规则是，通过让更多船只减速捕鲸来防止船只撞击。这些组织表示，尽管美国国家海洋和大气管理局一年多前就提出了新规则，但尚未发布最终更新的速度规则。 Environmentalists have appealed for urgency in enacting the measure. They say it is important to approve new rules before the upcoming birthing season. At that time of year, the whales migrate hundreds of miles from waters off New England and Canada to areas off the coasts of Florida and Georgia. 环保人士呼吁尽快颁布这项措施。他们表示，在即将到来的分娩季节之前批准新规则非常重要。每年的这个时候，鲸鱼都会从新英格兰和加拿大附近海域迁徙数百英里，到达佛罗里达州和佐治亚州沿海地区。“Even one ship strike would bring these whales closer to extinction, but speed limits can help prevent that,” said Kristen Monsell. She is a legal director at the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the groups that prepared the petition to NOAA. “Federal officials can’t sit back and do nothing while right whales are in danger," Monsell told The Associated Press. 克里斯汀·蒙塞尔说：“即使是一次船只撞击也会使这些鲸鱼濒临灭绝，但速度限制可以帮助防止这种情况发生。” 她是生物多样性中心的法律主任，该中心是向 NOAA 准备请愿书的组织之一。蒙塞尔告诉美联社：“当露脊鲸面临危险时，联邦官员不能袖手旁观。” Katie Wagner is a spokesperson for NOAA. She said she expects the agency to announce its final action on the proposed rule sometime this year. That means the rule could be publicized during the middle of calving season and may not be put into effect until even later. 凯蒂·瓦格纳是 NOAA 的发言人。她说，她预计该机构将在今年某个时候宣布针对拟议规则的最终行动。这意味着该规则可能会在产犊季节中期公布，并且可能要到更晚的时候才会生效。Wagner said NOAA knows about the petition but has a policy not to comment on legal matters. The agency is considering expanding “slow zones” off the U.S. East Coast, and also requiring more ships to obey those rules.瓦格纳表示，美国国家海洋和大气管理局知道该请愿书，但有一项政策，不对法律问题发表评论。该机构正在考虑扩大美国东海岸的“慢区”，并要求更多船只遵守这些规则。 NOAA denied a request from environmentalists last year to immediately put new rules in place. At the time, the agency said in public documents that it was considering “long-term, substantive" measures to reduce whale strikes by ships. Wagner said NOAA received more than 90,000 comments on the proposed rule and would use those to decide on its final action. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)去年拒绝了环保人士要求立即实施新规定的请求。当时，该机构在公开文件中表示，正在考虑采取“长期、实质性”措施来减少船只对鲸鱼的撞击。瓦格纳表示，NOAA 收到了超过 90,000 条关于拟议规则的评论，并将根据这些评论来决定其最终规则。行动。 Right whales were once common off the U.S. East Coast. But the animals fell in numbers after years of heavy hunting activities. The whales have long been protected under the Endangered Species Act. 露脊鲸曾经在美国东海岸很常见。但经过多年的大量狩猎活动，这些动物的数量有所下降。鲸鱼长期以来一直受到《濒危物种法》的保护。 Right whales are also at risk of becoming accidentally entangled in fishing equipment. Proposed restrictions to prevent such entanglements have been the subject of a legal case between the federal government and fishermen. 露脊鲸还面临着意外被捕鱼设备缠住的风险。为防止此类纠缠而提出的限制措施已成为联邦政府与渔民之间法律案件的主题。Groups Demand Urgent Rules to Protect Whales from Ships,VOA英语每日一听,4分钟 

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced last week that it will invest $40 million in African drug makers. The money will help produce new messenger RNA vaccines in Africa. The continent’s people were the last to receive vaccinations against COVID-19 during the pandemic. 比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会上周宣布将向非洲制药商投资 4000 万美元。 这笔资金将有助于在非洲生产新的信使 RNA 疫苗。 在大流行期间，非洲大陆的人民是最后一批接种 COVID-19 疫苗的人。 The foundation said that its investment marks an important step forward in improving vaccine equity. It said making vaccines and getting them approved for use could take at least three more years. 该基金会表示，其投资标志着在改善疫苗公平性方面向前迈出了重要一步。 报告称，生产疫苗并获得批准使用可能至少还需要三年时间。 “Whether it’s for local diseases in Africa like Rift Valley (fever) or for global diseases like TB (tuberculosis), mRNA looks like a very promising approach,” Bill Gates told the Associated Press. 比尔·盖茨对美联社表示：“无论是治疗裂谷（发烧）等非洲当地疾病还是结核病（结核病）等全球疾病，mRNA 看起来都是一种非常有前途的方法。” The Microsoft founder added, during a visit to the Institut Pasteur in Dakar, Senegal, “And so it allows us to bring in lots of African capabilities to work on these vaccines, and then this can be scaled up.” 这位微软创始人在访问塞内加尔达喀尔巴斯德研究所时补充道，“这使我们能够引进大量非洲能力来研发这些疫苗，然后扩大规模。” The announcement came as the foundation opened its yearly three-day Grand Challenges event. The gathering brought together scientists and public health researchers from around the world. 这一消息是在基金会一年一度为期三天的大挑战活动开幕之际发布的。 这次聚会汇集了来自世界各地的科学家和公共卫生研究人员。 Institut Pasteur, along with South Africa-based company Biovac, will be using an mRNA research and manufacturing process developed by Quantoom Biosciences in Belgium. 巴斯德研究所与南非公司 Biovac 将使用比利时 Quantoom Biosciences 开发的 mRNA 研究和制造工艺。 The foundation is giving five million dollars to each vaccine manufacturer. It will award another $10 million to other companies not yet identified. The remaining $20 million is going to Quantoom “to further advance the technology and lower costs.” 该基金会向每个疫苗制造商捐赠 500 万美元。 它将另外奖励 1000 万美元给其他尚未确定的公司。 剩下的 2000 万美元将捐给 Quantoom，“以进一步推进技术并降低成本”。 Pfizer and its partner BioNTech along with Moderna used the mRNA technology to develop COVID-19 vaccines in record time. The medicine supplies genetic direction to human cells leading to antibody production to fight COVID-19. 辉瑞及其合作伙伴 BioNTech 以及 Moderna 使用 mRNA 技术以创纪录的时间开发了 COVID-19 疫苗。 该药物为人体细胞提供遗传指导，导致产生抗击 COVID-19 的抗体。 Those COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were quickly pushed through approval processes and received emergency use permission during the pandemic. The new vaccines under development in Africa will take longer anywhere from three to seven years. 这些 COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗很快就通过了审批程序，并在大流行期间获得了紧急使用许可。 非洲正在开发的新疫苗将需要更长的时间，从三到七年不等。 Dr. Amadou Sall is chief executive officer at Institut Pasteur. He said the deal will help build vaccine self-reliance in Africa. The organization has been producing yellow fever shots since the 1930s. It now hopes mRNA technology can be used to produce vaccines for other diseases in Africa including Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. 阿马杜·萨尔 (Amadou Sall) 博士是巴斯德研究所的首席执行官。 他表示，该协议将有助于非洲建立疫苗自力更生能力。 该组织自 20 世纪 30 年代以来一直生产黄热病疫苗。 现在，该公司希望 mRNA 技术能够用于生产针对非洲其他疾病的疫苗，包括拉沙热、裂谷热和克里米亚-刚果出血热。 “What we want is next time there is a pandemic — we hope it won’t happen soon — Africa would be able to make its own vaccine, to contribute to the development, and make sure that we protect the population,” Sall said. “What happened with COVID should never happen again in the sense that Africans should get vaccinated as a matter of equity.” 萨尔说：“我们希望下次发生大流行时——我们希望这种情况不会很快发生——非洲能够制造自己的疫苗，为发展做出贡献，并确保我们保护人民。” “从非洲人应该公平接种疫苗的意义上来说，新冠疫情发生的事情不应该再次发生。” Jose Castillo is the leader of Quantoom Biosciences. He said the mRNA technologies permit low- and middle-income countries “to become autonomous in terms of research and development.” Jose Castillo 是 Quantoom Biosciences 的领导者。 他表示，mRNA 技术使低收入和中等收入国家“能够在研发方面实现自主”。 With $8.3 billion to give away in 2023, the Gates Foundation is the world’s largest private philanthropic donor. The organization has spent billions of dollars to vaccinate against polio, treat and prevent malaria and HIV and, more recently, to develop vaccines for diseases like cholera. 盖茨基金会是全球最大的私人慈善捐助者，到 2023 年将捐赠 83 亿美元。 该组织已花费数十亿美元来接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗、治疗和预防疟疾和艾滋病毒，最近还开发了霍乱等疾病的疫苗。

About 85% of 18-year-olds in the UK who applied to university this year were accepted. That is roughly the same as last year. What's different is that the number of applications was down, and so the number of new students setting off for university is too. 在英国今年申请大学的18岁青少年中，约有 85% 的人被录取。录取比例与去年大致相同。不同的是申请人数有所下降，因此即将步入大学的新生人数也有所减少。There had been a rise in teenagers applying for university after Covid hit. The Sixth Form Colleges Association say some may have sought refuge in higher education when other opportunities, such as employment, apprenticeships and gap years abroad were harder to come by. 新冠肺炎疫情爆发后，申请大学的青少年人数有所增加。英国高中学院协会表示，一些学生可能是在高等教育中寻求 “庇护”，因为就业、学徒和海外间隔年等机会比以往更难找到。 This year, 35.6% of all 18-year-olds in the UK have been accepted by a university, the lowest proportion since 2019. The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service says the figures it has published today reflect a return to normal growth, following the surge of demands seen during the pandemic. 今年，英国有35.6%的所有年龄为18岁的人被大学录取，这是自2019年来的最低比例。英国大学及学院招生服务中心表示，今天公布的数据反映出在疫情期间申请人数大幅增长后，现已恢复正常的增长趋势。词汇表roughly 大致地，近似地setting off 动身，出发sought refuge 寻求庇护higher education 高等教育employment 就业apprenticeships 学徒，实习gap years （上大学前休学去打工或旅游的）间隔年come by 得到normal growth 正常增长surge 激增

The Mona Lisa is the famous Leonardo da Vinci painting of a woman with a mysterious smile. 《蒙娜丽莎》是列奥纳多·达·芬奇的著名画作，画中的女人带着神秘的微笑。 This week, the painting gave up a secret. 本周，这幅画透露了一个秘密。 Scientists used X-rays to examine the chemical structure of an extremely small part of the more than 500-year-old painting. The researchers discovered a technique Leonardo used in the work. 科学家们利用 X 射线检查了这幅 500 多年历史画作中极小部分的化学结构。研究人员发现了列奥纳多在作品中使用的一种技术。 A team in France and Britain discovered an oil paint used for the Mona Lisa was a special, new chemical mixture. 法国和英国的一个研究小组发现，用于《蒙娜丽莎》的油画是一种特殊的新型化学混合物。 The research was published Wednesday in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. It suggests that the Italian artist may have been in an experimental mood when he set to work on the painting early in the 16th century. 该研究周三发表在《美国化学会杂志》上。这表明这位意大利艺术家在 16 世纪初开始创作这幅画时可能处于一种实验的心情。 “He was someone who loved to experiment, and each of his paintings is completely different technically,” said Victor Gonzalez. He is the study’s lead writer and a chemist at France’s top research organization, the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). Gonzalez has studied the chemical makeup of several works by Leonardo, Rembrandt and other artists. “他是一个喜欢尝试的人，他的每幅画在技术上都完全不同，”维克多·冈萨雷斯说。他是该研究的主要作者，也是法国顶级研究机构国家科学研究中心 (CNRS) 的化学家。冈萨雷斯研究了达·芬奇、伦勃朗和其他艺术家的几幅作品的化学成分。“In this case, it’s interesting to see that indeed there is a specific technique for the ground layer of Mona Lisa,” he said in an interview with The Associated Press. “在这种情况下，有趣的是，蒙娜丽莎的底层确实有一种特殊的技术，”他在接受美联社采访时说道。 Specifically, the researchers found a rare compound, plumbonacrite, in Leonardo’s first layer of paint. The discovery, Gonzalez said, confirmed that da Vinci most likely used lead oxide to thicken and help dry his paint.具体来说，研究人员在达芬奇的第一层油漆中发现了一种罕见的化合物，铅铅矿。冈萨雷斯说，这一发现证实达芬奇很可能使用氧化铅来增稠并帮助干燥他的油漆。Carmen Bambach, a specialist in Italian art at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, called the research “very exciting.” Bambach, who was not involved in the study, said it shows “Leonardo’s spirit of passionate and constant experimentation as a painter,” she wrote in an email. 纽约大都会艺术博物馆意大利艺术专家卡门·班巴赫 (Carmen Bambach) 称这项研究“非常令人兴奋”。班巴赫没有参与这项研究，她在一封电子邮件中写道，这显示了“莱昂纳多作为画家的热情和不断实验的精神”。 The speck of paint in the imaging study is about the thickness of a human hair. It lies in the top right area of the painting. 成像研究中的油漆斑点大约是人类头发的厚度。它位于画作的右上方区域。 The scientists looked into its atomic structure using X-rays in a synchrotron. The machine moves particles at close to the speed of light, permitting researchers to look deeper into the paint structure. 科学家们在同步加速器中使用 X 射线研究了它的原子结构。该机器以接近光速移动粒子，使研究人员能够更深入地了解油漆结构。 “Plumbonacrite is really a fingerprint of his recipe,” Gonzalez said. “It’s the first time we can actually chemically confirm it.” “Plumbonacrite 确实是他的配方的指纹，”冈萨雷斯说。“这是我们第一次能够真正通过化学方法确认它。” Dutch artist Rembrandt may have used a similar mixture when he was painting in the 17th century. Gonzalez and other researchers have found plumbonacrite in his work, too. 荷兰艺术家伦勃朗在 17 世纪绘画时可能也使用过类似的混合物。冈萨雷斯和其他研究人员也在他的工作中发现了铅铅矿。“It tells us also that those recipes were passed on for centuries,” Gonzalez said. “It was a very good recipe.” “它还告诉我们，这些食谱已经传承了几个世纪，”冈萨雷斯说。“这是一个非常好的食谱。” Leonardo is thought to have melted lead oxide powder, which has an orange color, in linseed or walnut oil to make it thicker and dry faster. 人们认为列奥纳多将橙色的氧化铅粉末融化在亚麻籽油或核桃油中，使其变得更稠并且干燥得更快。 “What you will obtain is an oil that has a very nice golden color,” Gonzalez said. “It flows more like honey.” “你将获得一种具有非常漂亮的金色的油，”冈萨雷斯说。“它更像蜂蜜一样流动。” But the Mona Lisa — said by the Louvre to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk merchant — and additional works by Leonardo still have other secrets to tell. 但《蒙娜丽莎》——卢浮宫称其为佛罗伦萨丝绸商人妻子丽莎·盖拉迪尼的肖像——以及列奥纳多的其他作品仍有其他秘密需要讲述。 “There are plenty, plenty more things to discover,” Gonzalez said. “What we are saying is just a little brick more in the knowledge.” “还有很多很多东西有待发现，”冈萨雷斯说。“我们所说的只是知识上的一点积木。”

We're all familiar with the idea of climate change and how our planet is warming. Extremes in temperature have become more commonplace, making parts of the world difficult to live in. But one place where excessive heat is making life very uncomfortable is our cities. Luckily, innovation might be keeping a lid on it. 我们都熟悉气候变化的概念以及地球如何变暖。 极端温度已经变得越来越普遍，使得世界上的一些地方变得难以居住。但是，过度炎热使生活变得非常不舒服的一个地方就是我们的城市。 幸运的是，创新可能会限制这种情况。 As thermometers record temperatures, sometimes above 50 degrees Celsius, solutions are being sought to cool the air in our cities. In India, for example, heatwaves and rapid urbanisation have led to a big rise in the use of air-conditioning units, adding to CO2 emissions. So, architects, looking for a sustainable cooling solution, are reviving an ancient 'lattice' design, used in old buildings like the Taj Mahal, to construct comfortable, low-carbon buildings. Yatin Pandya told the BBC: "Traditional architectural forms have proven their performance in combatting environmental conditions." 随着温度计记录的温度有时超过 50 摄氏度，人们正在寻求解决方案来冷却我们城市的空气。 例如，在印度，热浪和快速城市化导致空调使用量大幅增加，增加了二氧化碳排放量。 因此，寻求可持续冷却解决方案的建筑师正在复兴泰姬陵等老建筑中使用的古老“格子”设计，以建造舒适的低碳建筑。 亚廷·潘迪亚 (Yatin Pandya) 告诉英国广播公司：“传统的建筑形式已经证明了其在应对环境条件方面的性能。” In America, about 80% of the population lives in cities, and it's these cities that suffer from an urban heat island effect, caused by factors such as trapped waste heat, concrete structures and pavements absorbing the sun and tall buildings blocking the wind. Residents and developers have tried to heatproof these places by planting large trees that offer shade and putting plants and gardens on top of roofs that use vegetation to help trap heat. And in Los Angeles, there's an experiment to cover streets with light-coloured material that reflects rather than absorbs the sun and so they remain cooler than typical black roads. 在美国，大约80%的人口居住在城市，正是这些城市遭受了城市热岛效应，其原因包括废热滞留、混凝土结构和路面吸收阳光、高层建筑挡风等因素。 居民和开发商试图通过种植大树来遮荫，并在屋顶上种植植物和花园，利用植被来帮助吸收热量，从而为这些地方隔热。 在洛杉矶，正在进行一项实验，用浅色材料覆盖街道，这种材料可以反射而不是吸收阳光，因此它们比典型的黑色道路保持凉爽。 But it's satellites in space that are really giving us the best picture of our over-heated cities. Glynn Hulley, who is leading an image-capturing project, called the Land Surface Temperature Monitoring mission, told the BBC: "The data can be used to identify hotspots, vulnerable regions, and assess the cooling impacts of heat mitigation approaches." It's already found how green spaces, white roads and water features, have helped prevent our cities from boiling over. But with excessive heat still posing a threat to our lives, more solutions are still needed. 但真正为我们提供过热城市的最佳图像的是太空中的卫星。 格林·赫尔利（Glynn Hulley）领导了一个名为“地表温度监测任务”的图像捕捉项目，他告诉英国广播公司：“这些数据可用于识别热点、脆弱区域，并评估缓解热量方法的冷却影响。” 人们已经发现绿色空间、白色道路和水景如何帮助防止我们的城市沸腾。 但由于高温仍然对我们的生活构成威胁，仍然需要更多的解决方案。 词汇表extreme 极端excessive heat 过热，极度高温innovation 创新keep a lid on (something) 防止（情况）失控thermometer 温度计heatwave 热浪，酷热期urbanisation 城市化air-conditioning unit 空调sustainable 可持续的，长期有效的low-carbon 低碳的combat 抵御，对抗urban heat island effect 城市热岛效应trapped waste heat 散发不出去的废热heatproof 使…隔热shade 阴凉处vegetation 植物，植被reflect 反射over-heated 过热的，气温过高的hotspot 高温地区，热点cooling 降温，冷却mitigation 缓解green spaces 绿地，绿色空间water features 人工水景boiling over （变得）过热

Haruka: Mark, you have a podcast, right? Haruka：马克，你有播客，对吧？ Mark: Yes, I do. 马克：是的，我有。Haruka: What's your podcast about? Haruka：你的播客是关于什么的？ Mark It's called Zen Sammich, but it's about Zen, but I also cast the net pretty wide. So I talk about a lot of different topics. 马克：它叫 Zen Sammich，但它是关于禅宗的，但我也把网撒得很广。所以我谈论了很多不同的话题。 Haruka: Like what? Haruka：比如什么？ Mark: Well, I've had guests on there from MMA fighters. If you know what an MMA fighter is, mixed martial arts fighters to artists and musicians. I've had a famous photographer, pretty much any kind of career field you can imagine. 马克：嗯，我有来自综合格斗选手的客人。如果您知道 MMA 拳手是什么，那么混合武术拳手就是艺术家和音乐家。我有一位著名的摄影师，几乎可以从事任何你能想象的职业领域。 Haruka: Yeah. How many episodes have you done so far? Haruka：是的。到目前为止你已经拍了多少集了？ Mark: Well, I've done about 46 or 47 so far. 马克：嗯，到目前为止我已经做了大约 46 或 47 个。 Haruka：Is it hard work to produce one? Haruka：制作一个很辛苦吗？ Mark: It's a lot more work than I thought. When I started the project of doing a podcast, I thought that it was going to be turning on a microphone and just recording people, talking, and that'd be it. But there is so much more to it from sound editing, video editing if I record the video of an interview, to marketing there. There's a lot more to it than I thought. 马克：这比我想象的要多得多。当我开始做播客的项目时，我以为只要打开麦克风，记录人们的谈话，就这样了。但还有很多事情要做，从声音编辑、视频编辑（如果我录制采访视频）到营销。事情比我想象的要多得多。 Haruka: How long have you been doing it? Haruka：你这样做多久了？ Mark: I've been doing it for about seven months now. 马克：我已经这样做了大约七个月了。 Haruka: Seven months. All right. And what made you think, starting a podcast? Haruka：七个月。好的。是什么让您想到开始播客？ Mark: Well, originally I had a website that was a blog. I wrote articles or I would get some people I knew to write articles for it. And from that I thought, well, I would rather record a conversation than write an article and I enjoy listening to podcasts. So I thought, why not? So the blog turned into the podcast. 马克：嗯，最初我有一个博客网站。我写文章或者我会让一些我认识的人为其写文章。由此我想，好吧，我宁愿记录一段对话，也不愿写一篇文章，而且我喜欢听播客。所以我想，为什么不呢？所以博客变成了播客。 Haruka: So do you love it? Haruka: 所以你喜欢它吗?Mark: Yes. I mean, it's one of the most enjoyable things I've ever done as a personal project. Although, like I said before, it involves so much extra work. I don't love everything about it. I don't love marketing it, but I do love the creation part of it. 马克：是的。我的意思是，这是我作为个人项目做过的最有趣的事情之一。尽管，就像我之前说过的，它涉及很多额外的工作。我并不喜欢它的一切。我不喜欢营销它，但我确实喜欢它的创作部分。 Haruka: Before becoming a podcaster. What were you doing? Haruka：在成为播客之前。你在做什么？ Mark: Well, I used to be a lawyer and I also used to teach at a university. 马克：嗯，我曾经是一名律师，也曾经在一所大学教书。 Haruka: It's a multi-talented personality. Haruka：是一个多才多艺的人。 Mark: Well, I guess. I just didn't love those things as much as I do podcasting. 马克：嗯，我想。我只是不像播客那样喜欢这些东西。 Haruka: So what other jobs have you done? Haruka：那你还做过什么工作？ Mark: I've had lots of jobs over the years. I've worked in the restaurant business. I've worked for a plant nursery. I've worked at a hotel before, but my main career type jobs were being a lawyer or being a teacher. And I'm trying to turn podcasting into hopefully my final career. 马克：这些年来我做过很多工作。我曾在餐馆工作过。我曾在一家植物苗圃工作过。我以前在酒店工作过，但我的主要职业类型是律师或教师。我正在努力将播客变成我最后的职业。 Haruka: So the experience as lawyer and teacher helping podcast? Haruka：作为律师和老师帮助播客的经历？ Mark: Actually yes. Being a teacher, because my podcast has a education element to it. I teach people about Zen. So I certainly use some of my previous teaching skills in terms of organizing my thoughts into what I'm going to say as a tool for how I create a podcast episode. 马克：实际上是的。作为一名教师，因为我的播客有教育元素。我教人们禅宗。因此，我当然会使用我以前的一些教学技巧来将我的想法组织成我要说的内容，作为我如何创建播客剧集的工具。 Haruka: If I wanted to start a podcasting, what advice would you give me? Haruka：如果我想开始播客，你会给我什么建议？ Mark: To just do it. I think the starting part is the hardest for a number of reasons. One, people usually hate the sound of their own voice when they hear it recorded. Because it doesn't sound the same to them as it does in their head when they speak. Hearing your recorded voice, it always sounds funny to people. So you have to get used to that part, and it's a little nerve wracking at first. You're a little nervous the first time you try it, but eventually, you get over all that stuff. 马克：只是去做。我认为出于多种原因，开始部分是最难的。第一，人们通常讨厌听到自己录制的声音。因为他们说话时听起来和他们脑子里的声音不一样。听到你录制的声音，人们总是觉得很有趣。所以你必须习惯这部分，一开始有点伤脑筋。第一次尝试时你会有点紧张，但最终你会克服所有这些事情。 Haruka: Do you interview people? Haruka：你采访别人吗？ Mark: I do, almost 50/50. Half the time, I interview someone and the other half of the time, it's just me. I just do a solo podcast. 马克：我愿意，几乎是 50/50。一半的时间，我采访某人，另一半的时间，只有我自己。我只是做一个个人播客。 Haruka: For solo episode. How many hours would you spend to as a preparation? Haruka：单独的一集。您会花多少小时来准备？ Mark: Well, I mean, from start to finish, it's maybe te

The Titanic lies nearly 4,000 metres down in the Atlantic, but she's so huge that in the gloom, cameras can only show tantalising snapshots of the decaying ship – never the whole thing. 泰坦尼克号船体残骸沉没在大西洋海下近4000米处，由于船体巨大，在昏暗的海底，相机只能拍到这艘腐朽沉船的局部照片，很难捕捉到船的全貌。 This new full-sized scan reveals the wreck in its entirety. Using submersibles, the deep-sea mapping company Magellan, and the documentary makers Atlantic Productions, have created an unprecedented 3D view of the Titanic, enabling the liner to be seen as if the water had been drained away. 这个新的全尺寸扫描模型展现了沉船的全貌。深海测绘公司麦哲伦（Magellan）和纪录片制作公司大西洋制作公司（Atlantic Productions）利用深潜器材，创建了一个史无前例的泰坦尼克号3D模型视图，所呈现的这艘巨轮的面貌就像它周围的海水已被排干了一样。 The bow covered in stalactites of rust is still instantly recognisable, but the stern is a tangle of metal, where it collapsed as it corkscrewed into the seabed. Minute details can be seen, including individual rivets and the serial number on a propeller. The team hopes the scan will reveal more about the Titanic and how she sank. 船头虽然覆盖着如钟乳石般悬垂的铁锈，却仍清晰可辨，而船尾则是扭成一团的金属，这是因为当年它在被卷入海底时散架了。船体残骸的微小细节一览无遗，包括单个铆钉和螺旋桨上的序列号。制作团队希望这个扫描模型能揭示更多关于泰坦尼克号及其沉没过程的信息。

Todd: Okay, here's another thing. It's a little bit impolite. What about looking at other people's monitor over their shoulder? 'Cause you just mentioned the BTS. One thing I have to admit is, because I don't have my phone out and I am looking around, I have a tendency to see, wanna check and see what's on everybody's phone. And it's total intrusion. It's creepy in a way, but it's also because in Asia I'm a little bit taller than the average person, so I'm looking down and I can see everybody's monitor. And yeah, do you ever find yourself doing that too? 托德：好吧，还有一件事。这有点不礼貌。越过肩膀看别人的显示器怎么样？因为你刚刚提到了 BTS。我必须承认的一件事是，因为我没有拿出手机，而是环顾四周，所以我倾向于查看、想要检查并查看每个人手机上的内容。这是完全的入侵。从某种程度上来说这很令人毛骨悚然，但这也是因为在亚洲我比一般人高一点，所以我低头就能看到每个人的显示器。是的，你也发现自己也这样做过吗？ Angela: I do, yeah. But like you, I think it's impolite. 安吉拉：我做过，是的，但跟你一样，我也认为那个不礼貌。Todd: Right. So you gotta pull away, I know I shouldn't do it. 托德：对。所以你必须离开，我知道我不应该这样做。 Angela: But you know the worst thing with phones these days, the worst thing from my point of view is the amount of pictures that people take of themselves everywhere, on the BTS, on the subway, eating. I've been to S21 in Cambodia where those poor people were slaughtered basically, and there are people in front of pictures of these people who were killed, and they are just literally taking selfies of themselves, you know, this world isn't about you. It's sometimes, just stop and look and listen. 安吉拉：但是你知道现在手机最糟糕的事情，从我的角度来看，最糟糕的事情是人们在任何地方拍摄自己的照片，在 BTS 上、在地铁上、在吃饭时。我去过柬埔寨的S21，那里的穷人基本上都被屠杀了，有人在这些被杀者的照片前，他们只是在自拍，你知道，这个世界不是关于 你。有时，只需停下来看看、听一听。 Todd: Yeah, the selfie thing, I did a little bit. Sometimes I would do it almost like it's sending a postcard. 托德：是的，自拍这件事，我做了一点。有时我会像寄明信片一样这样做。Angela: Yeah 安吉拉：是的 Todd: You know what I mean? "Oh, look, I'm here." But I have to admit, yeah, I don't really like doing it, yeah. 托德：你明白我的意思吗？“哦，你看，我来了。” 但我必须承认，是的，我真的不喜欢这样做，是的。 Angela: I'm gonna take the shot again, the shot again. I use selfies in a group, because I think they're fun. It's actually quite fun to see one person in the front and the rest in the back. 安吉拉：我要再开枪，再开枪。我在团体中使用自拍照，因为我认为它们很有趣。看到一个人在前面，其他人在后面，其实挺有趣的。 Todd: Yes. 托德：是的。 Angela: And it usually means that I can get further back in the photograph, so that's always a good thing. 安吉拉：这通常意味着我可以在照片中看到更远的地方，所以这总是一件好事。Todd: Oh, yeah, that's true. So but, that's good that you admit you do some selfies. 托德：哦，是的，确实如此。所以，但是，你承认你做了一些自拍照，这很好。Angela: Yeah, yeah, yeah, with groups. And if I'm taking a group in the class, I'll get one of them to take the photograph. 安吉拉：是的，是的，是的，有团体。如果我在班上带领一群人，我会让其中一个人拍照。 Todd: Yeah. What about the ... mild pet peeve of mine, not a pet peeve, but people taking photos of their food. I don't know why it's a thing. 托德：是的。 那……我的轻微的烦恼呢？不是烦恼，而是人们给食物拍照。 我不知道为什么会有这样的事情。 Angela: Why? Eat it. Todd: Yeah, exactly, enjoy it. Enjoy the memory. It's interesting that you said that about Cambodia. A woman, a group of women once said something that was really like just a spear in the heart, really made me think. I was in Cambodia, this was years ago, and I was at Angkor, at Baton, Bayon, or I can't say it right, but where they have the beautiful face sculptures, and I'm like, "Oh, I gotta get a photo." And so there was a woman just sitting there, relaxed, she was maybe French or something, she was European, and she was like, "Oh, you want me to take your photo?" And I go, "Yeah, yeah, yeah." 托德：是的，确实如此，享受吧。 享受记忆。 有趣的是你对柬埔寨的评价。 一个女人，一群女人，曾经说过一句话，就像一根矛刺在心上，真的让我深思。 我在柬埔寨，那是几年前的事了，我在吴哥，在巴顿，巴戎寺，或者我不能说对，但是那里有美丽的面部雕塑，我想，“哦，我得 拍张照片。” 所以有一个女人坐在那里，很放松，她可能是法国人或其他什么人，她是欧洲人，她说，“哦，你想让我给你拍照吗？” 我说：“是啊，是啊，是啊。” So then she takes it, she takes my photo, this was before cell phone cameras. And then I'm like, okay, I have to reciprocate. I go, "Oh, would you like me to take a photo of you?" She's like, "No." I'm like, "You don't have a camera?" And she goes, "No," and she just points at her head and she taps her head like this, and she goes, "It's all up here." And I was like, "Wow." She was really- 然后她拿走了，她拍了我的照片，这是在手机相机出现之前。 然后我想，好吧，我必须回报。 我说：“哦，你愿意我给你拍张照片吗？” 她说：“不。” 我说：“你没有相机吗？” 她说，“不，”她只是指着自己的头，像这样轻拍她的头，然后她说，“全都在这里了。” 我当时想，“哇。” 她真的是—— Angela: amazing, yeah. 安吉拉：太棒了，是的。Todd: ... kind of like, politely saying, "Just, I'm never gonna ..." I've never forgotten how all those things look, I've never forgotten her sitting on the rock when she said that. So wise advice I think. 托德：……有点像，礼貌地说，“只是，我永远不会……”我永远不会忘记所有这些事情的样子，我永远不会忘记她说这句话时坐在岩石上的样子。 我认为这是明智的建议。 Angela: Yeah, I think so. Todd: Now, actually you are in photography. Do you think that actually taking so many ... I'm sorry, you have a photography business. 托德：现在，实际上你正在从事摄影工作。 你以为居然拍了这么多……对不起，你是做摄影生意的。 Angela: Yes. 安吉拉：是的。Todd: Do you think that actually taking so many photographs lessens the value of the art of photo

Todd: So I'm here with Angela, and in a previous interview we were talking about kids and technology and devices, and how these days often people look at their device when they're with another person. How do you feel about that? If you're eating with somebody, you're at dinner, is it okay to check your phone? 托德：我和安吉拉一起在这里，在之前的一次采访中，我们讨论了孩子、技术和设备，以及现在人们在与另一个人在一起时通常如何看待他们的设备。你对这件事有什么感想？如果你和别人一起吃饭，吃饭的时候，可以看一下你的手机吗？Angela: We have a rule in our house, no phones at the table. Absolutely no phones. 安吉拉：我们家有一条规定，桌上不准打电话。绝对没有电话。 Todd: Very nice. 托德：非常好。 Angela: Because you know, you see people, they meet in restaurants, they sit around a table, the food comes, but everybody's looking into their phone, and engaging with whatever they're doing on their phone, and not talking to the people who have met them. And I see people walking on the subway, the street, head in their phone. It's ... 安吉拉：因为你知道，你看到人们在餐馆里见面，他们围坐在桌子旁，食物来了，但每个人都在看他们的手机，并参与他们在手机上所做的任何事情，而不是与人们交谈 谁见过他们。我看到人们走在地铁、街上，低头玩手机。它是 ...Todd: It is crazy. 托德：这太疯狂了。 Angela: It's really sad. 安吉拉：真的很难过。 Todd: And if you think about it, we used to have manners. Things you couldn't do. For example, no elbows on the table, no hats inside the house. I mean it sounds silly, but I remember those rules as a kid. The one that was really hard was the no elbows on the table. Yeah, so it's interesting that we don't have new rules, like we should reinvent them. You can't have your phone on during the plane when it takes off, so your rule is a good idea. 托德：如果你想一想，我们过去很有礼貌。你做不到的事情。例如，手肘不得放在桌子上，屋内不得戴帽子。我的意思是这听起来很傻，但我小时候记得这些规则。真正困难的是桌子上没有肘部。是的，有趣的是我们没有新的规则，就像我们应该重新发明它们一样。飞机起飞时您不能打开手机，因此您的规则是个好主意。Angela: Yeah, no phones at the table. 安吉拉：是的，桌上没有电话。 Todd: So you're an English teacher, what do you think about phones in the classroom? 托德：那么你是一名英语老师，你对课堂上的手机有何看法？ Angela: If they're on a break, I always call it their text break, because when I'm teaching English out here I find that people have got their phone to their hand, and maybe they're Googling a word or something, so it's not too much of a distraction. But when you stop them for a break, as soon as you say "let's have a break now," they're all after their phones, and they're sitting individually looking at their phones. 安吉拉：如果他们休息，我总是称其为短信休息，因为当我在这里教英语时，我发现人们手里拿着手机，也许他们正在谷歌搜索某个单词或其他东西， 所以这不会造成太多干扰。但当你阻止他们休息时，只要你说“我们现在休息一下吧”，他们就都在追手机，而且他们各自坐着看手机。 Todd: And it's silent, I know what you mean. I'll teach, and it used to be you would say "okay take a break," and it would be really loud, they would start talking with each other. And these days it's just silence, they just go and they do that motion of just flicking with their finger, as they're scrolling down. And I know I just sound like some old guy, "hey, get off my lawn!" And I have the same problem, I want to check my phone all the time, but I have to admit it's strange I think. 托德：而且很安静，我知道你的意思。我会教，过去你会说“好吧，休息一下”，声音会很大，他们会开始互相交谈。如今，一切都很安静，他们只是走过去，在向下滚动时用手指轻弹一下。我知道我听起来就像个老家伙，“嘿，离开我的草坪！” 我也有同样的问题，我想一直检查我的手机，但我不得不承认我认为这很奇怪。 Angela: And now you needn't even check your phone, you just look at your Apple watch or your watch on your wrist, it's going to tell you if your phone needs your attention. 安吉拉：现在你甚至不需要检查你的手机，你只需看看你的 Apple Watch 或手腕上的手表，它就会告诉你你的手机是否需要你的关注。 Todd: But it used to be where I would say things like, you know as a teacher you're teaching, you can see if the student's looking down at their phone, and I would say "hey, don't check your phone." But now these days kids actually call me on it, they're like, "Oh, I'm looking up a word," or "Oh, I'm checking something," and they literally are checking something. And the kids are good at using their phone as a learning tool - 托德：但过去我会说这样的话，你知道，作为一名老师，你正在教学，你可以看到学生是否低头看手机，我会说“嘿，不要检查你的手机。” 但现在，孩子们实际上打电话给我，他们会说，“哦，我正在查找一个单词”，或者“哦，我正在检查一些东西”，他们实际上是在检查一些东西。孩子们很擅长使用手机作为学习工具 - Angela: Yes, I think that's fine. 安吉拉：是的，我认为那还行。Todd: So it is, it's a gray area these days. Yeah. So when you're with somebody you never pop out your phone? 托德：确实如此，现在这是一个灰色地带。是的。那么当你和某人在一起时你从不拿出手机吗？ Angela: I would admit that I will be guilty of checking my phone in my bag, but I would never get it out and go on Facebook or Instagram and start Instagramming, I would just look at it and put it away. 安吉拉：我承认我会因为检查包里的手机而感到内疚，但我永远不会把它拿出来上 Facebook 或 Instagram 并开始 Instagram，我只会看看它然后把它收起来。Todd: Yeah. There's other things I've done, I mean could be because I'm getting older, but for example I try not to listen to my iPod so much anymore, or my phone. Radio, music, whatever. I actually just try to listen. I notice that when I am always listening to everything I kind of tune the world out, and I might miss things. 托德：是的。我还做过其他事情，我的意思是可能是因为我变老了，但例如我尽量不再听我的 iPod 或手机。广播、音乐等等。我其实只是试着听。我注意到，当我总是听所有的东西时，我就会把世界排除在外，而且我可能会错过一些东西。Angela: You will miss things. You see people, I've been quite tempted some days to put my earphones in and wa

It was a criticism about her Afro-braided hair that led Ruth Essel to create what she calls a safe space for Black dancers. 正是对她的非洲辫子头发的批评促使露丝·埃塞尔为黑人舞者创造了她所谓的安全空间。The founder of Pointe Black Ballet School in London said when she was a child, teachers and others all but punished her for not following the traditional ballerina way. 伦敦黑角芭蕾舞学校的创始人表示，当她还是个孩子的时候，老师和其他人几乎都因为她不遵循传统芭蕾舞演员的方式而惩罚她。“I’ll never forget my first time about to dance on a West End stage,” said Essel. That was the time the 10-year-old wore her hair braided at dance practice. Her mother had spent her last $120 to get her hair done. “我永远不会忘记我第一次在西区舞台上跳舞，”埃塞尔说。那时，10岁的女孩在练习舞蹈时把头发编成辫子。她的母亲花了最后 120 美元来做头发。 Her happiness disappeared when her teacher pointed at her in an almost all-white group of dancers. The teacher told her to take out her braids because it looked like “a mess.” 当她的老师在一群几乎全是白人的舞者中指着她时，她的快乐消失了。老师让她把辫子拔掉，因为它看起来“一团糟”。 That was just one of several times Essel was made to feel bad about being different. “These are all things that happened before I was 16 years old, and I didn’t know any better,“ she said. 这只是埃塞尔数次因为与众不同而感到难过的事件之一。“这些都是我16岁之前发生的事情，我当时不知道更多，”她说。These difficulties led Essel to establish Pointe Black in 2020 at the age of 26. 这些困难促使 Essel 在 26 岁时于 2020 年创立了 Pointe Black。“I wanted there to be a Black environment. I wanted there to be people who looked like me. I wanted there to be a teacher that looked like me,” she said.“我希望有一个黑人环境。我希望有人看起来像我。我希望有一位像我一样的老师，”她说。 She said it felt like she was given power when she could finally wear black clothes and shoes rather than the traditional pink color for ballerinas, “because it was closer to my color.” 她说，当她终于可以穿黑色的衣服和鞋子而不是芭蕾舞鞋的传统粉色时，感觉就像被赋予了力量，“因为它更接近我的颜色。” Ballet has expanded across the world with famous ballet dancers from Asia, South America, and Cuba. But many still think of ballet dancers as light skinned. And classical ballet companies try to have a similar look for dancers in classical works like Swan Lake. That makes it harder for dancers of color. 芭蕾舞已扩展到世界各地，来自亚洲、南美和古巴的著名芭蕾舞演员也纷纷加入。但许多人仍然认为芭蕾舞演员肤色较浅。古典芭蕾舞团也试图在《天鹅湖》等古典作品中为舞者打造类似的造型。这让有色人种舞者变得更加困难。 Some 2.2 percent of dancers at the top four ballet companies in Britain are of Black ancestry. That percentage is in line with the country’s Black population at 3 percent, said Sandie Bourn of Britain’s Society for Dance Research in 2017. 英国四大芭蕾舞团的舞者中约有 2.2% 是黑人血统。英国舞蹈研究协会的桑迪·伯恩 (Sandie Bourn) 2017 年表示，这一比例与该国 3% 的黑人人口比例一致。 A spokesperson noted that keeping diversity is important to everyone at The Royal Academy of Dance, saying “Dance is for everybody.” 一位发言人指出，保持多样性对皇家舞蹈学院的每个人都很重要，并表示“舞蹈适合每个人。”But Essel wants to speed up change by introducing new ideas. She said her shows use African dances and music. And dancers wear different hairstyles, including twists, rolls and afros. She added, “… it’s really just about celebrating the person no matter where they come from.” 但埃塞尔希望通过引入新想法来加速变革。 她说她的节目使用非洲舞蹈和音乐。 舞者有着不同的发型，包括麻花、卷发和爆炸式发型。 她补充道，“……这实际上只是为了庆祝这个人，无论他们来自哪里。” Maya Beale-Springe is a 10-year-old student at Pointe Black and another ballet school. She enjoys exploring different kinds, or types, of ballet. 玛雅·比尔-斯普林格 (Maya Beale-Springe) 是 Pointe Black 和另一所芭蕾舞学校的 10 岁学生。 她喜欢探索不同种类或类型的芭蕾舞。 “I get to experience different types of ballet, different music,” she said after a perfect practice for an upcoming show. “我可以体验不同类型的芭蕾舞、不同的音乐，”她在为即将到来的演出进行完美练习后说道。 Essel teaches all the classes in her school. She said, “Everything about my school is what my younger self would have wanted.” 埃塞尔教授学校的所有课程。 她说：“我学校的一切都是我年轻时想要的。”

The West Coast of the United States produces over 90 percent of America’s wine, an alcoholic drink. However, the area is also prone to wildfires. 美国 90% 以上的葡萄酒（一种酒精饮料）产自美国西海岸。然而，该地区也容易发生野火。 Such fires cost the American wine industry billions of dollars in 2020. The smoke affects the flavor of the growing grapes that later become the wine. And, the flavor is undesirable, say some wine drinkers. 2020 年，此类火灾给美国葡萄酒行业造成了数十亿美元的损失。烟雾影响了正在生长的葡萄的风味，这些葡萄后来成为葡萄酒。而且，一些葡萄酒饮用者说，这种味道并不受欢迎。 So, wine experts from state universities in the area are working together to protect wine grapes from wildfire smoke. 因此，该地区州立大学的葡萄酒专家正在共同努力，保护酿酒葡萄免受野火烟雾的影响。In 2020, economists say, wildfires caused billions of dollars of losses, which included the wine industry. 经济学家表示，2020 年山火造成了数十亿美元的损失，其中包括葡萄酒行业。 As a result, the U.S. Department of Agriculture is paying for grape research at some state schools. They include University of California, Davis (UC Davis), Oregon State University and Washington State University. The research investment is worthy, agriculture officials say, because wine grapes are America’s highest-value crop. 因此，美国农业部正在为一些州立学校的葡萄研究付费。它们包括加州大学戴维斯分校（UC Davis）、俄勒冈州立大学和华盛顿州立大学。农业官员表示，这项研究投资是值得的，因为酿酒葡萄是美国价值最高的作物。Tom Collins is a wine scientist at Washington State. He said “the ability to continue to make wine” is at risk in areas where smoke might be more common. 汤姆·柯林斯 (Tom Collins) 是华盛顿州的葡萄酒科学家。他表示，在烟雾可能更常见的地区，“继续酿酒的能力”面临风险。 Cole Cerrato is a researcher working on the problem in Oregon. He stood in Oregon State’s vineyard, near the small town of Alpine. He lit a fire and blew the smoke through a hose and into a row of grapes covered in plastic. 科尔·塞拉托 (Cole Cerrato) 是俄勒冈州研究该问题的研究员。他站在俄勒冈州的葡萄园里，靠近阿尔卑斯小镇。他点燃了火，然后通过软管将烟雾吹进一排覆盖着塑料的葡萄中。 Cerrato and other researchers have done this before. They turned the treated grapes into wine. The result was, the wine had an unpleasant flavor of smoke and ash. Cerrato 和其他研究人员之前就已经这样做过。他们将经过处理的葡萄变成了葡萄酒。结果是，这款酒带有令人不愉快的烟味和灰烬味。The scientists are working to find a way to keep the smoke from getting through the grape skins and creating a bad taste in the wine. 科学家们正在努力寻找一种方法来防止烟雾穿过葡萄皮并在葡萄酒中产生不良味道。Some are trying to create a process that will treat wine and remove the smokiness. But they are concerned such a process might remove some of the wine’s good flavors, too. 有些人正在尝试创造一种处理葡萄酒并去除烟熏味的工艺。但他们担心这样的过程也可能会消除葡萄酒的一些良好风味。 Others think they can combine smoke-affected grapes with other grapes. The mix might lessen the smoky flavor. 其他人则认为他们可以将受烟雾影响的葡萄与其他葡萄结合起来。这种混合可能会减少烟熏味。 And Collins is working on a spray made from water and a kind of clay that would protect the grapes from smoke. But all the grapes would need to be washed first before being turned into wine. 柯林斯正在研究一种由水和一种粘土制成的喷雾，可以保护葡萄免受烟雾的侵害。但所有的葡萄在变成酒之前都需要先清洗。 Oregon State is experimenting with a similar spray treatment for grapes. 俄勒冈州正在试验对葡萄进行类似的喷雾处理。 In addition, the USDA has provided $7 million toward setting up smoke sensors in vineyards. 此外，美国农业部还提供了 700 万美元用于在葡萄园安装烟雾传感器。 Anita Oberholster is leading the efforts to save the wine grapes at UC Davis. In an internet post by UC Davis, she said a network of sensors would help grape growers learn if their grapes are at risk. In addition, the readings from the sensors will permit the growers to prove their grapes are free from smoke damage. 安妮塔·奥伯霍尔斯特 (Anita Oberholster) 正在领导拯救加州大学戴维斯分校酿酒葡萄的工作。她在加州大学戴维斯分校的一篇互联网帖子中表示，传感器网络将帮助葡萄种植者了解他们的葡萄是否面临风险。此外，传感器的读数将使种植者能够证明他们的葡萄没有受到烟雾的损害。Winemakers are glad that the universities are working to help the industry. Greg Jones runs the Abacela winery in southern Oregon and is the director of the state’s winemaking trade group. 酿酒师很高兴大学正在努力帮助该行业。格雷格·琼斯（Greg Jones）经营着俄勒冈州南部的阿巴塞拉酒庄，也是该州酿酒贸易集团的主管。 He said the research has “gone a long way.” Now the grape-growers can quickly find out if the fruit has been hurt by the smoke. In the past, winemakers would not know about the wine until it was ready to drink. 他说这项研究“取得了长足的进步”。现在，葡萄种植者可以快速查明果实是否受到烟雾的损害。过去，酿酒师直到酒准备好饮用时才知道它的情况。 “I think it’s increasingly clear that we’re not likely to find a magic bullet,” Collins said. But, he said, the researchers will find ways to keep the wine business successful. “我认为越来越明显的是，我们不太可能找到灵丹妙药，”柯林斯说。但是，他说，研究人员将找到保持葡萄酒业务成功的方法。

For 20 years, volunteers examined the UK and Ireland kilometre-by-kilometre, writing down the flora they found. This so-called plant atlas, made by the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, is the most complete picture of plant life ever recorded in the UK.二十年来，志愿者们对英国和爱尔兰一公里一公里地统计，记录下了所发现的植物群。由英国和爱尔兰植物学会编制，这本 “植物图集” 是英国有记录以来最完整的植物图集。What it shows is a catastrophic decline in flora. The scientists involved say parts of the landscape have changed so much that someone growing up 70 years ago would struggle to recognise them today.这本图集中显示了植物群数量的灾难性减少。参与研究的科学家们表示，部分地区的景观已发生了巨大的变化，以至于70年前长大的人在今天很难认出这些景观。Invasive species are spreading after being planted in gardens and escaping into the wild, threatening native plants. Intensive farming and climate change are reducing the range of many of the nation's well-known plants like heather. In northern mountains, less snowfall means some plants may only survive for a few more years. But in the south, some plants are expanding northwards.非本土物种被种在花园里后扩散到野外，成为入侵物种，威胁本土植物。集约化农业和气候变化减少了许多英国知名植物的生长范围，如石南花。在北部山区，降雪量减少意味着一些植物或许只能再存活几年。而在南方，一些植物的生长范围正向北扩展。词汇表atlas 图册，图表册catastrophic 灾难性的struggle 无法、难以（做某事）invasive （来自其它地区的）入侵的intensive farming 集约化农业snowfall 降雪（量）

Pickleball. It's got nothing to do with pickles – it's a sport. It has been described as a combination of tennis, badminton and table tennis. Picture a small plastic ball soaring through the air that you need to bat back to your partner, or partners. 匹克球。这与泡菜无关——这是一项运动。它被描述为网球、羽毛球和乒乓球的结合。想象一个小塑料球在空中翱翔，您需要将其击回给您的一个或多个伙伴。Many Brits are listening to their inner athlete and picking up this racket game. In the UK, there are currently around 7,000 players, according to Pickleball England. But the association aims to have more than 25,000 players by 2025 and is even attempting to get the sport played as part of promotion for the 2028 Olympics. 许多英国人正在倾听他们内心的运动员的声音并开始玩这种球拍游戏。据 Pickleball England 称，英国目前约有 7,000 名球员。但该协会的目标是到 2025 年拥有超过 25,000 名运动员，甚至试图将这项运动作为推广 2028 年奥运会的一部分。 How exactly do you play this game? Well, it can be played indoors or outdoors and it can be played as a singles or doubles game. There are a few easy-to-understand rules. The ball is served underhand and should be batted diagonally across the court. On the first two hits, the ball has to bounce, but after that, players are free to volley. To win a point, the defending side must miss the ball. 你到底怎么玩这个游戏？嗯，它可以在室内或室外进行，也可以作为单打或双打比赛进行。有一些易于理解的规则。球是低手发球，并且应该在球场对角线击球。前两次击球时，球必须弹起，但此后，球员可以自由截击。为了赢得一分，防守方必须丢球。 So, why is it popular? Firstly, it appears to be a game for all ages. The ball is lightweight because it's full of holes. This means that, when batting, there is much less impact on the body than when hitting a tennis ball, for example. Elaine Brown, who is in her 50s and a regular pickleball player, told news organisation, The Guardian why she loves the sport. "It's good exercise, it's strategic, it can be as hard or as easy as you want it to be, and most of the time it's just good fun." 那么，它为什么受欢迎呢？首先，它似乎是一款适合所有年龄段的游戏。球很轻，因为它充满了孔。这意味着，击球时对身体的影响比击打网球时小得多。50 多岁的伊莱恩·布朗 (Elaine Brown) 经常打泡菜球，她告诉新闻机构《卫报》她为何热爱这项运动。“这是很好的锻炼，具有策略性，可以像你想要的那样困难或简单，而且大多数时候它很有趣。” And the social aspect and low-impact nature of the game has been attracting players worldwide, creating a blossoming community of pickleball enthusiasts, such as celebrities Bill Gates and Leonardo DiCaprio. So, if you fancy picking it up, find your local pickleball court and give it a go! 这项运动的社交性和低影响性吸引了世界各地的玩家，创造了一个蓬勃发展的泡菜球爱好者社区，例如名人比尔·盖茨和莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥。因此，如果您想尝试一下，请找到当地的匹克球场并尝试一下！词汇表pickleball 匹克球运动badminton 羽毛球运动soar 飞行bat 用球拍击（球）athlete 运动员，擅长运动的人racket 球拍Olympics 奥林匹克运动会singles 单打比赛doubles 双打比赛serve 发球underhand 下手（发球）diagonally 对角地court 球场bounce 反弹，落地后弹起volley 截击球，凌空击球defending side 防守方，接球方miss 未击中lightweight 重量轻的impact 冲击strategic 有策略的low-impact 对身体冲击力小的，低强度的enthusiast 爱好者，热衷于…的人

For the last few years, researchers at the Instituto Agronomico de Campinas in Brazil have been interbreeding different coffee plants that are naturally very low in caffeine in order to create trees where decaf beans are grown naturally.在过去几年里，巴西坎皮纳斯农业研究所的研究人员们一直在杂交培育不同的天然低因咖啡植物，以培育出自然生长低因咖啡豆的树木。And the results so far are looking promising. If they're successful, they could tap into a new aspect of the global decaf market, which is estimated to be worth just under $2.7bn. So, for the researchers, these next stages are crucial. Their cloned trees are set to be planted in different regions in Brazil.从目前的试验结果来看，前景可期。如果他们成功培育出这类天然低因咖啡豆品种，就可以挖掘全球低因咖啡市场一个新领域的潜力，据估计，该市场的价值略低于27亿美元。因此，对这些研究人员来说，接下来的这几个阶段至关重要。他们的克隆树品种将被种植在巴西的不同地区。However, we'll have to wait and see if their genetic formula has worked, as it can take around two to three years for the first coffee cherries to appear. Only then will they be able to harvest, taste and see if the buzz, or rather lack of, around their experiment is real.然而，我们要耐心等待，才能看到他们开发出的基因配方是否有效，仍需等待的原因是这些咖啡树可能要大约两到三年时间才能结出第一批咖啡果实。只有到那时，他们才能收获、品尝这种新型低因咖啡豆，并对结果作出判断，即该实验究竟是否不负众望，不论人们对实验结果期待与否。词汇表interbreeding （对植物）杂交培育caffeine 咖啡因promising 有希望的，前景很好的tap into 利用，开发cloned 克隆的harvest 收获buzz （人们对流行趋势的）兴奋，期待

Three scientists in the United States won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on Wednesday. The three won for their discovery of quantum dots, a technology widely used today to make displays for electronic devices and medical imaging. 周三，美国三名科学家荣获诺贝尔化学奖。 三人因发现量子点而获奖，量子点是一种当今广泛用于制造电子设备和医学成像显示器的技术。 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the prize to Moungi Bawendi of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Louis Brus of Columbia University in New York, and Alexei Ekimov of Nanocrystals Technology. 瑞典皇家科学院将该奖授予麻省理工学院的 Moungi Bawendi、纽约哥伦比亚大学的 Louis Brus 和纳米晶体技术公司的 Alexei Ekimov。 The academy said the three were honored for their work with particles that “have unique properties and now spread their light from television screens and LED lamps.” 该学院表示，这三人因其在粒子方面的工作而受到表彰，这些粒子“具有独特的特性，现在可以从电视屏幕和 LED 灯中传播光线”。 LED lights are electronic lights used all over the world, which use energy very effectively. LED灯是世界各地使用的电子灯，其能源利用效率非常高。 Pernilla Wittung Stafshede, a member of the Nobel committee that awarded the prize, said, “We have displays on TVs, in your cellphone, that use quantum dots inside...” 诺贝尔奖颁奖委员会成员佩尼拉·维通·斯塔夫谢德 (Pernilla Wittung Stafshede) 表示：“我们在电视、手机上都有显示屏，里面使用了量子点……”Quantum dots are extremely small particles, called nanoparticles. They are said to be about 1/10,000 the width of a human hair. The dots glow blue, red, green or other colors when exposed to light. The color they give off depends on the size of the particles. Larger dots look red, and smaller dots look blue. The color change is caused by the behavior of electrons in these small spaces. 量子点是极小的颗粒，称为纳米颗粒。 据说它们的宽度约为人类头发的 1/10,000。 当暴露在光线下时，这些点会发出蓝色、红色、绿色或其他颜色的光。 它们发出的颜色取决于颗粒的大小。 较大的点看起来是红色的，较小的点看起来是蓝色的。 颜色的变化是由电子在这些小空间中的行为引起的。 Physicists had predicted these color-change properties as early as the 1930s. However, it took 50 years of research and development to control the size of quantum dots correctly. 早在 20 世纪 30 年代，物理学家就预测了这些变色特性。 然而，人们花了50年的研发时间才正确控制量子点的尺寸。 Ekimov and Brus were the early researchers of the technology. Bawendi is credited with developing the production of quantum dots being used today. Ekimov 和 Brus 是该技术的早期研究人员。 巴文迪因开发了当今使用的量子点的生产而受到赞誉。 Bawendi used the words, “very surprised, sleepy, shocked, unexpected and very honored,” to describe his feelings. Bawendi added he was not thinking about the possible uses of his work when he started researching quantum dots. 巴文迪用“非常惊讶、困倦、震惊、意外和非常荣幸”来形容他的感受。 巴文迪补充说，当他开始研究量子点时，他并没有考虑他的工作的可能用途。 “The motivation really is the basic science. A basic understanding, the curiosity of how does the world work? And that’s what drives scientists and academic scientists to do what they do,” he said. “动机确实是基础科学。 对世界如何运作的基本了解和好奇心？ 这就是驱使科学家和学术科学家去做他们所做的事情的动力，”他说。 Brus of Columbia University said he did not answer the phone call from the Swedish academy. He finally saw the news online when he got up in the morning. 哥伦比亚大学布鲁斯表示，他没有接听瑞典科学院的电话。 早上起床的时候，他终于在网上看到了这条新闻。 Brus said the practical uses of quantum dots, like creating the colors in TV screens, are something he was hoping for when he started the work many years ago. 布鲁斯说，量子点的实际用途，比如在电视屏幕上创造颜色，是他多年前开始这项工作时所希望的。 “Basic research is extremely hard to predict exactly how it’s going to work out,” Brus said. “It’s more for the knowledge base than it is for the actual materials. But in this case, it’s both.” “基础研究很难准确预测其结果，”布鲁斯说。 “这更多的是为了知识库而不是实际材料。 但在这种情况下，两者都是。” Ekimov is the former chief scientist at Nanocrystals Technology, a company based in New York where he started working in 1999. The Swedish academy credited him with showing how the size of nanoparticles affected the colors in glass. Ekimov 是纽约 Nanocrystals Technology 公司的前首席科学家，他于 1999 年开始在纽约工作。瑞典科学院称赞他展示了纳米颗粒的尺寸如何影响玻璃的颜色。The three will receive 11 million Swedish crowns, about $1 million, and a gold medal when they collect their Nobel Prizes at the award ceremonies in December. 三人在 12 月的颁奖典礼上领取诺贝尔奖时将获得 1100 万瑞典克朗（约合 100 万美元）和一枚金质奖章。

Pope Francis on Wednesday is opening a gathering of bishops and others to discuss the future of the Roman Catholic Church. Some of the discussions include subjects that have never been considered before.教皇方济各周三将召开主教和其他人士的聚会，讨论罗马天主教会的未来。 有些讨论包括以前从未考虑过的主题。For the first time, women and non-clergy can vote alongside bishops in what is called a Synod of Bishops. The change reflects Francis’ belief that the Church is more about its people than its leaders.女性和非神职人员第一次可以在所谓的主教会议上与主教一起投票。 这一变化反映了方济各的信念，即教会更多地关注其人民而不是其领导人。The gathering, called a synod, starts on October 4 and will end on the 29. It will be followed by a second gathering next year. The second synod is expected to put forward detailed proposals for Francis to consider in a future document.这次聚会称为主教会议，于 10 月 4 日开始，将于 29 日结束。明年将举行第二次聚会。 预计第二次会议将提出详细建议，供方济各在未来的文件中考虑。The synod will have 365 voting members including the pope and 54 women. Their numbers are chosen by national bishops’ organizations and religious orders.会议将有 365 名投票成员，其中包括教皇和 54 名女性。 他们的人数由国家主教组织和宗教团体选出。In addition, there are around 100 experts and “facilitators,” who will help move the discussion along. But they will not vote on a final document.此外，还有大约 100 名专家和“协调员”，他们将帮助推动讨论。 但他们不会对最终文件进行投票。The working document for the gathering came after two years of listening to concerns from Catholics around the world. The aim has been to raise questions and start a debate.这次聚会的工作文件是在听取了世界各地天主教徒两年来的担忧后制定的。 目的是提出问题并引发辩论。For example, the document calls for specific steps to promote women to decision-making positions in the church. And it calls for church members to have more influence in church governance.例如，该文件呼吁采取具体措施，提升女性担任教会决策职位。 它还呼吁教会成员在教会治理中发挥更大的影响力。It also suggests the “inclusion” of LGBTQ+ Catholics and measures to prevent clergy from abusing their power.它还建议“包容”LGBTQ+天主教徒，并采取措施防止神职人员滥用权力。Some conservatives have raised questions about the synod since Francis announced it three years ago. They said that those questions have already been settled by church teachings. And raising the questions only risks division among church members.自从方济各三年前宣布召开这次会议以来，一些保守派人士就对这次会议提出了质疑。 他们说，教会的教义已经解决了这些问题。 提出这些问题只会带来教会成员之间分裂的风险。Just this week, five conservative cardinals from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas made their disagreement with Pope Francis public.就在本周，来自欧洲、亚洲、非洲和美洲的五位保守派枢机主教公开表达了他们与教皇方济各的分歧。In a letter, they put forward five questions, or “dubia,” asking Francis to affirm church teaching on these issues, including homosexuality and female clergy. They said the synod was creating confusion.在一封信中，他们提出了五个问题，或“怀疑”，要求方济各确认教会在这些问题上的教义，包括同性恋和女性神职人员。 他们说这次会议正在制造混乱。Francis answered that changes in the world help the church to better understand and explain its teachings and that the synod is a way to find the path forward.方济各回答说，世界的变化有助于教会更好地理解和解释其教义，而主教会议是寻找前进道路的一种方式。“With much sincerity, I tell you it’s not good to be afraid of these questions,” Francis told them.弗朗西斯告诉他们：“我非常真诚地告诉你们，害怕这些问题是不好的。”For two years, the preparation for the synod has been open to the public. However, the synod itself will be closed to outsiders.两年来，会议的筹备工作一直向公众开放。 然而，会议本身将不对外界人士开放。There will be no live stream of the gathering. Organizers say it will be a closed-door meeting and those taking part have been told not to speak to reporters. No daily briefings are planned as in earlier synods although five briefings are expected to take place over the time of the gathering.聚会将不会进行现场直播。 组织者表示，这将是一次闭门会议，与会者被告知不要接受记者采访。 尽管预计在会议期间将举行五次简报会，但没有像之前的会议那样计划每日简报会。Francis has defended the measures. The pope said he did not want “political gossip” leaking out with news of attendees arguing over disputed issues.方济各为这些措施进行了辩护。 教皇表示，他不希望“政治八卦”因与会者就争议问题争论的消息而泄露出去。“This isn’t a television show,” he told reporters in August.“这不是电视节目，”他八月份告诉记者。

Indoor food growing operations are seeing both successes and failures in the United States. Some companies in the food industry are investing even as competitors fail. 在美国，室内粮食种植业务既有成功也有失败。即使竞争对手失败了，食品行业的一些公司仍在投资。 California-based Plenty Unlimited this summer began work on a $300 million indoor plant, while Kroger announced that it will be increasing its availability of vertically farmed produce. 总部位于加利福尼亚州的 Plenty Unlimited 今年夏天开始投资 3 亿美元建造一座室内植物，而克罗格则宣布将增加垂直农产品的供应量。 Meanwhile, two indoor farming companies that got strong backing — New Jersey’s AeroFarms and Kentucky’s AppHarvest — filed for bankruptcy reorganization. And a five-year-old company in Detroit, Planted Detroit, shut its doors this summer. 与此同时，两家获得大力支持的室内农业公司——新泽西州的 AeroFarms 和肯塔基州的 AppHarvest——申请破产重组。底特律一家成立五年的公司 Planted Detroit 今年夏天倒闭了。The industry changes do not worry Jacob Portillo, a grower with Eden Green Technology, an indoor farming company. 室内农业公司 Eden Green Technology 的种植者雅各布·波蒂略 (Jacob Portillo) 并不担心行业的变化。 “The fact that other people are failing and other people are succeeding, that’s going to happen in any industry you go to, but specifically for us, I think that ... the sustainable competitors ... are going to start winning,” he said. “事实上，其他人正在失败，而其他人正在成功，这种情况在你所从事的任何行业都会发生，但特别是对于我们来说，我认为......可持续的竞争对手......将开始获胜，”他 说。Indoor farming brings growing inside in what experts sometimes call “controlled environment agriculture.” There are different methods. One method called vertical farming involves stacking produce from floor to ceiling, often under artificial lights and with the plants growing in nutrient-enriched water. Other growers are trying very large greenhouses, indoor beds of soil in big buildings and using special robots for parts of the farming process. 室内农业在室内种植，专家有时称之为“受控环境农业”。有不同的方法。一种称为垂直农业的方法是将农产品从地板堆到天花板，通常在人造光下，并使植物在营养丰富的水中生长。其他种植者正在尝试使用非常大的温室、大型建筑物中的室内土床，并在部分农业过程中使用特殊机器人。 Supporters say growing indoors uses less water and land and permits food to be grown closer to consumers, saving on transport. Indoor growing is also a way to protect crops from increasingly extreme weather caused by climate change. The companies often say their products are free of pesticides, although the foods are usually not marketed as organic. 支持者表示，室内种植使用的水和土地更少，并且可以让食物在离消费者更近的地方种植，从而节省运输。室内种植也是保护农作物免受气候变化引起的日益极端天气影响的一种方法。这些公司经常声称他们的产品不含农药，尽管这些食品通常不作为有机食品销售。 But critics question the sustainability of operations that can require a lot of energy for artificial light. And they say paying for that light can make profitability impossible. 但批评者质疑人造光可能需要大量能源的操作的可持续性。他们表示，为这种灯付费可能会导致盈利变得不可能。 Tom Kimmerer is a plant expert who taught at the University of Kentucky. Kimmerer has followed indoor farming alongside his research into the growth of plants both outdoors and inside. He said his first thought on vertical farm companies — especially those that used a lot of artificial light — was, “Boy, this is a dumb idea,” mainly due to high energy costs. 汤姆·基默勒（Tom Kimmerer）是一位植物专家，曾在肯塔基大学任教。基默勒在研究室外和室内植物生长的同时，还关注室内农业。他说，他对垂直农场公司（尤其是那些使用大量人造光的公司）的第一个想法是，“天哪，这是一个愚蠢的想法”，主要是因为能源成本很高。The industry has admitted those high costs. Some companies are seeking to push costs down by using solar power. But even the companies that use a lot of artificial light that does not come from renewables say they can be profitable by eventually producing a high volume of produce year-round. 业界承认成本高昂。一些公司正在寻求通过使用太阳能来降低成本。但即使是那些大量使用非可再生能源人造光的公司也表示，他们最终可以通过全年生产大量农产品来盈利。 But Kimmerer thinks there are better ways to provide food locally and extend the growing season — outdoors. He pointed to Elmwood Stock Farm outside Lexington, Kentucky. The farm can grow tomatoes and greens the whole year using tools like high tunnels, also known as hoop houses. These are greenhouse-like structures that protect crops while still being partially open to the outdoors. 但基默勒认为，有更好的方法可以在当地提供食物并延长户外生长季节。他指着肯塔基州列克星敦郊外的埃尔姆伍德牲畜农场。该农场可以使用高隧道（也称为箍屋）等工具全年种植西红柿和蔬菜。这些类似温室的结构可以保护农作物，同时仍部分向室外开放。 He thinks investment flowing toward new versions of indoor farming would be better spent on solutions for outdoor farmers like special robots, or money support for regenerative practices. 他认为，流向新型室内农业的投资最好花在为户外农民提供解决方案上，比如特殊机器人，或者为再生实践提供资金支持。 Curt Covington of AgAmerica Lending, a private investment company centered on agriculture, is not convinced that indoor farming operations can work - except in special cases. 专注于农业的私人投资公司 AgAmerica Lending 的科特·科文顿 (Curt Covington) 并不相信室内农业经营可行——除非在特殊情况下。 Given the high cost of indoor operations, Covington said, “It’s just hard… to be very profitable.” 考虑到室内运营的高昂成本，卡温顿说，“很难......获得很高的利润。” 

At almost a foot long, researchers say the knapped-shaped stone axe heads, thick at the base and tapering to a finer point, would have been so heavy that it would have been hard to handle by early humans, sparking speculation that they may have had a ceremonial purpose.这些被敲击而成形的石制斧头有将近一英尺长，底部较厚，至尖端逐渐变细。研究人员说这些斧头如此沉重以至于早期的人类应该很难挥动使用它们，这引发了斧头可能是用于仪式活动的猜测。The items are among 800 artefacts thought to be more than 300,000 years old, found buried deep inside sediments preserved on a hillside above the Medway Valley [UK]. Representatives from the Institute of Archaeology said the finds provided an incredibly valuable opportunity to study how an entire Ice Age landscape developed.和这些物品一同出土的文物共有800件，人们认为它们有超过30万年的历史。被发现时，这些文物深埋在英国梅德韦河谷上方的山坡中留存的冰河时期沉积物中。来自伦敦大学学院考古系的研究人员代表称，这些发现为研究整个冰河时期的景观是如何演变的提供了异常宝贵的契机。词汇表axe heads 斧头（工具斧的头部）speculation 猜测，推测ceremonial 仪式的，典礼的artefacts 文物，（有历史价值的）人工制品，工艺品sediments 沉淀，沉积物finds 发现，发现物

We all start as a single egg fertilised by a sperm, but those steps, going from a group of cells to something you can see and recognise on a baby scan, are poorly understood, so scientists have created embryo models in the lab to explore this crucial time.我们每个人的生命都是从一个受精卵开始的，但从起初的一组细胞发育成婴儿扫描影像中可以看清并辨识出的胎儿，这之间经过了哪些阶段，我们知之甚少，因此科学家们在实验室中创建了胚胎模型，以探索这个关键时期究竟发生了什么。Instead of sperm and egg, they use stem cells. These can become any tissue in our bodies. They're grown in just the right way to mimic a two-week-old human embryo.科学家们用干细胞代替精子和卵子来培育胚胎。干细胞可以分化为体内的各种组织细胞类型。他们精心培育这些干细胞，使其模拟两周大人类胚胎的结构。The researchers hope their work can help improve IVF rates, understand miscarriage and even test which medicines are safe to use in pregnancy.研究人员们希望他们的工作成果能够帮助提高体外受精的成功率、找到导致流产的原因，甚至能够帮助测试怀孕期间使用哪些药物是安全的。词汇表egg 卵子fertilised 受精sperm 精子steps 阶段scan 扫描embryo 胚胎models 模型stem cells 干细胞tissue （人体）组织mimic 模拟IVF 体外受精miscarriage 流产

Rickshaw comes from a Japanese word that means “human-powered vehicle.” The vehicle was first used in 19th-century Japan and then in other Asian countries to transport passengers.Rickshaw 源自日语，意思是“人力车辆”。 该车辆首先在 19 世纪的日本使用，然后在其他亚洲国家用于运送乘客。Rickshaw pullers are traditionally male. Through social media, some Japanese women are drawn to the profession. And now, they have developed a strong local and international following.人力车夫传统上都是男性。 通过社交媒体，一些日本女性被这个职业所吸引。 现在，他们已经发展了强大的本地和国际追随者。Yuka Akimoto is one of the women who have chosen to pull rickshaws in Tokyo.秋元由香（Yuka Akimoto）是选择在东京拉人力车的女性之一。“I don’t deny it was extremely hard at the beginning,” Akimoto said, as the rickshaw can weigh up to 250 kg. “I’m not athletic and the cart felt so heavy.”“我不否认一开始非常困难，”秋元说，因为人力车的重量可达 250 公斤。 “我不擅长运动，而且推车感觉很重。”Now, she says she loves her job and wants to work as long as she is physically able. She wears a small sign that reads: “I don’t want to give up.”现在，她说她热爱自己的工作，并且希望在身体允许的情况下一直工作。 她戴着一个小牌子，上面写着：“我不想放弃。”Akimoto joined Tokyo Rickshaw two years ago. The company mainly operates in the Asakusa area, where many people visit. The company says about a third of their 90 pullers are now women. They are seeking more females to work for the company.秋元两年前加入东京人力车。 该公司主要在浅草地区开展业务，那里有很多人参观。 该公司表示，90 名拉手中约有三分之一是女性。 他们正在寻找更多女性为公司工作。“The first girl who joined was cool,” said Tokyo Rickshaw President Ryuta Nishio. “Since we posted videos of her on social media, many girls have followed... and joined us.”“第一个加入的女孩很酷，”东京人力车社长西尾龙太说道。 “自从我们在社交媒体上发布她的视频以来，许多女孩都关注了……并加入了我们。”Nishio said he wants to create a place where women feel at ease and can be involved.西尾说，他想创造一个让女性感到轻松、可以参与的地方。Rickshaw pullers wear special, traditional clothing on their feet. The pullers walk or run an average of 20km a day, no matter the weather.人力车夫脚上穿着特殊的传统服装。 无论天气如何，拉车工每天平均步行或跑步 20 公里。In addition to being physically strong, rickshaw pullers must know a lot about Tokyo. They also need to communicate with visitors who want to see the city.车夫除了体力要强之外，还必须对东京了解很多。 他们还需要与想要参观这座城市的游客进行交流。The most popular pullers earn over 1 million yen (about $6,700) a month. That is three times the national average. Tokyo Rickshaw noted that less than 10 percent of all applicants are offered a job.最受欢迎的拉手每月收入超过 100 万日元（约合 6,700 美元）。 这是全国平均水平的三倍。 Tokyo Rickshaw 指出，只有不到 10% 的申请人获得了工作机会。The pullers actively use social media to increase their popularity. They want people to request them personally and repeat rides.拉车者积极利用社交媒体来提高知名度。 他们希望人们亲自请求他们并重复乘坐。It was those social media posts that influenced college student Yumeka Sakurai to join Tokyo Rickshaw.正是这些社交媒体帖子影响了大学生樱井梦香加入东京人力车。“I’ve watched many videos of women training hard and becoming rickshaw drivers themselves. They gave me confidence that I could do it too if I tried hard,” the 20-year-old said.“我看过很多女性努力训练并成为人力车司机的视频。 他们给了我信心，让我相信只要我努力，我也能做到。”这位 20 岁的年轻人说道。Sakurai’s friends and family disapproved of her choice. But after four months of training, she says she feels pleasure pulling passengers in her rickshaw.樱井的朋友和家人都不同意她的选择。 但经过四个月的培训后，她说她很高兴用她的人力车拉乘客。Shiori Yano is 29 years old. She has been pulling rickshaws for nine years. She balances the demands of the job and her family.矢野诗织今年 29 岁。 她拉人力车已有九年了。 她平衡工作和家庭的需求。She took a four-year break after having a child. She now works the rickshaw for eight hours a day, hurrying to pick up her daughter from childcare before going home to cook dinner and do housework.生完孩子后，她休息了四年。 现在，她每天在人力车上工作八个小时，赶着去托儿所接女儿，然后回家做饭和做家务。“This job looked flashy from the outside but I’ve had some hard times, including when I was rejected in favor of a male driver,” Yano said. Still, she says she will continue to work because she enjoys it.“这份工作从表面上看很华丽，但我也经历过一些艰难的时期，包括当我被男性司机拒绝时，”矢野说。 不过，她说她会继续工作，因为她喜欢它。Tokyo Rickshaw’s Nishio said sometimes people are not satisfied women are doing such physically demanding work. Female pullers also sometimes face unwanted sexual behaviors or have their knowledge questioned by male riders, he added.东京人力车公司的西尾表示，有时人们对女性从事如此体力消耗巨大的工作并不满意。 他补充说，女性拉手有时也会面临不受欢迎的性行为，或者她们的知识受到男性拉手的质疑。“We treat both male and female pullers completely equally,” Nishio said. “The women say they want to be treated the same as the men, and in fact many of them are way tougher.”“我们对待男性和女性拉手完全平等，”西尾说。 “女性说她们希望得到与男性相同的待遇，事实上她们中的许多人要强硬得多。”

Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo has long worked to make her city less dependent on cars. She wanted to see more people using bicycles, or bikes, to get around.巴黎市长安妮·伊达尔戈长期以来一直致力于减少她的城市对汽车的依赖。 她希望看到更多的人使用自行车出行。Over a number of years, the city government put in restrictions on cars and increased the amount of bike lanes from 200 kilometers to over 1,000 kilometers.多年来，市政府对汽车实施限制，并将自行车道数量从 200 公里增加到 1000 多公里。Now, her effort seems to have paid off.现在，她的努力似乎得到了回报。This year, Parisians are not complaining about too much automobile traffic. Instead, they say there are too many bikes.今年，巴黎人不再抱怨汽车交通过多。 相反，他们说自行车太多了。Thibault Quere is a spokesperson for France’s Federation of Bicycle Users. He said he remembered seeing “traffic jams all over the place” when he traveled by car as a child.蒂博·奎雷 (Thibault Quere) 是法国自行车用户联合会的发言人。 他说，他记得小时候开车出行时看到“到处都是交通堵塞”。“Now, it’s really like a bike traffic jam,” he said. “It’s kind of a good difficulty to have, especially when we think about what Paris used to be.”“现在，这真的就像自行车交通堵塞一样，”他说。 “这是一个很大的困难，特别是当我们想到巴黎曾经是什么样子时。”Some famous roads along the River Seine are completely closed to cars. Now you see people riding bikes, running, and walking with their families along the river.塞纳河沿岸一些著名的道路完全禁止车辆通行。 现在你可以看到人们和家人沿着河边骑自行车、跑步、散步。In another part of Paris, a bike path on Sebastopol Boulevard is one of the busiest in Europe, after opening in 2019. In one week in early September, it recorded a record high of 124,000 riders.在巴黎的另一处，塞瓦斯托波尔大道上的一条自行车道自 2019 年开放以来，成为欧洲最繁忙的自行车道之一。在 9 月初的一周内，它创下了 124,000 名骑手的历史新高。Paris en Selle is a volunteer organization supporting cycling in the city. It says the French capital’s bike paths are busier than some popular ones in London and almost as busy as some in Amsterdam. Amsterdam is known for its high bike usage.Paris en Selle 是一个支持城市自行车运动的志愿者组织。 据称，法国首都的自行车道比伦敦一些受欢迎的自行车道更繁忙，几乎与阿姆斯特丹的一些自行车道一样繁忙。 阿姆斯特丹以其高自行车使用率而闻名。Experts say the revolution will continue. Instead of the honking of horns and pollutive gas from cars, Paris will become known for cyclists, they say.专家表示，这场革命将继续下去。 他们说，巴黎将不再因汽车喇叭声和污染气体而闻名。The city will host the summer Olympics in 2024 and plans to add more bike lanes by then. Paris wants to reduce its pollution by half during the games, even as visitors from around the world will be in the city for the event. Organizers say all of the competition sites will be reachable by bike through a 60-kilometer network of bike lanes.该市将于 2024 年举办夏季奥运会，并计划届时增加更多自行车道。 巴黎希望在奥运会期间将污染减少一半，尽管来自世界各地的游客将来到这座城市观看赛事。 组织者表示，所有比赛场地都可以通过 60 公里的自行车道网络骑自行车到达。The change to Paris, however, has not been easy. With more people using bikes, more people are making mistakes. Some of them are new to cycling and disobey traffic rules.然而，搬到巴黎并不容易。 随着越来越多的人使用自行车，越来越多的人犯错误。 其中一些人是骑车新手，不遵守交通规则。Michel Gelernt rode through the Place de la Concorde in the central part of the city.米歇尔·格伦特骑马穿过市中心的协和广场。“Paris has become unlivable,” he said. “No one can stand each other.”“巴黎已经变得不适宜居住，”他说。 “没有人能够忍受彼此。”Gelernt, who is retired and in his 70s, said he often used public transportation and for-hire motorized scooters. But he changed to cycling during the COVID-19 pandemic.70多岁的退休老人格伦特说，他经常使用公共交通工具和出租机动踏板车。 但在 COVID-19 大流行期间，他改骑自行车。He said he uses Paris’ bike-sharing system for 80 percent of his trips. He still has complaints.他说他 80% 的出行都使用巴黎的自行车共享系统。 他仍有怨言。“Everyone behaves selfishly … the traffic is a lot worse than it was,” he said.“每个人的行为都很自私……交通状况比以前糟糕了很多，”他说。But the environment may be improving. Cycling is good exercise and helps reduce pollution, which is still a problem for the large city. The French government blames atmospheric pollution for 48,000 early deaths in the country each year.但环境可能正在改善。 骑自行车是很好的运动，有助于减少污染，而污染仍然是大城市的一个问题。 法国政府将每年 48,000 人过早死亡归咎于大气污染。Hidalgo was re-elected in 2020 and plans to keep making what she calls a “Paris that breathes.” Her newest five-year bike plan includes over $250 million for more bike paths and bike parking. The new budget is an increase of over $100 million from her first five-year plan.伊达尔戈于 2020 年再次当选，并计划继续打造她所说的“会呼吸的巴黎”。 她最新的五年自行车计划包括超过 2.5 亿美元用于更多自行车道和自行车停车场。 新预算比她的第一个五年计划增加了 1 亿多美元。

Sometimes our friends' behaviour can offend us; sometimes we can see changes they need to make – but how do we tell them? Are there any ways to make difficult conversations easier?有时朋友的行为会冒犯我们； 有时我们可以看到他们需要做出的改变——但我们如何告诉他们呢？ 有什么方法可以让困难的对话变得更容易吗？It's important to have solid evidence that there is indeed a problem. Evidence that can be agreed upon makes it easier for other people to recognise issues. Once you have proof, it's important to highlight how it impacts us and others. Psychologist Andrea Bonior suggests framing problems with 'I'. Saying 'I feel hurt that you spend less time with me' is less accusatory than 'You never spend time with me!' and is focused more clearly on the impact.拥有确凿的证据证明确实存在问题非常重要。 可以达成一致的证据可以让其他人更容易认识到问题。 一旦你有了证据，重要的是要强调它如何影响我们和其他人。 心理学家安德里亚·博尼奥尔（Andrea Bonior）建议用“我”来界定问题。 说“你花更少的时间陪我，我感到很受伤”，比说“你从来不花时间陪我！”更不那么具有指责性。 并更明确地关注其影响。Staying calm is vital. Becoming tense might lead you to react badly and cause an argument. Bonior recommends that you should acknowledge the conversation could make you anxious. If you think about this yourself, it can help you focus on positive results. If you admit your anxiety to your friend, you will show a more human side. Another psychologist, Laura Brennan, points out how it's important that we let go of our ego and don't focus on the need to be proved right. This can help reduce tension. 保持冷静至关重要。 变得紧张可能会导致你做出不良反应并引发争吵。 博尼奥尔建议您应该承认谈话可能会让您感到焦虑。 如果您自己思考这一点，它可以帮助您专注于积极的结果。 如果你向朋友承认你的焦虑，你就会表现出更人性化的一面。 另一位心理学家劳拉·布伦南 (Laura Brennan) 指出，我们必须放弃自我，不要只关注被证明是正确的需求。 这有助于减轻紧张情绪。We can lower the potential for conflict by listening to the other person and asking questions. Many experts recommend planning your words, so that you can say things in a way that avoids conflict. However, Bonior cautions against overplanning as this can stop you being flexible enough to genuinely follow and participate in the discussion. 我们可以通过倾听对方的意见并提出问题来降低发生冲突的可能性。 许多专家建议计划好你的措辞，这样你就可以用避免冲突的方式说话。 然而，博尼奥尔警告不要过度计划，因为这可能会阻止你足够灵活地真正关注和参与讨论。Be realistic. Complicated problems are unlikely to be solved with one conversation. Consider what is possible in one discussion, and that it may be harder than you initially thought. This will help you to set realistic goals for what you can achieve.现实点。 复杂的问题不可能通过一次谈话就得到解决。 考虑一下在一次讨论中可能发生什么，并且它可能比您最初想象的要困难。 这将帮助您为您可以实现的目标设定现实的目标。词汇表behaviour 行为offend 得罪，惹恼problem （须解决的）问题issue 问题impact 对…产生影响frame 表达，说出accusatory 指责的，谴责的calm 沉着冷静的react 对…作出反应argument 争吵，争论anxious 焦虑的，不安的anxiety 焦虑，不安ego 自我conflict 冲突，争执overplanning 计划过度discussion 讨论，交谈

Researchers say they have recovered genetic material from the Tasmanian tiger, an Australian animal that has long been extinct. The discovery could help scientists learn more about these creatures before they disappeared from Earth.研究人员表示，他们已经从塔斯马尼亚虎身上找到了遗传物质，塔斯马尼亚虎是一种早已灭绝的澳大利亚动物。 这一发现可以帮助科学家在这些生物从地球上消失之前更多地了解它们。The recovered material is called ribonucleic acid, or RNA. RNA is a group of molecules present in all living cells that is important for genetic activity. It is similar to DNA, the molecules that contain an organism's genetic instructions.回收的物质称为核糖核酸或RNA。 RNA 是存在于所有活细胞中的一组分子，对遗传活动非常重要。 它类似于 DNA，即包含有机体遗传指令的分子。RNA carries genetic information it receives from DNA. RNA combines groups of proteins that organisms require to live and works to control cell metabolism.RNA携带从DNA接收的遗传信息。 RNA结合了生物体生存所需的蛋白质组并控制细胞代谢。The researchers said the recovered RNA came from skin and muscle from the remains of a Tasmanian tiger stored since 1891 in a museum in Stockholm, Sweden.研究人员表示，回收的 RNA 来自自 1891 年以来存放在瑞典斯德哥尔摩博物馆的一只塔斯马尼亚虎遗骸的皮肤和肌肉。Scientists have in recent years taken DNA from different ancient animals and plants. But the team said it was the first time RNA has been recovered from an extinct animal.近年来，科学家们从不同的古代动物和植物中提取了 DNA。 但研究小组表示，这是第一次从灭绝的动物身上回收RNA。Scientists believe the Tasmanian tiger once lived on the Australian continent and surrounding islands. It was a top predator at the time, hunting kangaroos and other animals. The last known Tasmanian tiger is believed to have died in a Tasmanian zoo in 1936.科学家认为塔斯马尼亚虎曾经生活在澳大利亚大陆和周围的岛屿上。 它是当时的顶级掠食者，捕猎袋鼠和其他动物。 据信最后一只已知的塔斯马尼亚虎于 1936 年在塔斯马尼亚动物园死亡。Emilio Mármol Sánchez is with the Centre for Palaeogenetics in Stockholm. He was the lead writer of a study describing the research results. The study recently appeared in the publication Genome Research.埃米利奥·马尔莫尔·桑切斯 (Emilio Mármol Sánchez) 在斯德哥尔摩古遗传学中心工作。 他是一项描述研究结果的研究的主要作者。 该研究最近发表在《基因组研究》杂志上。Sánchez told Reuters news service RNA material gives scientists "a taste of the real biology” involving the cells and tissues of the Tasmanian tigers before they went extinct.桑切斯告诉路透社新闻社，RNA材料让科学家“尝到了真正的生物学”，涉及塔斯马尼亚虎灭绝前的细胞和组织。Marc Friedländer of Stockholm University was a co-writer of the study. He said, “If we want to understand extinct species, we need to understand what gene complements they have and also what the genes were doing, and which were active."斯德哥尔摩大学的马克·弗里德兰德 (Marc Friedländer) 是该研究的合著者。 他说：“如果我们想了解灭绝的物种，我们需要了解它们有哪些基因互补，以及这些基因在做什么，哪些基因是活跃的。”Researchers have questioned how long RNA could survive at room temperature. The remains stored at the Swedish Natural History Museum were in a state of semi-mummification. This meansskin, muscles and bones remained, but inside organs were lost.研究人员质疑 RNA 在室温下能存活多久。 瑞典自然历史博物馆保存的遗骸处于半木乃伊状态。 这意味着皮肤、肌肉和骨骼得以保留，但内部器官却消失了。"Most researchers thought that RNA would only survive for a very short time - like days or weeks - at room temperature,” said evolutionary geneticist Love Dalén. He is with the Centre for Palaeogenetics. Dalén added that while this might be the case when remains are wet, it does not appear to be so when they are dried.古遗传学中心的进化遗传学家 Love Dalén 表示：“大多数研究人员认为 RNA 在室温下只能存活很短的时间，比如几天或几周。” 是湿的，当它们干燥时，看起来就不是这样了。The Tasmanian tiger looked similar to a wolf, except for the tiger-like lines appearing on its back. When people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago, large animal population losses followed. The arrival of European colonizers in the 18th century destroyed the remaining populations around the island of Tasmania.塔斯马尼亚虎看起来与狼很相似，只是背上有老虎一样的纹路。 大约五万年前，当人类抵达澳大利亚时，动物数量随之大量减少。 18 世纪欧洲殖民者的到来消灭了塔斯马尼亚岛周围剩余的人口。Private "de-extinction" programs have been launched with the aim of bringing back some extinct animals. These include the Tasmanian tiger, flightless dodo bird and wooly mammoth.私人“反灭绝”计划已经启动，旨在复活一些灭绝的动物。 其中包括塔斯马尼亚虎、不会飞的渡渡鸟和长毛猛犸象。However, many researchers have warned about the difficulties of using genetic processes to actually recreate an extinct species. While Sánchez of the Centre for Palaeogenetics said he too has concerns about such processes, he noted that he does "advocate for more research on the biology of these extinct animals."然而，许多研究人员警告说，利用遗传过程来实际重建灭绝物种是困难的。 虽然古遗传学中心的桑切斯表示他也对此类过程感到担忧，但他指出，他确实“主张对这些灭绝动物的生物学进行更多研究”。

Neutrinos, or 'ghost particles' as they're known, are made when cosmic rays that are rattling around space at near light speed, smash into other matter. Astronomers say understanding where they come from is key to understanding the dynamics that shape the Milky Way.中微子，又称 “幽灵粒子”，是当宇宙射线以接近光速的速度穿过太空大气层，撞击其它物质时产生的粒子。天文学家们表示，了解中微子的来源是了解导致银河系形成的动力学过程的关键。But these short-lived particles are very difficult to detect, so scientists and engineers created an observatory that turned a cubic kilometre of Antarctic ice into a neutrino finder.然而这些转瞬即逝的粒子很难被探测到，因此科学家和工程师们创建了一个天文台，将一立方公里的南极冰变成了中微子探测器。The IceCube detector, as it's called, is made of thousands of sensors on long cables buried under the South Pole. Whenever a neutrino interacts with one of the billions of ice molecules, it captures that interaction and works out where that neutrino came from.这个被称作 “冰立方” 的探测器是由埋在南极下的长电缆上的数千个传感器组成的。每当中微子与数十亿个冰分子中的一个相互作用时，探测器就会捕捉到这种相互作用，并找出中微子的来源。The detectors produced the first evidence of these 'ghost particles' in our home galaxy, which the researchers say gives them an entirely new window on what's happening in the Milky Way.探测器首次发现了在我们的银河系中存在这些 “幽灵粒子” 的证据，研究人员们对此表示，这个发现为他们了解银河系的奥秘打开了一扇窗。词汇表neutrinos 中微子particles 粒子cosmic rays 宇宙射线light speed 光速matter 物质dynamics 动态，动力short-lived 转瞬即逝的，短暂存在的observatory 天文台molecules 分子galaxy 星系

The WHO says it has listed aspartame as possibly carcinogenic on the basis of limited evidence that it may increase the risk of liver cancer. This places aspartame in the same hazard classification group as aloe vera and Asian pickled vegetables, but below those deemed probably carcinogenic such as night shift work and eating red meat.世界卫生组织称，基于有限的证据表明阿斯巴甜有可能增加罹患肝癌的风险，他们已将阿斯巴甜列为可能致癌物。这使得阿斯巴甜被归类至与芦荟和亚洲泡菜相同的危险物级别，但致癌风险低于被认为很可能导致癌症的行为，比如值夜班和食用红肉。The WHO says the current safe daily limits for aspartame are unchanged. That means an adult weighing 11 stone or 70 kilos would need to drink more than four litres of diet soft drink a day to exceed the acceptable daily limit. When asked which was better for you, a can of diet or regular sugary cola, a WHO scientist recommended a third option, water.世界卫生组织表示，目前针对阿斯巴甜的每日最高安全摄入量没有改变。这意味着一个体重为11英石、即70公斤的成年人需要饮用超过四升的代糖低脂软饮才会超过阿斯巴甜的每日允许摄入量。而当被问到无糖可乐和普通的含糖可乐相比，喝哪个更好时，世界卫生组织的一名科学家推荐了第三种选择：水。词汇表carcinogenic 致癌的basis 基础，根据limited evidence 有限的证据，不完全的证据risk 风险hazard 危险物night shift 夜班safe daily limit 每日最高安全摄入量stone （重量单位）英石acceptable 可接受的sugary 含糖的

Los Alamos in the Southwestern American state of New Mexico is where the U.S. government set up its secret mission to develop nuclear weapons during World War II.位于美国西南部新墨西哥州的洛斯阿拉莫斯是美国政府在二战期间设立秘密研制核武器任务的地方。Eighty years later, it is the home to huge government research and development laboratories.八十年后，它成为了庞大的政府研发实验室的所在地。Now, Los Alamos National Laboratory is taking part in the nation’s largest nuclear weapons effort since World War II. The aim is to modernize America’s nuclear weapons. New workers there are producing an important part of nuclear weapons – plutonium/pluːˈtəʊ.ni.əm/ cores.现在，洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室正在参与美国自二战以来最大规模的核武器项目。 目的是使美国的核武器现代化。 那里的新工人正在生产核武器的重要组成部分——钚核心。The government has given jobs to about 3,300 workers in the last two years. The workforce is now over 17,270. Close to half of the workers live in some other part of New Mexico. The population of Los Alamos nearly doubles during the workweek.过去两年，政府为约 3,300 名工人提供了就业机会。 目前员工人数超过 17,270 人。 近一半的工人居住在新墨西哥州的其他地区。 每周工作期间，洛斯阿拉莫斯的人口几乎翻倍。While new technology has changed the way work is done at Los Alamos, some things remain the same. Secrecy and a sense of duty that came in the 1940s are still part of the community.虽然新技术改变了洛斯阿拉莫斯的工作方式，但有些事情仍然保持不变。 20 世纪 40 年代出现的保密性和责任感仍然是这个社区的一部分。James Owen is an engineer. He has spent more than 25 years working in the nuclear weapons program.詹姆斯·欧文是一名工程师。 他在核武器项目上工作了超过 25 年。“What we do is meaningful. This isn’t a job, it’s a vocation and there’s a sense of contribution that comes with that,” Owens told The Associated Press. He added, “The downside is, we can’t tell people about all the cool things we do here.”“我们所做的事情是有意义的。 这不是一份工作，而是一种职业，随之而来的是一种贡献感。”欧文斯告诉美联社。 他补充道，“缺点是，我们无法告诉人们我们在这里所做的所有很酷的事情。”While the main goal of Los Alamos is maintaining America’s nuclear weapons, the research center also works in other areas. These include energy, national security, space exploration, supercomputing, efforts to limit disease, and threats from computer attacks.虽然洛斯阿拉莫斯研究中心的主要目标是维持美国的核武器，但该研究中心也在其他领域开展工作。 其中包括能源、国家安全、太空探索、超级计算、限制疾病的努力以及计算机攻击的威胁。Employees say their work is necessary because of worldwide political insecurity. Most people in Los Alamos are connected to the laboratories, so opposition is rare.员工们表示，由于全球政治不安全，他们的工作是必要的。 洛斯阿拉莫斯的大多数人都与实验室有联系，因此很少有人反对。But groups that follow nuclear development, such as activists and nonprofit organizations, question the need for nuclear weapons and the increasing costs.但关注核发展的团体，例如积极分子和非营利组织，对核武器的必要性和不断增加的成本提出质疑。Greg Mello is director of the Los Alamos Study Group. It is an organization that has disagreed with the laboratory over safety, security and cost concerns. He said, “For some time, Los Alamosans have seemed numbed /nʌm/ out…”格雷格·梅洛是洛斯阿拉莫斯研究小组的主任。 该组织在安全、安保和成本问题上与实验室存在不同意见。 他说：“有一段时间，洛斯阿拉莫桑人似乎已经麻木了……”Chistopher Nolan’s recently released film Oppenheimer brought new attention to the town. The attention increased support for an effort to expand the federal government’s radiation compensation program for a group of people in several western states. The group includes people in southern New Mexico where the Trinity Test of the first atomic bomb took place in 1945. In July, the U.S. Senate voted to expand the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, which would pay money to people who might have been affected by nuclear-related activity in the U.S.奇斯托弗·诺兰最近上映的电影《奥本海默》为这座小镇带来了新的关注。 这种关注增加了人们对扩大联邦政府针对西部几个州的一群人的辐射补偿计划的支持。 该群体包括 1945 年第一颗原子弹进行三位一体测试的新墨西哥州南部的居民。7 月，美国参议院投票决定扩大辐射暴露补偿法案，该法案将为可能受到核辐射影响的人们提供赔偿 - 在美国的相关活动The activist groups argue that the federal government’s modernization effort has already gone above spending predictions. Additionally, they say the effort has taken years longer than planned. Independent government researchers released a report earlier this month that showed the growing costs and delays.活动团体认为，联邦政府的现代化努力已经超出了支出预测。 此外，他们表示这项工作比计划花费了数年时间。 独立政府研究人员本月早些时候发布了一份报告，显示了不断增长的成本和延误。Owen said officials feel a sense of urgency because of increasing threats around the world. “What’s being asked is that we all need to do better in a faster amount of time,” he said.欧文表示，由于世界各地的威胁日益增加，官员们感到了紧迫感。 “我们的要求是，我们都需要在更快的时间内做得更好，”他说。

“Leaf-peepers” are tourists who visit the countryside in the northeastern United States each autumn. “Peeper” means looker, someone who looks.“赏叶者”是指每年秋天到美国东北部乡村游览的游客。 “Peeper”的意思是观看者、观看的人。The leaf-peepers travel to see the seasonal changes to the trees. Their leaves turn color from green to deep red, bright yellow and rich orange before finally falling to the ground.观叶者四处旅行是为了观察树木的季节变化。 它们的叶子颜色从绿色变成深红色、亮黄色和深橙色，最后落在地上。Many leaf-peepers head to Vermont. They like to take photos of the trees, the hills, old farm buildings and houses in the state.许多赏叶者前往佛蒙特州。 他们喜欢拍摄该州的树木、山丘、古老的农场建筑和房屋。They often stop their vehicles on the side of the road to take pictures. The visitors are good for the local economy because they spend money on hotels, restaurants and other business.他们经常把车停在路边拍照。 游客对当地经济有好处，因为他们把钱花在酒店、餐馆和其他生意上。But, the flood of tourists can also cause problems in small, usually quiet country towns. They create too much vehicle traffic, pollution and other trouble.但是，大量游客也会给通常安静的乡村小镇带来问题。 它们造成了太多的车辆交通、污染和其他麻烦。One small town has taken surprising action to deal with the leaf-peepers. Pomfret, Vermont has closed roads to non-residents through the middle of October. Pomfret officials said the restrictions were carried out in reaction to what they called “poorly behaved tourists.”一个小镇采取了令人惊讶的行动来对付偷叶者。 佛蒙特州庞弗雷特已对非居民关闭道路直至十月中旬。 庞弗雷特官员表示，实施这些限制是为了应对他们所谓的“行为不端的游客”。Visitors often seek out Sleepy Hollow Farm in Promfret. They like to take pictures there. Police now are guarding the road from all but locals.游客经常前往普罗姆弗雷特 (Promfret) 的断头谷农场 (Sleepy Hollow Farm)。 他们喜欢在那里拍照。 警察现在正在守卫这条道路，禁止除当地人以外的所有人通行。The colorful hillside behind the farm is famous from the many images of it posted to social media services such as Facebook and Instagram.农场后面色彩缤纷的山坡因 Facebook 和 Instagram 等社交媒体服务上发布的许多照片而闻名。People who live in central Vermont say they understand how the land’s beauty appeals to visitors. But they say the traffic slowdowns, blocked roads and bad behavior by visitors is a major problem.居住在佛蒙特州中部的人们表示，他们了解这片土地的美丽对游客的吸引力。 但他们表示，交通放缓、道路堵塞和游客的不良行为是一个主要问题。Nancy Bassett lives in the area. “It’s just a shame,” she said about the bad behavior, which includes some people trying to move beyond barriers to get better views. “It spoils it for a lot of people,” Bassett added.南希·巴塞特住在该地区。 “这真是一种耻辱，”她谈到不良行为时说，其中包括一些人试图超越障碍以获得更好的视野。 “这毁了很多人的生活，”巴塞特补充道。Vermont is not the only pretty place that some argue has been ruined by social media. People have crowded into small streets in Paris and wilderness areas in California just to take a photo like the ones they see on Instagram.佛蒙特州并不是唯一一个被一些人认为被社交媒体破坏的美丽地方。 人们涌入巴黎的小街道和加利福尼亚州的荒野地区，只是为了拍一张像 Instagram 上看到的那样的照片。In the small city of Lake Elsinore, California, people stopped to take photos of a “superbloom” of wildflowers caused by a rainy winter in 2019. Locals said the visitors “trampled” the very flowers they came to photograph.在加利福尼亚州埃尔西诺湖的小城市，人们停下来拍摄2019年多雨的冬天造成的野花“超级盛开”的照片。当地人说，游客“践踏”了他们前来拍摄的花朵。In some places, such as the famous Zion National Park in the western state of Utah, visitors need a permit to enter some areas.在一些地方，例如犹他州西部著名的锡安国家公园，游客需要获得许可证才能进入某些区域。The news of the Vermont closures prompted many to write about it on social media. One person asked: “Why in the world would you want to visit somewhere with a crowd of people? There are beautiful spots … you can have all to yourself.”佛蒙特州关闭的消息促使许多人在社交媒体上发表评论。 一个人问：“你到底为什么要去一个人多的地方？ 这里有很多美丽的景点……你可以拥有一切。”One road, Cloudland Road, is now closed to visitors. There are “no-parking” and “no-photo” signs along the way.其中一条道路，克劳德兰路 (Cloudland Road) 现已不对游客开放。 沿途设有“禁止停车”和“禁止拍照”的标志。Residents say there are areas visitors can go that have parking and places to eat.居民们说，游客可以去的地方有停车场和吃饭的地方。Linda Arbuckle works at a store nearby. She said “people love the leaves … and it brings people here and we don’t want that to stop. Unfortunately,” she added, “some people have taken it to the next step.” Arbuckle said there have been homeowners who have come home to see tourists eating a meal on their front porch.琳达·阿巴克尔在附近的一家商店工作。 她说：“人们喜欢树叶……它把人们带到这里，我们不希望这种情况停止。 不幸的是，”她补充道，“有些人已经采取了下一步。” 阿巴克尔说，有些房主回家后看到游客在他们的前廊吃饭。

The Writers Guild of America (WGA) said Sunday that it had reached an agreement with Hollywood movie and television studios. The announcement signaled that the group’s five-month strike is nearing an end.美国作家协会（WGA）周日表示，已与好莱坞电影和电视制片厂达成协议。 该公告标志着该组织为期五个月的罢工即将结束。The WGA is the labor group that represents writers in the United States who work on many movies and television programs.WGA 是代表美国许多电影和电视节目编剧的劳工组织。The writers’ group said its members will not yet return to work, but they will no longer protest – or picket – outside movie studios.编剧团体表示，其成员尚未重返工作岗位，但他们将不再在电影制片厂外抗议或纠察。The WGA said it reached an agreement with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television producers for a tentative three-year deal. It is called “tentative,” which means not certain, because it must still be approved by the WGA’s leaders and members. A vote could happen this week.WGA 表示，它与电影电视制片人联盟达成了一项为期三年的暂定协议。 它被称为“暂定”，意思是不确定，因为它还必须得到 WGA 领导人和成员的批准。 本周可能会进行投票。The WGA said its labor stoppage lasted more than 140 days. If it had gone five days longer, the strike would have been the longest in WGA history.WGA 表示，其停工持续了 140 多天。 如果再延长五天，这次罢工将是 WGA 历史上最长的罢工。When the new contract is approved, programs that depend on writers who have not been working could be back on television within days. Those include nightly comedy programs such as The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and Jimmy Kimmel Live!.当新合同获得批准后，依赖于尚未工作的编剧的节目可能会在几天内重新出现在电视上。 其中包括夜间喜剧节目，例如《吉米·法伦今夜秀》和《吉米·坎摩尔现场秀》。The news made some media experts think the actors’ group – known as SAG-AFTRA – could be close to ending its strike.这一消息让一些媒体专家认为，名为 SAG-AFTRA 的演员团体可能即将结束罢工。SAG-AFTRA congratulated the WGA on reaching its agreement. It used words such as “strength, resiliency and solidarity” to describe the writers’ group’s decision to hold out for a good deal.SAG-AFTRA 祝贺 WGA 达成协议。 它用“力量、韧性和团结”等词语来描述编剧团队坚持不懈的决定。SAG-AFTRA added, “We remain committed to achieving the necessary terms for our members.” It also said it wants the studio leaders to “return to the table and make a fair deal that our members deserve and demand.”SAG-AFTRA 补充道：“我们仍然致力于为我们的会员实现必要的条款。” 它还表示希望工作室领导“回到谈判桌，达成我们的成员应得和要求的公平协议。”The writers and studio heads made their agreement without intervention from government officials. That has happened in the past.编剧和工作室负责人在没有政府官员干预的情况下达成了协议。 这在过去曾发生过。State and local government leaders congratulated the two groups on their new plan. California Governor Gavin Newsom said he was “grateful the two sides have come together.”州和地方政府领导人对两个小组的新计划表示祝贺。 加州州长加文·纽瑟姆表示，他“感谢双方走到一起”。One of the main issues that caused the strike was how writers are paid by streaming video services such as Netflix. Another issue was the use of artificial intelligence technology in the creation of scripts. The strike stopped production on a number of daily television programs and delayed upcoming television shows and movies that had been planned for production.引发罢工的主要问题之一是Netflix等流媒体视频服务向作家支付报酬的方式。 另一个问题是人工智能技术在脚本创建中的使用。 罢工导致一些每日电视节目停止制作，并推迟了原计划制作的即将上映的电视节目和电影。The writers started their strike on May 2. Film and television actors stopped working on July 14. The two groups had not gone on strike at the same time since 1960.编剧于5月2日开始罢工，影视演员于7月14日停止工作。自1960年以来，这两个群体还没有同时罢工过。

The U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) reported Monday that winter sea ice hit record lows in Antarctica this year.美国国家冰雪数据中心（NSIDC）周一报告称，今年南极洲冬季海冰数量创下历史新低。Scientists say the lack of sea ice is evidence of serious climate change at the South Pole.科学家表示，海冰的缺乏是南极严重气候变化的证据。Researchers say the lack of sea ice will affect penguins, who mate and raise their young on the ice. In addition, a lack of ice speeds Earth’s rising temperatures. A large amount of sea ice keeps the planet cool because it reflects sunlight back into space.研究人员表示，海冰的缺乏会影响在冰上交配和抚养后代的企鹅。 此外，冰的缺乏也会加速地球温度的上升。 大量的海冰使地球保持凉爽，因为它将阳光反射回太空。The amount of sea ice was at its highest level on September 10, towards the end of the southern hemisphere’s winter. However, it only covered 16.96 million square kilometers. That was the lowest coverage since satellite records began in 1979. The latest measurement breaks a low ice record from 1986 by about one million square kilometers.9 月 10 日，南半球冬季即将结束，海冰数量达到最高水平。 但其面积仅1696万平方公里。 这是自 1979 年开始有卫星记录以来覆盖范围最低的一次。最新测量结果打破了 1986 年以来的低冰记录，减少了约 100 万平方公里。Walt Meier is a top NSIDC scientist. “It’s not just a record-breaking year,” he said. “It’s an extreme record-breaking year.”Walt Meier 是 NSIDC 的顶级科学家。 “这不仅仅是破纪录的一年，”他说。 “这是极端破纪录的一年。”The group said the ice measurement findings are not complete. It said a full report would come out in October.该组织表示，冰测量结果并不完整。 它说完整的报告将于十月发布。Sea ice reaches its peak, or highest level, in late September in the southern hemisphere. The ice melts to its lowest point during the hemisphere’s summer in February or March.九月下旬，南半球的海冰达到顶峰或最高水平。 在二月或三月的半球夏季，冰融化至最低点。The last summer measurement came about six months ago, which also set a new record for melting ice.上次夏季测量大约是在六个月前，这也创下了冰融化的新记录。

Dig anywhere in Pompeii and you'll uncover an ancient treasure, a snapshot of a lost Roman world. Most of those who lived in the city probably escaped the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, but what they left behind is still being unearthed 2,000 years later.不论在庞贝古城的何处挖掘，你都能发现古老的宝藏，庞贝就像是失落的罗马世界的一个缩影。当时，这座城市的大多数居民可能躲过了维苏威火山的爆发，但他们遗留在身后的物品直到2000年后的今天仍在陆续被发掘出土。The new discoveries from this excavation include a huge oven, capable of producing 100 loaves a day, a shrine to make offerings to the gods that's decorated with snakes, and a bed reduced to ashes in a fire. There are skeletons too – three individuals crushed under falling masonry.这次新挖掘出的发现物包括一台每天能烤制100条面包的大型烤箱，一个用于供奉神明的神龛，上面装饰着蛇的形象，以及一张在火焰中化为灰烬的床。一同出土的还有被落下的砖石压住的三个人的骨架遗骸。The archaeologists plan to erect a walkway, so tourists can see what's going on. It will prove popular. This is the dig that recently revealed a fresco, depicting a bread meal that looked like it might be a forerunner of pizza.考古学家们计划在公园内搭建一条走道，这样游客就可以沿走道参观挖掘工程。这个新设计将大受欢迎，因为在这次挖掘中发现了一幅湿壁画，画中描绘了一顿配有面包的菜肴，面包看上去可能是披萨饼的原型。词汇表snapshot 快照，照片eruption 爆发unearthed 被发掘出土excavation 挖掘工作shrine 神龛masonry （建筑用的）砖，石walkway 走道，人行道fresco 湿壁画

The same area where the Wright brothers developed the first airplane will soon see electric planes that take off and land vertically.莱特兄弟开发第一架飞机的同一地区很快就会看到垂直起降的电动飞机。The planes, called “flying taxis” will be produced under an agreement between the state of Ohio and Joby Aviation at Dayton International Airport.这些被称为“飞行出租车”的飞机将根据俄亥俄州与乔比航空公司在代顿国际机场签署的协议进行生产。Ohio Governor Mike DeWine told The Associated Press, “When you’re talking about air taxis, that’s the future.”俄亥俄州州长迈克·德温 (Mike DeWine) 告诉美联社，“当你谈论空中出租车时，这就是未来。”Around the world, electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, or flying taxis, are becoming more common. Still, questions remain about noise levels and charging demands.在世界各地，电动垂直起降 (eVTOL) 飞机或飞行出租车正变得越来越普遍。 尽管如此，关于噪音水平和充电需求的问题仍然存在。Developers say the planes are nearing the day when they will provide a way to move individual people or small groups from the top of buildings and parking spaces to their destinations.开发商表示，这些飞机即将提供一种将个人或小团体从建筑物顶部和停车场运送到目的地的一天。The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, lived and worked in Dayton, Ohio. In 1910, they opened the first U.S. airplane factory there. To connect with this history, Joby’s official announcement Monday took place at Orville Wright’s home, Hawthorn Hill, and ended with a special flight of a copy of the Wright Model B Flyer.莱特兄弟奥维尔和威尔伯在俄亥俄州代顿生活和工作。 1910 年，他们在那里开设了美国第一家飞机工厂。 为了与这段历史联系起来，乔比周一在奥维尔·赖特 (Orville Wright) 位于山楂山 (Hawthorn Hill) 的家中发表了正式声明，并以莱特 B 型飞行器副本的特别飞行结束。Engineers designed Joby’s production aircraft to transport a pilot and four passengers at speeds of up to 321.87 kilometers per hour. The aircraft can cover a distance of up to 160.93 kilometers. It is a quiet machine that can barely be heard in most cities, the company said. The plan is to place them in aerial ridesharing networks beginning in 2025.工程师设计的乔比量产飞机能够以高达每小时 321.87 公里的速度运送一名飞行员和四名乘客。 该机的航程可达160.93公里。 该公司表示，这是一台安静的机器，在大多数城市几乎听不到声音。 计划从 2025 年开始将它们纳入空中共享网络。Joby Aviation is a 14-year-old company that went public in 2021 and became the first eVTOL firm to receive a special kind of permission, or certification, from the U.S. Air Force. Its production efforts are supported by partnerships with Toyota, Delta Air Lines, Intel and Uber.Joby Aviation 是一家拥有 14 年历史的公司，于 2021 年上市，成为第一家获得美国空军特殊许可或认证的 eVTOL 公司。 其生产工作得到了与丰田、达美航空、英特尔和优步合作的支持。The $500 million project is supported by up to $325 million in payments from the state of Ohio. With the money, Joby plans to build an Ohio facility capable of delivering up to 500 aircraft a year and creating 2,000 jobs. The U.S. Department of Energy has invited Joby to apply for a loan to support development of the facility as a clean energy project.这个耗资 5 亿美元的项目得到了俄亥俄州高达 3.25 亿美元的付款的支持。 Joby 计划利用这笔资金在俄亥俄州建造一家工厂，每年能够交付多达 500 架飞机并创造 2,000 个就业岗位。 美国能源部已邀请乔比申请贷款，以支持该设施作为清洁能源项目的开发。Joby CEO JoeBen Bevirt told the AP that the company chose Ohio after a large and competitive search. Ohio's financial deal was not the largest, but the chance to bring the operation to the birthplace of aviation — with a workforce experienced in the field — led to the deal, he said.Joby 首席执行官乔本·贝维尔特 (JoeBen Bevirt) 告诉美联社，该公司经过大规模的竞争性搜索后选择了俄亥俄州。 他说，俄亥俄州的财务交易并不是最大的一笔，但将业务带到航空发源地的机会——拥有在该领域经验丰富的劳动力——促成了这笔交易。The announcement comes as a group of Ohio’s congressional representatives has recently increased efforts to draw the U.S. Air Force’s new U.S. Space Command headquarters or Space Force units to Ohio. There, too, state leaders point to the history of the Wrights, as well as Ohio-born astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong.这一消息发布之际，俄亥俄州的一群国会代表最近加大力度将美国空军新的美国太空司令部总部或太空部队部队吸引到俄亥俄州。 在那里，州领导人也提到了莱特兄弟以及俄亥俄州出生的宇航员约翰·格伦和尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的历史。

Over the last few weeks, the estimated 15,000 e-scooters run by the three operating companies have been gradually withdrawn, mostly being redeployed to other cities in Europe, including London. 在过去的几周里，由三家公司运营的约1.5万辆电动滑板车已被相继撤出，其中的大多数被重新投放到包括伦敦在内的其它欧洲城市继续使用。In Paris, there'll still be plenty of e-scooters on the street but they'll be privately-owned ones. From being the first European city to introduce on-street hiring, Paris is now becoming the first capital to ban it, the experiment having lasted just five years. 虽然巴黎街道上仍有很多电动滑板车，但这些电动滑板车是市民自购私人拥有的。巴黎是第一个将电动滑板车引入街头共享的欧洲城市，现在成为了第一个禁止这类交通工具出租的首都城市，这个试行计划只持续了五年。For some here, it's a mighty relief. The nuisance of the machines vastly outweighing their usefulness. For others, tourists for example, or late-night revellers needing a quick ride home, it's a mighty shame. The operators are disappointed, but re-focusing their efforts on free-floating e-bicycles, which remain legal.对一些巴黎市民来说，这项禁令让人倍感解脱，因为这种交通工具带来的麻烦远远超过了它们的用处。对另一些人来说，比如游客或玩乐后晚上想快速回家的人们，这项禁令则让人惋惜。运营商表示对这项禁令感到失望，但会将业务重心转向仍然合法的自由取还模式的共享电动自行车。词汇表estimated 估算的withdrawn 撤回redeployed 调配，重新配置on-street hiring 街头出租relief 解脱nuisance 讨厌的事物outweighing 超过，大于free-floating 自由取还模式的，无固定停放点的

I'm sure most of us enjoy going on holiday. It's a break from the routine and a chance to jet off somewhere with friends or family. This might involve sightseeing and soaking up local culture in a new destination, or it could be kicking back and lazing by a pool or on a beach. But, whatever we choose, the most convenient way to do it is on a package holiday.我相信我们大多数人都喜欢去度假。 这是摆脱日常生活的休息，也是与朋友或家人一起飞往某个地方的机会。 这可能涉及到一个新的目的地观光和吸收当地文化，也可能是在游泳池或海滩上放松休息。 但是，无论我们选择什么，最方便的方式就是跟团度假。This type of vacation combines the flight, accommodation, transfers and sometimes the services of a rep, all into one booking. They were traditionally sold by travel agents on the high street, but as a few big-brand names closed, many are now purchased on websites. Travel journalist Simon Calder explains that the benefits of a proper package holiday are that "by booking flights and accommodation in a single transaction from a tour operator, you transfer all the risk to the company." This means it has to sort things out when things go wrong, and if the operator goes bust, you can get a refund.这种类型的假期将航班、住宿、接送服务（有时还包括代表的服务）全部整合到一个预订中。 传统上，它们是由旅行社在大街上出售的，但随着一些大品牌的倒闭，现在许多都是在网站上购买的。 旅游记者西蒙·考尔德（Simon Calder）解释说，合适的旅游套餐的好处是“通过在一次交易中从旅行社预订航班和住宿，你可以将所有风险转移给公司。” 这意味着当出现问题时它必须解决问题，如果运营商破产，你可以获得退款。This protection can give you peace of mind, but there are other benefits too. A package holiday can also be great value. A tour company can book airplane seats and hotel rooms in bulk which means that they can negotiate better discounts for its holidaymakers. There are often deals on food and drink too, with some companies offering all-inclusive packages – although, this can discourage someone from eating outside the hotel and sampling local cuisine and helping the local economy.这种保护可以让您高枕无忧，但还有其他好处。 旅游套餐也很超值。 旅游公司可以批量预订飞机座位和酒店房间，这意味着他们可以为度假者争取更好的折扣。 食品和饮料方面也经常有优惠，一些公司提供全包套餐——不过，这可能会阻止人们在酒店外就餐、品尝当地美食并帮助当地经济。But with no-frills airlines offering cheap flights and websites offering cheap hotel accommodation, some of us have been tempted to be independent travellers or backpackers. While that might suit some, the package holiday offering has evolved, and, in the UK, for example, travel experts say the package holiday is growing in popularity, particularly among younger travellers. The Association of British Travel Agents told the BBC "there is a greater emphasis on personalisation, where holidaymakers can mix and match what they want to include instead of purchasing a pre-defined package." The only problem is deciding where to go!但由于廉价航空公司提供廉价航班，网站提供廉价酒店住宿，我们中的一些人受到诱惑成为独立旅行者或背包客。 虽然这可能适合一些人，但套餐度假产品已经发展，例如在英国，旅游专家表示，套餐度假越来越受欢迎，尤其是在年轻旅行者中。 英国旅行社协会告诉英国广播公司，“人们更加注重个性化，度假者可以混合搭配他们想要包含的内容，而不是购买预先定义的套餐。” 唯一的问题是决定去哪里！词汇表jet off 乘飞机旅行sightseeing 观光，游览soak up 充分体验destination 目的地kick back 放松package holiday 包价旅游（游客从旅行社或旅游网站处打包预订机票、酒店和目的地接送等其它服务的旅游方式）vacation 假期，度假accommodation 住宿transfer （两地之间交通工具的）转乘rep “representative” 的缩写，代表travel agent 旅行社，旅游代理商tour operator 旅行社，旅游公司go bust 倒闭，破产peace of mind 安心，心里踏实in bulk 大量地，成批地holidaymaker 度假者all-inclusive （费用）全包的no-frills 只提供必需品的independent traveller 独立旅行者backpacker 背包客personalisation 个性化（安排）mix and match 自行挑选组合

This is the time of year when many gardeners are harvesting tomatoes. Associated Press gardening expert Jessica Damiano recently reported about the many pictures of strangely shaped tomatoes sent to her from fans of her gardening advice. She said people sometimes question if the tomatoes are okay to eat. The good news, Damiano said, is that there is nothing wrong with the deformed fruits. Unless otherwise diseased, they are perfectly good for eating. Their unusual appearance does not affect their taste or nutritional value.每年这个时候，许多园丁都会收获西红柿。美联社园艺专家杰西卡·达米亚诺最近报道了她的园艺建议的粉丝们发给她的许多形状奇怪的西红柿的照片。她说人们有时会质疑西红柿是否可以吃。达米亚诺说，好消息是这些畸形的水果没有任何问题。除非有其他疾病，否则它们非常适合食用。它们不寻常的外观不会影响它们的味道或营养价值。If you have ever cut open a tomato, you know they are divided into internal parts, called locules, which contain seeds and a substance called gel. Most tomatoes have about four or five locules; other kinds of the fruit, like cherry tomatoes, contain two or three. Plum or Roma tomatoes have two locules.But when a plant experiences temperature extremes, cell division in the developing fruit can go off track. Temperatures over 32 degrees Celsius during the day and 27 overnight can lead the tomato to form an extra locule. But there is not enough room inside a tomato for the extra part, so it grows on the outside of the fruit. Not every tomato on an affected plant will be deformed, however.如果您曾经切开过西红柿，您就会知道它们分为内部部分，称为小室，其中含有种子和一种称为凝胶的物质。大多数西红柿大约有四到五个小室；其他种类的水果，如樱桃番茄，则含有两种或三种。李子或罗马番茄有两个小室。但是当植物经历极端温度时，正在发育的果实中的细胞分裂可能会偏离轨道。白天超过32摄氏度和夜间超过27摄氏度的温度会导致番茄形成额外的小室。但番茄内部没有足够的空间容纳多余的部分，因此它生长在果实的外部。然而，并非受影响植物上的每个番茄都会变形。“Under the right conditions (temperatures that are too hot or even too cold), this could affect one or two tomatoes per plant, depending on where they are in the development process and what the (weather) conditions are,” said Timothy McDermott. He is an assistant professor and extension educator at Ohio State University. The likelihood of one of your tomatoes developing a locule oddity is estimated to be about one in a thousand, McDermott said. Any tomato can grow an extra locule. But, Damiano noted, heirloom kinds seem more likely to have this genetic mutation than hybrids.“在适当的条件下（温度太热甚至太冷），这可能会影响每株植物的一到两个西红柿，具体取决于它们处于发育过程中的阶段以及（天气）条件，”蒂莫西·麦克德莫特说。他是俄亥俄州立大学的助理教授和推广教育家。麦克德莫特说，你的一个西红柿出现小室异常的可能性约为千分之一。任何番茄都可以长出额外的小室。但是，达米亚诺指出，传家宝品种似乎比杂交品种更有可能出现这种基因突变。The extra-locule mutation is not the only abnormality caused by extreme heat. Conditions including sunscald, blossom drop, halted fruit formation and ripening can also arise when plants are grown outside their usual temperature limit. Provide shade for your plants when temperatures are predicted to remain above 32 degrees Celsius for several days. Attach a piece of 40 to 50 percent shade cloth to stakes inserted into the ground around the plant. Leave it in place from 12 to 4 p.m., when the sun is at its strongest. Then remove it to avoid problems caused by a lack of sunlight. And, when harvesting your crop, remember: the funny-looking tomatoes taste just as good!细胞外突变并不是极热引起的唯一异常。当植物生长在其通常的温度限制之外时，也会出现包括晒伤、落花、果实形成和成熟停止等情况。当预计气温将连续几天保持在 32 摄氏度以上时，为您的植物提供遮荫。将一块 40% 至 50% 的遮阳布固定在插入植物周围地面的木桩上。中午 12 点到 4 点，当阳光最强烈时，将其放置在适当的位置。然后将其取下，以避免因缺乏阳光而引起的问题。而且，在收获作物时，请记住：看起来滑稽的西红柿味道也一样好！

These plans would see the Office for Students asked to limit the number of students universities could take on courses that had high dropout rates or did not lead to good jobs. The regulator already has the power to investigate and sanction universities if degrees fall below set minimum performance thresholds. These include 75% of students completing the course and 60% going on to further study or professional work within 15 months of graduating.在这些计划下，英国学生事务办公室将被要求限制各大学提供的辍学率高或没能帮助毕业生找到好工作的专业课程可招收的学生人数。该监管机构已有权在学位课程的效果低于他们设定的最低表现阈值的情况下对大学进行调查和处罚。该阈值标准包括最少有75%的学生完成课程，以及至少60%的学生在毕业后的一年零三个月内继续学习深造或找到高技能工作。Rishi Sunak said too many young people were being sold a false dream. Labour's shadow education secretary Bridget Phillipson said the announcement was an attack on the aspirations of young people and the Liberal Democrats said it would make it harder for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds to go on to further study.英国首相里希·苏纳克表示，之前有太多年轻人在为不切实际的期望买单。工党的影子内阁教育部首席秘书布里奇特·菲利普森认为这项公告是对年轻人的理想抱负的攻击，而自由民主党则称这一举措会让出身贫困的年轻人更难接受到高等教育。Universities UK said, for the large majority of students, university was a great investment and warned any measures must be targeted and proportionate.英国大学组织表示，对于绝大多数学生来说，上大学是很有效的投资。他们警告任何举措都应具有针对性，并确保影响到的对象比例适当。词汇表dropout rates 辍学率regulator 监管机构，进行官方调控的部门sanction 处罚，制裁performance thresholds 表现阈值，绩效的临界值a false dream 不真实的梦，不切实际的期望aspirations 抱负，志向disadvantaged backgrounds 贫困背景出身measures 举措，措施proportionate 成比例的，相称的

Small farms with natural trees and forests that block sunlight can provide a refuge for some bird populations, a study in Costa Rica found. For 18 years, bird expert James Zook has been collecting records on nearly 430 kinds of tropical birds found on farms and natural forests in the Central American country. While birds do best in natural rainforests, Zook said some species usually found in forests can establish populations in “diversified farms.” Diversified farms are farms that contain areas similar to a natural forest environment.哥斯达黎加的一项研究发现，拥有遮挡阳光的天然树木和森林的小农场可以为一些鸟类提供庇护所。 18 年来，鸟类专家 James Zook 一直在收集在这个中美洲国家的农场和天然森林中发现的近 430 种热带鸟类的记录。祖克说，虽然鸟类在天然雨林中表现最好，但一些通常在森林中发现的物种可以在“多样化农场”中建立种群。多样化农场是指拥有类似于天然森林环境的区域的农场。“How you farm matters,” said Nicholas Hendershot. He is a Stanford University environmental scientist. He helped write the study published recently in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. “In these diversified farms, you see growth over the long term in bird species with specialized needs,” Hendershot said. These specialized needs include safe and protected areas from the sun for birds to build their homes and different kinds of food sources. That kind of farming is very different to industrial agriculture or agriculture where only one crop like pineapple or bananas are planted, he said.“如何耕种很重要，”尼古拉斯·亨德肖特说。他是斯坦福大学的环境科学家。他帮助撰写了最近发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的这项研究。亨德肖特说：“在这些多元化的农场中，您会看到具有特殊需求的鸟类物种的长期增长。”这些特殊需求包括供鸟类建造家园的安全和受阳光照射的保护区以及不同种类的食物来源。他说，这种农业与工业化农业或只种植菠萝或香蕉等一种作物的农业非常不同。Natalia Ocampo-Penuela is a University of California, Santa Cruz environmental scientist who was not involved in the study. She said the findings may seem to make sense without research. But she added that it is very rare to have detailed data over a long time from tropical areas to show that diversified farming can support some forest bird populations.“With 18 years of data, you can show the species is persisting in that area, not simply passing by,” she said. Of the 305 species found in diversified farms, 75 percent showed stable or growing populations over the time of study. These include birds like the collared aracari as well as several members of the manakin family – colorful birds known for their complex mating dances.纳塔莉亚·奥坎波-佩努埃拉是加州大学圣克鲁斯分校的环境科学家，她没有参与这项研究。她说，如果不进行研究，这些发现似乎也有意义。但她补充说，很少有来自热带地区的长期详细数据表明多样化农业可以支持一些森林鸟类种群。“通过 18 年的数据，你可以表明该物种在该地区持续存在，而不是只是路过，”她说。在多元化农场发现的 305 个物种中，75% 在研究期间表现出数量稳定或不断增长。其中包括像项圈巨蜥这样的鸟类，以及侏儒鸟家族的一些成员——色彩缤纷的鸟类以其复杂的交配舞蹈而闻名。Ruth Bennett is a scientist at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. She was not involved in the research. She said, “It’s a huge contribution to have documented that some birds aren’t just going there, but staying there and populations are growing,” Still, such safe environments, called habitats, do not balance out overall population losses from the creation of large industrial farms from natural forests, the writers warned. Zook compared a large pineapple farm to a “bird desert.”露丝·贝内特 (Ruth Bennett) 是史密森尼候鸟中心的科学家。她没有参与这项研究。她说：“记录了一些鸟类不仅会去那里，而且会留在那里并且种群数量不断增长，这是一个巨大的贡献。”尽管如此，这种被称为栖息地的安全环境并不能抵消因鸟类创造而造成的总体种群损失。作者警告说，大型工业农场来自天然森林。祖克将大型菠萝农场比作“鸟类沙漠”。Increasingly, scientists say saving species will require paying attention to areas affected by humans, not just untouched areas. Ocampo-Penuela said modern efforts to save species have to happen not only inside protected areas, but also within agricultural areas and even cities. She said these efforts have to happen where there is at least a possibility that some species could live there.科学家们越来越多地表示，拯救物种需要关注受人类影响的地区，而不仅仅是未受影响的地区。奥坎波-佩努埃拉表示，现代拯救物种的努力不仅必须发生在保护区内，而且还必须发生在农业区甚至城市内。她说，这些努力必须发生在至少有可能某些物种可以生活在那里的地方。