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The physical and mental dexterity needed to master a musical instrument has long been associated with improved cognitive performance. But now, researchers at the University of Edinburgh have demonstrated it can also delay the mental decline associated with ageing.长期以来，人们一直认为精通一种乐器所需的身体和思维灵敏度与认知能力的提高有关。但现在，爱丁堡大学的研究人员们已经证明精通乐器还有可能延缓与衰老相关的智力衰退。The team tested more than 400 people from the Lothian birth cohort, a long-term study group set up in 1936, and found significantly higher levels of performance in both mental processing speed and visuospatial reasoning for those in their seventies and early eighties, who'd learnt to play an instrument in their youth.该团队对英国洛锡安地区出生人口队列中的400名调查对象进行了测试，这个长期追踪研究组于1936年设立，跟踪研究发现在目前70多岁和80岁出头的人群中，儿时学过乐器的人大脑处理信息的速度和视觉空间推理方面的表现都更好。The results held up even when educational attainment and economic status were taken into account, and begs the question, could learning to play an instrument in later life have a similarly positive impact on ageing?即便是将研究对象的受教育程度和经济状况纳入考虑因素，上述研究结果依然成立，这就引出了一个的问题：长大后开始学习乐器是否会对衰老产生类似的积极影响？The researchers are now appealing for people who've only started to play an instrument as adults to take part in a new study.为此，这些研究人员正在寻找成年后才开始学习演奏乐器的人来参与一项新的研究。词汇表dexterity 灵敏度master 精通，掌握cognitive performance 认知表现，认知能力mental decline 认知能力衰退cohort 人口队列，（有共同特点的）一群人set up 设立mental processing speed 大脑处理信息的速度visuospatial reasoning 视觉空间推理held up （理论）成立，站得住脚attainment 获得begs the question 引出问题，不得不问

Belgium says it plans to study possible health risks from electromagnetic radiation release by Apple’s iPhone 12 smartphone. Belgium’s move comes after French regulators ordered Apple to stop selling the iPhone 12. French officials said the phone creates more electromagnetic radiation than the European Union permits. Apple disputes this. The company said the device meets all requirements. The French government agency that oversees wireless communications frequencies said it issued the order after the phone failed one of two tests. The tests are related to the amount of electromagnetic waves the body can absorb.比利时表示计划研究苹果 iPhone 12 智能手机释放的电磁辐射可能带来的健康风险。比利时采取这一举措之前，法国监管机构命令苹果停止销售 iPhone 12。法国官员表示，这款手机产生的电磁辐射超出了欧盟允许的范围。苹果公司对此提出异议。该公司表示该设备满足所有要求。负责监管无线通信频率的法国政府机构表示，在该手机未通过两项测试之一后，该机构发布了该命令。这些测试与人体可以吸收的电磁波量有关。Apple released the iPhone 12 in late 2020. It is unclear why the phone did not pass the agency’s latest tests or why only the iPhone 12 is affected. France’s digital minister said the iPhone 12’s radiation levels are still much lower than levels that scientific studies found could harm users. The French agency said its tests do not test normal phone use. The National Frequency Agency on Tuesday called on Apple to use all means to fix the problem for phones already in use. It said it would study updates to the phones. If they do not work, “Apple will have to recall” phones that have already been sold, it said.苹果于 2020 年底发布了 iPhone 12。目前尚不清楚为什么这款手机没有通过该机构的最新测试，也不清楚为什么只有 iPhone 12 受到影响。法国数字部长表示，iPhone 12 的辐射水平仍远低于科学研究发现的可能对用户造成伤害的水平。该法国机构表示，其测试不测试手机的正常使用情况。美国国家频率局周二呼吁苹果公司采取一切措施解决已在用手机的问题。该公司表示将研究手机的更新。如果它们不起作用，“苹果将不得不召回”已经售出的手机。The agency recently tested 141 cellphones. It found that when the iPhone 12 is held in a hand or near the body, its level of electromagnetic energy absorption is 5.74 watts per kilogram. That is higher than the EU requirement of 4 watts per kilogram or less. Watts per kilogram is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the body. The phone passed a separate test of radiation levels for devices kept in heavy clothes or in a container, the agency said. Malcolm Sperrin is director of medical physics at Britain’s Royal Berkshire hospital group. He said the radiation limits are set well below the level at which harm will happen. He said a small increase above those limits is unlikely to affect a person’s health.该机构最近测试了 141 部手机。研究发现，当 iPhone 12 握在手中或靠近身体时，其电磁能量吸收水平为每公斤 5.74 瓦。这高于欧盟每公斤 4 瓦或更低的要求。瓦特/千克是身体吸收能量速率的衡量标准。该机构表示，这款手机通过了对放在厚衣服或容器中的设备的辐射水平的单独测试。马尔科姆·斯佩林 (Malcolm Sperrin) 是英国皇家伯克郡医院集团医学物理学主任。他说，辐射限制设置得远低于会发生伤害的水平。他说，超出这些限制的小幅增加不太可能影响一个人的健康。Users of the iPhone 12 should be able to download an update that prevents the radiation from going above the limit, Sperrin said. It is not clear why this model appears to release higher radiation. But it might be related to when the phone is seeking a connection to send or receive signal, he said. The World Health Organization says it has not found any harm to health caused by the use of mobile phones. Apple said the iPhone 12 has been approved by many international bodies and meets requirements for radiation around the world.Sperrin 表示，iPhone 12 的用户应该能够下载更新，以防止辐射超过限制。目前尚不清楚为什么该模型似乎释放出更高的辐射。但他说，这可能与手机何时寻求连接以发送或接收信号有关。世界卫生组织表示，尚未发现使用手机对健康造成任何危害。苹果表示，iPhone 12 已获得多个国际机构的批准，符合世界各地的辐射要求。Belgium’s latest action on the phone raises the possibility that other European countries might ban the model after France. Italy said it would take no steps for now. But Germany’s network regulator BNetzA said that the work in France could act as a guide for Europe. The agency said that it might reconsider the smartphone for the German market if the situation progresses in France. A Dutch digital organization said it was looking into Apple’s phone and would ask the U.S. company for an explanation. But it said that there was no immediate risk. Britain has not announced any plans after France’s decision.比利时在电话上的最新行动增加了其他欧洲国家继法国之后禁止该机型的可能性。意大利表示暂时不会采取任何措施。但德国网络监管机构 BNetzA 表示，法国的工作可以为欧洲提供指导。该机构表示，如果法国的情况有所进展，它可能会重新考虑在德国市场推出智能手机。一家荷兰数字组织表示正在调查苹果手机，并将要求这家美国公司做出解释。但它表示不存在直接风险。在法国做出决定后，英国尚未宣布任何计划。

The first subway station in New York City was designed to be a masterpiece and was considered a “jewel in the crown” when it opened. The trains in New York City’s public transportation system, its subway, mostly run underground. Today, the main concern of subway designers is that their systems work correctly. New York’s subway opened in 1904. City Hall Station was one of New York City’s first underground subway stations. Now called Old City Hall Station, it was built during a time when many public buildings and spaces were designed to appear majestic. The goal was to demonstrate that New York could compete culturally with great European cities, sometimes called metropolises.纽约市的第一个地铁站被设计成一件杰作，在开业时被认为是“皇冠上的宝石”。纽约市公共交通系统（地铁）的火车大部分在地下运行。如今，地铁设计者主要关心的是他们的系统能否正常工作。纽约地铁于 1904 年开通。市政厅站是纽约市最早的地下地铁站之一。现在称为旧市政厅站，它是在许多公共建筑和空间被设计得显得雄伟的时代建造的。其目标是证明纽约可以在文化上与欧洲大城市（有时称为大都市）竞争。“It was a statement that New York City had arrived at the level of the great European metropolises like London and Paris, Rome, Madrid…that New York City was taking its place as a world city,” said Clifton Hood. Hood is a history professor at Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva, New York.Inside Old City Hall Station, the top is not flat in shape but curved instead. The walls rise up to create a high, round shape known as a vault. Square pieces of glass, called tiles, shine. Some of the lights in the station are called chandeliers. These are beautiful hanging lights that hold many individual light bulbs and look like huge pieces of jewelry. Polly Desjarlais is with the New York Transit Museum. She said she was “blown away” when she first saw the old station. She used words like “lovely, elegant and really unique space” to describe the station.“这表明纽约市已经达到了伦敦、巴黎、罗马、马德里等欧洲大都市的水平……纽约市正在取代世界城市的地位，”克利夫顿·胡德说。胡德是纽约州日内瓦霍巴特学院和威廉史密斯学院的历史学教授。在旧市政厅车站内，顶部不是平坦的，而是弯曲的。墙壁升起，形成一个高而圆形的形状，称为拱顶。方形玻璃片（称为瓷砖）闪闪发光。车站内的一些灯被称为枝形吊灯。这些是美丽的吊灯，上面装有许多单独的灯泡，看起来像巨大的珠宝。Polly Desjarlais 在纽约交通博物馆工作。她说，当她第一次看到这个旧车站时，她“震惊了”。她用“可爱、优雅、非常独特的空间”这样的词来形容这个车站。“I've heard [the station] be described as a celebration of curves, because there are a lot of curves. Everything is sort-of rounded,” Desjarlais said. But those beautiful curves are why the station is no longer part of the normal subway system. Its rounded platform cannot fit long trains.“The platform at City Hall is really curved. It's a very, very tight curve, and the platform itself is just over 200 feet long. So, it's short,” Desjarlais said. “As the subway got busier…trains got longer, and we added cars…We were growing those platforms and making them longer...”“我听说[车站]被描述为曲线的庆典，因为有很多曲线。一切都是圆润的，”Desjarlais 说。但这些美丽的曲线就是该车站不再属于正常地铁系统的原因。它的圆形月台无法容纳长火车。“市政厅的月台真的是弯曲的。这是一条非常非常紧的曲线，平台本身只有 200 多英尺长。所以，它很短，”Desjarlais 说。“随着地铁变得更加繁忙……火车变得更长，我们增加了车厢……我们正在扩大这些站台并使它们更长……”Although it is no longer part of the subway system, Old City Hall Station is still being used. One train line, the No. 6, uses the Old City Hall Station to turn around. And while the public cannot enter the station from the street, the members of the New York Transit Museum can see the station a few times a year at a cost of about $50. Over the years, there have been ideas to make the old station a restaurant or a place for travelers to the city to visit. However, security concerns put those ideas to rest. Today, the unofficial way for the public to see the old station is by taking the No. 6 train and staying on after the last stop. Then, the train turns around at the Old City Hall Station, and riders will be able to see the majestic space.虽然不再是地铁系统的一部分，但旧市政厅站仍在使用。其中一条火车线路 6 号线在旧市政厅站掉头。虽然公众无法从街道进入车站，但纽约交通博物馆的成员每年可以花费约 50 美元参观车站几次。多年来，一直有想法将旧车站打造成餐厅或供游客前往城市参观的地方。然而，出于安全考虑，这些想法不得不搁置。如今，公众参观旧车站的非官方方式是乘坐 6 号列车并在最后一站停留。然后，火车在旧市政厅站掉头，乘客就可以看到雄伟的空间。

Look at many of the items around your home and some will probably have been imported from abroad by ship. Moving goods around the world by sea is the easiest and most cost-effective way to do it. But what has made it more practical is the invention of the shipping container. They're not the most amazing thing to look at, but because of their design, and especially their universal size, it means they can be loaded and unloaded on to huge vessels at any port that is big enough to accommodate them. The standardisation of these simple metal containers in the 1950s and 60s marked a turning point in world trade, driving down costs and ultimately leading to globalisation.看看你家周围的许多物品，有些可能是从国外通过船运进口的。 通过海上运输货物到世界各地是最简单且最具成本效益的方式。 但使它变得更加实用的是集装箱的发明。 它们并不是最令人惊奇的东西，但由于它们的设计，特别是它们的通用尺寸，这意味着它们可以在任何足够大的港口装载和卸载到大型船只上。 这些简单金属容器在 20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代的标准化标志着世界贸易的转折点，降低了成本并最终导致全球化。Inside these versatile metal boxes could be anything from nappies to cars, and they are transported on container ships that ply our seas and oceans. They have been described as 'the monsters of the seas' because of their huge size. The very biggest are almost half a kilometre long and are piled high with more than 20,000, 20-foot-long (6.06m) boxes. In fact, the world's largest, The Port of Rotterdam, has a capacity of 24,346 TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit) – an exact unit of measurement used to determine cargo capacity for container ships and terminals. With around 5,500 container ships globally, it's incredible to think about the amount of goods being moved around the world.这些多功能的金属盒子里可以装着从尿布到汽车的任何东西，它们通过往返于我们的海洋的集装箱船运输。 由于体型巨大，它们被称为“海洋怪物”。 最大的箱子几乎有半公里长，堆满了 20,000 多个 20 英尺长（6.06m）的箱子。 事实上，世界上最大的港口鹿特丹港的吞吐量为 24,346 TEU（二十英尺当量单位），这是用于确定集装箱船和码头货运能力的精确测量单位。 全球约有 5,500 艘集装箱船，想想在世界各地运输的货物数量就令人难以置信。However, because we now rely so much on these global shipments of goods, there can be problems when things go wrong. In 2021, the Ever Given, loaded with 18,000 containers, got stuck in the Suez Canal – blocking an important trade route. Countless businesses were affected by the delay in receiving their goods. One shipping company, Maersk, said the "ripple effects on global capacity and equipment" were significant.然而，由于我们现在非常依赖这些全球货物运输，因此当出现问题时可能会出现问题。 2021 年，满载 18,000 个集装箱的长赐号被困在苏伊士运河，封锁了一条重要的贸易路线。 无数企业因收到货物延迟而受到影响。 马士基航运公司表示，“对全球运力和设备的连锁反应”非常严重。Despite the occasional problems, our demand for goods is increasing, and so the shipping container is here to stay. George Griffiths from S&P Global Platts told the BBC: "We're seeing a lot more of the ultra-large container ships being built… the proportion of new ships that are moving over 14,000 containers is staggering." Each container can have a lifespan of up to 25 years. And even when the effects of wind, waves and loading takes its toll, some find a new lease of life as land-based storage units or even used as houses and hotels!尽管偶尔会出现问题，但我们对货物的需求仍在增加，因此集装箱将继续存在。 S&P Global Platts 的 George Griffiths 告诉 BBC：“我们看到越来越多的超大型集装箱船正在建造中……运输超过 14,000 个集装箱的新船的比例令人震惊。” 每个容器的使用寿命可达 25 年。 即使风、波浪和载荷的影响造成损失，一些人也发现了作为陆上存储单元的新生命，甚至用作房屋和酒店！词汇表imported 进口goods 商品，货物cost-effective 划算的container 集装箱universal 通用的，广泛适用的vessel 船，大船port 港口world trade 世界贸易globalisation 全球化versatile 多功能的，多用途的ply 定期往返（于）cargo （轮船或飞机装载的）货物terminal 码头shipment 运输trade route 贸易路线ripple effect 连锁反应staggering 惊人的，令人震惊的take its toll 造成破坏a new lease of life “重获新生”，使用寿命延长storage 储物，储藏

American government experts who studied a popular medicine used for colds say the drug is likely not effective and should not be taken by mouth. Sixteen experts for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration examined the drug phenylephrine. The drug is in many medicines that treat nasal congestion, a condition also known as a stuffy nose. The medicines include Sudafed, Allegra and Dayquil among others. The experts read a scientific review released by the FDA before they met. The scientific study said there were many mistakes in earlier tests of phenylephrine’s effectiveness. It said the FDA no longer accepted the earlier testing results.研究一种用于治疗感冒的流行药物的美国政府专家表示，该药物可能无效，不应口服。美国食品和药物管理局的十六名专家检查了这种药物去氧肾上腺素。许多治疗鼻塞（也称为鼻塞）的药物中都含有这种药物。这些药物包括 Sudafed、Allegra 和 Dayquil 等。专家们在会面前阅读了 FDA 发布的科学评论。这项科学研究称，早期对去氧肾上腺素有效性的测试存在许多错误。据称，FDA 不再接受之前的检测结果。One of the experts was Dr. Mark Dykewicz. He is an allergy specialist at Saint Louis University School of Medicine. Dykewicz said, “Modern studies, when well conducted, are not showing any improvement in congestion with phenylephrine.” Phenylephrine is an over-the-counter drug. Anyone can buy it at a store. A doctor’s order is not required to purchase it. Phenylephrine is the most popular decongestant in a market valued at $2.2 billion dollars. If the FDA follows the advice of the experts, companies that make the medicine will have to remove it from stores. These companies include Johnson & Johnson, Bayer and other leading drug makers.Mark Dykewicz 博士就是其中一位专家。他是圣路易斯大学医学院的过敏专家。 Dykewicz 说：“现代研究，如果进行得当，并没有显示去氧肾上腺素对充血有任何改善。”去氧肾上腺素是一种非处方药。任何人都可以在商店购买。购买不需要医生的处方。去氧肾上腺素是市场价值 22 亿美元中最受欢迎的减充血剂。如果 FDA 听从专家的建议，生产该药物的公司将不得不将其从商店下架。这些公司包括强生公司、拜耳公司和其他领先的制药商。The drug would remain in medicines taken through the nose, however. The nasal spray form of phenylephrine is considered effective and there are no plans to review it. But offering higher amounts of the drug by mouth is not possible because it can increase blood pressure to dangerous levels. Researchers at the University of Florida first requested that the FDA remove phenylephrine from a list of approved drugs. The same researchers questioned the drug’s effectiveness in 2007. They said they found no difference between using the drug and using an inactive substance called a placebo.然而，这种药物将保留在通过鼻子服用的药物中。去氧肾上腺素鼻喷雾剂被认为是有效的，并且没有计划对其进行审查。但通过口服提供更高剂量的药物是不可能的，因为它会使血压升高到危险水平。佛罗里达大学的研究人员首先要求 FDA 将去氧肾上腺素从批准的药物清单中删除。同样的研究人员在 2007 年对该药物的有效性提出了质疑。他们表示，他们发现使用该药物和使用一种称为安慰剂的非活性物质没有区别。Phenylephrine has been sold in different forms for 75 years. Dr. Theresa Michele leads the FDA’s office of nonprescription drugs. She said, “Any time a product has been on the market that long, it’s human nature to make assumptions about what we know about the product.” The FDA reviewers said the studies they examined showed how quickly the body processes phenylephrine. The research shows that too little of the drug reaches the area of the nose when the medicine is taken by mouth. Forms of the drug sprayed into the nose appear more effective.去氧肾上腺素已以不同形式销售 75 年。 Theresa Michele 博士领导 FDA 非处方药办公室。她说：“任何时候，只要一种产品在市场上上市了这么长时间，我们就会对我们对该产品的了解做出假设，这是人类的本性。” FDA 审查人员表示，他们检查的研究表明身体处理去氧肾上腺素的速度有多快。研究表明，当口服药物时，到达鼻子区域的药物太少。喷入鼻子的药物形式似乎更有效。The reviewers said barring the drug from medicine taken by mouth would avoid the “unnecessary costs and delay in care of taking a drug that has no benefit. The FDA has not updated its list of approved drugs to treat nasal congestion since 1995. The process for changing the list takes years. But Congress passed a law in 2020 that would speed the process for drugs that do not require a doctor’s permission to use.审查人员表示，禁止口服该药物将避免“不必要的费用和延迟服用没有益处的药物。”自 1995 年以来，FDA 就没有更新过批准治疗鼻塞的药物清单。更改清单的过程需要数年时间。但国会在 2020 年通过了一项法律，将加快无需医生许可即可使用的药物的审批流程。

Invasive grasses might have played a part in the deadly wildfires that burned Lahaina, Hawaii recently. The grasses have taken over land that was once occupied by crops like sugar and pineapple.↳ Michele Steinberg is wildfire division director at the National Fire Protection Association. She said some plants are more flammable than others. But, she noted, “there is no such thing as a fireproof plant.” All plants can catch fire under the right conditions. Those conditions include poor pruning, lack of watering, and letting dry, dead plant parts remain on the soil surface in high-risk areas.最近，夏威夷拉海纳发生的致命野火可能与入侵草有关。这些草已经占据了曾经种植糖和菠萝等农作物的土地。↳米歇尔斯坦伯格是国家消防协会野火部门主任。她说有些植物比其他植物更易燃。但是，她指出，“不存在防火植物这样的东西。”所有植物在适当的条件下都可以着火。这些条件包括修剪不当、缺乏浇水以及让干燥、死亡的植物部分留在高风险地区的土壤表面。If you are selecting plants for your garden, knowing which plants offer some fire resistance and which are more flammable can serve you well.Plants that produce flammable substances, like aromatic oils, resins, waxes, or sap, are among the quickest to catch fire. They will often catch fire even if they have been well-watered and cared for. They include bamboo, rosemary, and eucalyptus. Trees with papery bark that falls off, like river birch, are usually more flammable than those without. And fine-needled plants like pine, juniper, and spruce contain saps and resins. Their needle-like leaves increase the risk of fire when left on the ground or on the top of a house.如果您正在为您的花园选择植物，那么了解哪些植物具有一定的耐火性以及哪些植物更易燃会对您大有裨益。产生易燃物质（如芳香油、树脂、蜡或汁液）的植物是最容易着火的植物之一。即使它们得到了充分的浇水和照顾，它们也经常会着火。它们包括竹子、迷迭香和桉树。具有脱落的纸质树皮的树木，例如河桦，通常比没有脱落的树皮更易燃。松树、杜松和云杉等细针植物含有汁液和树脂。当它们的针状叶子留在地上或屋顶上时，会增加火灾的风险。Many grasses are highly flammable. Their ability to ignite increases when they are left to stand dry over winter or during periods without rain. Additionally, too much heat dries out the soil and under such conditions, many kinds of plants turn into a fire starter.As a group, “native plants aren’t necessarily less flammable” than introduced kinds of plants, Steinberg said. But nonnative, invasive plants often are a greater fire risk because they spread quickly and are usually left alone by wildlife. The nonnative plants spread faster than native plants, and often tolerate heat, lack of rain and heavy rain better. For the best fire resistance, choose deciduous trees, like ash, crabapple, and maple, over fine-needled trees. Plants like succulents with water-filled leaves are slow to burn. They include ice plants and sedums. Some groundcover plants, like ajuga and creeping phlox, are also slow burners.许多草高度易燃。当它们在冬季或无雨期间保持干燥时，它们的点燃能力会增加。此外，过多的热量会使土壤变得干燥，在这种情况下，许多种类的植物都会成为引火物。斯坦伯格说，作为一个群体，“本土植物不一定比引进的植物更不易燃”。但外来入侵植物往往具有更大的火灾风险，因为它们传播得很快，而且通常被野生动物忽视。外来植物比本地植物传播得更快，并且通常能更好地耐受高温、缺雨和大雨。为了获得最佳的耐火性，请选择落叶树，如白蜡树、海棠树和枫树，而不是细针树。叶子充满水的多肉植物等植物燃烧缓慢。它们包括冰植物和景天属植物。一些地被植物，如牛筋草和匍匐福禄考，也是缓慢燃烧的。The Washington State University Extension Service has published advice for choosing plants that are fire-resistant. Qualities that make a plant less likely to burn include: • High water content in leaves (these ignite and burn more slowly). • Little or no seasonal gain of dead plant material. • Open branching (they provide less fuel for fires). • Fewer total branches and leaves (again, less fuel for fires). • Slow-growing, so less pruning is required (to keep open structure as noted above). • Non-flammable material on the plant, like resins, oil, or wax.华盛顿州立大学推广服务中心发布了选择耐火植物的建议。使植物不易燃烧的品质包括： • 叶子中含水量高（这些叶子点燃和燃烧的速度较慢）。 • 死亡植物材料的季节性增加很少或没有。 • 开放的分支（它们提供的火灾燃料较少）。 • 树枝和树叶总数减少（同样，火灾燃料也减少）。 • 生长缓慢，因此需要较少的修剪（以保持如上所述的开放结构）。 • 植物上的不可燃材料，如树脂、油或蜡。

It's the second year in a row that the proportion of top grades has fallen. Around 27% of exams were graded A* or A. That's almost the same as in 2019 which was the last year of exams before Covid.获得高分学生的比例连续第二年下降。约 27% 的考试成绩被评为 A* 级或 A 级。这一比例与2019年的考试成绩几乎相同，2019年是新冠肺炎疫情前的最后一次考试。Grades in 2020 and 2021 were unusually high as results were based on teachers' assessments. But the picture varies across the UK this year. The proportion of students receiving top grades in Wales and Northern Ireland is significantly higher than in England where the plan was to bring grades back in line with pre-pandemic levels more quickly.2020年和2021年的 A-level 考试成绩异常优秀，因为这两年的成绩是基于教师的评估。但今年英国各地的情况各不相同。威尔士和北爱尔兰获得高分的学生比例远高于英格兰，英格兰的计划是更快地将成绩恢复到疫情前的水平。词汇表in a row 连续地proportion 比例A* “最优” 成绩teachers' assessments 教师给学生作出的评估the picture varies 情况各不相同bring back 带回，恢复in line with 与…一致

The Rolling Stones said this week that their first new collection of songs in almost 20 years comes out on October 20. The album will be called Hackney Diamonds. The name comes from broken glass often seen on the streets of east London’s Hackney area. Three of the band’s original members - Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Ronnie Wood – came to the Hackney Empire, a historic theater, for the announcement.滚石乐队本周表示，他们近 20 年来的第一张新歌集将于 10 月 20 日发行。这张专辑将被称为 Hackney Diamonds。这个名字来源于伦敦东部哈克尼地区街道上经常看到的碎玻璃。乐队的三名原始成员 - 米克·贾格尔 (Mick Jagger)、基思·理查兹 (Keith Richards) 和罗尼·伍德 (Ronnie Wood) - 来到历史悠久的哈克尼帝国剧院，聆听这一消息。The Rolling Stones are still traveling the world and performing concerts, but they have not made an album since 2016. That recording did not include new material. Richards, 79, said the band only made a new album because Jagger wanted to sing. So they went to record new songs after almost 20 years. “When you have a singer that wants to sing,” Richards said, “you grab him and throw him in the studio.” Richards said the songs came together with “energy and urgency.”滚石乐队仍在世界各地巡回演出并举办音乐会，但自 2016 年以来他们就没有制作过专辑。该唱片不包含新材料。 79 岁的理查兹表示，乐队制作新专辑只是因为贾格尔想唱歌。于是他们时隔近20年才去录制新歌。 “当你有一个歌手想唱歌时，”理查兹说，“你抓住他，把他扔进录音室。”理查兹表示，这些歌曲充满了“活力和紧迫感”。Jagger, who is 80, said, “we are quite pleased,” with the new album. He said the group would not have put a recording together if “we hadn’t really liked it. We said we had to make a record we really love ourselves … we hope you all like it.” They released the first song, called Angry, this week. But Jagger said the rest of the songs are not angry. He said the album contains “love songs, ballads, country…” sounds. The new recording includes songs with Paul McCartney, Lady Gaga, Stevie Wonder and Charlie Watts, the Rolling Stones drummer who died in 2021. Watts recorded sounds for two songs in 2019. Steve Jordan is the drummer for the other 10.80 岁的贾格尔表示，“我们对新专辑非常满意”。他说，如果“我们不是真的喜欢它”，乐队就不会录制这张唱片。我们说我们必须制作一张我们真正爱自己的唱片……我们希望你们都喜欢它。”他们本周发行了第一首歌曲《Angry》。但贾格尔表示其余歌曲并不愤怒。他说这张专辑包含“情歌、民谣、乡村……”的声音。新唱片包括保罗·麦卡特尼、Lady Gaga、史蒂夫·旺德和 2021 年去世的滚石乐队鼓手查理·瓦茨 (Charlie Watts) 的歌曲。瓦茨在 2019 年为两首歌曲录制了声音。史蒂夫·乔丹 (Steve Jordan) 是另外 10 首歌曲的鼓手。“Of course, he’s missed incredibly,” Richards said about Watts. But he added that Jordan was Watts’ suggestion for a replacement. Jagger said the addition of Lady Gaga to the album was unplanned. The Stones were recording at a studio in Los Angeles and Lady Gaga just happened to be in the studio next door. So, she recorded the song Sweet Sound of Heaven with the band.“当然，他错失了令人难以置信的机会，”理查兹谈到瓦茨时说道。但他补充说，乔丹是瓦茨建议的替代者。贾格尔表示，Lady Gaga 加入这张专辑是计划外的。滚石乐队正在洛杉矶的一个录音室录音，Lady Gaga 恰好就在隔壁的录音室。于是，她和乐队一起录制了歌曲《Sweet Sound of Heaven》。“She walked in next to me and we started singing together,” Jagger said. Wood said McCartney of the Beatles played the bass guitar on one track. “You know, he was loving it.” McCartney’s band was perhaps the Rolling Stones’ biggest rival in the 1960s. Taric Fioravanti was one of the fans who lined up outside hoping to see the band arrive. He is from Brazil. “I love these guys,” he said. “They’re 80 years old. Most bands have stopped making music by that age,” he added.“她走到我旁边，我们开始一起唱歌，”贾格尔说。伍德说，披头士乐队的麦卡特尼在一首曲目中演奏了低音吉他。 “你知道，他很喜欢它。”麦卡特尼的乐队也许是 20 世纪 60 年代滚石乐队最大的竞争对手。塔里克·菲奥拉万蒂 (Taric Fioravanti) 是在外面排队希望看到乐队到来的歌迷之一。他来自巴西。 “我爱这些家伙，”他说。 “他们已经80岁了。大多数乐队到了那个年纪就已经停止创作音乐了，”他补充道。The Rolling Stones started in 1962. They celebrated their 60th year with a tour of Europe in 2022 and they said they have plans to visit North America in 2024. Wood, 76, plays guitar. He said the idea of retirement is “Impossible. You’ve got to keep playing,” he added.滚石乐队成立于 1962 年。他们于 2022 年进行了欧洲巡演来庆祝成立 60 周年，并表示计划于 2024 年访问北美。76 岁的伍德会弹吉他。他说退休的想法“不可能”。你必须继续比赛，”他补充道。

A newly discovered comet is passing through our solar system for the first time in more than 400 years. Scientists say star watchers across the Northern Hemisphere should look to the sky as soon as possible, either this week or early next. They say it will be another 400 years before the comet returns to our neighborhood. The comet’s official name is C/2023 P1 Nishimura. It is about one kilometer wide. Comet Nishimura will travel to within 125 million kilometers of the Earth on September 12.一颗新发现的彗星400多年来首次穿过我们的太阳系。科学家表示，北半球的观星者应该在本周或下周早些时候尽快仰望天空。他们说彗星还要再过 400 年才会回到我们附近。这颗彗星的正式名称是 C/2023 P1 Nishimura。它宽约一公里。西村彗星将于9月12日前往距离地球1.25亿公里以内的地方。The comet was discovered in August by a Japanese star watcher, Hideo Nishimura. He discovered the comet using 30-second-long exposures with a digital camera. The American space agency NASA says the comet has increased in brightness as it crosses our solar system. As the comet heads closer to the Sun, it will continue to get brighter. Early risers should look toward the northeastern horizon about 90 minutes before sunrise. The comet will be less than 10 degrees above the horizon making it difficult to see.这颗彗星是由日本星星观察者西村秀夫于八月发现的。他用数码相机进行了 30 秒的曝光，发现了这颗彗星。美国宇航局表示，这颗彗星在穿过太阳系时亮度有所增加。随着彗星越来越接近太阳，它会继续变得更亮。早起者应在日出前约 90 分钟朝东北地平线看。这颗彗星与地平线的夹角不到 10 度，因此很难看到。Paul Chodas is head of NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies. He said, “You really need a good pair of binoculars to pick it out and you also need to know where to look.” The comet will come closest to the sun on about September 17. Then it will leave the solar system. Chodas said that the comet is “likely to survive its passage,” meaning he does not believe it will burn up near the sun. Italian astronomer Gianluca Masi is the founder of the Virtual Telescope Project. He said in an email to the Associated Press that the next week represents “the last, feasible chances” to see the comet from the Northern Hemisphere before it is lost in the sun’s glare.保罗·乔达斯 (Paul Chodas) 是美国宇航局近地天体研究中心的负责人。他说：“你确实需要一副好的双筒望远镜来挑选它，而且你还需要知道在哪里看。”这颗彗星将于9月17日左右最接近太阳。然后它将离开太阳系。乔达斯说，这颗彗星“很可能在通过过程中幸存下来”，这意味着他不相信它会在太阳附近燃烧。意大利天文学家詹卢卡·马西是虚拟望远镜项目的创始人。他在给美联社的一封电子邮件中表示，下周是在彗星消失在阳光下之前从北半球看到它的“最后的、可行的机会”。“The comet looks amazing right now, with a long, highly structured tail, a joy to image with a telescope,” he said. If it survives its passage by the sun, the comet should be visible in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of September, Masi said. Professional astronomers use powerful telescopes around the world to watch the sky. It is unusual for a non-professional sky watcher to discover a comet these days. Chodas of NASA said of Nishimura’s discovery, “This is his third find, so good for him.” The comet last visited about 430 years ago, Chodas said.“这颗彗星现在看起来很神奇，有一条长长的、高度结构化的尾巴，用望远镜成像很有趣，”他说。马西说，如果彗星在经过太阳时幸存下来，那么到九月底在南半球就可以看到这颗彗星。专业天文学家在世界各地使用强大的望远镜观察天空。如今，对于非专业的天空观察者来说发现彗星是很不寻常的。美国宇航局的乔达斯谈到西村的发现时说：“这是他的第三个发现，对他来说非常好。”乔达斯说，这颗彗星上次访问是在大约 430 年前。

Most of us know what it's like to get presents from friends. Whether it's for a birthday or other celebration, it's hard to beat the excitement of opening a carefully wrapped box to find something that's both unexpected and suits you perfectly. Now, imagine if you could get the same feeling when you go shopping for yourself. That's the feeling that mystery boxes hope to replicate.我们大多数人都知道从朋友那里收到礼物是什么感觉。 无论是生日还是其他庆祝活动，打开精心包装的盒子，发现一些既出乎意料又完美适合您的东西，都是一种无比兴奋的感觉。 现在，想象一下当您自己去购物时是否也能有同样的感觉。 这就是神秘盒子希望复制的感觉。Mystery boxes are not a new idea – they were a feature of department stores in Japan in the early 20th Century. They contain a range of different products, which are sold at a lower price than their combined value. The key thing is that customers don't know what's in the box before they buy. All kinds of mystery boxes are available: fashion boxes, food boxes, beauty boxes, even loot boxes, which are virtual items for video games.神秘盒子并不是一个新想法——它们是 20 世纪初日本百货公司的一个特色。 它们包含一系列不同的产品，这些产品的售价低于其总价值。 关键是顾客在购买之前并不知道盒子里有什么。 各种神秘盒子可供选择：时装盒、食物盒、美容盒，甚至战利品盒，这些都是视频游戏的虚拟物品。The pleasant surprise is not the only attraction of mystery boxes. They also allow people to try things that they otherwise wouldn't. Seasonal vegetable subscription boxes might lead people to learn to cook new meals. They can also potentially offer great savings – as the recommended retail price of the contents is often far higher than the purchase price. For retailers and suppliers the benefits are clear – it allows them to sell unwanted stock for a profit. British fashion mystery box entrepreneur Mario Maher highlights how mystery boxes can help reduce the amount of waste in the fashion industry. People might discover product ranges that would otherwise be thrown away. 惊喜并不是神秘盒子的唯一吸引力。 它们还允许人们尝试原本不会尝试的事情。 时令蔬菜订阅盒可能会引导人们学习烹饪新饭菜。 它们还可以节省大量费用——因为内容的建议零售价通常远远高于购买价。 对于零售商和供应商来说，好处是显而易见的——它允许他们出售不需要的库存以获取利润。 英国时尚神秘盒企业家 Mario Maher 强调了神秘盒如何帮助减少时尚行业的浪费。 人们可能会发现原本会被丢弃的产品系列。There is an obvious downside to mystery boxes – when you buy them, you don't know what you'll get! It may be that the goods inside are not to your taste, but there is also the potential for fraudsters to exploit the unpredictability of mystery boxes to send items that have a much lower value than the price of the box.神秘盒子有一个明显的缺点——当你购买它们时，你不知道你会得到什么！ 可能里面的货物不合你的口味，但欺诈者也有可能利用神秘盒子的不可预测性来发送价值远低于盒子价格的物品。So, are mystery boxes a fun way of reducing waste and making shopping more exciting, or more an opportunity for disappointment, or worse – deception?那么，神秘盒子到底是一种减少浪费、让购物更令人兴奋的有趣方式，还是更多地带来失望，或更糟糕的是——欺骗？词汇表wrapped 有包装的，包裹好的suit 适合department store 百货商店product 产品price 价格combined value 总价值customer 顾客fashion 时装，时尚beauty 美容loot box （电子游戏中的）虚拟战利品盒subscription box 订阅盒savings 省下的钱recommended retail price 建议零售价purchase price 购买价格retailer 零售商supplier 供应商，供货商unwanted stock 多余的库存product range 产品系列goods 商品，货物item 商品，物品waste 浪费

If you've never planked, it involves holding the starting position for a push-up. A wall squat requires you to hold a sitting position with your back against a wall.如果你从来没有做过平板支撑运动，那么它指的是身体保持俯卧撑起始位置的训练方法。靠墙静蹲运动则需要你保持坐姿，背部贴住墙面。Both are isometric exercises, focusing on static strength training. According to a review of trials involving nearly 16,000 people, this type of exercise is the best way to lower blood pressure although all exercise is beneficial.以上两种动作都是等长运动，侧重于训练静态力量。根据一项有近1.6万人参与的试验综述，尽管所有运动都对身体有益，但这种类型的运动是降低血压的最佳方式。Instead of pushing up the heart rate like running, researchers say it increases tension in the muscles and then prompts a sudden rush of blood when the exercise is over.研究人员们说，这类等长运动并不像跑步那样会提高心率，而是会增加肌肉的张力，然后在训练结束时引起血液的突然上涌。词汇表position 姿势push-up 俯卧撑wall squat 靠墙静蹲isometric 等长的，等距的static 静态的，静止的strength 力量blood pressure 血压beneficial 有益的heart rate 心率tension 张力，拉伸rush of blood 血液上涌

There is growing interest in how AI could transform healthcare. The idea of using it to help with breast cancer screening is one of the major areas of interest.人们对可以如何运用人工智能来改造医疗保健服务的兴趣日益浓厚。使用人工智能帮助筛查乳腺癌的想法是人们感兴趣的主要领域之一。Previously, studies have shown benefit, and this latest research, led by a team at Lund University, adds to that by directly comparing the performance of human experts and AI head-to-head for the first time. It found AI could spot cancer at a similar rate to two radiologists and produce the same number of false positives – where a scan is incorrectly diagnosed as abnormal.此前的研究已显示出人工智能在这方面有用处，而这项由瑞典隆德大学的团队领头的最新研究则通过首次直接对比人类专家与人工智能的表现，进一步证明了这一点。该研究发现，人工智能检查出癌症的效率与两位放射科医生一同评估筛查图像的效率相似，得出假阳性误报的数量也一致，假阳性指检测扫描被误诊为异常。But the researchers will have to follow the trial participants for another two years to discover whether AI is better than humans and not missing cancers that should be picked up. The lead researcher, Dr Kristina Lang, said the findings certainly suggested AI could potentially have an important role to play.但是研究人员必须再跟踪试验参与者两年的时间，以发现人工智能是否强过人类，并且不会遗漏本应被发现的癌症病例。首席研究员克里斯蒂娜·朗博士表示，这些研究发现无疑显示出人工智能有可能发挥重要作用。UK experts say while AI could never replace radiologists, its use offered huge promise, as a radiologist armed with the data insight and accuracy of AI could be a formidable force in patient care.英国的专家称，尽管人工智能永远无法取代放射科医生，但是它的运用提供了巨大的发展潜力，因为一位具有人工智能带来的数据洞察力和准确性的放射科医生可能会成为患者护理领域的强大力量。词汇表screening 检测，筛查head-to-head 正面交锋，一对一较量spot 发现，看出radiologists 放射科医生false positive 假阳性，实际非阳性但检验结果呈阳性abnormal 不正常，异常trial participants 试验参与者，试验对象picked up 被发现armed 装备着，具有data insight 数据洞察，通过分析研究数据而得到的深度理解formidable 强大的，令人敬畏的

Officials at the U.S. Military Academy West Point in New York state recently opened a time capsule that is 195 years old live on the internet. The event on August 28 caused disappointment because the container appeared to contain nothing more than dirt. But West Point officials said last Wednesday that the box did contain hidden treasure after all. A time capsule is a container that is filled with objects and buried or hidden. The capsule is meant to be opened by people living many years in the future. The lead box is believed to have been put in place by West Point military students. It was discovered inside the base of a memorial to Revolutionary War hero Thaddeus Kosciuszko.纽约州美国西点军校的官员最近在互联网上现场打开了一个已有195年历史的时间胶囊。 8 月 28 日的事件令人失望，因为容器中似乎除了泥土之外什么也没有。但西点军校官员上周三表示，这个盒子里确实藏有隐藏的宝藏。时间胶囊是一个充满物体并被掩埋或隐藏的容器。这个胶囊是由未来许多年的人们打开的。据信铅箱是西点军校学生放置的。它是在革命战争英雄撒迪厄斯·科修斯科纪念碑的基座内发现的。The capsule contained six silver American coins dating from 1795 and 1828 and a medal, West Point said in a news release. The ceremonial opening of the box happened at the military school in New York state. Speaking of the event, West Point archeologist Paul Hudson said: “When I first found these, I thought, man, you know, it would have been great to have found these on stage.” After the opening, he took the box back to his laboratory and began carefully looking through the remains.西点军校在新闻稿中称，该胶囊内装有 6 枚 1795 年至 1828 年的美国银币和一枚奖章。开箱仪式在纽约州的军事学校举行。谈到这一事件，西点军校考古学家保罗·哈德森说：“当我第一次发现这些时，我想，伙计，你知道，如果能在舞台上发现这些就太好了。”打开后，他把盒子带回了实验室，开始仔细检查里面的残骸。He said he then found the edge of a coin in the dust inside the box. “I thought, well that’s OK. That’s something, that’s a start,” Hudson said. He said he felt let down like everyone else by the lack of results from the live opening. The crowd that gathered at the U.S. Military Academy hoped to see historical military objects or documents when experts opened the top and pointed a camera inside. It was probably better to remove the coins and medal in a controlled setting, added Hudson. He still plans to study the remains for possible answers to what else might be inside.他说他随后在盒子里的灰尘中发现了一枚硬币的边缘。 “我想，好吧，没关系。这就是事情，这是一个开始，”哈德森说。他说，他和其他人一样对现场开幕缺乏结果感到失望。当专家打开顶部并将相机对准里面时，聚集在美国军事学院的人群希望看到历史军事物品或文件。哈德森补充说，最好在受控环境下取出硬币和奖牌。他仍然计划研究遗骸，寻找里面可能藏着什么的可能答案。It appears that moisture and possibly dirt entered the box through a damaged edge. The conditions could have destroyed materials like paper or wood. What did survive was a five-cent coin from the year 1795, an 1800 Liberty Dollar, an 1818 25-cent coin, 10-cent, and 1-cent coins from 1827, and an 1828 50-cent coin. There was also a medal remembering the Erie Canal from 1826. The discoveries seem to confirm school officials’ theory that the box was put in place by military students in 1828 or 1829. The monument to Kosciuszko, which included a statue of him, was completed at about that time.看来湿气和可能的污垢通过损坏的边缘进入盒子。这些条件可能会破坏纸张或木材等材料。幸存下来的是 1795 年的 5 分硬币、1800 年的自由美元、1818 年的 25 分硬币、1827 年的 10 分硬币和 1 分硬币，以及 1828 年的 50 分硬币。还有一枚纪念 1826 年伊利运河的奖章。这些发现似乎证实了学校官员的理论，即该盒子是由军事学生于 1828 年或 1829 年放置的。科修斯科纪念碑（包括他的雕像）已完工大约在那个时候。A group of five military students, or cadets, was involved in the ceremony dedicating the monument. One of them was U.S. Civil War general Robert E. Lee who graduated in 1829. Kosciuszko had designed wartime fortifications for the Continental Army at West Point during the Revolutionary War. He died in 1817. The statue of Kosciuszko was added to the monument in 1913. The historical preservation and research of the time capsule will continue. “I think there’s more that we can learn from this,” Hudson said.五名军事学生或学员参加了纪念碑落成仪式。其中之一是美国内战将军罗伯特·E·李 (Robert E. Lee)，他于 1829 年毕业。科修斯科曾在独立战争期间为西点军校的大陆军设计了战时防御工事。他于 1817 年去世。科修斯科的雕像于 1913 年被添加到纪念碑中。时间胶囊的历史保存和研究将继续进行。 “我认为我们可以从中学到更多，”哈德森说。

Scientists studying the Atlantic puffin population off the coast of Maine say the birds are now recovering after suffering major losses in 2021.↳ Atlantic puffins look and walk similarly to penguins. Wildlife officials say reproductions for the animals on islands off the coast of Maine fell sharply in 2021. But last year, about two-thirds of puffins in the area produced young. While the numbers did not reach that same level this year, the birds still had a better year than in 2021. The main reason for the decreasing numbers is a drop in the population of small fish puffins feed on, such as herring. Two years ago, puffin colonies suffered one of the lowest reproduction rates in many years because of a lack of those fish. Only about one-quarter of the birds were able to raise young in 2021.研究缅因州沿海大西洋海鹦种群的科学家表示，这些鸟类在 2021 年遭受重大损失后目前正在恢复中。 大西洋海鹦的外观和行走方式与企鹅相似。野生动物官员表示，2021 年，缅因州沿海岛屿上的海雀繁殖量急剧下降。但去年，该地区约三分之二的海雀产下了幼崽。虽然今年的数字没有达到同样的水平，但这些鸽子的表现仍然比 2021 年更好。 数量减少的主要原因是海雀以鲱鱼等小鱼为食的数量减少。两年前，由于缺乏这些鱼类，海雀群落的繁殖率达到了多年来最低的水平之一。到 2021 年，只有大约四分之一的鸟类能够抚养幼鸟。Environmental groups have linked the lower fish populations in the area to warming ocean temperatures. The Gulf of Maine, which has puffin colonies on its islands, is warming faster than most of the world's oceans. Some recent years have been especially warm and local climate officials have said this summer appears to have been “still unusually warm.” Bill Sydeman is the president and chief scientist at the Farallon Institute, a conservation organization based in California. He told The Associated Press the reasons for the puffin population drop include deadly heat waves, loss of food, loss of islands to sea level rise and an inability to reproduce, or breed. “The problem with climate change is these breeding failures and low breeding productivity years are now becoming chronic,” Sydeman said. “There will be fewer young birds in the population that are able to recruit into the breeding population.”环保组织将该地区鱼类数量减少与海洋温度升高联系起来。缅因湾的岛屿上有海雀栖息地，其变暖速度比世界上大多数海洋都要快。近年来，天气特别温暖，当地气候官员表示，今年夏天似乎“仍然异常温暖”。比尔·赛德曼 (Bill Sydeman) 是法拉隆研究所 (Farallon Institute) 的主席兼首席科学家，法拉隆研究所是一家位于加利福尼亚州的保护组织。他告诉美联社，海雀数量下降的原因包括致命的热浪、食物损失、海平面上升导致的岛屿消失以及无法繁殖或繁殖。西德曼说：“气候变化的问题在于，这些育种失败和育种生产力低下的年份现在已成为长期现象。” “种群中能够招募到繁殖种群的幼鸟将会减少。”Maine's puffins are the only breeding Atlantic puffins in the United States. Worldwide, the species lives in the North Atlantic from Maine and Canada to Europe. Other countries with large puffin populations, such as Iceland, have also seen their bird populations drop. The Maine puffin population once fell to only about 70 pairs in an area known as Matinicus Rock. Hunters who went after the birds for their meat and feathers had nearly destroyed them by the early 1900s. Stephen Kress is a scientist with the Audubon Society who has sought to grow puffin colonies since the 1970s. His attempts included moving young puffins from Canada to Eastern Egg Rock, another small island in the area.缅因海雀是美国唯一繁殖的大西洋海雀。在世界范围内，该物种生活在从缅因州和加拿大到欧洲的北大西洋。其他拥有大量海鹦的国家，例如冰岛，其鸟类数量也出现了下降。在马蒂尼库斯岩 (Matinicus Rock) 地区，缅因海鹦的数量一度减少至约 70 对。到 1900 年代初，猎人为了获取鸟类的肉和羽毛而猎杀鸟类，几乎将它们消灭殆尽。斯蒂芬·克雷斯 (Stephen Kress) 是奥杜邦协会 (Audubon Society) 的一名科学家，自 20 世纪 70 年代以来一直致力于培育海雀群体。他的尝试包括将幼海雀从加拿大转移到该地区的另一个小岛东蛋岩。Wildlife officials say adult birds in the colonies appear fairly strong, and it's "likely the population is stable, and it could still be growing,” said Don Lyons. He is the director of conservation science at the National Audubon Society’s Seabird Institute in Bremen, Maine. The difficulties facing seabirds make successful breeding seasons especially important, said P. Dee Boersma. She is a University of Washington professor of biology and director of the university's Center for Ecosystem Sentinels. “What that means is we should be more cautious and concerned about reproductive failures and things like that to make sure that in good years everyone that wants to has a chance to breed, and do well,” Boersma said.野生动物官员表示，这些栖息地的成年鸟类看起来相当强壮，“种群数量很可能稳定，而且可能仍在增长”，唐·莱昂斯说。他是不莱梅国家奥杜邦协会海鸟研究所的保护科学主任。缅因州。华盛顿大学生物学教授兼该校生态系统哨兵中心主任 P. Dee Boersma 说，海鸟面临的困难使得成功的繁殖季节变得尤为重要。“这意味着我们应该更加谨慎和关注布尔斯玛说：“关于繁殖失败和类似的事情，以确保在好的年份里，每个想要繁殖的人都有机会繁殖，并且做得很好。”

A new environmental report says rising air pollution across South Asia can cut life expectancy rates by up to five years.一份新的环境报告称，南亚地区日益严重的空气污染可能导致预期寿命缩短五年。South Asia includes the world’s most polluted countries, including India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. The area accounts for more than half of the total lives lost worldwide to pollution, the Energy Policy Institute said in its latest Air Quality Life Index. The institute is part of the University of Chicago.南亚包括世界上污染最严重的国家，包括印度、孟加拉国、尼泊尔和巴基斯坦。 能源政策研究所在其最新的空气质量生命指数中表示，该地区占全球因污染而死亡的总人数的一半以上。 该研究所是芝加哥大学的一部分。The report blames the air pollution dangers on fast industrialization and population growth across South Asia. Researchers estimate the area currently has particle pollution rates that are 50 percent higher than at the start of the century.该报告将空气污染危险归咎于整个南亚的快速工业化和人口增长。 研究人员估计，该地区目前的颗粒物污染率比本世纪初高出 50%。Individuals living in Bangladesh, the world's most polluted country, stand to lose 6.8 years of life on average per person, the report found. This compares to 3.6 months in the United States. The information is based on satellite data used to estimate the effects of increased airborne fine particles on life expectancy.报告发现，居住在世界上污染最严重的国家孟加拉国的人平均寿命将缩短 6.8 年。 相比之下，美国为 3.6 个月。 该信息基于卫星数据，用于估计空气中细颗粒增加对预期寿命的影响。The report said India has been responsible for about 59 percent of the world's increase in pollution since 2013. In densely populated New Delhi, the world's most polluted large city, the average life expectancy had dropped by more than 10 years.报告称，自2013年以来，全球污染增量约59%是由印度造成的。在人口稠密的新德里，世界上污染最严重的大城市，平均预期寿命下降了10多年。The report called for cuts in worldwide levels of lung-harming airborne particles to levels sought by the World Health Organization (WHO). If these cuts were reached, it could raise average life expectancy rates by 2.3 years.该报告呼吁将全球范围内危害肺部的空气颗粒物水平降低至世界卫生组织（WHO）要求的水平。 如果这些削减得以实现，平均预期寿命可能会提高 2.3 年。A person living in Pakistan would gain 3.9 years from meeting WHO pollution guidelines, the report added. And in Nepal, a person would live 4.6 years longer if the guidelines were met.报告补充说，居住在巴基斯坦的人如果符合世界卫生组织的污染指南，将获得 3.9 年的寿命。 在尼泊尔，如果满足这些准则，一个人的寿命将延长 4.6 年。The report noted that China has worked to reduce pollution by 42.3 percent between 2013 and 2021. The researchers said this shows the need for governments to produce and share air quality data to help reduce inequalities in getting tools to fight pollution.报告指出，2013年至2021年间，中国已努力将污染减少42.3%。研究人员表示，这表明各国政府有必要生成和共享空气质量数据，以帮助减少在获取防治污染工具方面的不平等现象。

Sky watchers around the world were treated this month to two full moons, a supermoon and a blue moon. The American space agency NASA explains a supermoon happens when the moon’s orbit brings it closer than usual to Earth at the same time that the moon appears full from Earth. The first supermoon of 2023 was in July. The fourth and last one will be in September. The last time two supermoons appeared in the sky in the same month was in 2018, The Associated Press reports. The next time a blue supermoon is set to arrive is 2037.本月，世界各地的天空观测者看到了两次满月、一次超级月亮和一次蓝月。 美国宇航局解释说，当月球的轨道比平常更接近地球，同时月球从地球上看起来是满月时，超级月亮就会发生。 2023 年的第一个超级月亮发生在 7 月。第四次也是最后一次将于九月举行。 据美联社报道，上一次同月出现两个超级月亮是在 2018 年。下一次蓝色超级月亮预计将于 2037 年到来。The first supermoon arrived on the first day of August, while the blue moon was seen beginning August 30. NASA noted that when the blue moon arrived, the planet Saturn was just a few days from its closest and brightest appearance of the year from Earth. Saturn appeared as a bright “star” to the upper right of the blue moon. Italian astronomer Gianluca Masi, creator of the Virtual Telescope Project, held an online watch event as the blue supermoon was setting below the skyline of Rome. But he advised that, as long as the weather was good, world observers looking to the sky would not need any special equipment to see the moons. “Warm summer nights are the ideal time to watch the full moon rise in the eastern sky within minutes of sunset,” said retired NASA astrophysicist and moon expert Fred Espenak.第一个超级月亮于 8 月第一天出现，而蓝月亮则从 8 月 30 日开始出现。NASA 指出，当蓝月亮出现时，距离土星今年距离地球最近、最亮的位置只有几天的时间。土星以一颗明亮的“星星”出现在蓝月亮的右上方。虚拟望远镜项目的创建者、意大利天文学家吉安卢卡·马西 (Gianluca Masi) 在蓝色超级月亮落入罗马天际线时举办了一场在线观看活动。但他建议，只要天气好，世界观测者仰望天空就不需要任何特殊设备来观看卫星。美国宇航局退休天体物理学家兼月球专家弗雷德·埃斯佩纳克（Fred Espenak）表示：“温暖的夏夜是观看日落几分钟后满月在东方天空升起的理想时机。”Full moons happen at the exact moment when the moon is opposite the sun, NASA says. Astronomers say a supermoon can appear about 14 percent larger and a bit brighter than other moons.The Old Farmer’s Almanac notes that the August full moon is known as the sturgeon moon. This is because of a traditionally large increase in fish in the American Great Lakes area during the month of August. Although it is called a blue moon, it does not appear blue in color. Instead, the name means it is the second full moon to happen within one month or the fourth to take place in a season.美国宇航局表示，满月发生在月亮与太阳相对的时刻。天文学家表示，超级月亮看起来比其他卫星大 14%，亮度也稍高一些。《老农年鉴》指出，八月的满月被称为“鲟鱼月”。这是因为八月份美国五大湖地区的鱼类数量传统上大幅增加。虽然它被称为蓝月亮，但它的颜色并不是蓝色的。相反，这个名字的意思是一个月内发生的第二次满月或一个季节中发生的第四次满月。NASA says the moon takes 27.3 days to orbit Earth, but it takes 29.5 days to complete a full moon cycle. This is what makes it possible to see one full moon at the start of the month and another one right at the end. Astronomers say, however, that the moon can look blue under the right conditions. For example, this can happen as a result of smoke or dust particles in the atmosphere. While the blue supermoon brings the possibility for watching and taking beautiful pictures, its stronger gravitational pull also can influence higher tides. Weather experts advise people living in areas near shorelines to be aware of this, especially during storm activity. There are other kinds of moons that appear at different times.NASA 表示，月球绕地球运行一周需要 27.3 天，但完成一个满月周期需要 29.5 天。这就是为什么可以在月初看到一个满月，在月底看到另一个满月。然而天文学家表示，在适当的条件下，月亮可以看起来是蓝色的。例如，这可能是由于大气中的烟雾或灰尘颗粒而发生的。虽然蓝色超级月亮带来了观看和拍摄美丽照片的可能性，但其更强的引力也会影响更高的潮汐。天气专家建议居住在海岸线附近地区的人们注意这一点，尤其是在风暴活动期间。还有其他类型的卫星出现在不同的时间。NASA says a blood moon happens during a total lunar eclipse. This event is when Earth lines up between the moon and the sun, hiding the moon from sunlight. In addition, the term blood moon can also be used to describe a moon that appears reddish because of dust, smoke or haze particles in the sky. A harvest moon is a full, bright moon that appears “closest to the start of autumn,” NASA explains. This name dates from the time before electricity, when farmers depended on the moon's light to harvest their crops late into the night. The moon's light was especially important during fall when harvests are the largest.美国宇航局表示，血月发生在月全食期间。这一事件是指地球在月球和太阳之间排列，使月球遮挡阳光。此外，“血月”一词也可以用来形容由于天空中的灰尘、烟雾或雾霾颗粒而显得微红的月亮。美国宇航局解释说，丰收月是一轮明亮的满月，看起来“最接近初秋”。这个名字可以追溯到电力出现之前的时代，当时农民依靠月光直到深夜收割庄稼。秋季收获最多时，月光尤其重要。

International health officials are closely following a new version of COVID-19 as it spreads to more countries. The version, or variant, is called BA.2.86. Officials from the World Health Organization (WHO) say it has already been identified in several countries, including the United States, Switzerland, South Africa, Israel, Denmark and Britain. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus recently spoke to reporters about the latest COVID-19 developments. He said the new COVID-19 variants show that the virus remains a health threat around the world.随着新版 COVID-19 传播到更多国家，国际卫生官员正在密切关注它。 该版本或变体称为 BA.2.86。世界卫生组织（WHO）官员表示，美国、瑞士、南非、以色列、丹麦和英国等多个国家已发现该病毒。 世卫组织总干事谭德塞最近向记者介绍了 COVID-19 的最新进展。他说，新的 COVID-19 变种表明该病毒仍然对世界各地的健康构成威胁。Tedros noted the latest data show that COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations are decreasing. But he added that the agency had seen “increasing reports of hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths in some countries.” ICU is a short form for the term intensive care unit, part of a hospital that cares for very sick patients. Maria Van Kerkhove is with the WHO’s Health Emergencies Program. She said that, as of last week, only about 10 cases of the BA.2.86 variant had been found worldwide. But Van Kerkhove added that health officials are worried because the variant appears to have more than 30 genetic mutations. She said the WHO is currently trying to closely follow the movements of the latest virus variants. The efforts include taking wastewater samples from different cities to follow where COVID-19 is spreading. In addition, such methods can help officials learn how fast current variants are spreading and how severe they are. “Governments cannot drop the ball,” Van Kerkhove said.谭德塞指出，最新数据显示，COVID-19 感染和住院人数正在减少。但他补充说，该机构看到“一些国家的住院、重症监护室入院和死亡的报告不断增加”。 ICU 是重症监护病房的缩写，是医院的一部分，专门照顾重症患者。玛丽亚·范·克霍夫 (Maria Van Kerkhove) 参与世界卫生组织卫生紧急项目。她说，截至上周，全球仅发现约10例BA.2.86变种病例。但 Van Kerkhove 补充说，卫生官员对此感到担忧，因为该变种似乎有 30 多种基因突变。她说，世界卫生组织目前正在努力密切跟踪最新病毒变种的动向。这些工作包括从不同城市采集废水样本，以追踪 COVID-19 的传播地点。此外，此类方法可以帮助官员了解当前变种的传播速度和严重程度。 “政府不能丢球，”范科霍夫说。Health officials say BA.2.86 broke off from the Omicron variant, which has been spreading in the U.S. at least since last year. It was first discovered in Denmark on July 24. Some international scientists have said that while it is important to keep following BA.2.86, the variant was unlikely to cause a new, harmful wave of infections. This is because much of the population has built up defenses against COVID-19 because of vaccinations or previous infection.卫生官员表示，BA.2.86 与 Omicron 变种分离，该变种至少从去年开始就在美国传播。它于 7 月 24 日在丹麦首次发现。一些国际科学家表示，虽然继续遵循 BA.2.86 很重要，但该变种不太可能引起新的有害感染浪潮。这是因为许多人因接种疫苗或之前感染过而建立了针对 COVID-19 的防御能力。Scientists are currently testing how effective newly created COVID-19 vaccines will work against BA.2.86. Van Kerkhove noted that in the past, vaccines have been better at preventing severe sickness and death than blocking re-infections. U.S. health officials said earlier this month the latest COVID-19 vaccines are set to be released sometime in September. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) completed a risk report on the new variant last week. The report said BA.2.86 may be capable of causing infection in vaccinated people and those who had COVID-19 before. But officials noted there is so far no evidence that the new variant is causing more severe sickness than earlier ones.科学家目前正在测试新研制的 COVID-19 疫苗对抗 BA.2.86 的效果如何。范科霍夫指出，过去，疫苗在预防严重疾病和死亡方面比阻止再次感染更有效。美国卫生官员本月早些时候表示，最新的 COVID-19 疫苗将于 9 月某个时候发布。美国疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 上周完成了有关新变种的风险报告。该报告称 BA.2.86 可能会导致接种疫苗的人和以前感染过 COVID-19 的人感染。但官员们指出，到目前为止，没有证据表明新变种比以前的变种引起更严重的疾病。The WHO said COVID-19 testing has dropped by 90 percent worldwide from the highest point of the pandemic. Testing rates have also fallen sharply in the U.S., and genetic sequencing is down by around 90 percent, said Dr. Ashish Jha. He served as the White House COVID-19 Response Coordinator until June 2023. Jha said data from hospital stays, emergency room visits, deaths, wastewater testing and sequencing efforts had given health officials improved information about current virus spread.世界卫生组织表示，全球范围内的 COVID-19 检测数量较疫情最高点下降了 90%。 Ashish Jha 博士表示，美国的检测率也大幅下降，基因测序下降了约 90%。他担任白宫 COVID-19 应对协调员直至 2023 年 6 月。贾说，来自住院、急诊室就诊、死亡、废水检测和测序工作的数据让卫生官员更好地了解了当前病毒传播的信息。

For years, thousands of us have been pounding the pavements, trying to reach that magic goal of 10,000 steps a day to stay fit and healthy, but new research has found that walking just half of that could also save lives.多年来，成千上万的人不停地奔走，试图达到 “每天一万步” 这个被视为有奇妙功效的目标，从而保持身体健康，但一项新的研究发现，每天走路的步数只要达到这个数字的一半就有益于生命健康。Researchers from the Medical University of Lodz in Poland and John Hopkins University School of Medicine in the US followed 227,000 people for seven years to complete their study.为完成研究，波兰罗兹医科大学和美国约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的研究人员们对22.7万人进行了为期七年的跟踪调查。What they found was that walking at least 2,300 steps a day was really good for the heart and blood vessels, and the more people walked, the more they reduced the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease.他们发现，每天至少走2300步对心脏和血管都有很大的好处，而且走得越多，死于心血管疾病的风险就越低。And every 1,000 steps above the 4,000 steps mark, brings down the risk of dying early by 15%.调查还显示，当达到4000步的指标后，每多走1000步，过早死亡的风险就降低15%。词汇表pounding the pavements 走路magic goal 被视为有奇妙功效的目标complete 完成blood vessels 血管cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病mark 目标，指标brings down 降低

It's summer, so it's a great time to be outdoors. One way of letting your hair down and enjoying the fresh air is to attend a music festival, where you can enjoy seeing your favourite musicians perform. But it's not just about the music – there are other activities to enjoy. And of course, it's a chance to spend time with your friends.现在是夏天，正是户外活动的好时机。 放松心情、享受新鲜空气的一种方法是参加音乐节，在那里您可以欣赏您最喜欢的音乐家的表演。 但这不仅仅是音乐——还有其他活动可供享受。 当然，这是与朋友共度时光的机会。People have always enjoyed communal gatherings – even in prehistoric times, people would come together, have feasts and celebrate – and part of the occasion involved playing or listening to music. So, music festivals are nothing new. But they have evolved, and in recent times, one of the most famous music festivals was Woodstock in the USA in 1969. This al fresco event was one of the largest ever to be staged and promised 'three days of peace and music'. It attracted a large 'hippie' crowd. And in 1970, the Glastonbury festival began on a farm in the UK and now spreads across 900 acres of land. It has become a highlight in a festival goers' music calendar, attracting major headline acts and large crowds who camp out for the weekend. Although they often have to endure rain and mud!人们一直喜欢公共聚会——即使在史前时代，人们也会聚在一起，举办盛宴和庆祝——其中一部分活动涉及演奏或听音乐。 所以，音乐节并不是什么新鲜事。 但它们已经发生了演变，最近，最著名的音乐节之一是 1969 年在美国举行的伍德斯托克音乐节。这一户外活动是有史以来规模最大的音乐节之一，并承诺“三天的和平与音乐”。 它吸引了大批“嬉皮士”人群。 1970 年，格拉斯顿伯里音乐节始于英国的一个农场，目前已覆盖 900 英亩的土地。 它已成为音乐节观众音乐日历上的一大亮点，吸引了各大头条表演和周末露营的大量人群。 虽然他们常常要忍受风雨、泥泞！Other festivals that have become huge include the Danube Island Festival in Austria, the Mawazine Festival in Morocco, the Isle of Wight Festival in the UK, and Coachella in the USA – a music and arts festival that features every genre of music. But from the mainstream to the niche, there seems to be a festival for everyone taking place around the world. And festivals have become big business too. According to research by Festicket in 2018, the music festival industry was worth $3bn (£2.28bn) globally, and it has continued to grow. Many events have become commercialised. Ticket prices are high and corporations and social media influencers cash in on festival themes.其他规模庞大的节日包括奥地利的多瑙河岛音乐节、摩洛哥的马瓦津音乐节、英国的怀特岛音乐节和美国的科切拉音乐节——一个涵盖各种音乐流派的音乐和艺术节。 但从主流到小众，世界各地似乎都有一个适合每个人的节日。 节日也已成为一项大生意。 根据 Festicket 2018 年的研究，全球音乐节产业价值 30 亿美元（22.8 亿英镑），并且还在持续增长。 许多活动已经商业化。 票价很高，企业和社交媒体影响者通过节日主题获利。Despite all of this, for many hedonistic young people, attending a festival has become a rite of passage and a shared experience that can't be missed. Writing for BBC Culture, Arwa Haider says "for any generation, they're unlike any other place on earth: a site liberated from everyday rules, where we might bond with strangers and stumble across new sounds and sensations."尽管如此，对于很多享乐主义的年轻人来说，参加节日已经成为一种仪式，一种不容错过的共同经历。 阿瓦·海德尔（Arwa Haider）为 BBC 文化撰稿，表示“对于任何一代人来说，这里都不同于地球上的任何其他地方：一个从日常规则中解放出来的地方，我们可能会与陌生人建立联系，并偶然发现新的声音和感觉。”词汇表festival （音乐、戏剧等的）会演，节musician 音乐家communal 公共的，集体的feast 宴会，盛宴Woodstock （美国）伍德斯托克音乐节al fresco 露天的，在户外的stage 上演，举办hippie 嬉皮士Glastonbury （英国）格拉斯顿伯里音乐节festival goer 音乐节观众headline act 主打阵容；主打乐队，主打歌手Danube Island Festival （奥地利）多瑙河岛音乐节Mawazine （摩洛哥）世界韵律音乐节Coachella （美国）科切拉音乐节genre 类型，风格mainstream 主流的niche 小众的，适合特定人群的big business 大生意，大型产业commercialised 被商业化了corporation 公司，企业influencer 网络明星，网络红人hedonistic 享乐主义的，追求乐趣的a rite of passage （人生进入新阶段时）必须体验的事情sensation 感觉

A brain doctor in Australia received a huge surprise during an operation on a patient’s brain last year: “Gosh, what is that, it’s moving. Take it out of my hands.” That is what Australian neurosurgeon Hari Priya Bandi said about finding a worm, or parasite, last year in a patient’s brain. Bandi was looking for the unexplained cause of symptoms in a 64-year-old woman.澳大利亚的一位脑科医生去年在为患者进行大脑手术时得到了巨大的惊喜：“天哪，那是什么，它在动。把它从我手里夺走。” 这就是澳大利亚神经外科医生哈里·普里亚·班迪（Hari Priya Bandi）去年在患者大脑中发现蠕虫或寄生虫时所说的。Bandi 正在寻找一名 64 岁女性出现不明原因的症状。She found the cause after drilling a small hole in the woman’s skull and looking at her brain. Bandi performed the operation at Canberra Hospital in 2022. She discussed the discovery this week after publishing a study with Dr. Sanjaya Senanayake in Emerging Infectious Diseases. The doctors said the worm was a roundworm native to Australia. It was about eight centimeters. Before the discovery, it was not known to affect humans. The worms are often found in carpet pythons, a kind of large snake found in Australia and on some Pacific islands.她在这名妇女的头骨上钻了一个小孔并检查了她的大脑后找到了原因。Bandi 于 2022 年在堪培拉医院进行了手术。本周，她与 Sanjaya Senanayake 博士在《新发传染病》中发表了一项研究后讨论了这一发现。医生说，这种蠕虫是澳大利亚本土的蛔虫。大约有八厘米。在发现之前，人们并不知道它会影响人类。这些蠕虫经常出现在地毯蟒身上，这是一种在澳大利亚和一些太平洋岛屿上发现的大型蛇。Senanayake was on duty at the hospital last year when the worm was found. “I got a call saying: ‘We’ve just removed a live worm from this patient’s brain,’” he said.去年发现蠕虫时，森纳纳亚克正在医院值班。“我接到电话说：‘我们刚刚从这名患者的大脑中取出了一条活虫，’”他说。The woman started medical treatment earlier in 2022 after saying she was experiencing depression and forgetfulness. Brain images showed changes over a three-month period. Bandi’s investigation was expected to show an infection or a cancerous tumor. Instead, she found the worm. “Everyone in that operating theater was absolutely stunned,” Senanayake said of the “wriggling” thing. Before the operation, the patient had come to a hospital in New South Wales with stomach sickness, pain, and sweats at night.这名妇女自 2022 年早些时候开始接受治疗，此前她表示自己患有抑郁症和健忘症。大脑图像显示了三个月内的变化。班迪的调查预计会显示感染或癌性肿瘤。相反，她发现了蠕虫。“手术室里的每个人都惊呆了，”塞纳纳亚克谈到这个“蠕动”的东西时说道。手术前，患者因胃病、疼痛、夜间出汗而来到新南威尔士州的一家医院。Bandi said the patient did not show any problems from the worm removal. Her mental health is improving, too, but some problems continue. “She was so grateful to have an answer for what has been causing her trouble for so very long,” Bandi said. The patient has not been back to the hospital. Doctors gave her some medicine to kill parasites. Bandi said the doctors are continuing to watch the patient’s overall health. “We’re keeping a close eye on her,” Senanayake told an Australian broadcaster. The doctors believe the woman may have accidentally eaten the worm’s eggs. She lives in the same area as the carpet python. The python sheds the worms and their eggs in its waste. They believe it is possible that the woman gathered some native plants to eat, and they had the worm’s eggs on them.班迪说，患者在清除蠕虫过程中没有出现任何问题。她的心理健康状况也在改善，但一些问题仍然存在。班迪说：“她非常感激能找到长期以来困扰她的问题的答案。”患者尚未返回医院。医生给了她一些杀死寄生虫的药物。班迪说，医生正在继续观察患者的整体健康状况。“我们正在密切关注她，”塞纳纳亚克告诉澳大利亚广播公司。医生认为这名妇女可能不小心吃了虫卵。她和地毯蟒生活在同一地区。蟒蛇将蠕虫及其卵排出体外。他们认为，这名妇女可能采集了一些本地植物来吃，而这些植物上有虫卵。

Octopuses are not communal animals. Most live alone their entire lives.章鱼不是公共动物。 大多数人一生都独自生活。So, scientists were surprised to find thousands of pearl octopuses living together as they protected their developing eggs. The community is on the ocean floor off the California coast.因此，科学家们惊讶地发现数千只珍珠章鱼生活在一起，保护正在发育的卵。 该社区位于加利福尼亚海岸附近的海底。Now, researchers may have solved the mystery of the strange pearl octopus behavior.现在，研究人员可能已经解开了珍珠章鱼奇怪行为的谜团。An inactive underwater volcano heats the area where the mother octopuses settle. Their eggs hatch faster as a result.一座不活跃的水下火山给母章鱼栖息的地区加热。 结果，它们的卵孵化得更快。“There are clear advantages of basically sitting in this natural hot tub,” said Janet Voight. Voight is an octopus biologist at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. She co-wrote the study published in Science Advances.“坐在这个天然热水浴缸里有明显的优势，”珍妮特·沃伊特说。 沃伊特是伊利诺伊州芝加哥菲尔德自然历史博物馆的章鱼生物学家。 她与人共同撰写了这项研究，发表在《科学进展》上。The researchers found that the area’s warmth greatly reduced the time it took for eggs to hatch. As a result, the eggs had a reduced risk of being eaten by snails, shrimp and other animals.研究人员发现，该地区的温暖大大缩短了鸡蛋孵化所需的时间。 因此，鸡蛋被蜗牛、虾和其他动物吃掉的风险降低了。Researchers discovered the nesting area in 2018, calling it an “octopus garden.”研究人员于 2018 年发现了这个筑巢区域，称其为“章鱼花园”。Researchers used a robotic underwater vehicle to film the group of nearly 6,000 octopuses living around 3 kilometers deep.研究人员使用机器人水下航行器拍摄了生活在约 3 公里深的近 6000 只章鱼。The octopuses lay their eggs on warm rocks and then remain there, protecting their young with their bodies.章鱼将卵产在温暖的岩石上，然后留在那里，用身体保护幼崽。National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration biologist Andrew DeVogelaere was a study co-writer. He described what researchers saw: “It was completely incredible – we suddenly saw thousands of pearly-colored octopus, all upside down, with their legs up in the air and moving around.”美国国家海洋和大气管理局生物学家安德鲁·德沃格拉尔 (Andrew DeVogelaere) 是该研究的合著者。 他描述了研究人员所看到的情况：“这完全令人难以置信——我们突然看到了数千只珍珠色的章鱼，它们全部倒置，它们的腿悬在空中并四处移动。”The octopus were pushing away possible predators and turning their eggs for an even flow of water and oxygen, he explained.他解释说，章鱼正在推开可能的捕食者，并转动卵以获得均匀的水和氧气流。But scientists still did not know exactly why the octopuses had gathered there.但科学家们仍然不知道章鱼为何聚集在那里。Scientists observed the area for three years to understand the hatching process. They recorded both the developmental stage of eggs at 31 nests and the deaths of octopus mothers.科学家对该地区进行了三年的观察，以了解孵化过程。 他们记录了 31 个巢中卵的发育阶段以及章鱼妈妈的死亡情况。“After the hatchlings come out of the nest and swim off immediately into the dark, the mothers, who never left their nest and never appeared to feed during nesting, soon die,” said James Barry. Barry is a biologist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and co-writer of the study.詹姆斯·巴里说：“当幼龟从巢中出来并立即游入黑暗中后，从未离开巢穴且在筑巢期间从未出现过进食的母亲很快就会死亡。” 巴里是蒙特利湾水族馆研究所的生物学家，也是该研究的合著者。The researchers found that eggs at this site hatch after about 21 months. The same process takes four years or more for other deep-sea octopuses.研究人员发现，卵在该地点大约 21 个月后孵化。 对于其他深海章鱼来说，同样的过程需要四年或更长时间。“Usually, colder water slows down metabolism and embryonic development and extends life span in the deep sea. But here in this spot, warmth appears to speed things up,” said Adi Khen. Khen is a biologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and was not involved in the study.“通常，较冷的海水会减慢新陈代谢和胚胎发育，并延长深海的寿命。 但在这个地方，温暖似乎加速了事情的发展，”阿迪·肯说。 肯是斯克里普斯海洋学研究所的生物学家，没有参与这项研究。Mike Vecchione is a zoologist and octopus expert with the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. He praised the researchers for gathering “so much detailed data about such a remote location.”迈克·维奇奥内 (Mike Vecchione) 是史密森尼国家自然历史博物馆的动物学家和章鱼专家。 他赞扬研究人员收集了“关于如此偏远地区的如此多的详细数据”。Such octopus gardens “may be widespread and really important in the deep sea,” he said. “There’s still so much to discover in the deep sea.”他说，这样的章鱼花园“可能在深海中分布广泛，而且非常重要”。 “深海还有很多东西有待发现。”

India became the fourth country to successfully land a spacecraft on the moon on Wednesday. It also became the first country to land a spacecraft near the moon’s south pole.周三，印度成为第四个成功将航天器登陆月球的国家。 它还成为第一个在月球南极附近着陆航天器的国家。Its moon lander, called Chandrayaan-3, touched down near the moon’s south pole just after 6 p.m. in India.它的月球着陆器名为月船三号 (Chandrayaan-3)，于下午 6 点刚过在月球南极附近着陆。 在印度。The landing brought cheers and applause from space scientists who were watching in the control center in city of Bengaluru. After a failed landing almost four years ago, India joined the United States, the Soviet Union and China as the only countries to send a spacecraft to the moon.这次着陆引起了在班加罗尔市控制中心观看的太空科学家的欢呼和掌声。 大约四年前登陆失败后，印度加入美国、苏联和中国的行列，成为唯一向月球发射航天器的国家。"This moment is unforgettable. It is phenomenal. This is a victory cry of a new India," said Prime Minister Narendra Modi.总理纳伦德拉·莫迪表示：“这一刻令人难忘。这是非凡的。这是新印度的胜利呐喊。”“India is on the moon,” said S. Somanath, the head of the Indian Space Research Organization.“印度登上了月球，”印度空间研究组织负责人 S. Somanath 说。The moon’s south pole is thought to be an important area for exploration. Scientists believe it has important resources, including frozen water and minerals.月球南极被认为是探索的重要区域。 科学家认为它拥有重要的资源，包括冷冻水和矿物质。Just days earlier, Russia’s Luna-25 spacecraft tried to land in the same area but spun out of control and crashed. It would have been Russia’s first moon landing in 47 years.就在几天前，俄罗斯的 Luna-25 航天器试图在同一地区着陆，但失控旋转并坠毁。 这将是俄罗斯 47 年来首次登月。People across India gathered in shops, offices, restaurants and their homes to watch the landing on television.印度各地的人们聚集在商店、办公室、餐馆和家中观看电视上的着陆。The name Chandrayaan means “moon craft” in the Sanskrit language.Chandrayaan 这个名字在梵语中的意思是“月球工艺”。The Indian Space Research Organization discussed the mission ahead of the landing. The organization called the possible landing “a remarkable milestone … a significant step forward for Indian science, engineering, technology and industry.”印度空间研究组织在着陆前讨论了这次任务。 该组织称这次可能的着陆是“一个非凡的里程碑……印度科学、工程、技术和工业向前迈出的重要一步。”The group discussed the “sense of pride” that comes from the success and suggested it will lead to more innovation from India.该组织讨论了成功带来的“自豪感”，并表示这将带来印度更多的创新。The previous landing attempt broke down because of a software problem, according to India’s space organization.据印度航天组织称，之前的着陆尝试因软件问题而失败。The moon vehicle will take up to one day to come out of the spacecraft and will operate for two weeks. It will run experiments on the minerals on the moon’s surface, Somanath said.月球车最多需要一天的时间才能从航天器中出来，并将运行两周。 索马纳特说，它将对月球表面的矿物进行实验。Observers say the successful landing shows India’s interest in demonstrating its strength in technology and space exploration. The landing should be an important part of Modi’s campaign to keep his government in power leading up to the country’s general election in 2024.观察人士表示，这次成功着陆表明印度有兴趣展示其在技术和太空探索方面的实力。 这次登陆应该是莫迪在 2024 年大选之前保住政府权力的竞选活动的重要组成部分。Many countries want to know about the moon’s south pole because it could hold resources that may help future space missions. Other countries and private companies are trying to land there.许多国家想了解月球的南极，因为它可能蕴藏着有助于未来太空任务的资源。 其他国家和私营公司正试图登陆那里。The Indian landing comes after the failed Russian mission, plus recent crashes by spacecraft from both Japan and Israel. Japan will launch another mission this weekend. Two private U.S. companies have attempts planned by the end of 2023. And the American space agency NASA hopes to send astronauts to the moon’s south pole in coming years.印度着陆是在俄罗斯任务失败以及日本和以色列最近发生的航天器坠毁事件之后进行的。 日本将于本周末发射另一次任务。 两家美国私营公司计划在 2023 年底前进行尝试。美国宇航局 NASA 希望在未来几年内将宇航员送往月球南极。

Three new studies suggest links between natural gas wells and cases of cancer, asthma and birth problems.三项新研究表明天然气井与癌症、哮喘和出生问题之间存在联系。Children who lived closer to natural gas wells in heavily-drilled western Pennsylvania were more likely to develop lymphoma, a rare cancer, researchers found. Nearby residents of all ages had an increased chance of severe asthma, a lung disease, and low birth weight.研究人员发现，居住在宾夕法尼亚州西部天然气井附近的儿童更有可能患淋巴瘤，这是一种罕见的癌症。 附近所有年龄段的居民患严重哮喘、肺部疾病和低出生体重的风险都有所增加。The University of Pittsburgh did the studies.匹兹堡大学进行了这项研究。The researchers found what they called strong connections between the gas industry activity called fracking and two health problems: asthma, and lymphoma in children. Lymphoma is a type of cancer less common among children.研究人员发现，所谓的水力压裂天然气工业活动与哮喘和儿童淋巴瘤这两种健康问题之间存在着密切的联系。 淋巴瘤是一种在儿童中不太常见的癌症。The researchers were unable to say whether the drilling caused the health problems. The studies were not designed to do that. Instead, the researchers looked at health records to try to find out possible connections based on how close people lived to natural gas wells.研究人员无法确定钻探是否导致了健康问题。 这些研究的目的并不是为了做到这一点。 相反，研究人员查看了健康记录，试图根据人们居住地与天然气井的距离来找出可能的联系。Gas industry groups say the studies had weaknesses, and had limited data.天然气行业团体表示，这些研究存在缺陷，且数据有限。In the cancer study, researchers found that children who lived within 1.6 kilometers of a gas well had five to seven times the chance of developing lymphoma compared with children who lived 8 kilometers or farther from a well. That is equal to about 60 to 84 lymphoma cases per million children living near wells. For kids living farther away, the number is 12 per million.在癌症研究中，研究人员发现，居住在距气井 1.6 公里范围内的儿童患淋巴瘤的几率是居住在距井 8 公里或更远的儿童的 5 至 7 倍。 这相当于每百万生活在水井附近的儿童中约有 60 至 84 例淋巴瘤病例。 对于居住较远的孩子来说，这个数字是每百万人中有 12 人。The researchers found that people with asthma who lived near wells were more likely to have severe reactions. However, researchers said they found no clear connection for severe reactions during periods when crews were building, drilling and fracking the well. Fracking is the process of putting liquid into the ground to extract natural gas.研究人员发现，居住在水井附近的哮喘患者更有可能出现严重反应。 然而，研究人员表示，他们发现在工作人员建造、钻井和压裂油井期间发生的严重反应没有明显的联系。 水力压裂是将液体注入地下以提取天然气的过程。The four-year, $2.5 million research project is coming to an end. It was established under pressure from the families of childhood cancer patients who live in the nation’s largest natural gas reservoir in western Pennsylvania. A very rare form of bone cancer had been found in dozens of children and young adults in a heavily drilled area outside the city of Pittsburgh.这个为期四年、耗资 250 万美元的研究项目即将结束。 它是在儿童癌症患者家属的压力下成立的，这些患者居住在宾夕法尼亚州西部全国最大的天然气储层中。 在匹兹堡市外的一个密集钻探地区，数十名儿童和年轻人发现了一种非常罕见的骨癌。But the researchers said they found no connection between gas drilling and childhood leukemia, brain and bone cancers.但研究人员表示，他们发现气体钻探与儿童白血病、脑癌和骨癌之间没有联系。The researchers said their findings on early births and low birth weights among families living closer to gas wells were similar to the mixed results of similar studies. But it said babies born to mothers near active wells in production were about 28 grams lighter on average.研究人员表示，他们对居住在气井附近的家庭的早产和低出生体重的研究结果与类似研究的混合结果相似。 但报告称，在活跃生产井附近的母亲所生的婴儿平均体重轻约 28 克。Edward Ketyer is a retired child doctor who sat on a board for the study. He said he expected that the studies would be similar to other research showing the “closer you live to fracking activity, the increased risk you have of being sick with a variety of illnesses.”爱德华·凯蒂尔（Edward Ketyer）是一位退休儿童医生，也是这项研究的委员会成员。 他说，他预计这些研究将与其他研究类似，显示“你住的地方离水力压裂活动越近，你患各种疾病的风险就越大。”A number of states have strengthened laws around fracking and waste disposal over the past 10 years. However, researchers have said that it is still unclear how much toxic substancesthe industry puts into the air, injects into the ground or produces as waste.过去十年来，许多州加强了有关水力压裂和废物处理的法律。 然而，研究人员表示，目前尚不清楚该行业向空气中、注入地下或产生废物的有毒物质有多少。Large-scale fracking the past 20 years has made the United States into a worldwide oil and gas superpower.过去20年的大规模水力压裂使美国成为世界石油和天然气超级大国。But it also brought many protests about water and air pollution, as well as diseases, in states including Texas, Colorado and Pennsylvania.但它也在德克萨斯州、科罗拉多州和宾夕法尼亚州等州引发了许多针对水和空气污染以及疾病的抗议活动。

As well as impressive physical attributes, elephants have a rich cultural heritage, passed down through customs and social behaviour which is learned, remembered, and shared within their herds.除了令人印象深刻的身体特征外，大象还拥有丰富的文化遗产，通过习俗和社会行为传承下来，并在象群中学习、记忆和分享。This is possible partly because of their social structure. Elephants live in complex, tightly knit, multigenerational societies, led by older females known as matriarchs. Younger elephants observe and mimic the behaviour of their elders, learning through experience. It helps that the herd does almost everything together, from foraging and feeding to raising each others' young. These interactions lead to deep long-lasting relationships, which can last for decades.这是可能的，部分原因在于他们的社会结构。 大象生活在复杂、紧密的多代社会中，由被称为女族长的年长雌性领导。 年幼的大象观察并模仿年长大象的行为，通过经验学习。 从觅食、喂养到抚养彼此的幼崽，牛群几乎一起做所有事情，这很有帮助。 这些互动会带来深厚而持久的关系，这种关系可以持续数十年。Possibly because of these bonds, elephants seem to have emotional capacity. Just like humans, the creatures have been seen displaying signs of grief. When an elephant dies, others in the herd have been observed to repeatedly return to where the individual passed, which is said to be part of a mourning ritual. They may sniff and touch the carcass and bones and cover the site with leaves and sand. Moreover, a 2020 study by researchers Goldenberg and Wittemyer found that "elephants show broad interest in their dead regardless of the strength of former relationships with the dead individual", which may indicate advanced sentience, the scientists say.可能是由于这些纽带，大象似乎具有情感能力。 就像人类一样，这些生物也表现出悲伤的迹象。 当一头大象死亡时，象群中的其他大象会反复返回该个体经过的地方，据说这是哀悼仪式的一部分。 它们可能会嗅闻并触摸尸体和骨头，并用树叶和沙子覆盖该地点。 此外，研究人员戈登伯格和维特迈尔在 2020 年进行的一项研究发现，“大象对死者表现出广泛的兴趣，无论与死者以前的关系有多密切”，科学家们表示，这可能表明大象有高级的感知能力。There's a saying found in many languages – 'an elephant never forgets'. In fact, memory has been essential to the survival of some elephant herds. A study within Great Kruger National Park found that, during an extreme drought in 2016, elephant groups led by matriarchs who had previously lived through a severe drought, had higher survival rates. Researchers concluded that the matriarchs likely remembered where sources of water could be located.在许多语言中都有这样一句话——“大象永远不会忘记”。 事实上，记忆对于一些象群的生存至关重要。 大克鲁格国家公园内的一项研究发现，在 2016 年的极端干旱期间，由曾经经历过严重干旱的女族长领导的象群的存活率更高。 研究人员得出的结论是，女族长可能记得水源的位置。So, count yourself lucky that you live on the same planet as these immense majestic animals.所以，你很幸运，你和这些巨大的动物生活在同一个星球上。词汇表physical attribute 身体特征heritage 遗产custom 习俗social behaviour 社群行为herd （兽）群social structure 社群结构tightly knit 联系紧密的multigenerational 多代共存的matriarch （象群中的）年长母象mimic 模仿elder 长辈raise 抚养，喂养long-lasting 持久的bond 联系emotional capacity 情感能力grief 悲痛，悲伤pass 死亡mourning ritual 哀悼的仪式sentience 感知能力survival 生存drought 干旱survival rate 存活率

As a result of trade, travel and migration, different cuisines have spread across the world. Many recipes, chefs and restaurants try to claim that their example of a particular culinary tradition is the most authentic. But is this a good thing?由于贸易、旅行和移民，不同的美食已经传播到世界各地。 许多食谱、厨师和餐馆都试图声称他们的特定烹饪传统的例子是最正宗的。 但这是好事吗？People care about authenticity because food traditions are closely linked to identity, particularly for migrant communities. Sociologist and professor of food studies, Krishnendu Ray, explains that home cooking is often the last way that communities can show their identity. British celebrity chef Jamie Oliver was accused of trying to take advantage of positive feelings about Jamaica. His ready meal product had a Jamaican name, but was unlike genuine Jamaican cooking.人们关心真实性，因为饮食传统与身份密切相关，尤其是对于移民社区而言。 社会学家兼食品研究教授克里希南杜·雷 (Krishnendu Ray) 解释说，家庭烹饪往往是社区展示其身份的最后一种方式。 英国名厨杰米·奥利弗被指控试图利用人们对牙买加的积极情绪。 他的即食产品有一个牙买加名字，但与真正的牙买加烹饪不同。However, food consultant Sara Kay asks whether there are problems with the idea of authenticity. She highlights that these ideas often come from the expectations that majority cultures have about minority cultures and their food. These can be restricting – restauranteurs have complained that people expect Asian food to be cheaper than that from European cultures.然而，食品顾问萨拉·凯询问真实性的想法是否存在问题。 她强调，这些想法通常来自大多数文化对少数文化及其食物的期望。 这些可能会受到限制——餐馆老板抱怨说，人们期望亚洲食品比欧洲文化的食品便宜。Expectations can also give people a false idea of what is authentic. While large cities are full of eateries representing different countries – China, India, Italy, Mexico and more – these labels can oversimplify the reality of food from these countries. Stephanie Elizondo Greist was surprised by the difference between regional specialities in different parts of Mexico and what she ate growing up as a Mexican-American in Texas, but feels that both are authentic examples of Mexican food.期望也会让人们对真实的事物产生错误的认识。 虽然大城市遍布代表不同国家（中国、印度、意大利、墨西哥等）的餐馆，但这些标签可能过于简单化了这些国家食品的真实情况。 斯蒂芬妮·埃利松多·格雷斯特 (Stephanie Elizondo Greist) 对墨西哥不同地区的地方特色菜与她在德克萨斯州长大的墨西哥裔美国人所吃的东西之间的差异感到惊讶，但认为两者都是墨西哥食物的正宗例子。A more controversial view of authenticity was stated by American Chef Andrew Zimmern, who claimed that he could bring Chinese dishes to Minnesota in a more authentic way than existing restaurants – many of which are owned by Chinese-Americans. Writer and food podcaster Ruth Tam points out that while these restaurants altered their menus to suit local tastes, so does Zimmern. So, while food and identity are closely linked, and failure to respect authenticity can cause offence, could there be problems with the whole idea of authenticity?美国厨师安德鲁·齐默恩(Andrew Zimmern)提出了一个更有争议的真实性观点，他声称他可以以比现有餐馆更正宗的方式将中餐带到明尼苏达州——其中许多餐馆都是由华裔美国人开的。 作家兼美食播客 Ruth Tam 指出，虽然这些餐厅改变了菜单以适应当地口味，但 Zimmern 也是如此。 因此，虽然食物和身份密切相关，不尊重真实性可能会导致冒犯，但真实性的整个理念是否存在问题？词汇表cuisine 菜肴recipe 食谱chef 厨师restaurant 餐馆，餐厅culinary tradition 烹饪传统food tradition 饮食传统food studies 食品研究home cooking 家庭烹饪celebrity chef 明星大厨ready meal 即食餐，方便食品cooking （用特定方法烹制的）饭菜restauranteur 餐馆老板eatery 小饭馆regional speciality 地方特色菜dish （一道）菜，菜肴menu 菜单

Many young Chinese are increasingly turning to online streaming as a way to earn money while selling products for major companies. The job involves livestreaming on popular social media services in China. A person leading such livestreams is known as a host. The goal is to persuade users to spend money with large brands such as Under Armor, Lancôme, YSL Beauty and Hugo Boss. One such streamer is 28-year-old Zhang Jinyu, a former model who studied fashion in college. She told reporters from Reuters news agency she has already completed hundreds of hours of live streams to publicize products for YSL Beauty and other brands.许多中国年轻人越来越多地将在线流媒体作为一种在为大公司销售产品的同时赚钱的方式。 这项工作涉及在中国流行的社交媒体服务上进行直播。主持此类直播的人称为主持人。目标是说服用户花钱购买 Under Armour、Lancôme、YSL Beauty 和 Hugo Boss 等大品牌。 28 岁的张金宇就是这样的一位主播，她曾是一名模特，在大学学习时尚。她告诉路透社记者，她已经完成了数百小时的直播来宣传 YSL Beauty 和其他品牌的产品。Zhang’s livestreams can involve her continuously speaking on camera for up to six hours. In addition, the preparation process requires her to do her hair and makeup and spend time recording sales results after her online broadcasts have ended. Reuters reports that Zhang is one of millions of young Chinese currently facing record youth unemployment of more than 21 percent. Livestreaming sales is one way social media users can earn money without having to get a full-time job.张的直播可以让她在镜头前连续讲话长达六个小时。此外，准备过程还需要她做头发和化妆，并在在线直播结束后花时间记录销售结果。据路透社报道，张是目前面临创纪录的超过 21% 青年失业率的数百万中国年轻人之一。直播销售是社交媒体用户无需找到全职工作即可赚钱的一种方式。"For livestreaming, the threshold to enter the industry is very low,” Zhang said. “I can pick up my phone and I'm livestreaming.” She noted, however, that livestream selling is now very competitive, making it difficult for newcomers to gain a following. "If you can persevere, you can get better and better,” Zhang said. Zhang is not alone in her desire to make livestream hosting a career. A recent public opinion study asked more than 10,000 young people on China’s social media service Sina Weibo how they feel about the issue. More than 60 percent said they would be interested in working as an internet influencer or livestreaming host. A study by China-based marketing agency iResearch found the livestreaming industry employed more than 1.2 million hosts as of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic helped lead livestreaming sales growth that brought in about $480 billion in China last year.“对于直播来说，进入这个行业的门槛很低，”张说，“拿起手机就可以直播。”但她也指出，现在直播带货竞争非常激烈，新人很难获得粉丝。“如果你能坚持下去，你就能变得越来越好。”张说。张并不是唯一一个渴望将直播主持作为职业的人。最近的一项民意研究在中国社交媒体新浪微博上询问了超过 10,000 名年轻人对这个问题的看法。超过 60% 的人表示他们有兴趣担任互联网影响者或直播主持人。中国营销机构艾瑞咨询的一项研究发现，截至 2020 年，直播行业雇佣了超过 120 万名主播。COVID-19 大流行带动了直播销售的增长，去年为中国带来了约 4800 亿美元的收入。That growth led to a series of agencies being created that aim to train new hosts and connect them with established brands.Zhang, for example, works with Shanghai-based agency Romomo. The company is a business partner of Buy Quickly, which helps hosts link up with major fashion-centered brands. Shining Li is vice president of Romomo. She told Reuters she thinks livestreaming is currently “one of the most important methods of communication” for the international brands she works with.这种增长催生了一系列旨在培训新主持人并将他们与知名品牌联系起来的机构。例如，张与上海的机构 Romomo 合作。该公司是Buy Quickly的业务合作伙伴，帮助房东与主要时尚品牌建立联系。李闪亮是Romomo的副总裁。她告诉路透社，她认为直播目前是她合作的国际品牌“最重要的沟通方式之一”。Shi Jianing is a 28-year-old livestreaming host. She says her broadcasts are a good way for her to build lasting relationships with followers and increase sales for the brands she represents. "We're like friends with the consumers," Shi said. She added, “If you can communicate with some personal affinity, that builds a kind of trust, and that relationship makes the consumer want to carry out the sale."石佳宁，28岁，一名直播主播。她说，她的广播是她与粉丝建立持久关系并增加她所代表的品牌销量的好方法。 “我们和消费者就像朋友一样，”史说。她补充道，“如果你能以某种个人亲和力进行沟通，就会建立一种信任，而这种关系会让消费者想要进行销售。”

The United States has launched a competition for developing artificial intelligence (AI) to find and fix security issues in U.S. government infrastructure. Anne Neuberger is the U.S. government's deputy national security advisor for cyber and emerging technology. She told Reuters news agency, "Cybersecurity is a race between offense and defense." She said bad actors are already using AI to identify weaknesses in systems and to build malicious software.美国发起了一场开发人工智能（AI）的竞赛，以发现并解决美国政府基础设施中的安全问题。 安妮·纽伯格 (Anne Neuberger) 是美国政府负责网络和新兴技术的副国家安全顾问。 她告诉路透社，“网络安全是进攻与防守之间的竞赛。”她说，不良行为者已经在使用人工智能来识别系统的弱点并构建恶意软件。A number of U.S. organizations, in healthcare, manufacturing and government, have been targets of hacking in recent years. Officials have warned about such threats, especially from foreign actors. Canada's cybersecurity chief Sami Khoury made similar comments last month. He said his agency had seen AI being used for everything from creating phishing emails and writing malicious computer code to spreading disinformation. The White House said the two-year competition includes around $20 million in awards. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) will lead the competition. DARPA is the U.S. government body in charge of creating technologies for national security.近年来，美国医疗保健、制造业和政府等领域的许多组织都成为黑客攻击的目标。官员们对此类威胁，尤其是来自外国行为者的威胁发出了警告。加拿大网络安全主管萨米·库里上个月也发表了类似的言论。他说，他的机构已经看到人工智能被用于各种用途，从创建网络钓鱼电子邮件、编写恶意计算机代码到传播虚假信息。白宫表示，为期两年的竞赛包括约 2000 万美元的奖金。国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）将主导此次竞赛。 DARPA 是负责开发国家安全技术的美国政府机构。The technology companies Google, Anthropic, Microsoft, and OpenAI will make their systems available for the competition, the government said. The event signals official attempts to deal with an emerging threat that experts are still trying to fully understand. In the past year, U.S. businesses have launched a number of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT. These tools permit users to create videos, images, texts, and computer code. Chinese companies have launched similar tools. Experts say such tools could make it far easier to carry out large hacking campaigns or create false identities on social media to spread lies and propaganda.政府表示，谷歌、Anthropic、微软和 OpenAI 等科技公司将提供他们的系统用于竞赛。这一事件标志着官方试图应对专家仍在试图充分了解的新威胁。去年，美国企业推出了ChatGPT等多款生成式人工智能工具。这些工具允许用户创建视频、图像、文本和计算机代码。中国公司也推出了类似的工具。专家表示，此类工具可以使大规模黑客活动或在社交媒体上创建虚假身份以传播谎言和宣传变得更加容易。Neuberger said the goal of the DARPA AI competition is to build a larger community of cyber defenders who use AI to help increase America’s cyber defenses. The Open Source Security Foundation, a group of experts trying to improve open source software security, will also be involved in the competition. It will make sure the "winning software code is put to use right away," the U.S. government said.Neuberger 表示，DARPA 人工智能竞赛的目标是建立一个更大的网络防御者社区，利用人工智能帮助增强美国的网络防御。开源安全基金会（由一群致力于提高开源软件安全性的专家组成）也将参与竞赛。美国政府表示，这将确保“获胜的软件代码立即投入使用”。

How the brain actually holds memories was for years something that was too difficult to understand.多年来，大脑实际上如何保存记忆一直是一件很难理解的事情。But scientists then realised than one part of it, called the hippocampus, plays the crucial role. Inside it there are billions of connections between the brain cells. And when those links becomes stronger, that's the key mechanism allowing us to remember.但科学家们随后意识到，其中一个被称为海马体的部分发挥着至关重要的作用。 在它的内部，脑细胞之间有数十亿个连接。 当这些联系变得更强时，这就是让我们记住的关键机制。So, one crucial discovery is that the brain can change: creating new connections, and breaking them. Another is that faults with this process can be linked to conditions including depression, autism, addiction and Alzheimer's.因此，一项重要的发现是大脑可以改变：创造新的联系，然后打破它们。另一个原因是，这一过程的错误可能与抑郁症、自闭症、成瘾症和阿尔茨海默氏症等疾病有关。词汇表hippocampus 海马体mechanism 机制depression 抑郁，忧伤autism 自闭症，孤独症addiction 嗜好，瘾Alzheimer's 阿尔茨海默病

A mountain guide who recently climbed the world’s 14 tallest mountains in record time has set a new goal for himself. Tenjen Sherpa of Nepal says he now wants to become the youngest person to climb all the peaks twice. Last month, the 35-year-old Tenjen and 37–year-old Norwegian Kristin Harila, broke the record for the fastest climb of the mountains. All of the peaks are above 8,000 meters. The two reached the final mountaintop, K2, in 92 days. It was very speedy. The record they broke was set at 189 days.↳ Now, Tenjen is preparing for his new goal. He said he hopes to start by climbing Mount Shishapangma in China in the next two months. “I have already done (it) once and I want to double it,” he told the Associated Press.一位登山向导最近以创纪录的时间攀登了世界 14 座最高的山峰，他为自己设定了新的目标。尼泊尔的 Tenjen Sherpa 表示，他现在想成为两次登上所有山峰的最年轻的人。上个月，35岁的Tenjen和37岁的挪威人Kristin Harila打破了最快爬山记录。所有山峰海拔均在8000米以上。两人用了 92 天到达了最后的山顶 K2。速度非常快。他们打破的纪录是 189 天。↳ 现在，Tenjen 正在为他的新目标做准备。他说，他希望在未来两个月内首先攀登中国的希夏邦马峰。 “我已经做过一次了，我想加倍，”他告诉美联社。Only one person has climbed all 14 peaks twice. Forty-eight-year-old Sanu Sherpa completed his second climb of the mountains last year. Tenjen has already climbed seven of the mountains twice. He hopes to climb the remaining seven by next spring. Tenjen climbed the first of these mountains in 2016, when he reached the top of Mount Dhaulagiri in Nepal. He has since made several similar climbs every year, including four trips to Mount Everest.唯一一个曾两次登上全部14座山峰的人。四十八岁的萨努·夏尔巴去年完成了他的第二次登山。 Tenjen 已经两次攀登了其中的七座山峰。他希望在明年春天之前攀登剩余的七座。 Tenjen 于 2016 年攀登了第一座山峰，登上了尼泊尔道拉吉里峰的山顶。此后，他每年都会进行几次类似的攀登，其中包括四次登上珠穆朗玛峰。He and his three brothers set a record as the most siblings to have climbed Mount Kanchenjunga. Kanchenjunga is the world’s third-tallest mountain, behind Mount Everest and K2.Tenjen started working as a mountain guide to support his family. However, in April, the Kathmandu company Seven Summits Treks hired Tenjen to join Harila’s trip to Mount Shishapangma. Harila and Tenjen then climbed the rest of the mountains together. “It was my good luck and (I) was fortunate to be with her in the team,” Tenjen said to the Associated Press.他和他的三个兄弟创下了登上干城章嘉峰最多兄弟姐妹的记录。干城章嘉峰是世界第三高山，仅次于珠穆朗玛峰和乔戈里峰。Tenjen 开始做登山向导来养家糊口。然而，四月份，加德满都七峰徒步旅行公司聘请 Tenjen 加入 Harila 的希夏邦马山之旅。 Harila 和 Tenjen 随后一起攀登了其余的山峰。 “这是我的运气，（我）很幸运能和她一起加入球队，”滕詹对美联社说。Tenjen plans to climb Shishapangma for the second time later this fall. He plans on carrying with him pictures of a brother who died. Shishapangma was the only one of the 14 tallest mountains that this brother had not climbed. Tenjen says he will bury the images on the mountaintop. Tenjen told the AP that Sherpas do not get enough government recognition for their hard work. “It is not possible to just continue climbing mountains as you grow older, so what else is there than to think of migrating abroad,” Tenjen pointed out. Tenjen never attended school growing up. He has difficulty reading and writing. But, living in Kathmandu, Nepal’s capital, his children are able to get an education. Tenjen thinks, though, that since more children will be growing up in cities in the future, they will not have the skills to become Sherpas.Tenjen 计划在今年秋天晚些时候第二次攀登希夏邦马峰。他计划随身携带已故兄弟的照片。希夏邦马峰是十四座最高山中唯一一位这位兄弟没有攀登过的山峰。 Tenjen 说他会将这些图像埋在山顶上。坦詹告诉美联社，夏尔巴人的辛勤工作没有得到政府足够的认可。 “随着年龄的增长，继续爬山是不可能的，所以除了考虑移居国外之外，还有什么办法呢？”Tenjen 指出。 Tenjen 从小就没有上过学。他阅读和写作都有困难。但是，生活在尼泊尔首都加德满都，他的孩子们能够接受教育。不过，Tenjen 认为，由于未来会有更多的孩子在城市长大，他们将不具备成为夏尔巴人的技能。

Record-breaking heat is affecting plants in many places around the world. But gardening expert Jessica Damiano says selecting the right plants and a little care could save them. Damiano wrote recently that her tomato plants have not developed much in the past few weeks, but her flower garden is doing very well. Despite temperatures over 37 degrees Celsius in the New York area, Damiano said she has watered her flower garden just two times this summer.破纪录的高温正在影响世界许多地方的植物。但园艺专家杰西卡·达米亚诺表示，选择合适的植物并稍加照顾就可以拯救它们。 达米亚诺最近写道，过去几周她的番茄植株没有长出多少，但她的花园却长得很好。尽管纽约地区的气温超过 37 摄氏度，达米亚诺说今年夏天她只给花园浇了两次水。Damiano says that in extreme heat, and when that heat is dry, soil moisture evaporates quickly. Plants will turn to their own limited moisture storage when they need water. This requires them to use energy toward cooling and using water. This energy should be spent on growth, flowering, fruiting and reproducing. The stress often completely weakens the plant. When plants are native to an area, they naturally develop deep, large root systems. These systems permit the plants to reach distant sources of moisture when the nearby area dries out. Many foreign plants, including most plants that live for just one year, have root systems that are not deep. This means they must depend on the top few centimeters of soil for all of their water needs. When it dries up, so do they.达米亚诺说，在极端炎热的情况下，当炎热干燥时，土壤水分会迅速蒸发。当植物需要水时，它们会求助于自己有限的水分储存。这要求他们使用能源来冷却和用水。这些能量应该用于生长、开花、结果和繁殖。压力通常会完全削弱植物。当植物原产于一个地区时，它们自然会发育出又深又大的根系。当附近区域干燥时，这些系统允许植物到达远处的水分来源。许多外来植物，包括大多数寿命仅一年的植物，其根系并不深。这意味着它们必须依靠表层几厘米的土壤来满足所有的水需求。当它干涸时，它们也会干涸。To save water, money, and effort, Damiano suggests researching which plants are native to your area. Some native plants for Damiano’s New York area include yearly returning plants like bee balm, black-eyed Susan, and purple coneflower. But she also has some non-native plants that tolerate both the heat and dry weather. She keeps yearly returning plants, or perennials, in her beds, and plants that last one growing season, or annuals, in containers. Damiano says the flowering plant “Bounce” impatiens live up to their name in her containers. They bounce back from being weakened by a hot and dry day after being watered.为了节省水、金钱和精力，达米亚诺建议研究哪些植物是您所在地区的原生植物。达米亚诺纽约地区的一些本土植物包括蜂胶、黑眼苏珊和紫色金光菊等一年生植物。但她也有一些能够耐受炎热和干燥天气的非本地植物。她将每年回归的植物或多年生植物放在她的床上，并将能持续一个生长季节的植物或一年生植物放在容器中。达米亚诺说，在她的容器中，开花植物“弹跳”凤仙花名副其实。浇水后，它们会从炎热干燥的一天的虚弱中恢复过来。Plants like sedums, or stonecrop, are highly tolerant to dry, hot weather. This is because their leaves store moisture and release it as the plants need it. Other plants that can deal with heat include beardtongue, catmint, floss flower, lavender, and moss rose.When planting, Damiano says she always dusts root balls with fungi called mycorrhizae. It helps grow roots and helps plants deal with severe heat. She also treats her plants once a month with two products: a seaweed-containing fish mixture and a vitamin-hormone-kelp product.景天或景天等植物对干燥、炎热的天气具有很强的耐受性。这是因为它们的叶子储存水分并在植物需要时释放水分。其他可以应对高温的植物包括须舌兰、猫薄荷、牙线花、薰衣草和苔藓玫瑰。达米亚诺说，在种植时，她总是在根球上撒上一种叫做菌根的真菌。它有助于根部生长并帮助植物应对酷热。她还每月用两种产品处理她的植物一次：一种含有海藻的鱼混合物和一种维生素-激素-海带产品。Seaweed and kelp are plants that grow in water. They have been shown to help other plants in difficult environments. These additions also help plants grow quickly after dividing and transplanting. Finally, Damiano says the last addition is a good amount of mulch on top. Mulch not only keeps things looking clean, but it also helps to keep soil moisture and soil temperatures even. And it keeps unwanted plants from growing. Mulch can mean the difference between plant life and death when it gets hot.海藻和海带是生长在水中的植物。它们已被证明可以帮助其他处于困难环境中的植物。这些添加物还有助于植物在分裂和移植后快速生长。最后，达米亚诺说最后添加的是顶部的大量覆盖物。覆盖物不仅能让东西看起来干净，而且还有助于保持土壤湿度和土壤温度均匀。它还可以防止不需要的植物生长。当天气变热时，覆盖物可能意味着植物的生与死。

Weeks after its international launch, Worldcoin is drawing the attention of officials around the world. Kenya’s government has gone so far as to shut down the service. The international ID company, backed by big investors in Silicon Valley’s technology industry, now has to defend itself in investigations. The central question is whether the biometric data that the company is collecting is secure or not.世界币在国际推出几周后，引起了世界各地官员的关注。肯尼亚政府甚至关闭了该服务。这家国际身份识别公司得到了硅谷科技行业大投资者的支持，现在必须在调查中为自己辩护。核心问题是该公司收集的生物识别数据是否安全。Worldcoin is the creation of Sam Altman. He is best known as the head of OpenAI, the maker of the artificial intelligence program ChatGPT. The goal of Worldcoin and the company backing it, Tools for Humanity, is to give people a form of identification that could never be stolen or copied. Worldcoin creates a “World ID”, an identification tool, by scanning someone’s eyes through “orbs.” These are special devices that capture images of the irises, the colored parts of the eyes. One possible use for such an ID tool would be online services. Such services require that people remember passwords and usernames for websites they have signed up for.世界币是山姆·奥尔特曼的创造。他最出名的身份是 OpenAI 的负责人，也是人工智能程序 ChatGPT 的开发者。世界币及其支持公司 Tools for Humanity 的目标是为人们提供一种永远不会被窃取或复制的身份识别形式。世界币通过“球体”扫描某人的眼睛，创建了“世界 ID”，一种识别工具。这些是捕捉虹膜（眼睛的有色部分）图像的特殊设备。这种 ID 工具的一种可能用途是在线服务。此类服务要求人们记住他们注册的网站的密码和用户名。The security of those sites can have problems, however. There have been several security issues where usernames and passwords have been stolen. Instead of using old technology like passwords, people could just sign up using their World ID.Worldcoin is an identification project. But it is also using cryptocurrency to get people to sign up. The Worldcoin token is trading for roughly $1.90. However, its value is largely based on expectations rather than its usability as a form of money. Worldcoin launched officially in July. As part of the event, early users were given an amount of cryptocurrency worth between $50 and $60. Most of the countries where Worldcoin launched do not widely use or accept crypto. Further, $50 is a lot of money in developing countries where people are being asked to sign up, including Kenya, where the average monthly wage is around $170.然而，这些网站的安全性可能存在问题。存在一些用户名和密码被盗的安全问题。人们可以使用他们的 World ID 进行注册，而不是使用密码等旧技术。Worldcoin 是一个身份识别项目。但它也使用加密货币来吸引人们注册。 Worldcoin 代币的交易价格约为 1.90 美元。然而，它的价值很大程度上取决于预期，而不是其作为货币形式的可用性。世界币于七月正式推出。作为活动的一部分，早期用户获得了价值 50 至 60 美元的加密货币。世界币推出的大多数国家并未广泛使用或接受加密货币。此外，在要求人们注册的发展中国家，50 美元是一大笔钱，包括肯尼亚，那里的平均月工资约为 170 美元。Thousands of Kenyans lined up in Nairobi in early August at a center where Worldcoin took images of their irises in exchange for 25 coins worth about $50. The lines included mothers with children on their backs. Some of those in line told local media that they had traveled from a distance after friends said “free money” was being handed out. They admitted not knowing why they needed to scan their irises and where that information would go. Others who waited for hours included college-educated Kenyans. Many are unemployed and angry over the rising cost of living. The Kenyan government has since suspended new sign-ups for Worldcoin as it investigates whether people’s information is being properly protected.8 月初，数千名肯尼亚人在内罗毕的一个中心排队，世界币在那里拍摄他们的虹膜图像，以换取价值约 50 美元的 25 个硬币。队伍中包括背着孩子的母亲。一些排队的人告诉当地媒体，在朋友说发放“免费钱”后，他们从很远的地方赶来。他们承认不知道为什么需要扫描虹膜以及这些信息会去哪里。其他等待数小时的人包括受过大学教育的肯尼亚人。许多人失业并对生活成本上涨感到愤怒。此后，肯尼亚政府暂停了世界币的新注册，因为它正在调查人们的信息是否受到适当保护。Worldcoin’s orbs collect data by taking images of a person’s iris. While Worldcoin argues that the data is used to create a special, secure form of identification, privacy experts have concerns that the company may use the information in other ways, like personalized marketing. That has led some countries to investigate Worldcoin’s operations, including France, Germany and now Kenya. Privacy experts are worried that Worldcoin could, in time, be a victim to criminals, similar to data thefts at other large companies. Privacy experts have said biometric data is already being sold in places like China and that could spread to other places. Last week, Worldcoin discussed the privacy concerns on its website. The company wrote everything is available as a choice and no personal data “is disclosed by default, enabling each holder to decide which (if any) personal data to share with third parties when using World ID.”世界币的球体通过拍摄人的虹膜图像来收集数据。虽然世界币认为这些数据是用来创建一种特殊的、安全的身份识别形式，但隐私专家担心该公司可能会以其他方式使用这些信息，比如个性化营销。这导致一些国家调查世界币的运营，包括法国、德国和现在的肯尼亚。隐私专家担心，世界币最终可能会成为犯罪分子的受害者，就像其他大公司的数据盗窃一样。隐私专家表示，生物识别数据已经在中国等地出售，并且可能会传播到其他地方。上周，世界币在其网站上讨论了隐私问题。该公司写道，一切都可以作为选择，并且“默认情况下不会披露任何个人数据，使每个持有者能够在使用 World ID 时决定与第三方共享哪些（如果有）个人数据。”

Scientists have discovered fossils that might have belonged to the heaviest animal in Earth’s history. The blue whale holds the current record as the largest creature to live on Earth. But a collection of bones found in Peru might break that record. Researchers recently introduced the whale species in a study in the publication Nature. It is called Perucetus colossus, or “the colossal whale from Peru.” Each back bone, or vertebra, weighs more than 100 kilograms. The animal’s ribs measure nearly 1.4 meters long. Mario Urbina discovered the bones in 2012. He is with the University of San Marcos’ Natural History Museum in Lima. An international team spent years digging them out from the side of a rocky hill in the Ica desert.科学家们发现了可能属于地球历史上最重动物的化石。蓝鲸保持着目前地球上最大生物的记录。但在秘鲁发现的一组骨头可能会打破这一记录。研究人员最近在《自然》杂志上的一项研究中介绍了鲸鱼的种类。它被称为Perucetus colossus，或“来自秘鲁的巨型鲸鱼”。每块背骨或椎骨重超过 100 公斤。该动物的肋骨长近1.4米。Mario Urbina 于 2012 年发现了这些骨头。他在利马圣马科斯大学自然历史博物馆工作。一个国际团队花了数年时间从伊卡沙漠的一座岩石山坡上挖出了它们。The area was once underwater and is known for its rich collection of ocean fossils. The find resulted in 13 backbone vertebrae, four ribs and a hip bone. The large fossils date back to around 39 million years ago. Alberto Collareta is a paleontologist at Italy's University of Pisa. He was a lead writer of the study. He told The Associated Press the fossils were “unlike anything I’ve ever seen.” Hans Thewissen is a paleontologist at Northeast Ohio Medical University who did not take part in the research. He said, “It’s just exciting to see such a giant animal that’s so different from anything we know." After the digging operation, the researchers used 3D scanners to study the surface of the bones and also looked inside. The researchers used the huge but incomplete skeleton to estimate the whale's size and weight, said Eli Amson. He is a paleontologist at the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart, Germany.该地区曾经位于水下，以其丰富的海洋化石而闻名。这次发现发现了 13 块脊椎骨、四块肋骨和一块髋骨。这些大型化石的历史可以追溯到大约 3900 万年前。阿尔贝托·科拉雷塔 (Alberto Collareta) 是意大利比萨大学的古生物学家。他是该研究的主要作者。他告诉美联社，这些化石“与我见过的任何东西都不一样”。汉斯·泰维森 (Hans Thewissen) 是东北俄亥俄医科大学的古生物学家，他没有参与这项研究。他说：“看到如此巨大的动物真是太令人兴奋了，它与我们所知道的任何东西都如此不同。”挖掘作业结束后，研究人员使用 3D 扫描仪研究了骨头的表面，并观察了内部。研究人员使用了巨大但德国斯图加特国家自然历史博物馆的古生物学家伊莱·阿姆森 (Eli Amson) 说，利用不完整的骨骼来估计鲸鱼的大小和重量。The team estimates the ancient creature weighed somewhere between 85 and 340 metric tons. The biggest blue whales found have been within that range, at about 180 metric tons. The body of Perucetus colossus stretched about 20 meters long. Blue whales can be longer, with some growing to more than 30 meters. This means the newly discovered whale was "possibly the heaviest animal ever,” said the University of Pisa’s Collareta. But, he added, “it was most likely not the longest animal ever.” The research team said one reason the animal weighs more is because its bones are much denser and heavier than a blue whale’s bones. Those super-dense bones suggest the whale may have spent its time in less deep, coastal waters, the scientists said. Other animals that stay close to the coast, like manatees, have heavy bones to help them stay close to the seafloor.研究小组估计这种古代生物的重量在 85 至 340 吨之间。发现的最大蓝鲸也在这个范围内，重约 180 吨。巨鲵的身体长达约20米。蓝鲸可以更长，有的可以长到30多米。比萨大学的科拉雷塔说，这意味着新发现的鲸鱼“可能是有史以来最重的动物”。但是，他补充说，“它很可能不是有史以来最长的动物。”研究小组表示，这种动物体重增加的原因之一是它的骨头比蓝鲸的骨头更致密、更重。科学家们说，这些超致密的骨头表明鲸鱼可能在较浅的沿海水域度过了它的时光。靠近海岸的动物，如海牛，有厚重的骨头，帮助它们靠近海底。Amson, from the State Museum of Natural History in Germany, said that without the skull, it is hard to know what the whale was eating to support such a huge body. It is possible that the large creature sought food along the seafloor, the researchers said. Or it could have eaten up tons of smaller sea life in the ocean. Thewissen added that he would not be surprised “if this thing actually fed in a totally different way that we would never imagine.”德国国家自然历史博物馆的阿姆森表示，如果没有头骨，很难知道鲸鱼靠吃什么来支撑如此庞大的身体。研究人员表示，这种大型生物有可能沿着海底寻找食物。或者它可能会吃掉海洋中大量较小的海洋生物。Thewissen 补充说，“如果这东西实际上以一种我们从未想象过的完全不同的方式进食，他不会感到惊讶。”

Wildfires on Hawaii’s island of Maui have killed at least 55 people and destroyed a historic town, officials said. The number of deaths is expected to rise even higher. Officials said it will take years to rebuild Lahaina, the one-time capital of the former kingdom of Hawaii. Governor Josh Green said the fire was the worst natural disaster in the state's history, making thousands of people homeless and burning as many as 1,000 buildings. In 1960, a tsunami killed 61 people in the state. "It's going to take many years to rebuild Lahaina," Green said at a Thursday news conference.官员称，夏威夷毛伊岛的野火已造成至少 55 人死亡，并摧毁了一座历史城镇。预计死亡人数还会进一步上升。官员们表示，重建前夏威夷王国的首都拉海纳需要数年时间。州长乔什·格林表示，这场火灾是该州历史上最严重的自然灾害，导致数千人无家可归，并烧毁了多达 1000 栋建筑物。1960年，一场海啸导致该州61人死亡。“重建拉海纳需要很多年的时间，”格林在周四的新闻发布会上说。Lahaina was once the home of King Kamehameha, who united Hawaii under a single kingdom. Kings and queens are buried on the grounds of the 200-year-old stone Waiola Church, one of burned sites. Lahaina draws 2 million visitors each year, or about 80 percent of the island's visitors. Fueled by a dry summer and strong winds from a passing hurricane, at least three wildfires burned on Maui this week. Maui Fire Department Chief Brad Ventura said one fire moved so fast that it was impossible to warn people of the emergency. “What we experienced was such a fast-moving fire ... they were basically self-evacuating with fairly little notice,” Ventura told the Associated Press.拉海纳曾经是卡美哈美哈国王的故乡，他将夏威夷统一为一个王国。国王和王后埋葬在拥有 200 年历史的怀奥拉石砌教堂内，该教堂是被烧毁的遗址之一。 拉海纳每年吸引 200 万游客，约占全岛游客的 80%。 由于夏季干燥和飓风过后的强风，毛伊岛本周至少发生了三场野火。 毛伊岛消防局局长布拉德·文图拉 (Brad Ventura) 表示，一场火灾蔓延速度如此之快，以至于无法向人们发出紧急情况警告。文图拉告诉美联社：“我们经历的是一场如此快速蔓延的大火……他们基本上是在几乎没有注意到的情况下自行撤离。”Thousands of visitors and locals were evacuated from the western side of Maui, which has a year-round population of about 166,000. Locals sheltered on the island or the neighboring island of Oahu. And visitors gathered in Kahului Airport, waiting for flights back home. Some people fled the immediate danger by jumping into the Pacific Ocean. Among them was Vixay Phonxaylinkham, a visitor from Fresno, California. He said his family was trapped in a car as the fires neared, forcing the family to jump in the water. They held onto pieces of wood to stay above water. "We floated around for four hours," the man told Reuters from an emergency shelter. "It was a vacation that turned into a nightmare. I heard explosions everywhere, I heard screaming, and some people didn’t make it. I feel so sad," he said.毛伊岛西侧常年人口约 16.6 万，数千名游客和当地人被疏散。当地人在该岛或邻近的欧胡岛避难。游客们聚集在卡胡卢伊机场，等待回国的航班。有些人为了逃离眼前的危险而跳入太平洋。其中包括来自加利福尼亚州弗雷斯诺的游客 Vixay Phonxaylinkham。他说，随着火势逼近，他的家人被困在车里，迫使他们跳入水中。他们抓住木块以保持在水面上。 “我们漂浮了四个小时，”该男子在紧急避难所告诉路透社。 “这是一个变成噩梦的假期。我到处都听到爆炸声，听到尖叫声，有些人没能活下来。我感到很难过，”他说。Many survivors suffered burns and other injuries. "It was so hot all around me, I felt like my shirt was about to catch fire," said Nicoangelo Knickerbocker, a 21-year-old from Lahaina. Knickerbocker heard cars and a gas station explode. He fled from the town with his father and the family dog. "It sounded like a war was going on," he said. Officials said Thursday that they have contained about 80 percent of the Lahaina fire. There was no immediate estimate for others. However, experts say the fires are likely to change Hawaii in unwanted ways. They include a threat to coral reefs, drinking water, and its soil. Wildfires, often caused by record-setting heat, have become more common around the world this summer. They forced the evacuation of tens of thousands of people in Greece, Spain, Portugal and other parts of Europe. In western Canada, several unusually severe fires sent clouds of smoke over a large part of the United States, polluting the air.许多幸存者遭受烧伤和其他伤害。 “我周围太热了，我感觉我的衬衫快要着火了，”来自拉海纳的 21 岁年轻人尼科安杰洛·尼克博克 (Nicoangelo Knickerbocker) 说道。尼克博克听到汽车和加油站爆炸的声音。他带着父亲和家里的狗逃离了小镇。 “听起来就像一场战争正在进行，”他说。官员周四表示，拉海纳大火已控制住约 80%。其他人无法立即做出估计。然而，专家表示，火灾可能会以意想不到的方式改变夏威夷。其中包括对珊瑚礁、饮用水及其土壤的威胁。通常由创纪录的高温引起的野火今年夏天在世界各地变得更加常见。他们迫使希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙和欧洲其他地区的数万人撤离。在加拿大西部，几场异常严重的火灾给美国大部分地区带来浓烟，污染了空气。

This is the moment steam enthusiasts have been waiting for: the moment Flying Scotsman, in its classic green livery, and with steam pouring from its chimney, thunders back onto the East Coast Main Line, where it made its name.这是蒸汽爱好者一直在等待的时刻：飞行的苏格兰人号穿着经典的绿色制服，伴随着从烟囱中喷出的蒸汽，轰鸣般地回到东海岸干线，并在那里成名。Passengers, who've paid up to £450 a ticket, are enjoying a champagne breakfast in vintage carriages.票价高达 450 英镑的乘客可以在老式车厢内享用香槟早餐。The historic engine won't be setting any speed records today: safety rules mean it's restricted to 45 miles an hour.It's due into York around midday, where it will be kept at the National Railway Museum.今天，这款具有历史意义的发动机不会再创造任何速度记录：安全规则意味着它的时速限制为 45 英里。它将于中午左右抵达约克，并被保存在国家铁路博物馆。词汇表livery 原意：（官员的）制服，公司标志；此处指火车皮颜色chimney 烟囱 thunders 隆隆的响声made its name 成名，为世人所知vintage 古香古色的，老式的historic 具有历史意义的

Sea ice in the Antarctic area fell to a record low this year. The drop is a result of rising temperatures worldwide. And there is no quick fix to make up for the damage, scientists said recently in a new study. Antarctica’s minimum summer ice cover, which last year dropped below 2 million square kilometers for the first time since satellite monitoring began in 1978, fell further to a new low in February. The scientists’ findings appeared in the publication Frontiers in Environmental Science.今年南极地区的海冰降至历史最低水平。下降是全球气温上升的结果。科学家最近在一项新研究中表示，没有快速修复方法可以弥补损害。南极洲夏季最小冰盖面积自1978年开始卫星监测以来，去年首次降至200万平方公里以下，2月份进一步降至新低。科学家的研究结果发表在《环境科学前沿》杂志上。Anna Hogg of the University of Leeds in Britain was one of the study's co-writers. When speaking about the melting icebergs and shelves, she said "It's going to take decades if not centuries for these things to recover. There's no quick fix to replacing this ice." She told a group of reporters, "It will certainly take a long time, even if it's possible." This year's sea ice minimum is 20 percent lower than the average over the last 40 years. The sea ice loss represents an area nearly 10 times that of New Zealand, said Tim Naish of the Antarctic Research Center at New Zealand's Victoria University of Wellington. Naish was not part of the study.英国利兹大学的安娜·霍格是该研究的合著者之一。当谈到融化的冰山和冰架时，她说：“这些东西需要几十年甚至几个世纪才能恢复。没有快速的解决办法来更换这些冰。”她对一群记者说：“即使有可能，这也肯定需要很长时间。”今年的海冰最低值比过去 40 年的平均水平低 20%。新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学南极研究中心的蒂姆·奈什表示，海冰消失的面积几乎是新西兰面积的10倍。奈什没有参与这项研究。Naish added that in some cases we are getting close to important large changes that could lead to serious consequences for future generations. The warming of Earth's surface driven by the burning of fossil fuels has made Antarctica more likely to suffer from extreme events. And the effect is almost "certain" to get worse, the study said. Climate change will "lead to increases in the size and frequency" of heatwaves, ice shelf collapses and declines in sea ice, it said. The study drew on recent evidence from scientific studies of the Antarctic Ocean, atmosphere, cryosphere and biosphere.奈什补充说，在某些情况下，我们正在接近重要的重大变化，这些变化可能会给子孙后代带来严重后果。化石燃料燃烧导致地球表面变暖，使南极洲更有可能遭受极端事件。研究称，这种影响几乎“肯定”会变得更糟。报告称，气候变化将“导致热浪规模和频率增加”、冰架崩塌和海冰减少。该研究借鉴了南极海洋、大气、冰冻圈和生物圈科学研究的最新证据。The exact effects of climate change on Antarctica and the surrounding ocean have been uncertain. Scientists have had problems measuring how much the Earth’s warming is affecting the thickness of Antarctic ice. But from events such as the fast decline in sea ice, it is "scientifically reasonable" to assume that extreme events are going to become worse as temperatures rise worldwide, said Martin Siegert of the University of Exeter, another study co-writer. Last year, an "atmospheric river" coming from Australia pushed heat and moisture into Antarctica. The result was temperatures up to 38.5 Celsius above normal, the largest variance from the norm the world has ever experienced.气候变化对南极洲和周围海洋的确切影响尚不确定。科学家们在测量地球变暖对南极冰层厚度的影响程度时遇到了困难。但埃克塞特大学的另一位研究合著者马丁·西格特表示，从海冰快速下降等事件来看，随着全球气温上升，极端事件将变得更加严重的假设是“科学合理的”。去年，一条来自澳大利亚的“大气河”将热量和湿气输送到了南极洲。结果，气温比正常水平高出 38.5 摄氏度，这是世界上有史以来与正常水平的最大差异。Siegert described the temperature increase as "absolutely astonishing.” Siegert added that if the event had happened during the Antarctic summer, instead of winter, it would have caused melting on the surface of the East Antarctic ice sheet, which has so far been saved from melting. Siegert used the term fragile, meaning easily broken or damaged, to describe Antarctica. "Antarctica is fragile as an environment, but extreme events test that fragility," he said. "What we're deeply concerned about is the increase in intensity and frequency of extreme events and the …. influences that they have in other areas."西格特将温度升高描述为“绝对令人惊讶”。西格特补充说，如果这一事件发生在南极夏季，而不是冬季，就会导致南极东部冰盖表面融化，而迄今为止，该冰盖尚未融化。西格特使用了“脆弱”一词，意思是容易破裂。 “南极洲作为一个环境是脆弱的，但极端事件考验着这种脆弱性，”他说，“我们深感担忧的是极端事件的强度和频率的增加以及……”他们在其他领域的影响力。”

The players who reached the knockout round of the Women’s World Cup received larger individual bonuses than those of the past. The increased earnings can be life-changing for many of the players. FIFA, the world’s soccer organizing body, pays $30,000 for the 732 players among 32 teams in the 2023 World Cup. The amount rises to $60,000 for players on the 16 teams that advance out of group play. The amount grows to $90,000 for players in the quarterfinals. That is a major payday, especially for the many players who have had pay disputes with their soccer organizations.进入女足世界杯淘汰赛的球员获得的个人奖金比以往更高。收入的增加可能会改变许多玩家的生活。 世界足球组织机构国际足联为参加 2023 年世界杯的 32 支球队的 732 名球员支付了 3 万美元。对于小组赛中晋级的 16 支球队的球员，奖金升至 60,000 美元。 进入四分之一决赛的球员的奖金将增至 90,000 美元。这是一个重要的发薪日，特别是对于许多与足球组织发生工资纠纷的球员来说。Hildah Magaia is on South Africa’s team, and was a big part of its advance out of group play into the knockout round. The team calls Magaia “Breadwinner.” The term is often used to describe someone who earns the money needed to support their family. The South African players doubled their payout. Magaia says she plans to use the money to care for her mother. “I’ll be able to do everything for my mother because I’m the one who’s taking care of her,” she said. “I’m the breadwinner, so I’ll be doing everything for my mom.”希尔达·马盖亚是南非队的一员，他是南非队从小组赛晋级淘汰赛的重要一员。该团队称马盖亚为“养家糊口的人”。这个词通常用来形容那些挣钱养家糊口的人。南非玩家的奖金翻了一番。马盖亚说她计划用这笔钱来照顾她的母亲。 “我可以为我的母亲做一切，因为我是照顾她的人，”她说。 “我是养家糊口的人，所以我会为妈妈做一切。”Deneisha Blackwood plays for Jamaica. It lost to Colombia in the knockouts. She said the minimum pay was a good start for her team, which has had serious financial difficulties. “A lot of us have bills to pay and family to take care of,” Blackwood said, “and I think for the younger generation, especially, football doesn’t make you a lot of money. So for (girls) to see us doing what we love and realize that you can make a living off it — it’s motivational.” In June, FIFA said it would provide $110 million in prize money for players of the Women’s World Cup. FIFA President Gianni Infantino said the money would be sent to soccer’s governing bodies, called federations. They would be responsible for awarding it. Infantino said he could not guarantee that the money would reach the players.德内莎·布莱克伍德为牙买加队效力。在淘汰赛中输给了哥伦比亚。她表示，最低工资对她的团队来说是一个良好的开端，该团队目前面临严重的财务困难。 “我们很多人都有账单要付，还有家庭要照顾，”布莱克伍德说，“我认为，尤其是对于年轻一代来说，足球并不能让你赚很多钱。因此，对于（女孩）来说，看到我们做自己喜欢的事情，并意识到你可以靠它谋生——这是一种激励。” 6月，国际足联表示将为女足世界杯球员提供1.1亿美元的奖金。国际足联主席詹尼·因凡蒂诺表示，这笔钱将被送到足球管理机构，即足协。他们将负责颁奖。因凡蒂诺表示，他无法保证这笔钱能够到达球员手中。FIFPRO is an organization that represents international players. The organization said late Tuesday that it was assisting Nigeria’s national team players in a dispute with their federation concerning earnings dating back as far as 2021. “The team is extremely frustrated that they’ve had to pursue the Nigeria Football Federation for these payments before and during the tournament,” FIFPRO said. “It is regrettable that players needed to challenge their own federation at such an important time in their careers.” Before the World Cup, South African players boycotted a game against Botswana because bonuses were not included in their contracts. Patrice Motsepe, president of the African Football Confederation, agreed to give $320,000 to the players to be divided equally. The dispute was settled.FIFPRO 是一个代表国际球员的组织。该组织周二晚间表示，正在协助尼日利亚国家队球员与尼日利亚足协就早至 2021 年的收入发生纠纷。“球队感到非常沮丧，因为他们之前不得不向尼日利亚足协索要这些款项。”在比赛期间，”FIFPRO 说道。 “令人遗憾的是，球员们在职业生涯如此重要的时刻需要挑战自己的联盟。”世界杯之前，南非球员抵制了对阵博茨瓦纳的比赛，因为他们的合同中没有奖金。非洲足联主席帕特里斯·莫塞佩同意向球员们提供32万美元，由他们平分。争端得到了解决。Nigerian player Uchenna Kanu said the money was not the team’s main goal --- playing well was. “But of course, if we get paid that much money, of course, it’ll have a huge impact on our lives,” Kanu said. “We have families, we have things to take care of with money. That’s important for us as well.” The total prize money at this Women’s World Cup is more than three times the $30 million that was paid out at the 2019 Women’s World Cup in France. But it is still far less than the $440 million in prize money for the Men’s World Cup in Qatar last year.尼日利亚球员乌琴纳·卡努表示，钱不是球队的主要目标，打好比赛才是。 “但是，如果我们得到那么多钱，当然会对我们的生活产生巨大影响，”卡努说。 “我们有家庭，我们有需要用钱处理的事情。这对我们也很重要。”本届女足世界杯总奖金是2019年法国女足世界杯3000万美元的三倍多。但仍远低于去年卡塔尔男足世界杯4.4亿美元的奖金。

The ancient remains of a female Neanderthal found in a remote cave in the mountains of Siberia are the source of the latest revelations about the sex lives of our ancestors. Hidden within her genome are traces of DNA from modern humans which reveal a genetic crossover that took place 100,000 years ago.在西伯利亚山区一个偏远的洞穴中发现的女性尼安德特人的古代遗骸是有关我们祖先性生活的最新启示的来源。 她的基因组中隐藏着现代人类的 DNA 痕迹，揭示了 10 万年前发生的基因交叉。It means that we were interbreeding with our heavy-browed, stocky and now extinct relatives much earlier than was thought. Previous research had suggested that the two species first mixed about 60,000 years ago when humans migrated out of Africa and started to spread around the world. As they left the continent they met and mingled with the Neanderthals, who lived across Europe and Asia.这意味着我们与眉毛浓密、身材矮胖、现已灭绝的近亲进行杂交的时间比人们想象的要早得多。 之前的研究表明，这两个物种在大约 6 万年前首次混合，当时人类走出非洲并开始传播到世界各地。 当他们离开大陆时，他们遇到了生活在欧洲和亚洲各地的尼安德特人并与之交往。But the finding that interbreeding took place tens of thousands of years before suggests that some early humans left Africa way ahead of the crowds. However the circumstances behind these early interspecies encounters remain unclear and whether they took place by choice or by force is not known.但杂交发生在数万年前的发现表明，一些早期人类远远领先于人群离开了非洲。 然而，这些早期物种间遭遇背后的情况仍不清楚，也不知道它们是自愿发生的还是被迫发生的。词汇表remote 遥远的，偏远的ancestors 祖先crossover 交叉extinct 绝种的，已经灭绝的migrated 迁徙，移居mingled 融合，（此处）交配circumstances 境况，情形

Productivity can be a struggle for many of us. Overflowing email inboxes, housework, social obligations – it can be easy to feel overwhelmed. However, one simple tool that can help us stay on top of everything is the to-do list. Write it down, do the tasks and cross them off – simple!对于我们许多人来说，生产力可能是一个难题。 爆满的电子邮件收件箱、家务、社会义务——很容易让人感到不知所措。 然而，一个可以帮助我们掌控一切的简单工具就是待办事项列表。 写下来，完成任务，然后划掉它们——简单！There are three key reasons why lists are beneficial, according to psychologist and author David Cohen. Firstly, they help to drown out the chaos and anxiety that comes with having never-ending tasks. By writing everything down, we don't have to rely on our memory and can instead focus on the task at hand. Secondly, lists provide structure and guidance, giving us a plan to follow. As well as this, our brains are more likely to retain information that is presented in a structured and organised manner. And finally, lists serve as proof of what we have achieved, which can help boost our sense of accomplishment and motivation.心理学家兼作家大卫·科恩 (David Cohen) 认为，列表之所以有益，有以下三个关键原因。 首先，它们有助于消除永无休止的任务带来的混乱和焦虑。 通过写下所有内容，我们不必依赖记忆，而是可以专注于手头的任务。 其次，列表提供了结构和指导，为我们提供了可遵循的计划。 除此之外，我们的大脑更有可能保留以结构化和有组织的方式呈现的信息。 最后，清单可以证明我们所取得的成就，这有助于增强我们的成就感和动力。Another possible reason our brains love lists is because of something called the 'Zeigarnik Effect'. This is the name psychologists use for when we remember things we need to do, our unfinished tasks, better than things we have already completed. Researchers from Wake Forest University tested the interference of the Zeigarnik effect on a group of people. The experiment began with a warm-up task, though it was stopped half-way through, and only some people were allowed to make plans to finish it. The researchers found that the group permitted to plan had reduced anxiety and performed better in the second task. The problem was, the others still had the warm-up task stuck in their active memory – an unticked list of tasks. So, once we tick something off our list, our brain forgets about it and we can relax.All in all, it seems lists are a valuable tool for staying on top of life!我们的大脑喜欢列出清单的另一个可能原因是“蔡加尼克效应”。 当我们比已经完成的事情更好地记住我们需要做的事情、我们未完成的任务时，心理学家使用这个名称。 维克森林大学的研究人员测试了蔡加尼克效应对一群人的干扰。 实验以热身任务开始，但中途停止，只允许部分人制定完成计划。 研究人员发现，允许制定计划的小组减少了焦虑，并且在第二项任务中表现更好。 问题是，其他人的活动记忆中仍然保留着热身任务——一个未勾选的任务列表。 所以，一旦我们从清单上勾掉某件事，我们的大脑就会忘记它，我们就可以放松了。总而言之，列表似乎是保持生活巅峰的宝贵工具！词汇表productivity 效率overflowing 爆满的，装满了的overwhelmed 难以承受的，不知所措的tool 方法，工具to-do list 待办事项清单task 任务cross off （从清单上）划掉drown out 盖过，压过never-ending 没完没了的write down 写下，记下at hand 手头的，手边的structure 条理，结构retain 记住structured 有条理的，结构清晰的organised 有条不紊的，安排有序的proof 证明accomplishment 成就motivation 动力unfinished 未完成的interference 干扰，干预active memory 短期记忆unticked 未（在清单上）勾掉的tick off 在（清单上）勾掉stay on top of 时时关注，掌握最新进展

Throughout history, technological progress has brought new wealth but has not always improved people’s lives. Economists now say it is not clear whether artificial intelligence (AI) will help or hurt society. Simon Johnson teaches economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology near Boston. He said AI has a lot of possibilities. But he added, “We are at a fork in the road.” A fork in the road is an expression used to describe a situation where the outcome is uncertain.纵观历史，技术进步带来了新的财富，但并不总是改善人们的生活。经济学家现在表示，尚不清楚人工智能（AI）是否会帮助或损害社会。西蒙·约翰逊在波士顿附近的麻省理工学院教授经济学。他表示，人工智能有很多可能性。但他补充道，“我们正处于岔路口。”岔路口是一个表达方式，用来描述结果不确定的情况。McKinsey is a business consulting company. It said AI could add between $14 trillion and $22 trillion of value to the world’s economy. Supporters say the technology will create wealth and improve living standards. Some go as far as saying AI will increase people’s free time and help them be more creative. But others are worried the technology will lead to lost jobs. They point to Hollywood writers and actors who are worried that they will be replaced by technology. The internet arrived with a similar promise of more productivity, wealth and jobs. Last month, the French bank Natixis noted in its research that most of the wealth has gone to a few billionaires. And many of the jobs do not require highly paid, skilled workers.麦肯锡是一家商业咨询公司。报告称，人工智能可为世界经济增加 14 万亿至 22 万亿美元的价值。支持者表示，这项技术将创造财富并提高生活水平。有些人甚至说人工智能将增加人们的空闲时间并帮助他们更具创造力。但其他人担心这项技术会导致失业。他们指出好莱坞作家和演员担心自己会被技术取代。互联网的到来也带来了类似的承诺：提高生产力、财富和就业机会。上个月，法国外贸银行在其研究中指出，大部分财富都流向了少数亿万富翁。而且许多工作并不需要高薪、技术熟练的工人。The bank warned in its report, “We should be cautious when estimating the effects of artificial intelligence on labor productivity.” In July, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development released its opinion research of 5,300 workers about AI. Some workers hope the technology will increase pay and job satisfaction. But they are also concerned that the technology could push people to work too hard.该银行在报告中警告称，“在评估人工智能对劳动生产率的影响时，我们应该保持谨慎。” 7月，经济合作与发展组织发布了针对5300名工人对人工智能的意见研究。一些工人希望这项技术能够提高工资和工作满意度。但他们也担心这项技术可能会促使人们工作过度。Such concerns are not unfounded. History has shown the economic impact of technological progress is generally uncertain, unequal and even harmful. Johnson recently published a book, Power and Progress, with Daron Acemoglu, another economist from MIT. They studied technological progress over the last 1,000 years including clothing production, train travel, and even food shopping. The two economists looked at an invention called the spinning jenny that made it easier to turn cotton and wool into yarn. They said the device helped clothing production and created wealth for many people in the late 1700s. However, it also increased the demand for cotton and led to longer hours for workers. The demand also led to the growth of slavery in the southern United States.这种担忧并非没有根据。历史表明，技术进步的经济影响通常是不确定的、不平等的，甚至是有害的。约翰逊最近与麻省理工学院的另一位经济学家达伦·阿西莫格鲁 (Daron Acemoglu) 合作出版了一本名为《权力与进步》(Power and Progress) 的书。他们研究了过去 1000 年的技术进步，包括服装生产、火车旅行，甚至食品购物。两位经济学家研究了一项名为珍妮纺纱机的发明，它可以更轻松地将棉花和羊毛变成纱线。他们表示，该设备在 1700 年代末帮助服装生产并为许多人创造了财富。然而，这也增加了对棉花的需求，并导致工人的工作时间延长。这种需求也导致了美国南部奴隶制的增长。Johnson noted that it is easier to create something new than to make sure it works for everyone. His book shows how the arrival of rail travel improved the lives of many people in England in the 1800s. People were able to travel longer distances and eat fresh food because it could move faster from farms to cities. On the other hand, Johnson said self-checkout technology at food stores does not lower the cost or make life easier for people. All it does is reduce the number of workers and help businesses lower labor costs. As for AI technology, Johnson wonders if it will make existing inequalities worse, or “could it help us get back to something fairer?”约翰逊指出，创造新事物比确保它适合每个人更容易。他的书展示了 1800 年代铁路旅行的到来如何改善了许多英格兰人的生活。人们能够旅行更远的距离并吃到新鲜食物，因为它可以更快地从农场转移到城市。另一方面，约翰逊表示，食品店的自助结账技术并没有降低成本或让人们的生活更轻松。它所做的只是减少工人数量，帮助企业降低劳动力成本。至于人工智能技术，约翰逊想知道它是否会使现有的不平等现象变得更糟，或者“它能否帮助我们恢复更公平的状态？”

A major American game maker has banned designers from using artificial intelligence (AI) tools to create artwork for its games. The company, Wizards of the Coast, owns the product collection for the popular game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D). The role-playing game, set in an imaginary world, was first launched in 1974. Toy manufacturer Hasbro is the parent company of Wizards of the Coast and the related company D&D Beyond. Officials at D&D Beyond said they did not find out until recently that one of its artists used AI to create artwork for an upcoming book. The company said in a statement it had talked to the artist involved.美国一家主要游戏制造商禁止设计师使用人工智能 (AI) 工具为其游戏创作美术作品。 Wizards of the Coast 公司拥有热门游戏《龙与地下城》(D&D) 的产品系列。这款角色扮演游戏以虚构世界为背景，于 1974 年首次推出。 玩具制造商 Hasbro 是 Wizards of the Coast 及其关联公司 D&D Beyond 的母公司。 D&D Beyond 的官员表示，直到最近他们才发现其中一位艺术家使用人工智能为即将出版的书籍创作艺术品。该公司在一份声明中表示，已与涉事艺术家进行了交谈。D&D Beyond said the artist – who had worked for the company for more than 10 years – had agreed to no longer use AI tools for artistic designs. The company said it is also examining its current AI rules. Some D&D fans discovered the AI-developed art in the series. Hasbro bought D&D Beyond for $146.3 million last year. The Rhode Island-based toy company has owned Wizards of the Coast for more than 20 years.D&D Beyond 表示，这位已在该公司工作了 10 多年的艺术家已同意不再使用人工智能工具进行艺术设计。该公司表示，它还在审查当前的人工智能规则。一些《龙与地下城》粉丝发现了该系列中人工智能开发的艺术。孩之宝去年以 1.463 亿美元收购了《D&D Beyond》。这家总部位于罗德岛州的玩具公司拥有威世智 (Wizards of the Coast) 已超过 20 年。The AI artwork in question was part of a soon-to-be-released book of creature descriptions and lore called Bigby Presents: Glory of the Giants. The digital and physical versions of the game are set for release August 15. The use of AI tools to assist with creative work has raised copyright and labor concerns across a number of industries. The issue is part of what is fueling the current Hollywood strike. It also led the music industry organization, the Recording Academy, to change the rules of its Grammy Awards process.所讨论的人工智能艺术作品是即将出版的一本关于生物描述和传说的书的一部分，名为《毕格比的礼物：巨人的荣耀》。该游戏的数字版和实体版将于 8 月 15 日发布。使用人工智能工具辅助创意工作引起了许多行业的版权和劳工问题。这个问题是当前好莱坞罢工的部分原因。它还导致音乐行业组织唱片学院改变了格莱美颁奖流程的规则。Some artists have brought legal action against AI companies for using their work without permission. The Associated Press reported that Hasbro competitor Mattel had used AI-created images to help come up with ideas for a new Hot Wheels toy car. The news agency noted, however, that Mattel has not said exactly how it is using AI in product development.一些艺术家对未经许可使用其作品的人工智能公司提起法律诉讼。美联社报道称，孩之宝的竞争对手美泰公司使用人工智能创建的图像来帮助提出新的风火轮玩具车的创意。不过，该通讯社指出，美泰尚未具体说明其如何在产品开发中使用人工智能。

An ocean researcher at the University of California, San Diego says waves are getting bigger and stronger since 1970. There are also more “big wave events” than ever before. A big wave is about four meters tall or more. Peter Bromirski at the university’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography looked at seismic records going back to 1931 in his research. Seismic information is often used to measure the power of earthquakes. But Bromirski said large waves create enough energy to be measured by seismographs, also.加州大学圣地亚哥分校的一位海洋研究人员表示，自 1970 年以来，波浪变得越来越大、越来越强。“大波浪事件”也比以往任何时候都多。大波浪大约有四米高或更高。该大学斯克里普斯海洋学研究所的彼得·布罗米尔斯基 (Peter Bromirski) 在他的研究中研究了可追溯到 1931 年的地震记录。地震信息通常用于测量地震的强度。但布罗米尔斯基表示，大波浪也能产生足够的能量，可供地震仪测量。When large waves reach the shore, they bounce back and run into new waves. The crash sends energy through the ocean floor where it can be measured by seismographs. Those measurements permitted Bromirski to judge the strength and size of waves over a period of 90 years. Bromirski said he “stumbled upon” the seismographic information. Before the discovery, he said, “it was almost impossible” to compare waves from the past with those from the present.当大浪到达海岸时，它们会反弹并形成新的波浪。碰撞将能量传送到海底，可以通过地震仪进行测量。这些测量使布罗米尔斯基能够判断 90 年来波浪的强度和大小。布罗米尔斯基说，他“偶然发现”了地震信息。他说，在发现之前，“几乎不可能”将过去的波浪与现在的波浪进行比较。It took a lot of work to put the data together. Much of the information was on paper. Bromirski and his team of student researchers had to put the information into a computer so they could examine the data. The slow process took years. They found that the height of most waves in the winter along the California coast have grown by about 30 centimeters since 1970. Starting that year, waves of over 4 meters happened more often, as well. Between 1996 and 2016, the large waves happened twice as often as they did from 1949 to 1969. Bromirski and his team published their research recently in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans.将数据整合在一起需要花费大量的工作。许多信息都是纸质的。布罗米尔斯基和他的学生研究团队必须将信息输入计算机，以便他们可以检查数据。这个缓慢的过程需要数年时间。他们发现，自 1970 年以来，加州海岸冬季的大多数波浪高度增加了约 30 厘米。从那一年开始，超过 4 米的波浪也更频繁地发生。 1996 年至 2016 年间，巨浪发生的频率是 1949 年至 1969 年的两倍。布罗米尔斯基和他的团队最近在《地球物理研究杂志：海洋》上发表了他们的研究成果。1970 is the year scientists believe the warming of the planet began to speed up. Bromirski says the new data shows that climate change is making ocean waves taller and stronger. That means they are more likely to damage the coast, roads and structures, such as piers and houses. Bromirski said his research may be a warning that bigger and stronger waves are ahead. With more warming, sea levels will rise and waves will get stronger, causing flooding and more damage to land. The California coast has already been damaged by big waves in recent years.1970年是科学家认为地球变暖开始加速的一年。布罗米尔斯基说，新数据表明气候变化正在使海浪变得更高更强。这意味着它们更有可能破坏海岸、道路和建筑物，例如码头和房屋。布罗米尔斯基表示，他的研究可能是一个警告，更大更强的波浪即将到来。随着气候变暖，海平面将上升，波浪将变得更强，导致洪水和对土地的更大破坏。近年来，加州海岸已遭受巨浪破坏。Gary Griggs is an ocean researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He did not work on the study. He said a 30 centimeter increase in wave height over 50 years is not that large. However, the findings of the study support what scientists already know: waves are becoming stronger and causing more damage along coasts. He said Bromirski’s project adds to the data showing the world is warming fast and sea levels are rising. “The challenge,” he said, “is sort of how to really respond to that.”加里·格里格斯是加州大学圣克鲁斯分校的海洋研究员。他没有参与这项研究。他说，50年来波高增加30厘米并不算大。然而，这项研究的结果支持了科学家们已经知道的事实：海浪正在变得越来越强，对海岸造成的破坏也越来越大。他说，布罗米尔斯基的项目增加了显示世界正在快速变暖和海平面正在上升的数据。 “挑战在于，”他说，“如何真正应对这一问题。”

Flights coming from the US to Europe normally benefit from the powerful winds from the jet stream, which can boost speeds by up to 300 km/h. But this new study says that advantage will be undermined by rising emissions of CO2.从美国飞往欧洲的航班通常会受益于急流带来的强大风力，速度最多可提高 300 公里/小时。 但这项新研究表明，二氧化碳排放量的增加将削弱这一优势。Climate change could increase the jet stream wind by 15 per cent. Flights from New York would speed up. But journeys from London would be twice as likely to take over seven hours. The overall result is that round trips would get significantly longer with planes spending an extra 2,000 hours in the air, costing around $22 million every year.气候变化可能会使急流风增加 15%。 从纽约起飞的航班将会加速。 但从伦敦出发的旅程花费七个小时以上的可能性会增加一倍。 总体结果是，由于飞机在空中的飞行时间增加了 2,000 小时，往返时间将大大延长，每年花费约 2,200 万美元。While the study only looked at flights between Europe and the US, the authors believe the same impact is likely to be seen in the southern hemisphere as well. And with warming expected to increase turbulence, flying to the US could be longer, bumpier and more expensive as airlines seek to recoup their costs though higher ticket prices.虽然该研究仅关注欧洲和美国之间的航班，但作者认为南半球也可能会受到同样的影响。由于气候变暖预计会增加湍流，飞往美国的航班可能会更长、更颠簸、更昂贵，因为航空公司试图通过提高机票价格来收回成本。词汇表boost 提高，增加undermined 削弱overall 总体上significantly 巨大地impact 影响turbulence （气流）湍流，颠簸recoup 补偿

Japanese railway operator, Seibu, is testing a special help desk for foreigners at one of the company’s busiest train stations.↳ Visitors who need help at the Seibu-Shinjuku station in Tokyo can go to an information window and ask questions. About 135,000 people per day pass through the Seibu-Shinjuku station. To get help, a person just speaks into a microphone. A system called VoiceBiz listens to their words and displays them on the window in Japanese. The railway worker can see the question and reply in Japanese. Then VoiceBiz translates the answer into a language the person who needs help can understand. The system works with Japanese and 11 other languages.日本铁路运营商西武铁路正在该公司最繁忙的火车站之一测试针对外国人的特殊服务台。在东京西武新宿站需要帮助的游客可以前往信息窗口提问。 西武新宿站每天约有 135,000 人次通过。要获得帮助，人们只需对着麦克风说话即可。 一个名为 VoiceBiz 的系统会聆听他们所说的话，并将其用日语显示在窗口上。 铁路工作人员可以看到日语的问题和回复。 然后 VoiceBiz 将答案翻译成需要帮助的人可以理解的语言。 该系统支持日语和其他 11 种语言。Rail stations throughout Japan are very busy this summer. More than 2 million people visited Japan in June, the most since before 2020. COVID-19 restrictions barred most foreign travelers for a long time. Kevin Khani was visiting Japan from Germany. He tried out the VoiceBiz system recently after getting confused in Seibu’s Shinjuku station.He said the translations were “spot on,” which means they were exactly right. He also said it is nice to see that there is a human working at the window. “So, you take your time to explain what you need, and you will know that they will understand what you need," he said.今年夏天，日本各地的火车站都非常繁忙。 6 月份访问日本的人数超过 200 万人，是 2020 年以来的最高水平。COVID-19 限制措施长期禁止大多数外国游客入境。凯文·卡尼 (Kevin Khani) 从德国访问日本。 最近，他在西武新宿站感到困惑后，尝试了 VoiceBiz 系统。他说翻译是“准确的”，这意味着它们完全正确。 他还说很高兴看到有人在窗口工作。“所以，你花时间解释你的需求，你就会知道他们会理解你的需求，”他说。The Seibu railway has been testing the VoiceBiz system for three months. After that time, the company will consider using it in additional stations. Ayano Yajima is a sales and marketing official for Seibu. Yajima said looking at each other adds to the “smoothness of communication.” Toppan is the company that makes VoiceBiz. It tested the window at Kansai International Airport near Osaka earlier this year. It hopes to sell the windows to businesses and government offices in Japan so they can communicate with travelers and immigrants.西武铁路已经对 VoiceBiz 系统进行了三个月的测试。 在此之后，该公司将考虑在其他车站使用它。矢岛彩乃 (Ayano Yajima) 是西武百货公司的销售和营销官员。 矢岛说，互相看着对方可以增加“沟通的顺畅度”。Toppan 是开发 VoiceBiz 的公司。 今年早些时候，它在大阪附近的关西国际机场测试了该窗户。 它希望将这些窗户出售给日本的企业和政府机构，以便他们能够与旅行者和移民进行沟通。The company believes the Shinjuku area is a good testing place. The busiest railway station in the world is nearby – 3.6 million people use the Japan Railway station in Shinjuku. Many people use the Seibu train to get to other trains and subways and go to other places in Tokyo or the rest of Japan. As a result, there is a high chance that someone gets lost or needs help.French visitors Isabelle and Marc Rigaud used the help window to find their way from the Seibu station to the Japan Railway station. They had just gotten off an airplane at 1 in the morning, local time.“It’s very Japan,” Isabelle said of the technology.该公司认为新宿地区是一个很好的测试地点。 世界上最繁忙的火车站就在附近 – 360 万人使用位于新宿的日本火车站。 许多人乘坐西武列车前往其他火车和地铁，前往东京或日本其他地方的其他地方。 因此，有人迷路或需要帮助的可能性很高。法国游客 Isabelle 和 Marc Rigaud 使用帮助窗口找到了从西武站到日本火车站的路线。 当地时间凌晨1点，他们刚刚下了飞机。“这非常日本，”伊莎贝尔谈到这项技术时说道。

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently said that by law food makers are permitted to add sesame to their products. They also must identify sesame content in their foods on product packaging. Sesame is the seed of the sesamum or benne plant. It is used to make oil and the seeds themselves are often used on bread or baked goods. The seeds come in black and white colors. Sesame is used in many foods to add a nutty flavor or some crunch. But the American non-profit group, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), says about 1.6 million people are allergic to the seeds. Someone who is allergic can get very sick after eating the seeds. People with the allergy usually learn to stay away from traditional foods that contain sesame.美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）最近表示，根据法律，食品制造商可以在其产品中添加芝麻。 他们还必须在产品包装上标明食品中的芝麻含量。芝麻是芝麻或芝麻植物的种子。 它用于制造油，种子本身通常用于面包或烘焙食品。 种子有黑色和白色。芝麻用于许多食品中以增加坚果味或松脆感。但美国非营利组织公共利益科学中心 (CSPI) 表示，约有 160 万人对这些种子过敏。 过敏的人吃了种子后可能会病得很重。 患有过敏症的人通常会学会远离含有芝麻的传统食物。The CSPI is protesting to the FDA about a law that went into effect in January. The Food Allergy Safety, Treatment, Education, and Research Act, known as FASTER, listed sesame as a major allergen requiring identification on packaging for the first time.↳ Some food companies made changes to their production centers in reaction to the new law. Some cut sesame use completely. Others, however, decided to add sesame to products that did not usually contain it. As long as they identified the sesame on the food packaging, they were obeying the law fully. The CSPI and other organizations argue that adding sesame to foods that did not contain it in the past limits food choices for allergic people.CSPI 就 1 月份生效的一项法律向 FDA 提出抗议。《食品过敏安全、治疗、教育和研究法案》（FASTER）首次将芝麻列为主要过敏原，需要在包装上进行标识。为了应对新法律，一些食品公司对其生产中心进行了调整。 有的完全切芝麻。 然而，其他人决定在通常不含芝麻的产品中添加芝麻。 只要他们识别出食品包装上有芝麻，就完全遵守了法律。CSPI 和其他组织认为，在过去不含芝麻的食物中添加芝麻限制了过敏人群的食物选择。Some food companies say it is too hard to prevent sesame from getting into some products, or it is too costly to change their production centers. It is easier to add sesame and identify it legally. Some restaurants are also adding sesame to their foods and noting it on menus or meal listings in order to meet the requirements of the food law. Robert Earl is a food safety advocate. He said the practice will put people with food allergies in danger of getting sick. “It puts our community at greater risk,” he said. Earl added that food companies and restaurants adding sesame to products reduces food choices.一些食品公司表示，很难阻止芝麻进入某些产品，或者改变生产中心的成本太高。 添加芝麻更容易合法识别。一些餐馆还在食物中添加芝麻，并在菜单或餐单上注明，以满足食品法的要求。罗伯特·厄尔 (Robert Earl) 是一位食品安全倡导者。 他说这种做法将使食物过敏的人面临生病的危险。 “这使我们的社区面临更大的风险，”他说。 厄尔补充说，食品公司和餐馆在产品中添加芝麻会减少食物的选择。Earl said his organization – Food Allergy Research and Education – has received a number of complaints from people who said they got sick by eating formerly “safe” products. Ruchi Gupta is a children’s doctor at Northwestern University. She is director of the Center for Food Allergy and Asthma research there. Gupta called the FDA’s decision “disappointing,” and noted that the food company and restaurant changes are permitted by law. However, she said she hoped the FDA would have “come out in a way to try to discourage” putting sesame in unusual products. Robert Califf leads the Food and Drug Administration. In a message posted online in 2023, he wrote about companies adding sesame to their foods. He called it “a practice with an outcome we do not support.” He said it does not break any rule but that it “limits options for consumers who are allergic to sesame.”厄尔说，他的组织——食物过敏研究和教育——收到了许多人们的投诉，他们说他们因为吃了以前“安全”的产品而生病了。鲁奇·古普塔 (Ruchi Gupta) 是西北大学的儿童医生。 她是那里食物过敏和哮喘研究中心的主任。 古普塔称 FDA 的决定“令人失望”，并指出食品公司和餐厅的改变是法律允许的。 然而，她表示，她希望 FDA 能够“采取某种方式阻止”在不寻常的产品中添加芝麻。罗伯特·卡利夫 (Robert Califf) 领导食品和药物管理局。 在 2023 年在线发布的一条消息中，他写到了一些公司在食品中添加芝麻的情况。 他称其为“我们不支持这种做法的结果”。 他表示，这并没有违反任何规则，但它“限制了对芝麻过敏的消费者的选择”。He also noted that consumers should “check the label every time you buy a food product – even if you have eaten it before and didn’t have an allergic reaction.” The F.D.A. also said companies cannot use language like “may contain sesame” if the product does not contain it. Peter Lurie heads the CSPI. He said he hoped the FDA’s recent statements would send a message to food companies. He said “it’s on the companies to act responsibly,” if the FDA is not going to force them to make changes.他还指出，消费者应该“每次购买食品时检查标签——即使你以前吃过它并且没有过敏反应。”FDA 还表示，如果产品不含芝麻，公司就不能使用“可能含有芝麻”之类的语言。Peter Lurie 是 CSPI 的负责人。 他说，他希望 FDA 最近的声明能够向食品公司传达一个信息。 他说，如果 FDA 不强迫他们做出改变，“公司就有责任采取负责任的行动”。

Summer is a great time of year – but, unfortunately, it's not just us humans that enjoy it. Mosquitos seem to make the most out of the season by biting us, and as well as being annoying, mosquito-borne diseases can be dangerous. What can we do to avoid getting bitten?夏天是一年中的美好时光，但不幸的是，享受夏天的不仅仅是我们人类。蚊子似乎通过叮咬我们来充分利用这个季节，蚊子传播的疾病不仅令人烦恼，而且可能很危险。我们应该怎样做才能避免被咬呢？The most obvious answer is to use mosquito repellent. Professor James Logan from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine explains that DEET, the chemical used in many repellents, confuses the insects' sense of smell, making it difficult to recognise humans. Though be careful – as biologist Roger Eritja points out – any bits of skin that aren't covered by repellent are still likely to get bitten. Logan also recommends using plug-in insecticides to kill or repel mosquitos in the room. However, it might be best to avoid using electric bug zappers. Daniel Markowski from the American Mosquito Control Association highlights that mosquitos are only a small proportion of the number of insects they kill, and that many of the others are beneficial.最明显的答案是使用驱蚊剂。伦敦卫生与热带医学学院的詹姆斯·洛根教授解释说，许多驱虫剂中使用的化学物质避蚊胺会混淆昆虫的嗅觉，使其难以识别人类。尽管要小心——正如生物学家罗杰·埃里特加（Roger Eritja）指出的那样——任何没有被驱虫剂覆盖的皮肤仍然可能被咬。洛根还建议使用插入式杀虫剂来杀死或驱除房间内的蚊子。然而，最好避免使用电动灭虫器。美国蚊子控制协会的丹尼尔·马科夫斯基强调，蚊子只占其杀死的昆虫数量的一小部分，而其他许多昆虫都是有益的。Clothing is another consideration that affects whether mosquitos choose to attack us. Amy Glover, writing in the Huffington Post, tells us that dark colours attract mosquitos. James Logan adds that loose clothing is preferable as it is harder for mosquitos to bite through – they're even able to penetrate jeans if they are worn tightly.服装是影响蚊子是否选择攻击我们的另一个考虑因素。艾米·格洛弗（Amy Glover）在《赫芬顿邮报》上撰文告诉我们，深色会吸引蚊子。詹姆斯·洛根补充说，宽松的衣服更好，因为蚊子更难咬穿——如果牛仔裤穿得很紧，它们甚至可以穿透牛仔裤。Light, loose clothing also means people sweat less. A 2019 study showed that mosquitos are able to use the smell of human sweat to find their victims. This is why Homes editor Katie Mortram recommends taking a shower before bed to avoid getting bitten. Another way to stop the smell of your sweat attracting mosquitos is to use deodorant to disguise the smell of your sweat. Masie Vollans – a researcher into mosquito ecology, points out that a compound found in deodorants has been shown to stop mosquitos landing on the skin.轻便、宽松的衣服也意味着人们出汗较少。2019 年的一项研究表明，蚊子能够利用人类汗液的气味来寻找受害者。这就是为什么《Homes》编辑凯蒂·莫特拉姆（Katie Mortram）建议睡前洗澡以避免被咬。另一种阻止汗味吸引蚊子的方法是使用除臭剂来掩盖汗味。蚊子生态学研究员 Masie Vollans 指出，除臭剂中的一种化合物已被证明可以阻止蚊子落在皮肤上。What we eat and drink may also have an impact on how attractive we are to mosquitos. Vollans mentions two studies that found drinking beer and eating bananas can make people more attractive to mosquitos. So, as well as using repellents and insecticides, thinking about our clothing, reducing our sweat and changing what we eat and drink could help to reduce the risk of mosquito bites.我们吃什么和喝什么也可能会影响我们对蚊子的吸引力。沃伦斯提到两项研究发现，喝啤酒和吃香蕉可以让人对蚊子更有吸引力。因此，除了使用驱虫剂和杀虫剂之外，考虑一下我们的衣服、减少出汗和改变饮食习惯也有助于降低蚊虫叮咬的风险。词汇表bite 叮，咬mosquito-borne disease 由蚊子传播的疾病mosquito repellent 驱蚊剂tropical medicine 热带医学DEET 避蚊胺（常见防蚊液成分）insect 昆虫skin 皮肤insecticide 杀虫剂bug zapper 灭虫灯attack 攻击attract 吸引penetrate 穿过，穿透sweat 出汗，流汗victim 牺牲品deodorant 体味除臭剂land on 落在，停在

A new fossil study by researchers from China and Canada suggests that ancient mammals may have attacked and eaten larger dinosaurs.中国和加拿大研究人员的一项新化石研究表明，古代哺乳动物可能攻击并吃掉了更大的恐龙。The scientists looked at a fossil found by a Chinese farmer in 2012. A fossil is the mineralized remains of an animal or plant left in an ancient rock.科学家们观察了一位中国农民在 2012 年发现的化石。化石是古代岩石中动物或植物的矿化遗骸。The scientists said the fossil is from 125 million years ago. They published their findings recently in the journal Scientific Reports.科学家称这块化石距今1.25亿年前。 他们最近在《科学报告》杂志上发表了他们的发现。The scientists believe a mammal, similar to a badger, attacked a small, beaked dinosaur. During the attack, the animals were caught up in a lava flow from a nearby volcano. The moment was locked in time until it was found over 12 years ago.科学家们认为，一种类似于獾的哺乳动物袭击了一只小型的有喙的恐龙。 在袭击过程中，这些动物被困在附近火山的熔岩流中。 这一时刻被时间锁定，直到 12 年前才被发现。Researchers call the place where the fossil was found “China’s Pompeii.” Pompeii was a city in Italy that was caught in a volcanic eruption about 2000 years ago. Ash covered the city and preserved moments from daily life. Researchers discovered the ruins of the city about 500 years ago.研究人员将化石发现地称为“中国的庞贝古城”。 庞贝古城是意大利的一座城市，大约2000年前曾遭受火山喷发。 火山灰覆盖了整个城市，保留了日常生活的瞬间。 研究人员发现了这座大约 500 年前的城市遗址。In the past, dinosaur researchers believed small, scavenging mammals might have eaten dead dinosaurs. However, they were not sure that mammals attacked living dinosaurs.过去，恐龙研究人员认为小型食腐哺乳动物可能吃过死去的恐龙。 然而，他们不确定哺乳动物是否攻击过现存的恐龙。Jordan Mallon is a paleobiologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, Ontario. He was one of the study’s writers.乔丹·马伦 (Jordan Mallon) 是安大略省渥太华加拿大自然博物馆的古生物学家。 他是该研究的作者之一。“I’ve never seen a fossil like this before,” he said.“我以前从未见过这样的化石，”他说。Steve Brusatte is a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. He did not work on the study. He described the fossil as a “freeze frame” or something like a photograph.史蒂夫布鲁萨特是苏格兰爱丁堡大学的古生物学家。 他没有参与这项研究。 他将这块化石描述为“定格”或类似照片的东西。“It turns the old story on its head,” he said. Brusatte said the old idea was that dinosaurs ruled the world with small mammals “in the shadows.”“这颠覆了这个古老的故事，”他说。 布鲁萨特说，过去的想法是恐龙统治着世界，而小型哺乳动物则“在阴影中”。Mallon said he would be happy for other scientists to examine the fossil if they are concerned that it might not be real.马伦说，如果其他科学家担心这块化石可能不是真的，他会很高兴检查这块化石。He described the mammal as about the size of a house cat. He said the dinosaur was about the size of an average dog.他描述这种哺乳动物大约有家猫那么大。 他说这只恐龙的大小与普通狗差不多。He said the species of dinosaur is Psittacosaurus and the mammal is called Repenomamus. The dinosaur ate plants, but other dinosaurs ate meat and hunted mammals.他说，恐龙的种类是鹦鹉嘴龙，哺乳动物的名字是Repenomamus。 恐龙吃植物，但其他恐龙吃肉并捕猎哺乳动物。Mallon said it would have been more common for a dinosaur to hunt a mammal, but the fossil he studied shows something new.马伦说，恐龙捕食哺乳动物的情况更为常见，但他研究的化石显示了一些新的东西。“We now know that the mammals were able to fight back, at least at times,” he said.“我们现在知道哺乳动物能够反击，至少有时是这样，”他说。

More restaurants in Japan are offering bugs in their dishes.日本越来越多的餐馆在菜肴中加入虫子。On a recent vacation in Tokyo, Takumi Yamamoto ate a special lunch of cricket curry and silkworm sashimi, which is usually made with raw fish. He drank a water bug cider.最近在东京度假时，山本拓海吃了一顿特别的午餐，包括咖喱蟋蟀和蚕生鱼片，这些午餐通常是用生鱼制成的。 他喝了一杯水虫苹果酒。The 26-year-old office worker is one of many people around the world with a growing interest in entomophagy, or the practice of eating insects. Bugs are slowly becoming more usable as a food source.这位 26 岁的办公室职员是世界各地对食虫现象日益感兴趣的人之一。 虫子正慢慢变得更适合作为食物来源。Yamamoto said he sometimes ate grasshoppers dipped in soy sauce as a child. In Tokyo, he ate insect foods at Take-Noko cafe, which serves many bug dishes.山本说，他小时候有时会吃蘸酱油的蚱蜢。 在东京，他在 Take-Noko 咖啡馆吃昆虫食品，那里供应许多昆虫菜肴。"It's fun to select from a wider variety of dishes," Yamamoto said. "Everything was tasty. In particular, the water bug cider was quite refreshing … like a green apple."“从更多种类的菜肴中进行选择很有趣，”山本说。 “一切都很美味。特别是水蝽苹果酒非常清爽……就像青苹果一样。”Entomophagy started to be taken seriously after the United Nations declared bugs a good source of protein to feed a growing world population. With livestock farming’s effects on climate change and world hunger issues from weather and war, there has been more interest in the nutrition bugs can provide.在联合国宣布昆虫是养活不断增长的世界人口的良好蛋白质来源之后，食虫行为开始受到认真对待。 由于畜牧业对气候变化以及天气和战争造成的世界饥饿问题的影响，人们对昆虫所能提供的营养越来越感兴趣。

In her latest gardening story, Jessica Damiano tells of the garden pests and diseases she has seen in her plants. The Associated Press writer suggests acting quickly when combatting garden pests and diseases. When not dealt with quickly, pests and diseases can quickly grow and reproduce. That can result in less plant growth and worse health, less flower and fruit production, or even death of your plants. Her measure always begins with the gentlest treatment possible. She only intensifies her treatments when necessary. Even then, she has her limits. Damiano says she would rather lose a flower or vegetable plant than use strong chemicals.在杰西卡·达米亚诺最新的园艺故事中，她讲述了她在植物中发现的花园病虫害。美联社撰稿人建议在防治花园病虫害时迅速采取行动。 如果不及时处理，害虫和疾病会迅速生长和繁殖。 这可能会导致植物生长减少、健康状况恶化、花卉和水果产量减少，甚至植物死亡。她的措施总是从尽可能最温和的治疗开始。 她只在必要时加强治疗。 即便如此，她也有自己的局限性。 达米亚诺说，她宁愿失去一朵花或一株蔬菜，也不愿使用强效化学物质。In the case of her tomato plants, Damiano caught the aphids, a pest, early. She washed them off and removed the ones that would not come off by using her fingers under moving water. They have not returned in the week since removing them, but she looks out for them every day, just in case. Had the invasion been severe or the water and finger removal method been ineffective, she would have used Neem oil. The organic oil, which comes from the seeds of the Neem tree, kills aphids by not permitting them to breathe. It is safe to use on plants that will be eaten and it is not harmful to people, animals, and birds. Still, it should be used after the sun has set when helpful insects are less active.就番茄植株而言，达米亚诺很早就发现了害虫蚜虫。 她把它们洗掉，并用手指在流动的水下洗掉那些无法脱落的部分。 自从把它们移走后，他们已经一周没有回来了，但她每天都会照顾它们，以防万一。如果入侵很严重，或者水和手指去除方法无效，她就会使用印楝油。 来自印楝树种子的有机油通过阻止蚜虫呼吸来杀死它们。 它可以安全地用于可食用的植物，并且对人、动物和鸟类无害。 尽管如此，还是应该在太阳落山之后使用，此时有益的昆虫不太活跃。The same day Damiano found the aphids, she found another pest called scarlet lily beetles on her Asiatic lily plants. The adult red insects feed on a grouping of plants called true lilies and fritillaries. In an earlier stage of life, called the larval stage, they cover themselves in waste. This makes them less appealing to those that would want to eat them. But the coating also protects them from chemicals, making them difficult to remove. The pests had already damaged some of her plants. To prevent more damage, she removed them by tapping them off of the plant into some water with soap and vinegar, or household cleaners.达米亚诺发现蚜虫的同一天，她在她的亚洲百合植物上发现了另一种名为猩红百合甲虫的害虫。 成年红色昆虫以一组称为真百合和贝母的植物为食。在生命的早期阶段，即幼虫阶段，它们用废物覆盖自己。 这使得它们对那些想吃它们的人来说不太有吸引力。 但涂层还可以保护它们免受化学物质的侵害，使它们难以去除。害虫已经损坏了她的一些植物。 为了防止造成更多损害，她将它们从植物上敲下来，放入含有肥皂和醋的水或家用清洁剂中，从而将它们去除。Her rhododendron, a flowering plant, were attacked by a pest called azalea bark scale last summer. She saw the white insects had come back this year. Some of the leaves were infested, so she cut them off. But because most of the leaves only had a few of the pests, she was able to remove them by touching each insect with some rubbing alcohol. By working early, Damiano slowed or stopped infestations that could have killed her plants. The same would be true for diseases, many of which also respond better to early treatments.去年夏天，她的杜鹃花（一种开花植物）遭到一种名为杜鹃花树皮鳞片的害虫的侵袭。 她看到今年白色的虫子又回来了。 有些叶子被感染了，所以她把它们剪掉了。 但由于大多数叶子上只有少数害虫，她通过用外用酒精触摸每只昆虫来清除它们。通过尽早工作，达米亚诺减缓或阻止了可能杀死她的植物的虫害。 对于疾病来说也是如此，其中许多疾病对早期治疗的反应也更好。

Researchers say they have identified earth movement signals that could predict earthquakes up to two hours before they hit. The signals were recorded, or detected, by GPS collection devices. The devices were positioned in areas where major earthquakes had struck in the past. Scientists noted, however, that the right equipment does not currently exist to use the data to predict earthquakes. But if the sensitivity of current GPS measuring devices can be improved, the researchers say a new earthquake warning system could be possible.研究人员表示，他们已经识别出地球运动信号，可以在地震发生前两小时预测地震。这些信号由 GPS 收集设备记录或检测。 这些设备位于过去发生过大地震的地区。然而，科学家指出，目前尚不存在使用这些数据来预测地震的合适设备。 但研究人员表示，如果当前 GPS 测量设备的灵敏度能够得到提高，新的地震预警系统就有可能实现。Earthquakes are caused by movements, or slips, in existing faults under Earth’s surface, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) explains. A fault is a long break in rock attached to Earth’s crust. When tension builds up along a fault, energy waves are released and travel through the crust. This causes the ground to shake. Technology for predicting earthquakes currently remains very limited. But the USGS does have equipment that can pick up seismic data when an earthquake is just starting. The term seismic relates to earthquake activity. The USGS method makes it possible to warn people in areas where seismic activity is expected. But this method generally can only provide a warning several seconds before an earthquake hits. The USGS system is called ShakeAlert. It has already been deployed along the U.S. West Coast. That is where the majority of earthquakes happen in the country.美国地质调查局 (USGS) 解释说，地震是由地球表面下现有断层的运动或滑动引起的。 断层是附着在地壳上的岩石的长期断裂。 当断层上的张力增强时，能量波就会被释放并穿过地壳。 这会导致地面震动。目前预测地震的技术仍然非常有限。 但美国地质勘探局确实拥有可以在地震刚开始时采集地震数据的设备。 地震一词与地震活动有关。美国地质调查局的方法可以向预计发生地震活动的地区的人们发出警告。 但这种方法一般只能在地震发生前几秒发出警告。 美国地质调查局的系统称为 ShakeAlert。 它已经在美国西海岸部署。 这是该国大多数地震发生的地方。But the new detection method could produce warnings up to two hours before the damaging effects of an earthquake are felt. Such a system could save lives by giving people the chance to get out of buildings that might collapse in an earthquake. Two scientists from France’s National Research Institute for Sustainable Development carried out a study that described the latest results. The findings recently appeared in the publication Science.↳ For the study, researchers examined GPS data collected before and after past earthquake events around the world. The data was collected on 90 earthquakes measuring larger than 7 on the Richter scale. The study period covered the past 20 years.但新的检测方法可以在感受到地震破坏性影响之前两个小时发出警告。 这样的系统可以让人们有机会逃离可能在地震中倒塌的建筑物，从而挽救生命。法国国家可持续发展研究所的两名科学家进行了一项研究，描述了最新结果。 该研究结果最近发表在《科学》杂志上。在这项研究中，研究人员检查了世界各地过去地震事件前后收集的 GPS 数据。 这些数据收集了 90 次里氏 7 级以上的地震。 研究时间跨度近20年。The team identified a pattern of fault movements as they examined the data collected from different areas. The movement signals were recorded within two hours of an earthquake striking. The researchers said the study demonstrates that faults generally begin to move about two hours before a large earthquake. Scientists had identified such signals before single earthquakes in the past. But until now, researchers were not able to link those signals to all seismic events. While the data identified this pattern, the scientists said the instruments that could capture GPS data in real time do not currently exist.研究小组在检查从不同区域收集的数据时发现了断层运动的模式。 地震发生后两小时内记录了运动信号。 研究人员表示，研究表明断层通常在大地震发生前两小时左右开始移动。科学家们在过去的单次地震之前就发现了此类信号。 但到目前为止，研究人员还无法将这些信号与所有地震事件联系起来。虽然数据识别出了这种模式，但科学家们表示，目前还不存在能够实时捕获 GPS 数据的仪器。The National Research Institute for Sustainable Development issued a statement on the development. It said that in order to make predictions, researchers “would need to measure signals at least 10 times smaller than what we can presently do.” Another way to possibly build a better earthquake prediction system would be to develop “dense measurement networks” that sit very close to faults.国家可持续发展研究所就此发表了一份声明。报告称，为了做出预测，研究人员“需要测量的信号至少比我们目前所能测量的信号小 10 倍。”另一种可能建立更好的地震预测系统的方法是开发非常靠近断层的“密集测量网络”。

Olympic Games organizers in France presented the 2024 Olympic torch that will light the Summer Games in the country a year from now. In the Olympic torch tradition, many people carry the torch in turn from Greece to the current location of the Games. After it has traveled thousands of kilometers, the torch will light the Olympic cauldron at the Opening Ceremony of the next Olympic Games.法国奥运会组织者赠送了 2024 年奥运会火炬，该火炬将在一年后照亮该国的夏季奥运会。 按照奥运火炬传递的传统，许多人依次将火炬从希腊传递到目前的奥运会举办地。 火炬经过数千公里后，将在下一届奥运会开幕式上点燃圣火台。French designer Mathieu Lehanneur created the torch, which is 70 centimeters long and made of lightweight steel. Lehanneur said its shape is inspired by the famous Seine river, which flows through Paris. He said the torch is equal from top to bottom and all around the middle, which stands for equality between athletes. The twisting shape of the torch represents peace.法国设计师Mathieu Lehanneur创造了这支火炬，它长70厘米，由轻质钢制成。 勒汉尼尔说，它的形状灵感来自流经巴黎的著名塞纳河。 他说，火炬从上到下、中间都是平等的，这代表了运动员之间的平等。 火炬的扭曲形状代表着和平。The torch was made with lightweight steel. Its lower half copies the movement of the Seine, along which the opening ceremony will take place for over 500,000 viewers.火炬由轻质钢制成。 它的下半部分模仿了塞纳河的流动，开幕式将沿着塞纳河举行，届时将有超过 500,000 名观众。Lehanneur said he wants the torch to represent the kind of event that Paris 2024 hopes to be. “I wanted to move away from the torch appearing as an object of conquest,” Lehanneur said.勒汉尼尔表示，他希望火炬能代表 2024 年巴黎奥运会所希望的那种活动。 “我不想把火炬当作征服的对象，”勒汉尼尔说。He also told reporters that designing the torch was much more technical than he thought it would be. “The magic is not the torch itself, but the flame,” Lehanneur said.他还告诉记者，设计火炬的技术含量比他想象的要高得多。 “魔法不是火炬本身，而是火焰，”勒汉尼尔说。The torch will begin burning in Olympia, Greece, where the first Olympics were held, on April 16. The Games will begin in Paris on July 26, 2024.圣火将于 4 月 16 日在首届奥运会举办地希腊奥林匹亚开始燃烧。奥运会将于 2024 年 7 月 26 日在巴黎开幕。On May 8, the torch will arrive in the Mediterranean city of Marseille. It will then pass through several important places, which include Strasbourg, the Pantheon in Paris, the Mont Saint-Michel and multiple French territories.5月8日，火炬将抵达地中海城市马赛。 随后将经过几个重要地点，包括斯特拉斯堡、巴黎万神殿、圣米歇尔山和多个法国领土。Tony Estanguet, the Paris 2024 chief, said the torch is “very, very beautiful.” He also said it is “…very pure. It’s perfectly balanced in the hand.”2024 年巴黎奥运会主席托尼·埃斯坦格特 (Tony Estanguet) 表示，火炬“非常非常漂亮”。 他还说它“……非常纯净。 拿在手里完美平衡。”