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With an ongoing war in Europe, high energy prices and food shortages, some wealthy people find themselves wanting to spend their money in ways that do not draw attention. Even in the current economic climate, many people who have a lot of money are still buying costly items such as fine wool clothing and leather bags. However, they are purchasing items without the large company logos and lettering that were once so popular. Some observers are calling it “stealth wealth.” Stealth is another word for secret or quiet.随着欧洲持续不断的战争、高昂的能源价格和食品短缺，一些富人发现自己想以不引人注意的方式花钱。即使在当前的经济形势下，许多有钱人仍在购买昂贵的物品，例如细毛衣和皮包。但是，他们购买的商品没有曾经如此流行的大公司徽标和字母。一些观察家称其为“隐形财富”。 Stealth 是秘密或安静的另一种说法。Expert observers who follow the buying trends of wealthy people say they have recently noticed the change. They point to the clothing worn by actor and businesswoman Gwyneth Paltrow during her recent televised legal case. Paltrow wore clothing from costly makers such as Prada and Celine. However, nothing she wore was flashy. Things that are flashy are especially bright or noticeable.关注富人购买趋势的专家观察员说，他们最近注意到了这种变化。他们指的是演员兼女商人格温妮丝·帕特洛 (Gwyneth Paltrow) 在最近的电视诉讼中穿的衣服。帕特洛 (Paltrow) 穿的衣服出自 Prada 和 Celine 等昂贵品牌。然而，她穿的任何一件都不华而不实。华而不实的事物特别明亮或引人注目。Observers also see the clothes worn by the actors on the popular HBO television show Succession. The show follows the wealthy family of a television company owner. The actors wear clothes and carry items that look good but do not clearly show the names of the companies that make them. On the television show, which is in its final season, viewers have watched for clues about the characters’ clothing since 2018. Michelle Matland is the costume designer for the show. She said the wealthy Roy family on the show does not wear clothing with “bling quality.” Matland used the real-life Kardashian family as an example of people who wear bling -- clothing and jewelry that are meant to be noticed.观察者还可以看到 HBO 热门电视节目《继承》中演员所穿的衣服。该节目讲述了一家电视公司老板的富裕家庭。演员们穿的衣服和带的东西看起来不错，但并没有清楚地标明制造它们的公司的名字。在这部已进入最后一季的电视节目中，自 2018 年以来，观众一直在寻找有关角色服装的线索。米歇尔·马特兰 (Michelle Matland) 是该节目的服装设计师。她说节目中富有的罗伊家族不穿“闪闪发光”的衣服。 Matland 以现实生活中的卡戴珊家族为例，说明人们穿着闪闪发光的衣服和珠宝，这些都是为了引人注目。The Roy family wears dark clothing and baseball hats without logos or names. At one point in the story, an outsider gives Logan Roy, the head of the Roy family, a costly but flashy Patek Philippe watch. Logan does not say “thank you” and later gives it away. Watches of that kind can cost $300,000. But the Roy family does not wear items that “look” costly. Jodi Kahn is vice president of luxury fashion at Neiman Marcus, an American store that is known for selling costly items. She said she and others in her line of work have found that brands such as Loewe, Saint Laurent and Miu Miu have “leaned into the more classic sensibility.” Martin Pedraza is the head of The Luxury Institute, a consulting business. He said the idea of “stealth wealth” comes up every time people get worried about the economy. Those who have a lot of money want to dress like average people but they can still afford costly items. So companies that make high-priced clothing sell items that do not look extreme.罗伊一家穿着深色衣服，头戴没有标志或名字的棒球帽。在故事的某个时刻，一位局外人送给罗伊家族的首领洛根罗伊一块昂贵但华而不实的百达翡丽手表。洛根没有说“谢谢”，后来就把它送人了。那种手表可能要花费 300,000 美元。但罗伊一家不穿“看起来”昂贵的物品。 Jodi Kahn 是 Neiman Marcus 的奢侈时尚副总裁，Neiman Marcus 是一家以销售昂贵商品而闻名的美国商店。她说，她和她所在行业的其他人发现，Loewe、Saint Laurent 和 Miu Miu 等品牌“倾向于更经典的情感”。 Martin Pedraza 是咨询公司 The Luxury Institute 的负责人。他说，每当人们对经济感到担忧时，“隐形财富”的想法就会出现。那些有钱的人想穿得和普通人一样，但他们仍然买得起昂贵的东西。因此，生产高价服装的公司出售的商品看起来并不极端。As a result, the wealthy person does not clearly look wealthy. Pedraza said that happened in the 1990s as well as during the economic recession that started in 2008. Even with the current trend of people buying items that are not flashy, Pedraza said some brands will never change. They will always want their name in big letters and use bright colors.“There will always be people who want the logos” Pedraza said. “Chanel could (never) give up its logo.”结果，富人看起来并不富有。 Pedraza 说，这发生在 1990 年代以及 2008 年开始的经济衰退期间。即使当前人们购买不华丽的商品的趋势，Pedraza 说一些品牌永远不会改变。他们总是希望自己的名字用大写字母并使用鲜艳的颜色。“总会有人想要徽标，”Pedraza 说。 “香奈儿不可能（永远）放弃它的标志。”

Where is the line between art and advertising? The question is central to a big dispute in a small American town. A large painting in Conway, New Hampshire, has led to a zoning conflict, a First Amendment legal action and a local vote. It started with a high school art project to paint a picture on a building in the town. The building houses a store called Leavitt’s Country Bakery. The picture shows the sun shining over mountains of chocolate and strawberry donuts, a cinnamon roll and a blueberry muffin. These are the kinds of sweet treats found in bakeries. Then the town zoning board got involved. It decided that the painting was more advertising than art. Officials said that, as an advertisement, the sign was too big. Its size violated town rules. The board ordered the sign be removed or changed.艺术与广告的界限在哪里？这个问题是美国小镇一场大争论的核心。新罕布什尔州康威的一幅大型画作引发了分区冲突、第一修正案法律诉讼和当地投票。它始于一个高中艺术项目，在镇上的一栋建筑上画一幅画。该建筑内有一家名为 Leavitt’s Country Bakery 的商店。图为阳光照耀着堆积如山的巧克力和草莓甜甜圈、肉桂卷和蓝莓松饼。这些是面包店里的甜食。然后城镇分区委员会介入了。它决定这幅画与其说是艺术，不如说是广告。官方表示，作为广告，这个牌子太大了。它的大小违反了城镇规则。董事会下令移除或更改标志。Bakery owner Sean Young faced possible fines if he did not follow the order. So, he decided to fight it in court. Young’s legal action accuses the town of Conway of violating his right to free speech, guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. “They said it would be art elsewhere,” Young told The Associated Press. “It’s just not art here. “The town should not have the right to police art,” he said.如果面包店老板 Sean Young 不遵守命令，他可能会面临罚款。因此，他决定在法庭上与之抗争。杨的法律诉讼指控康威镇侵犯了美国宪法保障的言论自由权。“他们说这将是其他地方的艺术，”杨告诉美联社。“这里不是艺术。“小镇不应该拥有警察艺术的权利，”他说。The dispute has the town of 10,000 people debating big questions about creativity and freedom. Conway is in the White Moutains, a popular area with visitors. The town is under pressure to increase business development. Some residents worry that compromises with development interests will lead to unwanted changes to their town. Many, including the zoning board members, liked the students' work. But they said rules must be followed. At about 8.6 square meters, the mural is four times bigger than zoning rules permit for advertising signs. At town meetings, residents discussed how to define a sign. Then, last week, they voted against changes to the rules. The local newspaper said the wording of the proposed changes was not clear. A judge may have to make the final decision on what remains an open debate in town.这场争论让这个拥有 10,000 人的小镇就创造力和自由的重大问题进行了辩论。康威位于白山地区，这是一个受游客欢迎的地区。该镇面临着增加商业发展的压力。一些居民担心与发展利益妥协会导致他们的城镇发生不必要的变化。许多人，包括分区委员会成员，都喜欢学生们的作品。但他们说必须遵守规则。这幅壁画面积约为 8.6 平方米，比分区规则允许的广告标志大四倍。在镇会议上，居民们讨论了如何定义标志。然后，上周，他们投票反对修改规则。当地报纸称，拟议修改的措辞不明确。法官可能必须就镇上仍然公开辩论的内容做出最终决定。The lawsuit Young filed in January asks that the court prevent the town from enforcing its sign law. Other businesses have entered into the dispute. Long before the painting over Leavitt’s, Conway had permitted other paintings at a local shopping center. But in December the town found that three of those pictures also violate size limits. The issue went before the zoning board Wednesday. The lawsuit argues that the town’s definition of “sign” is very general and its zoning rules do not include the word “mural.”Young 在 1 月份提起的诉讼要求法院阻止该镇执行其标志法。其他企业也卷入了纠纷。早在莱维特的画作之前，康威就允许在当地一家购物中心展出其他画作。但在 12 月，该镇发现其中三张图片也违反了尺寸限制。这个问题周三提交给分区委员会。诉讼辩称，该镇对“标志”的定义非常笼统，其分区规则不包括“壁画”一词。Board member Luigi Bartolomeo said he thinks the painting at the bakery is art, not advertising. “I think it’s a very badly written piece of code here,” said Bartolomeo, who recently retired. But Board Chairperson John Colbath said the board has to work with the rule, which was approved by voters. He argues that the mural would likely be seen as art, and not advertising, if its subject did not represent the products found at Leavitt’s.董事会成员 Luigi Bartolomeo 说他认为面包店的画是艺术，而不是广告。“我认为这是一段非常糟糕的代码，”最近退休的 Bartolomeo 说。但董事会主席约翰科尔巴斯表示，董事会必须遵守选民批准的规则。他争辩说，如果壁画的主题不代表 Leavitt's 的产品，那么它可能会被视为艺术，而不是广告。The town and Young agreed in February to suspend all legal action until a vote on a proposed definition. The proposal failed. The judge now wants to hear from both sides by May 10. “We’re ready to keep going,” Young said.那个镇和扬在二月份同意暂停所有法律行动，直到对拟议的定义进行投票。提案失败了。法官现在希望在 5 月 10 日之前听取双方的意见。“我们准备继续前进，”杨说。

Scientists say a small parasite is the cause of death of many sea urchins in the Caribbean Sea. Sea urchins are simple animals that have long spines. Last year, the long-spined sea urchins, also known as Diadema antillarum, started getting sick. They were losing their spines and their sticky feet were losing their grip on the coral reefs. The loss of so many sea urchins, which eat algae that grow on the corals, affected the undersea environment from the Virgin Islands to Puerto Rico to Florida. Mya Breitbart led a team of scientists who investigated the sickness. She is a marine microbiologist at the University of South Florida.科学家说，一种小型寄生虫是加勒比海许多海胆死亡的原因。海胆是具有长刺的简单动物。去年，长刺海胆（也称为 Diadema antillarum）开始生病。他们正在失去脊椎，黏糊糊的脚正在失去对珊瑚礁的抓地力。大量以生长在珊瑚上的藻类为食的海胆的消失影响了从维尔京群岛到波多黎各再到佛罗里达的海底环境。 Mya Breitbart 领导了一个研究这种疾病的科学家团队。她是南佛罗里达大学的海洋微生物学家。The team presented their study recently in the scientific publication Science Advances. “The case is closed,” Breitbart said. The scientists compared the sick urchins to healthy ones and determined a single-celled parasite was to blame. Ian Hewson is a marine disease researcher at Cornell University in the state of New York. He said the team ruled out bacteria or viruses. But the team did see single-celled organisms called ciliates in the sick urchins.该团队最近在科学出版物《科学进展》中介绍了他们的研究。 “案件已经结案，”布赖特巴特说。科学家们将患病的海胆与健康的海胆进行了比较，并确定单细胞寄生虫是罪魁祸首。伊恩·休森 (Ian Hewson) 是纽约州康奈尔大学的一名海洋疾病研究员。他说该团队排除了细菌或病毒。但研究小组确实在患病的海胆中发现了一种叫做纤毛虫的单细胞生物。The scientists then put a group of healthy sea urchins grown in a laboratory in a tank with some of the parasites. Six of the 10 urchins in the tank later died. The scientists are now working to find a way to prevent future losses. They do not have a treatment for the sea urchins, but they are hoping to learn how the parasites spread so they can stop them. Breitbart noted another time that many sea urchins died in the 1980s. She did not know if the same parasites caused that problem. Don Levitan is a marine scientist at Florida State University who was not involved in the study. He said the two urchin die-offs, or widespread losses of the animals, have changed the coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea. He said at one time, they were covered with spiny urchins, but now they are covered in algae, sick from disease and stressed by rising water temperatures. “Coral reefs in the Caribbean are in trouble,” he said. “We are at a different place than we were 30, 40 years ago.”然后，科学家们将一组在实验室中生长的健康海胆放入装有一些寄生虫的水箱中。水箱里的 10 个顽童中有 6 个后来死了。科学家们现在正在努力寻找一种方法来防止未来的损失。他们没有治疗海胆的方法，但他们希望了解寄生虫是如何传播的，这样他们就可以阻止它们。 Breitbart 另一次指出，许多海胆在 80 年代死亡。她不知道是否是同样的寄生虫引起了这个问题。 Don Levitan 是佛罗里达州立大学的海洋科学家，他没有参与这项研究。他说，两次海胆的死亡，或者说这种动物的广泛灭绝，已经改变了加勒比海的珊瑚礁。他说，曾几何时，它们长满了刺海胆，但现在它们长满了藻类，因疾病而生病，并因水温升高而感到压力。 “加勒比地区的珊瑚礁陷入困境，”他说。 “与 30、40 年前相比，我们处在一个不同的地方。”

Everyone gets tired – it's a normal part of human existence. It can make us grouchy and grumpy at the end of the day, but a good night's sleep will often leave us feeling well rested. However, sometimes we feel more than just general tiredness. We can get overtired and feel a bit run-down which may affect our daily lives – but what can we do about it? Here are some things that may stop you getting overtired.每个人都会感到疲倦——这是人类生存的正常部分。它会让我们在一天结束时变得脾气暴躁，但睡个好觉通常会让我们感觉休息得很好。然而，有时我们感到的不仅仅是一般的疲倦。我们可能会过度疲劳并感到有点疲惫，这可能会影响我们的日常生活——但我们能做些什么呢？以下是一些可能会阻止您过度疲劳的事情。Being very tired frequently could be the result of lifestyle choices: poor diet, lack of exercise, or an inefficient routine. For some people, changes to their habits and routines could help them to beat bouts of extreme tiredness. First, let's look at physical health. According to the UK National Health Service (NHS) website, eating healthy meals and snacks regularly, around 3-4 times per day, could improve your energy levels. Giving your body the fuel it needs could help you to be more energised, and therefore, less tired. If you're feeling overtired, you might not want to exercise. However, regular physical activity may actually mean you are less tired in general. Activities like jogging or cycling could also help you get fitter. And being more active could help you to lose weight, which can also aid you in the battle against tiredness. Those extra kilos from being overweight put a strain on your heart, which can lead to you feeling more tired.经常感到非常疲倦可能是生活方式选择的结果：不良饮食、缺乏锻炼或低效的作息时间。对于一些人来说，改变他们的习惯和作息可以帮助他们克服极度疲劳的发作。首先，让我们来看看身体健康。根据英国国民健康服务 (NHS) 网站，定期吃健康的膳食和零食，每天大约 3-4 次，可以提高您的能量水平。为您的身体提供所需的燃料可以帮助您更加精力充沛，从而减少疲劳。如果您感到过度疲劳，则可能不想锻炼。然而，定期进行体育锻炼实际上可能意味着您总体上不那么疲倦。慢跑或骑自行车等活动也可以帮助您变得更健康。更加活跃可以帮助您减轻体重，这也可以帮助您对抗疲劳。超重导致的额外体重会给您的心脏带来压力，这会让您感觉更累。Another thing that can leave us feeling weary and drained is stress. Reducing your stress levels may help you to feel less tired on a regular basis. Taking up an activity like yoga or going for a walk could help you to unwind and feel more refreshed. And you may think if you're feeling tired, that a good cup of coffee will perk you up. However, the Royal College of Psychiatrists recommends anyone feeling tired to cut down on their caffeine intake, especially after mid-afternoon, to get better sleep at night.另一件让我们感到疲倦和精疲力竭的事情是压力。减轻压力水平可能会帮助您经常感到不那么疲倦。参加瑜伽或散步等活动可以帮助您放松身心并感觉更精神焕发。你可能会想，如果你感到疲倦，一杯好咖啡会让你振作起来。然而，皇家精神病学家学院建议任何感到疲倦的人减少咖啡因的摄入量，尤其是在下午三点之后，以便晚上睡得更好。Finally, if you do find yourself feeling overtired constantly for days or weeks, you may be suffering from fatigue or exhaustion. If so, it could be a good idea to visit the doctor in case it's a symptom of an underlying health issue. However, for most of us, the odd day of feeling overtired might be fixed with a change in lifestyle and a few good nights' sleep.最后，如果您确实发现自己持续数天或数周感到过度疲劳，则您可能正遭受疲劳或精疲力竭之苦。如果是这样，最好去看医生，以防这是潜在健康问题的症状。然而，对于我们大多数人来说，改变生活方式和睡几个好觉可能会消除感到过度疲劳的奇怪一天。grouchy 满腹牢骚的grumpy 脾气不好的well rested 休息好的，精力充沛的overtired 过度疲劳的run-down （尤指因工作过度）精疲力竭的beat 战胜，克服bout 一阵fuel 能量，燃料energised 精神焕发的strain 负担weary （尤指长时间工作后）疲惫的drained 精疲力竭的，疲惫不堪的take up 开始从事（活动），参加refreshed 神清气爽的unwind 放松perk somebody up 使（某人）精神焕发cut down 减少fatigue 疲惫exhaustion 精疲力竭underlying 潜在的

A SpaceX rocket successfully launched with the company’s Starship spacecraft Thursday, but the two-part system exploded minutes later and crashed into the sea. It was the first test flight for SpaceX’s latest Super Heavy rocket, which carries a large space capsule on top, called Starship. The capsule is designed to one day carry astronauts and supplies to the moon and possibly Mars. No astronauts were on board for the test flight. The liftoff happened Thursday morning at a SpaceX launch center in the southern Texas town of Boca Chica. SpaceX officials have described the two-part rocket ship – which stands 120 meters high – as the largest and most powerful space vehicle ever built. The vehicle is by far more powerful than any rockets built by the American space agency NASA.周四，一枚 SpaceX 火箭与该公司的星际飞船一起成功发射，但这个由两部分组成的系统在几分钟后爆炸并坠入海中。这是 SpaceX 最新的超重型火箭的首次试飞，该火箭顶部装有一个名为“星际飞船”的大型太空舱。该太空舱旨在有一天将宇航员和物资运送到月球甚至火星。这次试飞没有宇航员登机。升空发生在星期四早上，地点是德克萨斯州南部小镇博卡奇卡的 SpaceX 发射中心。 SpaceX 的官员将这艘由两部分组成的火箭飞船——高 120 米——描述为有史以来最大、最强大的太空飞行器。该飞行器比美国航天局 NASA 制造的任何火箭都要强大得多。The flight plan had called for the Super Heavy to separate from Starship minutes after the launch. But instead, the rocket began to tumble and then exploded four minutes into the flight. The combined vehicle then fell into the Atlantic Ocean’s Gulf of Mexico. The spacecraft reached an altitude of nearly 32 kilometers before exploding. The Super Heavy rocket is designed to be reusable. But for the test flight, no landings of the rocket or spacecraft were planned. Images appeared to show that several of the 33 main engines were not firing as the rocket climbed from the launch site. There was no immediate comment from SpaceX on any engine failures. SpaceX had hoped that, after separating, the spacecraft would continue flying and attempt to circle the world before crashing into the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii.飞行计划要求 Super Heavy 在发射后几分钟与 Starship 分离。但相反，火箭开始翻滚，然后在飞行四分钟后爆炸。组合车随后坠入大西洋的墨西哥湾。飞船在爆炸前到达了近 32 公里的高度。超重型火箭被设计为可重复使用。但是对于试飞，没有计划火箭或航天器的着陆。图像似乎显示，当火箭从发射场爬升时，33 个主发动机中有几个没有点火。 SpaceX 没有就任何引擎故障立即发表评论。 SpaceX 曾希望，航天器在分离后能够继续飞行并尝试绕地球一圈，然后坠入夏威夷附近的太平洋。Even though the vehicle exploded soon after launching, SpaceX officials on the ground celebrated the fact that the rocket was able to get off the ground. The company declared the event a successful test flight. John Insprucker is one of the leaders of SpaceX’s engineering team. He said during a live webcast of the launch that the test flight would provide a wealth of important data as the company prepares for additional flight tests. Elon Musk, the founder and chief executive of SpaceX, said on Twitter the next Starship test launch would be "in a few months." He tweeted: "Congrats @SpaceX team on an exciting test launch of Starship! Learned a lot for next test launch…"尽管运载火箭在发射后不久就爆炸了，但 SpaceX 的地面官员还是为火箭能够离开地面而庆祝。该公司宣布此次活动试飞成功。 John Insprucker 是 SpaceX 工程团队的领导者之一。他在发射现场网络直播中表示，随着公司准备进行额外的飞行测试，试飞将提供大量重要数据。 SpaceX 创始人兼首席执行官埃隆马斯克在推特上表示，下一次星际飞船试射将在“几个月后”进行。他在推特上写道：“祝贺@SpaceX 团队完成了激动人心的星际飞船试射！为下一次试射学到了很多……”Musk, who bought Twitter last year for $44 billion, also heads electric carmaker Tesla. In the weeks leading up to the flight, Musk predicted a 50-50 chance that the spacecraft would reach orbit. But he had also said he was “guaranteeing excitement” for the launch. SpaceX’s Insprucker told webcast watchers after the launch, “You never know exactly what’s going to happen." He then added, “But as we promised, excitement is guaranteed and Starship gave us a rather spectacular end.”去年以 440 亿美元收购 Twitter 的马斯克同时也是电动汽车制造商特斯拉的负责人。在飞行前几周，马斯克预测航天器进入轨道的几率为 50-50。但他也曾表示，他“保证对发射感到兴奋”。 SpaceX 的 Insprucker 在发射后告诉网络直播观察者，“你永远不知道会发生什么。”然后他补充说，“但正如我们所承诺的，兴奋是有保证的，星际飞船给了我们一个相当壮观的结局。”

Scientists, environmental activists, and government officials warn that the Bahamas’ conch population is decreasing because of overfishing. The conch is a kind of marine creature with a shell. It is important to Bahamians’ diet and economy. Tereha Davis's family has fished for conch around the Bahamas for five generations. Davis, who is 49 years old, remembers when she could walk into the water and pick up the marine snails from the seabed. But in recent years, Davis and conch fishers like her have had to go farther from shore to find conch. Sometimes it is as far as 48 kilometers. “When I was a child, we never had to go that far to get conch,” said Davis, speaking at a Freeport market where she sold her catch. “Without conch, what are we supposed to do?”科学家、环保活动家和政府官员警告说，由于过度捕捞，巴哈马的海螺数量正在减少。海螺是一种有壳的海洋生物。它对巴哈马人的饮食和经济很重要。特蕾哈·戴维斯 (Tereha Davis) 的家人世代在巴哈马群岛捕捞海螺已有五代人的历史。 49 岁的戴维斯还记得她什么时候可以走进水里，从海底捡起海螺。但近年来，戴维斯和像她这样的海螺渔民不得不到离岸更远的地方寻找海螺。有时远达48公里。 “当我还是个孩子的时候，我们从来不需要走那么远的路才能买到海螺，”戴维斯在自由港的一个市场上说，她在那里出售她捕获的海螺。 “没有海螺，我们怎么办？”The conch is widely recognized as the national dish of the Bahamas. Queen conch is the most important food species and can live for 30 years. Conch can be very costly in the U.S. and other places. But it is so common in the Bahamas that it can often be found in meals costing less than $10. That is less than the price of many meats on the island. One study from 2021 said nearly two-fifths of the population in rural parts of the Bahamas eats conch weekly. The country of about 400,000 is home to 9,000 conch fishers - around two percent of the population. A study published in Fisheries Management and Ecology said this number appears to be holding steady even as conches decrease in number. The meat of the conch is worth millions of dollars per year, and it also helps increase tourism to the islands.海螺被广泛认为是巴哈马的国菜。皇后海螺是最重要的食用品种，寿命可达 30 年。海螺在美国和其他地方可能非常昂贵。但它在巴哈马非常普遍，经常可以在不到 10 美元的餐食中找到它。这低于岛上许多肉类的价格。 2021 年的一项研究表明，巴哈马农村地区近五分之二的人口每周都吃海螺。这个拥有约 400,000 人口的国家拥有 9,000 名海螺渔民，约占总人口的 2%。发表在渔业管理和生态学上的一项研究表明，即使海螺数量减少，这个数字似乎也保持稳定。海螺的肉每年价值数百万美元，也有助于增加岛上的旅游业。Divers usually catch the conch by hand. They often use simple equipment such as a mask, snorkel and flippers. Sometimes divers can take home as many as 1,000 conches in a single trip. Many divers fish for other species too, such as snapper, but they identify themselves as conch fishers first. And for many, fishing is both a family tradition and a path to middle class life on the islands, where the cost of living is higher than in the U.S.潜水员通常用手捕捉海螺。他们通常使用简单的设备，例如面罩、通气管和脚蹼。有时，潜水员一次可以带回多达 1,000 个海螺。许多潜水员也捕捞其他物种，例如鲷鱼，但他们首先认定自己是海螺渔民。对于许多人来说，捕鱼既是一种家庭传统，也是通往岛上中产阶级生活的途径，那里的生活成本高于美国。Conch is one example of the threat overfishing presents to traditional foods around the world. Similar problems are seen in Senegal, where overfishing has taken away white grouper. The fish has long been the basis for the national dish of thieboudienne. Overfishing has also caused problems in the Philippines, where small fish supplies such as sardines that are used in kinilaw, a raw dish, have decreased. Overfishing has hurt once numerous species. That means some culturally important foods are disappearing.海螺是过度捕捞对世界各地传统食品造成威胁的例子之一。塞内加尔也出现了类似的问题，过度捕捞已经夺走了白石斑鱼。长期以来，这种鱼一直是 Thieboudienne 国菜的基础。过度捕捞也在菲律宾造成了问题，那里的小鱼供应减少了，例如用于生菜 kinilaw 的沙丁鱼。过度捕捞曾经伤害过无数物种。这意味着一些具有重要文化意义的食物正在消失。The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has stated that more than a third of the world’s fish stocks are overfished. The FAO added that the rate of unsustainable fishing is rising. The loss of such foods risks the availability of protein and iron in people’s diets in poor countries, said Richard Wilk, of Indiana University’s Department of Anthropology. Wilk said nations that fail to control overfishing risk repeating the mistakes of countries such as Japan. The Japanese herring fishery collapsed in the middle of the 20th century. Wilks said the collapse cost jobs, reduced availability of a traditional wedding food, and left the country dependent on foreign supplies.联合国粮食及农业组织 (FAO) 表示，世界上超过三分之一的鱼类资源被过度捕捞。粮农组织补充说，不可持续的捕鱼率正在上升。印第安纳大学人类学系的理查德威尔克说，这些食物的流失会危及贫穷国家人们饮食中蛋白质和铁的可用性。威尔克说，未能控制过度捕捞的国家有可能重蹈日本等国家的覆辙。日本的鲱鱼渔业在 20 世纪中叶崩溃。威尔克斯说，倒塌导致工作岗位减少，传统婚礼食品的供应减少，并使该国依赖外国供应。

Businessman Elon Musk says ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence “bots” are too liberal and that he plans to create his own. Musk, the owner of Twitter and the Tesla electric vehicle company, spoke with Tucker Carlson on the American television channel Fox News on Monday night. He said his new AI “bot” will be called TruthGPT. He said it will be a “maximum truth-seeking AI that tries to understand the nature of the universe.” He said his creation will try to understand humanity so it is less likely to destroy it. Musk told Carlson that he is concerned the current AI creations are “being trained to be politically correct.”商人埃隆·马斯克说 ChatGPT 和其他人工智能“机器人”过于自由，他计划创建自己的机器人。周一晚上，推特和特斯拉电动汽车公司的所有者马斯克在美国电视频道福克斯新闻上与塔克卡尔森进行了交谈。他说他的新人工智能“机器人”将被称为 TruthGPT。他说这将是一个“试图理解宇宙本质的最大求真人工智能”。他说他的创造物将试图理解人类，这样就不太可能摧毁它。马斯克告诉卡尔森，他担心当前的人工智能创作正在“被训练为政治正确”。He went on to say he wants to regulate, or set rules, for artificial intelligence. He said he sees the programs as being “more dangerous” than cars or rockets. He said the computer systems, which can have human-like discussions with users, have the ability to harm humans. The discussion shown Monday on Fox News was the first of two parts. Musk has some experience investing in artificial intelligence. He put money into Open AI, the company that created ChatGPT in 2015. But his involvement with the company ended in 2018. OpenAI said at the time that Musk left to end a conflict of interest as Tesla worked on automated driving systems.他接着说，他想对人工智能进行监管或制定规则。他说他认为这些项目比汽车或火箭“更危险”。他说，可以与用户进行类似人类讨论的计算机系统具有伤害人类的能力。周一在福克斯新闻上播出的讨论是两部分中的第一部分。马斯克在投资人工智能方面有一些经验。他向 Open AI 投资，该公司于 2015 年创建了 ChatGPT。但他对该公司的参与于 2018 年结束。OpenAI 当时表示，马斯克离开是为了结束利益冲突，因为特斯拉致力于自动驾驶系统。In his conversation on Monday, Musk said he came up with the name OpenAI. At the time, Musk said, OpenAI was not-for-profit but it is now for profit. He also complained about the company’s close ties with Bill Gates’ Microsoft. In the past, Musk has said that Gates and Meta leader Mark Zuckerberg do not have a good understanding of artificial intelligence.在周一的谈话中，马斯克说他想出了 OpenAI 这个名字。马斯克说，当时 OpenAI 不是以营利为目的，但现在是营利性的。他还抱怨该公司与比尔盖茨的微软关系密切。过去，马斯克曾表示，盖茨和 Meta 领导人马克扎克伯格对人工智能并不了解。Musk used Twitter in 2019 to explain why he left OpenAI. In his posts, he said it was because Tesla wanted to hire some of the same people for its work on automated driving. He said it was better to leave OpenAI “on good terms.” Since then, however, Musk has both praised and criticized artificial intelligence. Most recently, Musk has noted what he calls left-wing bias. ChatGPT and other bots take information from around the internet and use it to answer questions. The companies that create these programs say they use filters to prevent the bots from giving out offensive answers. A report from the Associated Press said Musk and a business partner turned in papers in March to create a company called X.AI Corp in the western state of Nevada.马斯克在 2019 年使用推特解释了他离开 OpenAI 的原因。在他的帖子中，他说这是因为特斯拉想雇佣一些同样的人来从事自动驾驶方面的工作。他说最好“和好”地离开 OpenAI。然而，从那以后，马斯克对人工智能既有赞扬，也有批评。最近，马斯克注意到他所谓的左翼偏见。ChatGPT 和其他机器人从互联网上获取信息并用它来回答问题。创建这些程序的公司表示，他们使用过滤器来防止机器人给出令人反感的答案。美联社的一篇报道称，马斯克和一位商业伙伴在 3 月份提交了文件，要求在西部内华达州创建一家名为 X.AI Corp 的公司。

Scientists have released a more detailed version of the first image of a black hole. That first image, released four years ago, showed a blurry, round-shaped orange object. Now, researchers have used machine learning methods to create an improved picture. The new image was recently published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. The same shape remains as in the first image, but it has a narrower ring and sharper resolution. Scientists have said the black hole in the image sits at the center of a galaxy called M87, more than 53 million light-years from Earth. A light year is the distance light travels in a year --- about 9.5 trillion kilometers. The mass of the black hole is 6.5 billion times greater than that of Earth’s sun.科学家们发布了第一张黑洞图像的更详细版本。四年前发布的第一张图片显示了一个模糊的圆形橙色物体。现在，研究人员已经使用机器学习方法来创建改进的图片。这张新图片最近发表在《天体物理学杂志快报》上。与第一张图片中的形状相同，但它的环更窄，分辨率更清晰。科学家们表示，图像中的黑洞位于一个名为 M87 的星系中心，距离地球超过 5300 万光年。一光年是光在一年内传播的距离——大约 9.5 万亿公里。黑洞的质量是地球太阳的 65 亿倍。A network of radio telescopes around the world gathered the data used to make the image. But even with many telescopes working together, holes remained in the data. In the latest study, scientists depended on the same data, but used machine learning methods to fill in the missing information. The resulting picture looks similar to the image, but with a thinner “doughnut” and a darker center, the researchers said. “For me, it feels like we’re really seeing it for the first time,” said the lead writer of the study, Lia Medeiros. She is an astrophysicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey. She said it was the first time the team had used machine learning to fill in the data holes.世界各地的射电望远镜网络收集了用于制作图像的数据。但即使有许多望远镜一起工作，数据中仍然存在漏洞。在最新的研究中，科学家们依赖于相同的数据，但使用机器学习方法来填补缺失的信息。研究人员说，由此产生的图片看起来与图像相似，但“甜甜圈”更薄，中心更暗。 “对我来说，感觉就像我们第一次真正看到它，”该研究的主要作者 Lia Medeiros 说。她是新泽西高等研究院的天体物理学家。她说，这是该团队第一次使用机器学习来填补数据漏洞。With a clearer picture, researchers hope to learn more about the black hole’s properties and gravity in future studies. Medeiros said the team also plans to use machine learning on other images of space objects. This could include the black hole at the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The study's four writers are members of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project. It is an international effort begun in 2012 with the goal of directly observing a black hole's nearby environment. A black hole's event horizon is the point beyond which anything - stars, planets, gas, dust and all forms of electromagnetic radiation – can escape. Dimitrios Psaltis is an astrophysicist at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. He told Reuters news agency the main reason the first image had many gaps is because of where the observing telescopes sit. The telescopes operate from the tops of mountains and “are few and far apart from each other,” Psaltis said.有了更清晰的图像，研究人员希望在未来的研究中更多地了解黑洞的特性和引力。 Medeiros 说，该团队还计划在其他空间物体图像上使用机器学习。这可能包括我们银河系中心的黑洞，即银河系。该研究的四位作者是事件视界望远镜 (EHT) 项目的成员。这是 2012 年开始的一项国际努力，目标是直接观察黑洞附近的环境。黑洞的事件视界是任何东西——恒星、行星、气体、尘埃和所有形式的电磁辐射——都可以逃逸的点。 Dimitrios Psaltis 是佐治亚州亚特兰大市佐治亚理工学院的天体物理学家。他告诉路透社，第一张图片有很多空隙的主要原因是观测望远镜所在的位置。 Psaltis 说，这些望远镜在山顶上运行，“数量很少，而且彼此之间距离很远”。As a result, the telescope system has a lot of 'holes' and scientists can now use machine learning methods to fill in those gaps, he added. "The image we report in the new paper is the most accurate representation of the black hole image that we can obtain with our globe-wide telescope," Psaltis said.因此，望远镜系统有很多“漏洞”，科学家现在可以使用机器学习方法来填补这些空白，他补充说。 Psaltis 说：“我们在新论文中报道的图像是我们用全球望远镜可以获得的最准确的黑洞图像。”

Have you ever caught a whiff of something and been strongly reminded of a person or place? It seems there is a deep psychological link between smells, our personality and our memory. Some research even suggests that smells can influence our cognition.您是否曾闻到某物的气味并强烈想起某个人或某个地方？气味、我们的性格和我们的记忆之间似乎存在着深刻的心理联系。一些研究甚至表明气味会影响我们的认知。So, why do smells take us back? Roja Dove, a perfumer, told the BBC that when we are born, the olfactory bulb, which is the area in our brain that processes smell, is empty. Therefore, our responses to smell are learnt and very personal to the individual. This means that when we smell an odour again, the original and unique memory comes flooding back because of the association.那么，为什么气味会让我们回味呢？调香师 Roja Dove 告诉 BBC，当我们出生时，大脑中处理气味的区域嗅球是空的。因此，我们对气味的反应是后天习得的，并且对个人来说非常个性化。这意味着当我们再次闻到一种气味时，由于联想，原始而独特的记忆又涌了回来。Our awareness of smells is primarily unconscious, according to Andreas Keller from the Department of Philosophy at City University of New York. This means we are not actively aware of them unless they are extremely strong. But, low-level smells are still picked up because the scent receptors in our brain are so powerful that we unconsciously register them. In fact, various studies have found the olfactory bulb sends more neurons to more areas of our brain than our hearing or vision.根据纽约城市大学哲学系的安德烈亚斯凯勒的说法，我们对气味的认识主要是无意识的。这意味着除非它们非常强大，否则我们不会主动意识到它们。但是，由于我们大脑中的气味感受器非常强大，以至于我们会在不知不觉中记录下来，因此仍然会闻到低级气味。事实上，各种研究发现，与我们的听觉或视觉相比，嗅球将更多的神经元发送到我们大脑的更多区域。Research suggests that the power of smell can also affect how the brain performs, especially when it comes to the aroma of essential oils. Mark Moss, from the Department of Psychology at Northumbria University, found that sage and peppermint show general positive effects on cognition while the smell of rosemary can enhance our memory. He also investigated lavender which he says "tends to impair memory and slow down reaction time. But research by others have [has] shown it to be useful in reducing pre-treatment anxiety in dental and medical situations".研究表明，嗅觉的力量也会影响大脑的表现，尤其是当涉及到精油的香气时。诺桑比亚大学心理学系的马克莫斯发现，鼠尾草和薄荷对认知有普遍的积极影响，而迷迭香的气味可以增强我们的记忆力。他还调查了薰衣草，他说薰衣草“往往会损害记忆力并减慢反应时间。但其他人的研究[已经]表明它有助于减少牙科和医疗情况下的治疗前焦虑”。。So, don't take your nose for granted. It really is powerful!所以，不要认为你的鼻子是理所当然的。真的很强大！词汇表whiff （一股）气味psychological 心理的smell 气味cognition 认知take (someone) back 唤起（某人的）记忆perfumer 调香师，香水调配师olfactory bulb 嗅球odour （尤指难闻的）气味flood back （回忆）涌现unconscious 无意识的low-level 低水平的，（此处指气味）淡薄的pick up 捕捉scent receptor 嗅觉感受器neuron 神经元hearing 听觉vision 视觉aroma 香气，芳香essential oil 精油sage 鼠尾草peppermint 胡椒薄荷rosemary 迷迭香lavender 薰衣草

For many, the idea of commuting daily to a place of work might sound outdated. In the UK, at least, the shape of the working week is changing, and a new hybrid approach is becoming commonplace. This new look seems inevitable: new technology means tasks traditionally done in the office can be done at home. And there's the demand for a better work-life balance, too. All of this has been accelerated by the necessary changes brought on by the Covid pandemic.对于许多人来说，每天上下班的想法可能听起来已经过时了。至少在英国，工作周的形式正在发生变化，一种新的混合方式正变得司空见惯。这种新面貌似乎是不可避免的：新技术意味着传统上在办公室完成的任务可以在家里完成。还需要更好地平衡工作与生活。 Covid 大流行带来的必要变化加速了所有这一切。One obvious change in the UK is that Friday has become the most popular day to work from home. One survey found it's when just 13% of workers go into the office. It means employees can save on commuting costs and the price of lunches. And Claire McCartney from The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development told the BBC that generally employers thought the shift to hybrid working and home working had "increased productivity rather than decreased it".英国的一个明显变化是，周五已成为最受欢迎的在家工作日。一项调查发现，只有 13% 的员工在这个时间进入办公室。这意味着员工可以节省通勤费用和午餐费用。英国特许人事与发展研究所的克莱尔·麦卡特尼 (Claire McCartney) 告诉 BBC，雇主普遍认为向混合工作和家庭工作的转变“提高了而不是降低了生产率”。Monday is also becoming a 'work from home' day: a recent study of mobile phone activity in the UK suggested a typical week in the office now runs from Tuesday to Thursday. This means companies have to think differently about the workspace they provide. Mark Allan, chief executive of property firm LandSec, told the BBC: "We certainly believe there are going to be fewer people in offices for the longer term, and we are planning accordingly." A shorter office week isn't great news for the city-centre shops, which depend on trade from workers. But suburban and small-town high streets are reporting an increase in footfall as people work and shop locally.星期一也变成了“在家工作”的一天：最近一项针对英国手机活动的研究表明，现在办公室里典型的一周是从星期二到星期四。这意味着公司必须以不同的方式思考他们提供的工作空间。房地产公司 LandSec 的首席执行官马克·艾伦 (Mark Allan) 告诉 BBC：“我们当然相信，从长远来看，办公室里的人会越来越少，我们正在制定相应的计划。”对于依赖工人贸易的市中心商店来说，缩短办公周并不是什么好消息。但郊区和小镇的主要街道报告称，随着人们在当地工作和购物，客流量有所增加。There's also an emerging trend for a shorter working week. Some companies are experimenting with a four-day working week – but with the same full-time pay. They have tried to make work time more efficient by cutting out unnecessary meetings and having shorter breaks, for example. They claim this has made workers more productive. All this makes you wonder if the act of going to work and doing the nine-to-five will become a thing of the past.缩短工作周也成为一种新兴趋势。一些公司正在试验每周工作四天——但全职工资相同。例如，他们试图通过减少不必要的会议和缩短休息时间来提高工作效率。他们声称这提高了工人的工作效率。所有这一切让你想知道上班和朝九晚五的行为是否会成为过去。词汇表commute 上下班，通勤hybrid （办公地点）混合的task 任务，工作work-life balance 工作与生活之间的平衡worker 工作者，员工employee 雇员，员工employer 雇主productivity 生产率，工作效率work from home 居家办公company 公司workspace 工作空间，办公场所suburban 城郊的footfall 客流量pay 工资efficient 高效的，有效率的productive 高产的，成效高的the nine-to-five 朝九晚五的工作

Well, you're in a real pickle. You see, a few years ago, the king decided your life would be forfeit unless you tripled the gold coins in his treasury. Fortunately for you, a strange little man appeared and magically performed the feat. He placed handfuls of coins in and out of a magical bag, and sang a strange rhyme:“The more gold goes in and more comes out, as sure as I am me. And in again, and out again, and now it’s it times three!”好吧，你真的遇到麻烦了。你看，几年前，国王决定你的生命将被没收，除非你将他国库中的金币增加三倍。对你来说幸运的是，一个奇怪的小男人出现了，他神奇地完成了这一壮举。他把一把硬币从一个神奇的袋子里取出来，并唱着一首奇怪的韵律：“金子进得越多，出得越多，我就是我。又进又出，现在是三倍了！”Incredibly, that tripled the coins and saved your life. Were you grateful? Yes. Were you desperate? Yes. Did you promise him your first-born child in exchange for his help? Yes.Fast forward to today. No sooner have you given birth to a beautiful baby boy than the little man shows up to claim his prize. You cry and beg him not to take the baby. Softening, he begins, “If you can guess my name—” “Banach-Tarski?” you say. “It’s on the front of your shirt.”令人难以置信的是，这使硬币增加了三倍并挽救了您的生命。你感激吗？是的。你绝望了吗？是的。你答应他你的第一个孩子以换取他的帮助吗？是的。快进到今天。你刚生下一个漂亮的男婴，小个子就来领奖了。你哭着求他不要带孩子。软化，他开始说，“如果你能猜出我的名字——” “Banach-Tarski？”你说。 “它在你衬衫的前面。”“What! That won’t do. Aha. My bag,” he explains, “increases the number of gold coins placed inside it in a very special way. If I take any number of coins and place them in, more will come out. And if I place those in the bag again, the total that comes out will be three times whatever I began with.”He takes 13 coins and places them in the bag, then removes the contents. “I’ve used the magic once, not twice,” he says. “Tell me how many coins are in my hand and I’ll have mercy.”How many coins is he holding?“什么！那不行。啊哈。我的包，”他解释道，“以一种非常特殊的方式增加了里面放置的金币数量。如果我拿出任意数量的硬币并将它们放入，就会有更多硬币出来。如果我再把它们放进袋子里，出来的总数将是我开始时的三倍。”他拿出 13 枚硬币放在袋子里，然后取出里面的东西。 “我用过一次魔法，不是两次，”他说。 “告诉我我手上有多少硬币，我手下留情。”他手上有多少硬币？The bag’s magic works just like what in mathematics is called a “function,” and it’s convenient in both cases to use an arrow to denote the transformation. We can write what we know like this.We want to know what goes in this particular blank.Maybe the bag just multiplies the number of coins by some number. In that case, multiplying by that number twice would be the same as multiplying by 3, which means the multiplier would be the square root of 3. That’s not a whole number, though. And we don’t have bits of gold coins coming out of the bag. Something else is going on.这个袋子的魔法就像数学中所谓的“函数”一样，在这两种情况下都可以方便地使用箭头来表示转换。我们可以像这样写下我们所知道的。我们想知道这个特定的空白中有什么。也许袋子只是将硬币的数量乘以某个数字。在那种情况下，乘以该数字两次与乘以 3 相同，这意味着乘数将是 3 的平方根。不过，这不是整数。而且我们没有从袋子里出来的金币。其他事情正在发生。Well, if filling in the blank between 13 and 39 is too hard, maybe we can start with something easier. Can we figure out what’ll happen to 1 coin?If you use the bag on a single coin twice, you end up with triple; that’s three gold pieces.Because the bag always increases the number of gold coins, the blank must be between 1 and 3, so 2. It’s a start. What’s next?Let’s think about a few other possible starting places.好吧，如果填写 13 到 39 之间的空白太难了，也许我们可以从更简单的开始。我们能算出 1 个硬币会发生什么吗？如果你在一个硬币上使用袋子两次，你最终会得到三倍；那就是三个金币。因为袋子总是增加金币的数量，所以空白必须在1到3之间，所以2。这是一个开始。下一步是什么？让我们考虑一些其他可能的起点。We already know 2 becomes 3 and that lets us fill in the next blank as well. Now we’re getting somewhere!We just need to extend this out to 13. Remember the other rule, though: when you put more coins in, you get more coins out. That means the numbers in every column must go in increasing order as well. In other words, because 6 coins become 9, it’s not possible for 4 coins to become 10. Nor could 4 become 5, since 3 becomes 6.So 7 and 8 fill those blanks on the right of 4 and 5, which in turn gives the answer for two more blanks.我们已经知道 2 变成 3，这也让我们可以填补下一个空白。现在我们有所进展！我们只需要将其扩展到 13。不过请记住另一条规则：当你投入更多的硬币时，你会得到更多的硬币。这意味着每一列中的数字也必须按递增顺序排列。换句话说，因为 6 个硬币变成 9，4 个硬币不可能变成 10。4 也不可能变成 5，因为 3 变成 6。所以 7 和 8 填补了 4 和 5 右边的空白，这反过来给出两个空白的答案。Knowing that the numbers go in increasing order in every column, the only choices for the remaining blanks are 19, 20, 22, and 23.And look! We have our answer! There must be 22 gold coins in his hand.“I’ll give you three guesses,” the little man begins to say.“22 coins,” you respond.“What?! How did you know?”“I enjoy a good riddle,” you say. “Also, it’s on the back of your shirt.”知道每一列中的数字都是按递增顺序排列的，剩余空白的唯一选择是 19、20、22 和 23。看！我们有答案！他手里一定有 22 个金币。“我猜你猜 3 次，”小个子开始说。“22 个金币，”你回答。“什么？！你怎么知道的？” “我喜欢猜谜语，”你说。 “还有，它在你衬衫的背面。”

For many years, skateboarding was considered an activity for young rebels or drug users in city streets, schoolgrounds and public parks. Those days are long gone. Skateboarding, which has Indigenous roots connected to surfing, is now an Olympic sport. There are many skateboarding competitions held across the United States and other countries. Recently, skateboarding was honored with a special recognition: a postage stamp. The U.S. Postal Service released the stamps at a skate park in Phoenix, Arizona. Four Indigneous artist-skateboarders created the skateboards pictured on the postage.多年来，滑板一直被认为是城市街道、学校操场和公园里年轻叛逆者或吸毒者的一项活动。那些日子已经一去不回。滑板运动起源于冲浪运动，现已成为一项奥林匹克运动。美国和其他国家举办了许多滑板比赛。最近，滑板运动获得了一种特殊的认可：一张邮票。美国邮政总局在亚利桑那州凤凰城的滑板公园发行了这些邮票。四位 Indigneous 滑板艺术家创造了邮资图片上的滑板。William Zollars, a member of the USPS Board of Governors, officiated at the event. “As an American institution older than our country itself, the Postal Service is always looking for ways to highlight and honor the stories and histories that are unique to the United States,” Zollars said. “We are honored to do that again through these ‘Art of the Skateboard’ Forever stamps.”USPS 理事会成员 William Zollars 主持了此次活动。 “作为一个比我们国家本身更古老的美国机构，美国邮政总局一直在寻找方法来突出和纪念美国独有的故事和历史，”佐拉尔斯说。 “我们很荣幸通过这些‘滑板的艺术’Forever 邮票再次做到这一点。”Di'Orr Greenwood is one of the artists. The 27-year-old was born and raised on the Navajo Nation in Arizona. She said as a child she was always getting pushed out of areas where she would skate. She noted the sport has come a long way. “Now it's like being accepted on a global scale," Greenwood said. "There's so many skateboarders I know that are extremely proud of it." The new stamps calls attention to the popularity of skateboarding, especially in Indian Country where the demand for skate parks is growing. The artists see the stamp as a useable art piece that will be seen across the United States and around the world.Di'Orr Greenwood 就是其中一位艺术家。这位 27 岁的年轻人在亚利桑那州的纳瓦霍部落出生长大。她说，小时候她总是被赶出她会滑冰的区域。她指出这项运动已经取得了长足的进步。“现在它就像在全球范围内被接受一样，”格林伍德说。“我认识的很多滑板手都为此感到非常自豪。”新邮票呼吁人们关注滑板运动的流行，尤其是在对滑板公园的需求不断增长的印度乡村。艺术家们将邮票视为一件实用的艺术品，将在美国和世界各地展出。For her skateboard stamp, artist Crystal Worl honored her clan and her love of the water. A Sockeye salmon fish is represented against a blue and indigo background. "There are certain designs, patterns and stories that belong to certain clans and you have to have permission even as an Indigenous person to share certain stories or designs,” Worl said.艺术家 Crystal Worl 为她的滑板印章向她的氏族和她对水的热爱致敬。一条红鲑鱼以蓝色和靛蓝色背景为代表。 “某些设计、图案和故事属于某些氏族，即使作为土著人，您也必须获得许可才能分享某些故事或设计，”Worl 说。The other artists who created stamps are William James Taylor Jr., an artist from Virginia, and Federico "MasPaz" Frum, a Colombian-born muralist in Washington, D.C. The USPS will print 18 million of the stamps. For the artists, being part of a project that feels low-tech in this age of social media is energizing. “Maybe I'll get a letter in the mail that someone sent me with my stamp on it,” said the 35-year-old Worl, who lives in Juneau, Alaska. “I think that’s when it will really hit home with the excitement of that.”其他创作邮票的艺术家有来自弗吉尼亚的艺术家 William James Taylor Jr. 和哥伦比亚出生的华盛顿壁画家 Federico "MasPaz" Frum。USPS 将印刷 1800 万张邮票。对于艺术家来说，参与这个在这个社交媒体时代感觉技术含量低的项目是充满活力的。 “也许我会在邮件中收到一封有人寄给我的信，上面贴着我的邮票，”现年 35 岁的 Worl 说，他住在阿拉斯加的朱诺。 “我认为那时候它会带着兴奋真正击中要害。”

An Australian company has made lab-grown meat using genetic information from a wooly mammoth, an extinct animal. The company launched the creation in a science museum in the Netherlands. It came just days before April 1, known as April Fools’ Day. “This is not an April Fools' joke,” said Tim Noakesmith, founder of the Australian company Vow. “This is a real innovation.” The lab-grown meat, also called cultivated or cell-based meat, is made from animal cells and grown in a lab. Animals do not need to be killed to produce them. Supporters of cultivated meat say it is better not just for the animals but also for the environment.一家澳大利亚公司利用一种已灭绝动物猛犸象的遗传信息制造了实验室培育的肉类。该公司在荷兰的一家科学博物馆推出了这一创作。就在 4 月 1 日的前几天，也就是愚人节。 “这不是愚人节玩笑，”澳大利亚公司 Vow 的创始人 Tim Noakesmith 说。 “这是一项真正的创新。”实验室培育的肉，也称为培养肉或细胞培养肉，由动物细胞制成并在实验室培育。不需要杀死动物来生产它们。培育肉的支持者表示，培育肉不仅对动物有益，对环境也有益。The company, Vow, combined genetic information from the mammoth and African elephants, the mammoth’s closest living relative. The information was then put into a sheep muscle cell. In the lab, the cells increased in number until there were enough to make a meatball.More than 100 companies around the world are working on cultivated meat products. Experts say that if the technology becomes more common, it could greatly reduce the environmental impacts of meat production in the future. Currently, billions of hectares of land are used for meat production worldwide. Singapore is the only country so far to approve cultivated meat for humans to eat. Vow is hoping to sell its first product there — cultivated Japanese quail meat — later this year.这家名为 Vow 的公司结合了猛犸象和非洲象的遗传信息，非洲象是猛犸象的近亲。然后将信息放入绵羊肌肉细胞中。在实验室中，细胞数量不断增加，直到足以制作一个肉丸。全球有 100 多家公司正在研究培育肉制品。专家表示，如果这项技术变得更加普遍，未来肉类生产对环境的影响可能会大大降低。目前，全球有数十亿公顷的土地用于肉类生产。新加坡是迄今为止唯一批准人类食用人造肉的国家。 Vow 希望在今年晚些时候在那里销售其第一款产品——人工培育的日本鹌鹑肉。Vow does not plan to put the mammoth meatball into production. Instead, the company created it to bring attention and get people talking about the future of meat. “We wanted to get people excited about the future of food… that there are things that are unique and better… and we thought the mammoth would be a conversation starter,” Noakesmith told The Associated Press. Seren Kell is science and technology manager at Good Food Institute, a nonprofit that promotes plant- and cell-based food. Kell said companies usually use cells from farm animals and seafood to develop cultivated meat. She noted that lab-grown meat can help reduce emissions from animal agriculture and satisfy worldwide demand for meat.Vow 不打算将猛犸肉丸投入生产。相反，该公司创建它是为了引起关注并让人们谈论肉类的未来。 “我们想让人们对食物的未来感到兴奋……有些东西是独一无二的，更好的……我们认为猛犸象会成为谈话的开端，”诺克史密斯告诉美联社。 Seren Kell 是 Good Food Institute 的科技经理，这是一家推广植物和细胞食品的非营利组织。凯尔说，公司通常使用来自农场动物和海鲜的细胞来开发人造肉。她指出，实验室培育的肉类有助于减少畜牧业的排放并满足全球对肉类的需求。The large meatball shown in the Netherlands was only for show and not to be eaten. However, the meatball was cooked, and people could smell it. Noakesmith said people who were there said it smelled like another cultivated product the company had produced, which was crocodile. He added that it is “fascinating” to think about smelling something from an animal that has been extinct for thousands of years.荷兰展示的大丸子只供观赏，不可食用。不过丸子是煮熟的，闻着就闻得到。诺克史密斯说，当时在场的人说闻起来像该公司生产的另一种养殖产品，也就是鳄鱼。他补充说，想想从一种已经灭绝了数千年的动物身上闻到某种气味是“令人着迷的”。

What does a small school in the American state of Florida have to do with the famous Italian statue of David in Florence, Italy? Well, the mayor of Florence and the museum where David is housed recently invited parents, students and the former principal of the school to visit. The invitation came after some parents were upset when their sixth-grade children at Tallahassee Classical School saw a photo of the statue during an art class. Sixth graders are 11 or 12 years old.美国佛罗里达州的一所小学校和意大利佛罗伦萨著名的大卫雕像有什么关系？嗯，佛罗伦萨市长和大卫所在的博物馆最近邀请了家长、学生和学校的前校长参观。在塔拉哈西古典学校的六年级孩子在艺术课上看到雕像的照片时，一些家长感到不安，因此发出了邀请。六年级学生为 11 或 12 岁。Renaissance artist Michelangelo completed the 5-meter-tall statue of David in 1504. The famous work shows the Bible story of David getting ready to fight Goliath. David is represented without clothing and armed with a sling over his shoulder and a rock in his hand. Two Florida parents said, under school policy, they should have been warned that their children were going to see the image of David’s statue without clothing. A third parent called the statue pornographic – or overly sexual. The principal of Tallahassee Classical school in Florida said she was asked to leave her job as a result. But school leaders claimed it was one of several reasons for her removal. The private school follows a program of studies designed by a conservative Christian college.文艺复兴时期的艺术家米开朗基罗于1504年完成了5米高的大卫雕像。这幅名作描绘了大卫准备与歌利亚战斗的圣经故事。大卫赤身裸体，肩上扛着吊带，手里拿着一块石头。佛罗里达州的两名家长表示，根据学校政策，他们应该被警告，他们的孩子将在不穿衣服的情况下看到大卫雕像的形象。第三位家长称这座雕像色情——或过度色情。佛罗里达州塔拉哈西古典学校的校长说，她因此被要求离职。但学校领导声称这是她被开除的几个原因之一。这所私立学校遵循由一所保守的基督教学院设计的学习计划。Cecilie Hollberg is the director of the Italian museum in Florence. She told the Associated Press, “To think that David could be pornographic means truly not understanding the contents of the Bible, not understanding Western culture and not understanding Renaissance art.”The statue of David is the main reason thousands of people visit the museum, called Galleria dell’Accademia, every day. Following the controversy, visitors, including many Americans, arrived in large numbers this week to see the statue. Isabele Joles was there with a school group from the U.S. state of Ohio. She studies French and Italian art. “It’s part of history,” she said. “I don’t understand how you can say it’s ‘porn.’”Cecilie Hollberg 是佛罗伦萨意大利博物馆的馆长。她告诉美联社，“认为大卫可能是色情的，意味着真的不了解圣经的内容，不了解西方文化，不了解文艺复兴时期的艺术。”大卫雕像是成千上万人参观博物馆的主要原因，每天都被称为 Galleria dell'Accademia。争议发生后，包括许多美国人在内的大量游客本周前来参观这座雕像。伊莎贝尔·乔尔斯 (Isabele Joles) 和来自美国俄亥俄州的一个学校团体在那里。她学习法国和意大利艺术。 “这是历史的一部分，”她说。 “我不明白你怎么能说这是‘色情片’。”Brian Stapley is from Seattle, Washington. He said he was sad for the school’s children. He called the statue “one of the most incredible parts of our history,” and said he feels “sorry for the children that don’t get to see it.” Back in Florida, the local newspaper in Tallahassee reported a large crowd came out to a school board meeting on Monday night. Some parents disagreed with the decision of the school leaders to remove the principal. And the board chairman rejected a request from a teacher to resign.Brian Stapley 来自华盛顿西雅图。他说他为学校的孩子们感到难过。他称这座雕像是“我们历史上最不可思议的部分之一”，并表示他“为没能看到它的孩子们感到难过”。回到佛罗里达州，塔拉哈西的当地报纸报道说，周一晚上有一大群人出来参加学校董事会会议。一些家长不同意学校领导罢免校长的决定。董事会主席拒绝了一位老师提出的辞职请求。

Thousands of Japanese cherry trees are blooming on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. When the trees reach peak bloom, the United States’ capital city is awash in pink and white. In the 1920s, the average peak bloom date was April 5. That moved up to March 31 in recent years. And the 2023 peak arrived yet a week earlier, the National Park Service said last week. “I’m feeling like this is going to be the trend” because of climate change, said Matthew Morrison. He is the park service’s urban forester charged with overseeing the trees’ care.数以千计的日本樱花树在华盛顿特区的国家广场上盛开。当樱花盛开时，美国首都到处都是粉红色和白色。在 1920 年代，平均盛开的高峰日期是 4 月 5 日。近年来则上升到了 3 月 31 日。国家公园管理局上周表示，2023 年的高峰期提前一周到来。 “我觉得这将成为一种趋势”，因为气候变化，马修莫里森说。他是公园管理局的城市护林员，负责监督树木的护理。The yearly National Cherry Blossom Festival will run through April 16 this year. It celebrates Japan’s 1912 gift of 3,020 cherry trees to the city of Washington. Two of those trees were planted by First Lady Helen Herron Taft and Viscountess Chinda, wife of the Japanese Ambassador to the United States, with just a few onlookers present. The average life of a Japanese cherry tree is between 30 and 40 years. Yet the two trees planted by Taft and Chinda and several others are still standing 111 years later. “That defies science,” said Morrison. He credited the tree’s long life to “a little bit of magic” and the year-round care his team provides.一年一度的全国樱花节将于今年 4 月 16 日结束。它庆祝日本 1912 年向华盛顿市赠送 3,020 棵樱花树。其中两棵树是由第一夫人海伦·赫伦·塔夫脱 (Helen Herron Taft) 和日本驻美国大使的夫人钦达子爵夫人 (Viscountess Chinda) 种植的，当时只有少数旁观者在场。日本樱花树的平均寿命为 30 至 40 年。然而，塔夫脱和钦达以及其他几人种植的这两棵树在 111 年后仍然屹立不倒。 “这违背了科学，”莫里森说。他将这棵树的长寿归功于“一点点魔法”和他的团队提供的全年照料。Many of the 3,700 trees blooming at the park today come from cuttings from the first trees, Morrison said. Others are regularly donated by the Casey Trees group of Washington. Morrison oversees a team of just three arborists. They are charged with caring for the cherry trees and keeping a “personal health record” for each. Three years ago, Morrison introduced the practice of mulching trees with large amounts of wood chips to help their growth. As the chips break down, he said, they release fungi and bacteria to help the tree’s roots. The wood chips also serve as a barrier between the grass and the trees. This prevents accidental cuts caused by lawn equipment.莫里森说，今天在公园里盛开的 3,700 棵树中有许多来自第一批树木的插枝。其他的则由华盛顿的 Casey Trees 小组定期捐赠。莫里森负责监督一个只有三名树艺师的团队。他们负责照料樱桃树并为每棵樱桃树保存“个人健康记录”。三年前，莫里森引入了用大量木屑覆盖树木以帮助树木生长的做法。他说，随着碎片的分解，它们会释放出真菌和细菌来帮助树根生长。木屑还可以作为草地和树木之间的屏障。这可以防止草坪设备造成的意外割伤。Morrison suggests the same practice for homeowners growing trees in their own yards. When wood chips are applied over the root areas, he said, “it would never need any fertilizer, amendments” or more water. “Even on the hottest days of summer when it hasn’t rained, I dig down in the wood chips and find moisture,” he said. Morrison said most of the National Mall’s cherry blossom trees are Yoshino. “It’s one of the best growers and the best to flower,” he said. “Kwanzan cherry also is a good grower and gets a little bigger than Yoshino.” As for the National Cherry Blossom Festival, there are still several events throughout Washington and its suburbs. They include a Japanese street festival, running events, fireworks, and food festivals. If you cannot make it, there is a Bloom Cam to look at the cherry blossoms.莫里森建议房主在自家院子里种树也应采取同样的做法。他说，当木屑被施在根部区域时，“它永远不需要任何肥料、改良剂”或更多的水。 “即使在没有下雨的夏天最热的日子里，我也会在木屑中挖掘水分，”他说。莫里森说，国家广场的大部分樱花树都是吉野。 “它是最好的种植者之一，也是最好开花的植物之一，”他说。 “关山樱桃也是一个很好的种植者，比吉野大一点。”至于国家樱花节，华盛顿及其郊区仍有几项活动。其中包括日本街头节日、跑步活动、烟花和美食节。如果你赶不上，还有一个 Bloom Cam 可以看樱花。

Throughout history, people have been attracted to puzzles, from Ancient Greek riddles to brain-teasing video games, people have tried to solve problems for fun. But what is it about these conundrums that makes us enjoy them? It could be that the desire to find a solution is wired into us. A study has shown that when people complete anagrams, it can stimulate the reward centre in the brain. One of the researchers behind the study, Yongtaek Oh, suggests that problem-solving ability provides an evolutionary advantage – it can help us survive! It's clear that this 'aha' moment is very enjoyable, but it's not just completing a puzzle that people enjoy.纵观历史，人们一直被谜题所吸引，从古希腊谜语到益智游戏，人们都试图以解决问题为乐。但是，是什么让我们喜欢这些难题呢？可能是我们渴望找到解决方案。一项研究表明，当人们完成字谜游戏时，它可以刺激大脑中的奖赏中心。这项研究背后的研究人员之一 Yongtaek Oh 认为，解决问题的能力提供了一种进化优势——它可以帮助我们生存！很明显，这个“啊哈”时刻非常令人愉快，但它不仅仅是完成人们喜欢的拼图。David Shariatmadari highlights that solving the best puzzles requires a combination of luck and skill. He points out that the element of chance makes it more open to a wide range of people, while the need for skill gives players a feeling that they are in control. This also helps to provide a balance between being something challenging and something achievable. Michael Vilensky, a psychologist at Ohio State University, tells us that puzzles offer us a situation that we can control and resolve, which can be satisfying when compared with other life challenges. Other experts, such as therapist Elizabeth Hinkel, argue that by requiring concentration, puzzles can provide mindful moments away from the stresses of everyday life. Puzzles can also have a social aspect, whether that's making it easy to share your scorecard on social media, or the fact that people are keen to help each other find clues and come up with the answer.David Shariatmadari 强调，解决最好的谜题需要运气和技巧的结合。他指出，机会因素使其对更广泛的人群更加开放，而对技巧的需求则让玩家有一种掌控一切的感觉。这也有助于在具有挑战性和可实现性之间取得平衡。俄亥俄州立大学的心理学家迈克尔维伦斯基告诉我们，谜题为我们提供了一个我们可以控制和解决的情境，与其他生活挑战相比，这可以令人满意。其他专家，如治疗师伊丽莎白·欣克尔 (Elizabeth Hinkel) 认为，通过需要集中注意力，拼图可以提供远离日常生活压力的正念时刻。谜题还可以具有社交方面的意义，无论是让您在社交媒体上轻松分享您的记分卡，还是人们热衷于互相帮助寻找线索并得出答案。Puzzles and fun may even be dependent on each other, researchers at Drexel University have suggested. When looking at brain images, they found that some people preparing to do a puzzle showed activity associated with positive moods and that these people were better able to come up with solutions. They also found that subjects performed better on puzzles if they had seen a funny video beforehand.德雷克塞尔大学的研究人员建议，谜题和乐趣甚至可能相互依赖。在查看大脑图像时，他们发现一些准备拼图的人表现出与积极情绪相关的活动，并且这些人能够更好地想出解决方案。他们还发现，如果受试者事先看过一段有趣的视频，他们在拼图上的表现会更好。词汇表riddle 谜语brain-teasing 考验脑力的solve 解决problem 问题，难题conundrum 谜语，难题solution 解决方法，答案anagram （游戏）同字母异序词problem-solving 解决问题的'aha' moment 顿悟时刻complete 完成（谜语），解开（谜题）luck 运气skill 技能，技巧element of chance 碰运气的成分player 玩家challenging 有挑战性的achievable （谜语）可完成的，可解开的resolve 解决concentration 专注力，注意力集中mindful 聚精会神的，注意的scorecard 记分卡clue （谜语、游戏、问题答案的）提示come up with 想出answer 答案，解法

In the early 20th century, a meteorologist named Alfred Wegener noticed striking similarities between the coasts of Africa and South America. These observations led him to propose a controversial new theory: perhaps these and many other continents had once been connected in a single, gigantic landmass. Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift directly contradicted the popular opinion that Earth’s continents had remained steady for millennia, and it took almost 50 years for his advocates to convince the larger scientific community. But today, we know something even more exciting— Pangea was only the latest in a long lineage of supercontinents, and it won’t be the last.20 世纪初，一位名叫阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳 (Alfred Wegener) 的气象学家注意到非洲和南美洲海岸之间惊人的相似之处。这些观察使他提出了一个有争议的新理论：也许这些大陆和许多其他大陆曾经连接在一个巨大的大陆上。韦格纳的大陆漂移理论直接与地球大陆几千年来保持稳定的流行观点相矛盾，他的支持者花了将近 50 年的时间才说服更大的科学界。但是今天，我们知道了一些更令人兴奋的事情——盘古大陆只是一长串超级大陆中最新的一个，而且不会是最后一个。Continental Drift laid the foundation for our modern theory of plate tectonics, which states that Earth’s crust is made of vast, jagged plates that shift over a layer of partially molten rock called the mantle. These plates only move at rates of around 2.5 to 10 centimeters per year, but those incremental movements shape the planet's surface. So to determine when a new supercontinent will emerge, we need to predict where these plates are headed.大陆漂移为我们的现代板块构造理论奠定了基础，该理论指出地壳由巨大的锯齿状板块组成，这些板块在称为地幔的部分熔融岩石层上方移动。这些板块每年仅以约 2.5 至 10 厘米的速度移动，但这些增量运动塑造了地球表面。因此，要确定新的超大陆何时出现，我们需要预测这些板块的走向。One approach here is to look at how they’ve moved in the past. Geologists can trace the position of continents over time by measuring changes in Earth’s magnetic field. When molten rock cools, its magnetic minerals are “frozen” at a specific point in time. So by calculating the direction and intensity of a given rock’s magnetic field, we can discover the latitude at which it was located at the time of cooling. But this approach has serious limitations. For one thing, a rock’s magnetic field doesn’t tell us the plate’s longitude, and the latitude measurement could be either north or south. Worse still, this magnetic data gets erased when the rock is reheated, like during continental collisions or volcanic activity. So geologists need to employ other methods to reconstruct the continents’ positions. Dating local fossils and comparing them to the global fossil record can help identifying previously connected regions. The same is true of cracks and other deformations in the Earth's crust, which can sometimes be traced across plates.这里的一种方法是查看它们过去的移动方式。地质学家可以通过测量地球磁场的变化来追踪大陆随时间的位置。当熔岩冷却时，其磁性矿物会在特定时间点“冻结”。因此，通过计算给定岩石磁场的方向和强度，我们可以发现它在冷却时所处的纬度。但这种方法有严重的局限性。一方面，岩石的磁场并不能告诉我们板块的经度，纬度测量值可能是北也可能是南。更糟糕的是，当岩石被重新加热时，这些磁性数据会被删除，比如在大陆碰撞或火山活动期间。因此，地质学家需要采用其他方法来重建大陆的位置。确定当地化石的年代并将它们与全球化石记录进行比较可以帮助识别以前连接的区域。地壳中的裂缝和其他变形也是如此，有时可以跨越板块追踪。Using these tools, scientists have pieced together a relatively reliable history of plate movements, and their research revealed a pattern spanning hundreds of millions of years. What’s now known as the Wilson Cycle predicts how continents diverge and reassemble. And it currently predicts the next supercontinent will form 50 to 250 million years from now. We don’t have much certainty on what that landmass will look like. It could be a new Pangea that emerges from the closing of the Atlantic. Or it might result from the formation of a new Pan-Asian ocean. But while its shape and size remain a mystery, we do know these changes will impact much more than our national borders.使用这些工具，科学家们拼凑出了相对可靠的板块运动历史，他们的研究揭示了一种跨越数亿年的模式。现在被称为威尔逊循环的东西预测了大陆是如何分开和重新组合的。它目前预测下一个超级大陆将在 50 到 2.5 亿年后形成。我们不太确定那块大陆会是什么样子。它可能是大西洋关闭后出现的新盘古大陆。或者它可能是新泛亚洋形成的结果。但是，尽管它的形状和大小仍然是个谜，但我们知道这些变化的影响将远远超过我们的国界。In the past, colliding plates have caused major environmental upheavals. When the Rodinia supercontinent broke up circa 750 million years ago, it left large landmasses vulnerable to weathering. This newly exposed rock absorbed more carbon dioxide from rainfall, eventually removing so much atmospheric CO2 that the planet was plunged into a period called Snowball Earth. Over time, volcanic activity released enough CO2 to melt this ice, but that process took another 4 to 6 million years. Meanwhile, when the next supercontinent assembles, it's more likely to heat things up. Shifting plates and continental collisions could create and enlarge cracks in the Earth’s crust, potentially releasing huge amounts of carbon and methane into the atmosphere. This influx of greenhouse gases would rapidly heat the planet, possibly triggering a mass extinction. The sheer scale of these cracks would make them almost impossible to plug, and even if we could, the resulting pressure would just create new ruptures.过去，板块碰撞曾造成重大的环境剧变。大约 7.5 亿年前，当罗迪尼亚超级大陆分裂时，大片大陆容易受到风化作用的影响。这块新暴露的岩石从降雨中吸收了更多的二氧化碳，最终去除了如此多的大气中的二氧化碳，以至于地球陷入了一个被称为雪球地球的时期。随着时间的推移，火山活动释放出足够的二氧化碳来融化这些冰，但这个过程又需要 4 到 600 万年。同时，当下一个超级大陆聚集时，它更有可能使事情升温。移动的板块和大陆碰撞可能会在地壳中产生和扩大裂缝，可能会向大气中释放大量的碳和甲烷。温室气体的涌入将迅速加热地球，可能引发大规模灭绝。这些裂缝的巨大规模使它们几乎不可能被堵塞，即使

Medieval Europe. Where unbathed, sword-wielding knights ate rotten meat, thought the Earth was flat, defended chastity-belt wearing maidens, and tortured their foes with grisly gadgets. Except... this is more fiction than fact. So, where do all the myths about the Middle Ages come from? And what were they actually like?The “Middle Ages” refers to a 1,000-year timespan, stretching from the fall of Rome in the 5th century to the Italian renaissance in the 15th. Though it’s been applied to other parts of the world, the term traditionally refers specifically to Europe.中世纪的欧洲。未沐浴、挥舞剑的骑士吃腐肉，认为地球是平的，捍卫佩戴贞操带的少女，并用可怕的小玩意折磨他们的敌人。除了……这比事实更虚构。那么，关于中世纪的所有神话都是从哪里来的呢？他们到底是什么样子的？“中世纪”指的是 1000 年的时间跨度，从 5 世纪的罗马没落到 15 世纪的意大利文艺复兴。尽管它已被应用于世界其他地区，但该术语传统上专指欧洲。One misconception is that medieval people were all ignorant and uneducated. For example, a 19th century biography of Christopher Columbus incorrectly purported that medieval Europeans thought the Earth was flat. Sure, many medieval scholars describe the Earth as the center of the universe— but there wasn't much debate as to its shape. A popular 13th century text was literally called “On the Sphere of the World.” And literacy rates gradually increased during the Middle Ages alongside the establishment of monasteries, convents and universities. Ancient knowledge was also not “lost”; Greek and Roman texts continued to be studied.The idea that medieval people ate rotten meat and used spices to cover the taste was popularized in the 1930s by a British book. It misinterpreted one medieval recipe and used the existence of laws barring the sale of putrid meat as evidence it was regularly consumed. In fact, medieval Europeans avoided rancid foods and had methods for safely preserving meats, like curing them with salt. Spices were popular. But they were oftentimes pricier than meat itself. So if someone could afford them, they could also buy unspoiled food.一种误解是，中世纪的人都是无知和没有受过教育的。例如，19 世纪克里斯托弗·哥伦布的传记错误地声称中世纪欧洲人认为地球是平的。当然，许多中世纪的学者将地球描述为宇宙的中心——但关于它的形状并没有太多争论。一个流行的 13 世纪文本字面意思是“在世界的范围内”。随着修道院、修道院和大学的建立，识字率在中世纪逐渐提高。古代知识也没有“丢失”；希腊和罗马文本继续被研究。中世纪人吃腐烂的肉并用香料掩盖味道的想法在 1930 年代被一本英国书籍所普及。它误解了一种中世纪的食谱，并利用禁止出售腐烂肉的法律的存在作为经常食用这种肉的证据。事实上，中世纪的欧洲人避免食用腐臭的食物，并有安全保存肉类的方法，比如用盐腌制它们。香料很受欢迎。但它们通常比肉类本身更贵。因此，如果有人负担得起，他们也可以购买未变质的食物。Meanwhile, the 19th century French historian Jules Michelet referred to the Middle Ages as “a thousand years without a bath.” But even small towns boasted well-used public bathhouses. People lathered up with soaps made of things like animal fat, ash, and scented herbs. And they used mouthwash, teeth-scrubbing cloths with pastes and powders, and spices and herbs for fresh-smelling breath.So, how about medieval torture devices? In the 1890s, a collection of allegedly “terrible relics of a semi-barbarous age” went on tour. Among them: the Iron Maiden, which fascinated viewers with its spiked doors— but it was fabricated, possibly just decades before. And there’s no indication Iron Maidens actually existed in the Middle Ages. The “Pear of Anguish,” meanwhile, did exist— but probably later on and it couldn’t have been used for torture. It may have just been a shoe-stretcher. Indeed, many ostensibly medieval torture devices are far more recent inventions. Medieval legal proceedings were overall less gruesome than these gadgets suggest. They included fines, imprisonment, public humiliation, and certain forms of corporal punishment. Torture and executions did happen, but especially violent punishments, like drawing and quartering, were generally reserved for crimes like high treason.与此同时，19 世纪的法国历史学家儒勒·米什莱 (Jules Michelet) 将中世纪称为“一千年不洗澡”。但即使是小城镇也以使用良好的公共澡堂而自豪。人们用动物脂肪、灰烬和香草制成的肥皂起泡沫。他们使用漱口水、带有糊状物和粉末的擦牙布以及香料和草药来清新口气。那么，中世纪的刑具怎么样？在 1890 年代，一批据称是“半野蛮时代的可怕遗物”的藏品开始巡回展出。其中包括：铁娘子号，它的尖刺门让观众着迷——但它是捏造的，可能就在几十年前。而且没有迹象表明中世纪真的存在铁娘子。与此同时，“痛苦之梨”确实存在——但可能是后来的，它不可能被用来折磨人。它可能只是一个鞋撑。事实上，许多表面上看起来是中世纪的刑具实际上是最近才发明的。中世纪的法律程序总体上没有这些小工具所暗示的那么可怕。其中包括罚款、监禁、公开羞辱和某些形式的体罚。酷刑和处决确实发生过，但特别是暴力惩罚，如抽签和四分五裂，通常是为叛国罪等罪行保留的。Surely chastity belts were real, though, right? Probably not. They were first mentioned by a 15th century German engineer, likely in jest, alongside fart jokes and a device for invisibility. From there, they became popular subjects of satire that were later mistaken for medieval reality.Ideas about the Middle Ages have varied depending on the interest of those in later times. The term— along with the pejorative “Dark Ages”— was popularized during the 15th and 16th centuries by scholars biased toward the Classical and Modern periods that came before and after. And, as Enlightenment thinkers celebrated their dedication to reason, they depicted medieval people as superstitious and irrational. In the 19th century, some Romantic European nationalist thinkers— well— romanticized the Middle Ages. They described isolated, white, Christian societies, emphasizing narratives of chivalry and wonder. But knights played minimal roles in medieval warfare. And the Middle Ages saw large-scale interactions. Ideas flowed into Europe

In 1971, Ian Waterman suddenly collapsed from a severe case of what seemed to be gastric flu. His illness passed after a few days, but a stranger set of symptoms lingered. Although his muscles and joints remained healthy, Waterman was unable to move. In fact, he was unable to feel anything from the neck down. Eventually, he was diagnosed with a rare and extreme form of deafferentation, a neurological condition in which certain signals from the nervous system are interrupted or impaired. Without his body's constant feedback on how his limbs were moving, Waterman was unable to sit up, stand, or walk. But over time, he taught himself to use sight to judge the distance of his limbs from other objects. And eventually he regained complete control of his body— so long as he could see it.1971 年，伊恩·沃特曼 (Ian Waterman) 因严重的疑似胃流感而突然倒下。几天后他的病就过去了，但一系列奇怪的症状仍然存在。尽管他的肌肉和关节保持健康，但沃特曼无法动弹。事实上，他从脖子以下感觉不到任何东西。最终，他被诊断出患有一种罕见的极端形式的传入神经阻滞症，这是一种神经系统疾病，其中来自神经系统的某些信号被中断或受损。没有身体对四肢运动方式的持续反馈，沃特曼无法坐起、站立或行走。但随着时间的推移，他学会了用视觉来判断他的四肢与其他物体的距离。最终他重新完全控制了自己的身体——只要他能看到它。We often don’t think of touch as being a vital part of movement. But touch is just one part of the somatosensory system, a network that oversees all the sensations arising from the surface and interior of our bodies. Touch, pain, temperature, and our awareness of our bodies in space— also known as proprioception— are regulated by this system. And when something goes wrong, the effects can be dramatic.All these sensations are processed by millions of tiny receptor cells embedded in our skin, muscles, tendons, and organs. Every square centimeter of our skin is packed with hundreds of these cells, and their shape, size, and depth determine what kind of stimuli they respond to.我们通常不认为触觉是运动的重要组成部分。但触觉只是体感系统的一部分，体感系统是一个网络，负责监督从我们身体的表面和内部产生的所有感觉。触觉、疼痛、温度以及我们对空间中身体的意识——也称为本体感受——都受该系统调节。当出现问题时，影响可能是巨大的。所有这些感觉都由嵌入我们皮肤、肌肉、肌腱和器官中的数百万个微小受体细胞处理。我们皮肤的每一平方厘米都挤满了数百个这样的细胞，它们的形状、大小和深度决定了它们对什么样的刺激做出反应。Mechanoreceptors sense mechanical deformation of the skin. This could be triggered by low or high frequency vibrations, a stretch, or simply light, static pressure. Thermoreceptors respond to temperature changes, while nociceptors sense pain. And propriocepters sit deep in your muscles and tendons, continually detecting and relaying information about the position of your body. Your brain then combines this information with other sensory data to move through space without needing to see your limbs.All of these receptors work by sending electrical signals to the brain through fibers they’re attached to. And the speed of those signals varies with the fiber’s thickness. For example, some nociceptors are attached to fibers with slightly more conductive, fatty myelin than others. So when you get hurt, the electrical impulses from thicker nociceptors trigger sharp, intense pain, while thin, unmyelinated nociceptors are responsible for the dull, aching pain that follows. And since the fibers carrying tactile information are much thicker than those carrying nociceptive signals, rubbing an injury can produce temporary relief from the pain机械感受器感知皮肤的机械变形。这可能由低频或高频振动、拉伸或简单的轻微静压触发。温度感受器对温度变化作出反应，而伤害感受器则感知疼痛。本体感受器位于您的肌肉和肌腱深处，不断检测和传递有关您身体位置的信息。然后你的大脑将这些信息与其他感官数据结合起来，在空间中移动而无需看到你的四肢。所有这些受体都通过它们所附着的纤维向大脑发送电信号来工作。这些信号的速度随纤维的厚度而变化。例如，一些伤害感受器附着在比其他感受器导电性更强的脂肪髓鞘纤维上。因此，当你受伤时，较厚的伤害感受器发出的电脉冲会引发剧烈、剧烈的疼痛，而较薄、无髓鞘的伤害感受器会导致随之而来的隐隐作痛。由于携带触觉信息的纤维比携带伤害性信号的纤维粗得多，因此摩擦伤口可以暂时缓解疼痛These receptors generate a constant flood of signals that travel through the nervous system to the brain. But if this process is disrupted— either by damage to the skin, the nerves, or the brain— the network breaks down. And since it underpins so many bodily functions, damage to the somatosensory system can manifest in a wide variety of ways.In Waterman’s case, an autoimmune reaction attacked a large swath of his nervous system, leaving him with no tactile or proprioceptive sensations from the neck down. But deafferentation is just one of many somatosensory disorders. Individuals can receive damage to a specific brain area or a section of skin, resulting in the loss of certain sensations in particular locations. And the impact of this loss can be significant. Losing tactile sensations makes it difficult to gauge how much strength to use in a situation. Without the warning signals provided by thermal and pain stimuli, we don’t react when our bodies are damaged. And, being deprived of social touch can cause a condition known as touch starvation, characterized by anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, and even a weakened immune system.这些受体产生源源不断的信号，通过神经系统传输到大脑。但如果这个过程被破坏——无论是由于皮肤、神经或大脑受损——网络就会崩溃。由于它支撑着如此多的身体机能，因此对体感系统的损害可以通过多种方式表现出来。在沃特曼的案例中，自身免疫反应攻击了他的大部分神经系统，使他的颈部失去了触觉或本体感受向下。但传入神经阻滞只是众多体感障碍中的一种。个人可能会受到特定大脑区域或皮肤部分的伤害，导致特定位置的某些感觉丧失。这种损失的影响可能很大。失去触觉会让人很难判断在某种情况下该用多大的力。如果没有热刺激和疼痛刺激提供的警告信号，我们在身体受损时不会做出反应。而且，被剥夺社交接触会导致一种称为接触饥饿的状况，其特征是焦虑、抑郁、高血压，甚至免疫系统减弱。Many individuals who face these realities have found innovative ways to adapt. But it’s undeniable that all these i

A new report says an estimated 43,000 people died during Somalia’s longest drought on record last year. Half of them were likely children under five years old. It is the first official count of deaths announced in the drought that is affecting large parts of the Horn of Africa. At least 18,000 people, and as many as 34,000, are predicted to die in the first six months of this year.一份新报告称，估计有 43,000 人在索马里去年有记录以来最长的干旱期间死亡。其中一半可能是五岁以下的儿童。这是影响非洲之角大部分地区的干旱中首次官方公布的死亡人数。预计今年前六个月至少有 18,000 人死亡，多达 34,000 人死亡。“The current crisis is far from over,” says the report. It was released Monday by the World Health Organization and the United Nations children’s agency. And it was carried out by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Somalia and neighboring Ethiopia and Kenya are facing a sixth consecutive season with little rain. Rising world food prices and the war in Ukraine add to the hunger crisis. The U.N. and partners earlier this year said they were no longer predicting an official famine declaration in Somalia for now. But they called the situation “extremely critical” with more than 6 million people hungry in that country alone.“当前的危机远未结束，”报告称。它于周一由世界卫生组织和联合国儿童机构发布。它是由伦敦卫生与热带医学学院进行的。索马里和邻国埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚正面临连续第六个雨季少雨的情况。世界粮食价格上涨和乌克兰战争加剧了饥饿危机。联合国和合作伙伴今年早些时候表示，他们目前不再预测索马里将正式宣布饥荒。但他们称这种情况“极其危急”，仅在该国就有超过 600 万人在挨饿。Famine is the extreme lack of food and a high death rate from lack of food or nutrients combined with diseases like cholera. A famine declaration means information shows more than a fifth of households suffer from extreme food shortage, more than 30 percent of children are severely malnourished, and over two people out of 10,000 are dying every day. “The risk of famine still remains,” a U.N. representative in Somalia, Adam Abdelmoula, told reporters on Monday. Some humanitarian and climate officials this year have warned that the changing situation is worse than the 2011 famine in Somalia. A quarter-million people died during that famine.饥荒是指极度缺乏食物和因缺乏食物或营养素以及霍乱等疾病而导致的高死亡率。宣布饥荒意味着信息显示，超过五分之一的家庭粮食极度短缺，超过30%的儿童严重营养不良，每天有一万人中有两人以上在死亡。 “饥荒的风险仍然存在，”联合国驻索马里代表亚当·阿卜杜勒穆拉 (Adam Abdelmoula) 周一对记者说。今年一些人道主义和气候官员警告说，不断变化的局势比 2011 年索马里的饥荒还要糟糕。 25 万人在那场饥荒中丧生。“The death rate was increasing as the year came to a close,” London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine professor Francesco Checchi told reporters. The hardest-hit populations are in Bay and Bakool in southwest Somalia and displaced people who went to the capital, Mogadishu. Millions of farm animals that are kept, raised, and used by people have also died in the current crisis. And it is worsened by climate change and insecurity as Somalia battles thousands of fighters with al-Qaida’s East Africa counterpart, al-Shabab. The U.N. migrations agency says 3.8 million people are displaced, a record high.伦敦卫生与热带医学学院教授弗朗切斯科·切奇告诉记者：“随着年末的临近，死亡率正在上升。”受灾最严重的人口位于索马里西南部的拜伊和巴科勒，流离失所者前往首都摩加迪沙。人们饲养、饲养和使用的数百万农场动物也在当前危机中死亡。随着索马里与基地组织在东非的对手青年党交战，气候变化和不安全局势使情况更加恶化。联合国移民局表示，有 380 万人流离失所，创历史新高。A food security examination released last month said nearly a half-million children in Somalia are likely to be severely malnourished this year. This time, the world is looking elsewhere, many humanitarian officials say. “Many of the traditional donors have washed their hands and focused on Ukraine,” Abdelmoula told the visiting U.S. ambassador to the U.N., Linda Thomas-Greenfield, during a meeting in Mogadishu in January.上个月公布的一项食品安全调查显示，索马里今年可能有近 50 万儿童严重营养不良。许多人道主义官员说，这一次，世界正在寻找其他地方。 “许多传统的捐助者已经洗手并专注于乌克兰，”阿卜杜勒穆拉 1 月份在摩加迪沙的一次会议上告诉来访的美国驻联合国大使琳达托马斯 - 格林菲尔德。

Colombia is one of just eight countries where bullfights remain legal. Many places in those countries are establishing restrictions on the activity. Courts and city governments in Spain and Mexico have issued rulings that have discouraged the events. In December, Colombia’s Senate approved a measure to ban bullfighting nationwide. Lawmakers in the House of Representatives could take up the legislation when it returns from its three-month break. Bullfights have been a part of life in Colombia for hundreds of years. But much of the public now disapproves of the practice because of ethical concerns.哥伦比亚是斗牛仍然合法的八个国家之一。这些国家的许多地方都在限制这项活动。西班牙和墨西哥的法院和市政府已经发布了阻止这些事件的裁决。去年 12 月，哥伦比亚参议院批准了一项在全国范围内禁止斗牛的措施。众议院的立法者可以在三个月的休假结束后讨论这项立法。数百年来，斗牛一直是哥伦比亚生活的一部分。但出于道德方面的考虑，现在很多公众都不赞成这种做法。“We are talking about living and feeling beings,” said Andrea Padilla. She is a recently elected senator and longtime animal rights activist who wrote the anti-bullfighting law. “These are mammals…who shouldn’t be exposed to a slow and painful death.” Padilla’s law proposes banning all bullfights within three years. It also demands immediate reform of bullfighting shows. It bars the use of some weapons and the killing of the animal. Bullfighting supporters say those measures would effectively end the tradition.“我们谈论的是生活和有感觉的存在，”安德里亚·帕迪拉 (Andrea Padilla) 说。 She is a recently elected senator and longtime animal rights activist who wrote the anti-bullfighting law. “这些是哺乳动物……不应该让它们缓慢而痛苦地死去。”帕迪拉的法律提议在三年内禁止所有斗牛。它还要求立即改革斗牛表演。它禁止使用某些武器和杀死动物。斗牛支持者表示，这些措施将有效终结这一传统。In bullfights, the bull is fought and taunted in three stages that last about six minutes each. First, a horseman injures the bull with a long wooden weapon with a metal point. Then, assistants rush up to the bull to push sharp sticks into the animal’s upper back. Lastly, the bullfighter stabs and kills the bull. Supporters of bullfights say the ban would destroy an art form. They also say it will cause job losses. They argue that politicians like Padilla are trying to force their beliefs on others. Studies suggest bullfighting supporters are a small percentage of Colombia’s population. In a November public opinion study by research company Datexco, 85 percent of Colombians said they agreed with a ban on bullfights. Just 13 percent said they were against a ban.在斗牛中，斗牛和嘲讽分三个阶段进行，每个阶段持续约六分钟。首先，骑手用带金属尖头的长木头武器伤害公牛。然后，助手们冲到公牛身边，将锋利的棍子插进它的上背部。最后，斗牛士将公牛刺死。斗牛的支持者表示，该禁令将摧毁一种艺术形式。他们还说这会导致失业。他们争辩说，像帕迪拉这样的政客正试图将自己的信仰强加于人。研究表明，斗牛支持者只占哥伦比亚人口的一小部分。在研究公司 Datexco 于 11 月进行的一项民意调查中，85% 的哥伦比亚人表示他们同意禁止斗牛。只有 13% 的人表示他们反对禁令。However, in Colombia’s House of Representatives many politicians have been unwilling to ban it. Some lawmakers say they prefer a bill that “moderates” bullfights by making some of the weapons used in these events less violent. In some parts of Colombia, like the city of Manizales, bullfights still interest thousands of people each year. The local Red Cross owns the bullfighting center in that city. Its yearly bullfighting celebration raises thousands of dollars for a children’s hospital. “It’s sad that people who don’t know anything about our sector want to make laws about us,” said Sergio Alzate. The 22-year-old hopes to become a bullfighter, or matador. He attends the city's bullfighting school.然而，在哥伦比亚众议院，许多政客一直不愿意禁止它。一些立法者表示，他们更喜欢一项法案，该法案通过降低这些事件中使用的一些武器的暴力程度来“缓和”斗牛。在哥伦比亚的某些地区，例如马尼萨莱斯市，每年仍有成千上万的人对斗牛感兴趣。当地红十字会拥有该市的斗牛中心。它一年一度的斗牛庆典为一家儿童医院筹集了数千美元。 “令人遗憾的是，对我们行业一无所知的人想要制定关于我们的法律，”Sergio Alzate 说。这位 22 岁的年轻人希望成为一名斗牛士或斗牛士。他在市里的斗牛学校上学。Still, Senator Padilla and thousands of others in Colombia argue that there is no ethical reason for events where animals are killed for show. She added that her bill directs the government to help create new sources of money for people working in bullfights.尽管如此，哥伦比亚参议员帕迪拉和其他数千人认为，为了表演而杀死动物的事件没有道德理由。她补充说，她的法案指示政府帮助为从事斗牛工作的人创造新的资金来源。

As the morning sun shines on the Golden Gate Palace, brother and sister Hisham and Asma prepare for the journey of a lifetime. It is 791 CE, and the Abbasid Caliphate is at the height of its power, stretching from India to North Africa. With over half a million inhabitants, its capital city of Madinat al-Salaam, also known as Baghdad, is the largest in the Islamic Empire, possibly the world. And it's only 30 years old.当晨曦照耀在金门宫时，希沙姆和阿斯玛兄妹正在为一生难忘的旅程做准备。现在是公元 791 年，阿拔斯哈里发正处于权力的顶峰，从印度一直延伸到北非。其首都古城萨拉姆（也称为巴格达）拥有超过 50 万居民，是伊斯兰帝国中最大的城市，可能是世界上最大的城市。而且才30岁。Asma and Hisham will leave at sunset for the hajj, the holy pilgrimage to Mecca. Most people make the journey when they’re older and wealthier, but Hisham and Asma have wanted to make this journey together since they were children.Asma 和 Hisham 将在日落时分前往麦加朝圣地朝圣。大多数人在年长和富有的时候开始了这段旅程，但 Hisham 和 Asma 从小就想一起完成这段旅程。They intend to travel with the big hajj caravan that is protected by the caliph soldiers. The caliph Al-Rashid himself is also traveling with the caravan this year. The hajj caravan is like a massive mobile city, with soldiers, cooks, doctors and merchants, servants and enslaved people. The journey is long, with dangers like disease, robbery, and dehydration. Because of these perils, Hisham and Asma want to travel with the larger group— but a last-minute mishap threatens to undo months of careful planning.他们打算乘坐由哈里发士兵保护的大朝觐商队。哈里发拉希德本人今年也与大篷车同行。朝觐商队就像一个巨大的移动城市，有士兵、厨师、医生和商人、仆人和奴隶。旅途漫长，伴随着疾病、抢劫和脱水等危险。由于这些危险，Hisham 和 Asma 想和更多人一起旅行——但最后一刻的意外可能会让数月的周密计划化为乌有。When the siblings visit the market to check on the supplies they’ve purchased, the merchant tells them one of their camels has fallen ill, and he doesn't have any replacements.Without the camel, the siblings won't be able to depart with the caravan. They search the marketplace, bustling with people from different ethnic backgrounds, such as Persians, Arabs, Turks, Africans, and Indians, and following different religions like Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. The market sells everything from locally made pottery, Egyptian glass, and paper from Samarkand, to Chinese silk, gold from Africa, and fox fur from the distant north. But with the caravan leaving tonight, no one has a camel available.当兄妹俩去市场检查他们购买的物资时，商人告诉他们他们的一只骆驼病了，他没有任何替代品。没有骆驼，兄妹俩将无法离开与大篷车。他们搜索市场，熙熙攘攘的人群来自不同的种族背景，如波斯人、阿拉伯人、土耳其人、非洲人和印度人，信奉不同的宗教，如伊斯兰教、犹太教、基督教和祆教。市场出售各种商品，从当地制造的陶器、埃及玻璃和撒马尔罕的纸张，到中国的丝绸、非洲的黄金和遥远北方的狐皮。但是今晚大篷车离开，没有人有骆驼可用。Though the hajj is primarily a religious journey, the siblings have other, personal hopes for it. Hisham and Asma come from a wealthy family and both had tutors as children.Hisham is studying to become a scholar, progressing from Arabic grammar to Islamic law and Persian love poetry, then to Indian-inspired mathematics and Greek philosophy and medicine. With scholars from all over the empire traveling to Mecca and important intellectual centers on the way, the hajj is a great learning opportunity.虽然朝觐主要是一次宗教之旅，但兄弟姐妹对此还有其他个人希望。 Hisham 和 Asma 都来自一个富裕的家庭，从小都有家庭教师。Hisham 正在学习成为一名学者，从阿拉伯语法到伊斯兰法律和波斯爱情诗歌，然后是印度启发的数学和希腊哲学和医学。来自帝国各地的学者前往麦加和途中的重要知识中心，朝觐是一个很好的学习机会。Asma, meanwhile, has literary ambitions. As a woman, a life of formal scholarship is not available to her. Instead, she is honing her skills as a poet. She hopes to compose poetry about the journey that will catch the attention of important women in the city, and maybe even Queen Zubayda.The siblings split up to search for a camel. Hisham heads toward the library complex to ask the scholars’ advice. An elderly scholar studying Galen and Hippocrates tells him how to treat a wound. An Aramaic translator from Damascus shares a list of useful herbs for upset stomach on the road. A Persian poet wants to share his latest poetry, but Hisham doesn’t see how that will get him the camel for tonight, so he kindly refuses. As he says goodbye, they give him the names of important theology scholars to visit in Medina, on the way to Mecca. But to get there, he’ll need a camel.与此同时，阿斯玛也有文学抱负。作为一名女性，她无法享受正规奖学金的生活。相反，她正在磨练自己作为诗人的技能。她希望创作有关旅程的诗歌，以引起城市中重要女性的注意，甚至可能引起祖拜达女王的注意。兄弟姐妹分手寻找骆驼。 Hisham 前往图书馆大楼征求学者们的意见。一位研究盖伦和希波克拉底的年长学者告诉他如何治疗伤口。来自大马士革的阿拉姆语翻译分享了一份在路上治疗胃部不适的有用草药清单。一位波斯诗人想分享他最新的诗歌，但 Hisham 不明白这将如何让他成为今晚的骆驼，所以他善意地拒绝了。在他告别时，他们给了他重要神学学者的名字，让他在前往麦加的途中去麦地那拜访。但要到达那里，他需要一头骆驼。Meanwhile, Asma visits an older, married cousin. An enslaved girl opens the door, and takes Asma to the women’s quarters, where men cannot enter. Her cousin wants to hear Asma’s latest poetry, but Asma tells her she’s in a hurry and explains their predicament. She’s in luck— her cousin’s husband has a camel to offer them.With their arrangements secure at last, they make their final preparations. At the designated times for men and women, each performs a ritual ablution at one of Baghdad’s many public bathhouses.与此同时，阿斯玛拜访了一位年长的已婚堂兄。一个被奴役的女孩打开门，把阿斯玛带到了男人不能进入的女性宿舍。她的表妹想听听阿斯玛最新的诗歌，但阿斯玛告诉她她很着急，并解释了他们的困境。她很幸运——她表哥的丈夫有骆驼可以送给他们。随着他们的安排终于确定下来，他们进行了最后的准备。在指定的男女时间，每个人都会在巴格达众多公共浴室之一进行仪式沐浴。As the sun sets, the city’s criers a

The American Library Association (ALA) released a new report Thursday about book banning in the country. It found attempted book bans and information restrictions at school and public libraries continue to increase, setting a record in 2022. The report says there were 1,200 known challenges in 2022. That is almost double the number from the year before, and it had also been record setting. The ALA began collecting the data 20 years ago. “I’ve never seen anything like this,” says Deborah Caldwell-Stone, who directs the ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom. She said the last two years have been frightening, tiring, and angering.美国图书馆协会 (ALA) 周四发布了一份关于该国禁书的新报告。它发现学校和公共图书馆的图书禁令和信息限制尝试继续增加，并在 2022 年创下了记录。报告称，2022 年已知的挑战有 1,200 个。这几乎是前一年的两倍，而且记录设置。 ALA 于 20 年前开始收集数据。 “我从未见过这样的事情，”负责 ALA 知识自由办公室的黛博拉考德威尔斯通说。她说过去两年令人恐惧、疲惫和愤怒。The report also says the way restrictions are requested has changed. A few years ago, challenges were usually from parents and community members concerned about an individual book, the ALA says. Now, the requests are often for several removals, and organized by national groups such as Moms for Liberty. Their goal is “unifying, educating and empowering parents to defend their parental rights at all levels of government.” Last year, more than 2,500 different books were objected to, compared to 1,858 in 2021 and just 566 in 2019. In many cases, hundreds of books were challenged in a single request. The ALA bases its findings on media accounts and voluntary reporting from libraries. It says the numbers might be far higher.该报告还说，请求限制的方式已经改变。 ALA 表示，几年前，挑战通常来自家长和社区成员对某本书的关注。现在，这些请求通常是多次移除，并由 Moms for Liberty 等全国性团体组织。他们的目标是“统一、教育和授权父母在各级政府捍卫他们为人父母的权利。”去年，有 2,500 多本不同的书籍遭到反对，而 2021 年有 1,858 本书，而 2019 年只有 566 本书。在许多情况下，数百本书在一次请求中受到质疑。 ALA 的调查结果基于媒体报道和图书馆的自愿报告。它说这个数字可能要高得多。Librarians around the country have told of being harassed and threatened with violence or legal action. Caldwell-Stone says that some books have been targeted because of racist language. But she says the majority of requests for removal are for works with LGBTIQA+ or racial themes. Bills easing the restriction of books have been proposed or passed in Arizona, Iowa, Texas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, among other states. In Florida, Governor Ron DeSantis has approved laws to review reading materials and limit classroom discussion of gender identity and race. Books removed in Florida include John Green’s Looking for Alaska, Colleen Hoover’s Hopeless, and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale.全国各地的图书馆员都曾受到骚扰，并受到暴力或法律诉讼的威胁。考德威尔-斯通说，有些书因为种族主义语言而成为攻击目标。但她说，大多数删除请求都是针对具有 LGBTIQA+ 或种族主题的作品。亚利桑那州、爱荷华州、得克萨斯州、密苏里州和俄克拉荷马州等州已经提出或通过了放宽书籍限制的法案。在佛罗里达州，州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯 (Ron DeSantis) 已批准审查阅读材料并限制课堂讨论性别认同和种族的法律。在佛罗里达州下架的书籍包括约翰·格林的《寻找阿拉斯加》、科琳·胡佛的《绝望》和玛格丽特·阿特伍德的《使女的故事》。DeSantis has called reports of mass bannings a “hoax.” He said earlier this month that some people “are attempting to use our schools for indoctrination.” Some books do come back. Officials at Florida’s Duval County Public Schools were widely criticized after they removed Roberto Clemente: The Pride of the Pittsburgh Pirates. It is a children’s book about of the late baseball star from Puerto Rico. In February, they announced the book would again be available, explaining they had needed to examine it and make sure it did not violate any state laws.德桑蒂斯称有关大规模禁令的报道是“骗局”。他本月早些时候表示，有些人“正试图利用我们的学校进行洗脑”。有些书确实回来了。佛罗里达州杜瓦尔县公立学校的官员在删除罗伯托克莱门特：匹兹堡海盗的骄傲后受到广泛批评。这是一本关于已故波多黎各棒球明星的儿童读物。 2 月，他们宣布这本书将再次上市，并解释说他们需要对其进行检查并确保它没有违反任何州法律。

Less than two months ago the new South Korean girl group MAVE: released its first music video. It now has nearly 20 million views on YouTube. At first look, MAVE: looks like any other K-pop band. But it only exists virtually. Its four members - SIU, ZENA, TYRA and MARTY - live in the digital world, also called the metaverse. The group’s songs, dances, talks and even their hair are created by web designers and artificial intelligence. "When I first saw MAVE, it was a little confusing to tell whether they were humans or virtual characters," said Han Su-min, a 19-year-old in Seoul. "Because I use metaverse platforms with my friends often, I feel like I could become their fan."不到两个月前，韩国新女子组合 MAVE: 发布了第一支音乐视频。它现在在 YouTube 上的观看次数接近 2000 万次。乍一看，MAVE：看起来和其他 K-pop 乐队没什么两样。但它只是虚拟地存在。它的四名成员 - SIU、ZENA、TYRA 和 MARTY - 生活在数字世界，也称为虚拟世界。乐队的歌曲、舞蹈、谈话甚至他们的发型都是由网页设计师和人工智能创造的。 “当我第一次看到 MAVE 时，有点难以分辨它们是人类还是虚拟角色，”首尔 19 岁的韩素敏说。 “因为我经常和我的朋友一起使用元宇宙平台，我觉得我可以成为他们的粉丝。”MAVE:’s almost human-like characters provide an early look at how the metaverse is likely to look in the coming years. It also represents a push by the technology company Kakao Corporation to become a strong force in entertainment. Apart from creating MAVE:, Kakao made a $960 million offer recently to buy SM Entertainment. SM has a record company that is home to several popular K-pop groups. Kakao has said earlier that it has invested more than $9 million in Metaverse Entertainment, a group it formed with gaming group Netmarble, to create MAVE:.MAVE: 几乎与人类相似的角色让我们可以提前了解虚拟宇宙在未来几年的可能面貌。这也代表了科技公司 Kakao Corporation 力图成为娱乐领域的一股强大力量。除了创建 MAVE:，Kakao 最近还出价 9.6 亿美元收购 SM Entertainment。 SM 有一家唱片公司，旗下有几个受欢迎的 K-pop 团体。 Kakao 早些时候曾表示，它已向其与游戏集团 Netmarble 组建的 Metaverse Entertainment 投资超过 900 万美元，以创建 MAVE：。The idea of a virtual band is not new in South Korea. In 1998, the virtual singer Adam was created. Twenty years later, there was the K-pop girl group K/DA, based on characters from the video game League of Legends. Neither was popular. But South Korean technology has made progress since then in creating virtual characters. MAVE: is more natural-looking thanks to new tools and artificial intelligence. Developers are able to create facial expressions and small details in things like hair, viewers say.虚拟乐队的想法在韩国并不新鲜。 1998年，虚拟歌手亚当诞生。 20 年后，出现了以视频游戏英雄联盟中的角色为原型的 K-pop 女子组合 K/DA。两者都不受欢迎。但从那时起，韩国技术在创建虚拟角色方面取得了进步。 MAVE：借助新工具和人工智能，看起来更自然。观众说，开发人员能够在头发等物体上创造面部表情和小细节。With the aid of an AI voice creator, its members can speak four languages - Korean, English, French and Bahasa. But they cannot speak to answer any questions. They must use words prepared by humans. The group's voices in its first song "Pandora" and the dance in the music video were created by human performers. Experts say the COVID-19 pandemic aided the growth of such virtual characters. Many K-pop companies moved online during lockdowns to keep fans happy.在人工智能语音创作者的帮助下，其成员可以说四种语言——韩语、英语、法语和印尼语。但他们不能说话回答任何问题。他们必须使用人类准备的文字。该乐队在第一首歌曲“Pandora”中的声音和音乐视频中的舞蹈都是由真人表演者创作的。专家表示，COVID-19 大流行有助于此类虚拟角色的成长。许多 K-pop 公司在封锁期间转移到线上，以使粉丝开心。Lee Jong-im is a pop culture critic who teaches at Seoul National University. He said fans got used to online performances and have become more accepting of the idea that there can be both virtual and real K-pop singers. Virtual groups like MAVE: are making news for being new and different. But questions remain over whether they can be just as popular as regular bands with their large numbers of fans. Lee Gyu-tag is an associate professor of cultural studies at George Mason University Korea. He said that unless virtual groups have “unpredictability, they will become something close to video technology, not K-pop.”Lee Jong-im 是一名流行文化评论家，在首尔国立大学任教。他说，粉丝们已经习惯了在线表演，并且越来越接受可以同时存在虚拟和真实的 K-pop 歌手的想法。像 MAVE 这样的虚拟团体正在制作新的和不同的新闻。但问题是，他们能否像拥有大量粉丝的普通乐队一样受欢迎。 Lee Gyu-tag 是韩国乔治梅森大学文化研究副教授。他说，除非虚拟团体具有“不可预测性，否则它们将成为接近视频技术的东西，而不是 K-pop”。Yet, MAVE:'s creators and entertainment industry officials are hopeful. "With so many comments received from all over the world, I've realized that viewers do want something new and that they are rather open-minded," said Roh Shi-yong. He is the head producer of a weekly music show that showed MAVE:'s performance twice. "The metaverse era is coming."然而，MAVE: 的创作者和娱乐业官员充满希望。 “收到来自世界各地的这么多评论，我意识到观众确实想要新的东西，而且他们的思想相当开放，”卢世勇说。他是每周一次的音乐节目的首席制作人，该节目两次展示 MAVE: 的表演。 “元宇宙时代即将到来。”

In this south Texas clearing, an ancient tale that ties the members of four species together is unfurling. The first involved is our soon-to-be queen leafcutter ant. The second is this fungus, a piece of which she scoops into her mouth pocket. The third are these tiny cockroaches, which nestle under her wings. And the fourth is the one that threatens them all. But it’ll reveal itself later.在得克萨斯州南部的这片空地上，一个将四个物种的成员联系在一起的古老故事正在展开。第一个涉及的是我们即将成为蚁后的切叶蚁。第二种是这种木耳，她舀了一块放进嘴里的口袋里。第三种是这些小蟑螂，它们依偎在她的翅膀下。第四个是威胁他们所有人的那个。但它会在稍后显露出来。In a flapping-wing frenzy, our ant takes to the sky. This is the only chance she’ll have to mate, so she stores as much sperm as she can from the males she meets in midair. After dropping to the ground, she sheds her wings and begins digging. She excavates a tunnel and a side chamber, then plugs the entrance, sealing herself in. There, she regurgitates the fungus. This pile of puke will form the bedrock of her kingdom. Over the following weeks, in between laying eggs and consuming the infertile ones, she tends to her developing fungal garden, fertilizing it with feces.在扑翼的狂热中，我们的蚂蚁飞向了天空。这是她必须交配的唯一机会，所以她会尽可能多地储存她在半空中遇到的雄性的精子。掉到地上后，她脱落了翅膀并开始挖掘。她挖出一条隧道和一个侧室，然后塞住入口，将自己封闭在里面。她在那里吐出真菌。这堆呕吐物将构成她王国的基石。在接下来的几周里，在产卵和吃掉不育卵之间，她照料着她正在发育的真菌花园，用粪便给它施肥。Finally, her first offspring surge forth and establish a rhythm. Soldiers guard the nest while foragers set off to find tender foliage. The larger foragers, equipped with powerful mandibles, anchor themselves on leaves and chomp away in a wide arcs. Holding these pieces aloft, which can weigh more than eight times their body mass, the workers march back to the nest. Meanwhile, the colony’s smallest ants clean the leaf fragments of debris and pathogens.最后，她的第一批后代涌现并建立了节奏。士兵守卫巢穴，而觅食者则出发寻找嫩叶。较大的觅食者配备了强大的下颌骨，将自己锚定在树叶上并以宽阔的弧线咀嚼。工人们将这些重量超过其体重八倍的碎片举到高处，然后返回巢穴。与此同时，蚁群中最小的蚂蚁清理叶子碎片和病原体。But the colony doesn’t eat these morsels. Instead, the ants use them to sustain their fungus, which, in turn, sustains the colony. More than 10 million years ago, leafcutter ants domesticated fungus. Like many of our crops, the fungus they farm is genetically distinct from its wild relatives and can no longer survive without their help. Reciprocally, the fungus provides the ants with an essential amino acid and digestive enzymes they’ve lost. Once the workers return to the nest with their spoils, they crush up the leaves, making their offerings easier for the fungus to consume.但是殖民地不吃这些食物。相反，蚂蚁用它们来维持它们的真菌，而真菌反过来又维持了蚁群。超过 1000 万年前，切叶蚁驯化了真菌。像我们的许多农作物一样，他们种植的真菌在基因上与其野生近缘种截然不同，没有它们的帮助就无法生存。相反，真菌为蚂蚁提供了它们失去的必需氨基酸和消化酶。一旦工蚁带着他们的战利品回到巢穴，他们就会把叶子压碎，使他们的祭品更容易被真菌吃掉。Foragers work tirelessly over the following months. They create thousands of trails, stretching hundreds of meters. All of them are perfumed with the ants’ pheromones and constantly cleaned to function as efficient highways. Meanwhile, the queen lays thousands of eggs every day and is tended to by members of her entourage, which nourish her with the large, infertile eggs they lay.在接下来的几个月里，觅食者不知疲倦地工作。他们创造了数千条小径，绵延数百米。所有这些都散发着蚂蚁信息素的香味，并不断清洁以发挥高效高速公路的作用。与此同时，蜂后每天产下数以千计的卵，并由她的随行人员照料，这些随行人员用它们产下的大而未受精的卵来滋养她。Among enclosures containing garbage and growing larvae, workers tend fungal gardens in various chambers throughout the colony. They prune bits of the fungus to stimulate growth and strategically open and close surface tunnels, controlling the humidity.在装有垃圾和正在生长的幼虫的围栏中，工人们在整个蚁群的不同房间里照料真菌花园。他们修剪部分真菌以刺激生长，并有策略地打开和关闭地表隧道，控制湿度。But ants aren't the only animals down here. Tiny cockroaches like those that originally crept under the queen’s wings feed opportunistically off the fungus. Each could fit on the head of a Q-Tip. They hitch rides on soon-to-be queens, and make their way to more established colonies. Inside the leafcutter nest, they’re undercover: closely mimicking the ants’ signature scent, they frolic and feed in the fungal gardens, mostly undetected.但蚂蚁并不是这里唯一的动物。像那些最初爬到蜂后翅膀下的小蟑螂，机会主义地以真菌为食。每个都可以装在 Q-Tip 的头上。他们搭上即将成为女王的便车，前往更成熟的殖民地。在切叶蚁巢内，它们是卧底：模仿蚂蚁的标志性气味，它们在真菌花园里嬉戏和觅食，大部分都未被发现。And here’s where this tale’s antagonist rears its virulent fruiting body: our elusive fourth character is a parasitic micro-fungus called Escovopsis. If left unchecked, it would destroy the fungal gardens and the ants and the cockroaches that depend on them. The leafcutters mount a barrage of defenses. They rigorously weed Escovopsis out and partner up with different microorganisms like yeasts and bacteria to stunt its growth.这就是这个故事的对手养育其有毒子实体的地方：我们难以捉摸的第四个角色是一种叫做 Escovopsis 的寄生微型真菌。如果任其发展，它会摧毁真菌花园以及依赖它们的蚂蚁和蟑螂。切叶蚁发动了一连串的防御。他们严格除草 Escovopsis 并与酵母和细菌等不同微生物合作以阻碍其生长。Eventually, the leafcutter colony covers several meters of underground tunnels, comprises millions of workers, and can defoliate a tree in a single night. The queen’s kingdom will persist as long as she does, which may be over a decade. Every spring, some of the queen’s offspring prepare to leave. They grab a piece of home and crowd the surface chambers, preparing to fly off and mate, beginning the cycle an

Sea turtles are miraculous. First, they've been around since the late Jurassic, roughly 150 million years ago. Cohorts of the dinosaurs, sea turtles have survived through the challenges of eons, existing still today, where many others have ended their evolutionary run. Second, throughout the centuries and up till today, every living adult sea turtle has overcome the odds, existing as a consequence of chance, skill, and capability.海龟是神奇的。首先，它们从大约 1.5 亿年前的侏罗纪晚期就已经存在。恐龙的同类，海龟在亿万年的挑战中幸存下来，今天仍然存在，许多其他海龟已经结束了它们的进化过程。其次，从几个世纪到今天，每一只活着的成年海龟都克服了困难，因为机会、技能和能力而存在。The gauntlet each sea turtle faces in the course of its lifetime goes thus: First, deposited as a clutch of leathery, ping-pong ball-sized eggs into a nesting pit dug by its mother high on the beach, of the 50 to 200 eggs laid, roughly 20 percent will never hatch. Roughly a month and a half after having been laid, the surviving eggs hatch, and the young turtles, each small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, squirm to the surface, emerging from the sand en masse, and making their desperate dash for the sea.每只海龟在其一生中面临的挑战是这样的：首先，将 50 到 200 颗海龟蛋放入海龟妈妈在海滩高处挖的筑巢坑中，放入一堆坚韧的、乒乓球大小的蛋中下蛋后，大约 20% 永远不会孵化。产下大约一个半月后，幸存的卵开始孵化，小海龟每只都小到你的手掌大小，它们蠕动到水面，成群结队地从沙子里冒出来，拼命冲刺为了大海。Along the way, debris, pitfalls, crabs, gulls, raccoons, and other threats will claim roughly 50 percent of those who rose from the sand. For those that actually reach the surf, they trade one set of threats for another, as they first face the repelling force of the waves, and then find a whole new host of predators awaiting them: Various fish, dolphins, sharks, and sea birds, as the young turtles come to the surface for air. For their first few days of life, should they count themselves amongst the living, the vulnerable turtles swim frantically forward. Ultimately, they will often look to settle in a patch of flotsam, preferably a patch of floating seaweed.沿途，碎片、陷阱、螃蟹、海鸥、浣熊和其他威胁将夺去大约 50% 从沙滩上爬起来的人的生命。对于那些真正到达海浪的人来说，他们将一组威胁换成另一组威胁，因为他们首先要面对海浪的排斥力，然后发现一大群新的捕食者在等着他们：各种鱼、海豚、鲨鱼和海鸟，当小海龟浮出水面呼吸空气时。在他们生命的头几天，如果他们把自己算作活着的人，脆弱的海龟就会疯狂地向前游。最终，他们通常会寻求在一片漂浮物中安顿下来，最好是一片漂浮的海藻。Now for the next several months, they will seek to avoid those that would eat them, find that which they might eat themselves, and not fall to the pressures of challenging weather or unfortunate currents. In this phase, roughly 50 percent of those who reach the surf will perish. Ultimately, with the passage of years, the survivors will increase in size, from that of a dinner plate at year one to that of a dinner table, in the case of one species at least, the leatherback, a decade or so later. With size comes some measure of protection. The only truly worrisome predators now are some of the larger shark species-- bulls, tigers, and whites -- and the occasional killer whale.现在在接下来的几个月里，他们将设法避开那些会吃掉他们的人，找到他们自己可以吃的东西，而不是屈服于恶劣天气或不幸水流的压力。在此阶段，大约 50% 的冲浪者将会死亡。最终，随着岁月的流逝，幸存者的体型会增加，从第一年的餐盘到餐桌，至少在一个物种的情况下，棱皮龟，十年左右。尺寸带来了一些保护措施。现在唯一真正令人担忧的捕食者是一些较大的鲨鱼种类——公牛、老虎和白鲨——以及偶尔出现的虎鲸。At approximately two decades of age, the survivors will be old enough themselves to breed, and continue the cycle which their very existence heralds. Of those that began as eggs on a distant beach, now less than 10 percent remain, at least, those were the odds prior to significant human interference. Over the past century, and in particular in the last several decades, human endeavors, from beach development to plastic refuse to poaching, long lines, nets, and even noxious chemicals, including oil, have upped the ante for sea turtles, causing their survival rate to drop to around one percent or less, from each nesting cycle. It is this added human pressure which has pushed each of the eight sea turtle species into either a threatened or endangered state.在大约二十岁时，幸存者将足够大，可以繁殖，并继续他们的存在所预示的循环。在那些最初作为遥远海滩上的鸡蛋的鸡蛋中，现在至少剩下不到 10%，这是在受到重大人为干预之前的几率。在过去的一个世纪里，尤其是在过去的几十年里，人类的努力，从海滩开发到塑料垃圾再到偷猎、排长队、渔网，甚至包括石油在内的有毒化学物质，都加大了海龟的生存压力，导致它们的生存从每个嵌套周期中，比率下降到大约 1% 或更少。正是这种额外的人类压力将八种海龟中的每一种都推向了受威胁或濒临灭绝的状态。For while they have evolved to overcome a host of obstacles, the most recent has arisen so quickly and at such scale that the species find themselves overwhelmed. So let's quickly recap this cycle of odds. Using a hypothetical nesting season, for females may nest multiple times in a single year, of 1,000 eggs, for sake of ease. 1000 eggs laid. 800 hatch. 400 make it to the water. 200 progress toward adulthood. 20 survive to breeding age -- that is, without human interference. Two survive to breeding age with human interference. So a breeding adult sea turtle is the very embodiment of a long shot. It is the exception, not the rule. A jackpot. It is, in a very real sense, a miracle.因为尽管它们已经进化以克服许多障碍，但最近出现的障碍如此之快且规模如此之大，以至于该物种发现自己不堪重负。因此，让我们快速回顾一下这个几率循环。使用假设的筑巢季节，为了方便起见，雌性可能在一年内多次筑巢，每次产卵 1,000 个。下了1000个蛋。800个舱口。400 人到达水中。200 向成年迈进。20 只活到繁殖年龄——也就是说，没有人为干预。两个在人为干扰下存活到繁殖年龄。因此，繁殖的成年海龟是远射的体现。这是例外，而不是规则。大奖。从非常真实的意义上说，这是一个奇迹。

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. It can be found in swathes of city pavements, bridges that span vast rivers, and the tallest skyscrapers on earth. But this sturdy substance does have a weakness: it’s prone to catastrophic cracking that costs tens of billions of dollars to repair each year. But what if we could avoid that problem, by creating concrete that heals itself?混凝土是世界上使用最广泛的建筑材料。它可以在大片的城市人行道、横跨浩瀚河流的桥梁以及地球上最高的摩天大楼中找到。但这种坚固的物质确实有一个弱点：它很容易发生灾难性的开裂，每年需要花费数百亿美元进行修复。但是，如果我们可以通过创造能够自我修复的混凝土来避免这个问题呢？This idea isn’t as far-fetched as it may seem. It boils down to an understanding of how concrete forms, and how to exploit that process to our benefit. Concrete is a combination of coarse stone and sand particles, called aggregates, that mix with cement, a powdered blend of clay and limestone. When water gets added to this mix, the cement forms a paste and coats the aggregates, quickly hardening through a chemical reaction called hydration. Eventually, the resulting material grows strong enough to prop up buildings that climb hundreds of meters into the sky.这个想法并不像看起来那么牵强。它归结为对具体形式的理解，以及如何利用该过程使我们受益。混凝土是粗石和沙粒的组合，称为骨料，与水泥混合，水泥是粘土和石灰石的粉末混合物。当向这种混合物中加入水时，水泥会形成糊状物并覆盖在骨料上，通过称为水合作用的化学反应迅速硬化。最终，由此产生的材料变得足够坚固，可以支撑数百米高的建筑物。While people have been using a variety of recipes to produce cement for over 4,000 years, concrete itself has a surprisingly short lifespan. After 20 to 30 years, natural processes like concrete shrinkage, excessive freezing and thawing, and heavy loads can trigger cracking. And it’s not just big breaks that count: tiny cracks can be just as dangerous. Concrete is often used as a secondary support around steel reinforcements. In this concrete, even small cracks can channel water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide that corrode the steel and lead to disastrous collapse. On structures like bridges and highways that are constantly in use, detecting these problems before they lead to catastrophe becomes a huge and costly challenge. But not doing so would also endanger thousands of lives.4000 多年来，人们一直在使用各种配方生产水泥，但混凝土本身的使用寿命却出奇地短。 20 到 30 年后，混凝土收缩、过度冻融和重载等自然过程会引发开裂。重要的不仅仅是大的裂缝：微小的裂缝也同样危险。混凝土通常用作钢筋周围的辅助支撑。在这种混凝土中，即使是很小的裂缝也会输送水、氧气和二氧化碳，腐蚀钢材并导致灾难性的倒塌。在经常使用的桥梁和高速公路等结构上，在导致灾难之前检测这些问题成为一项巨大且代价高昂的挑战。但不这样做也会危及成千上万人的生命。Fortunately, we’re already experimenting with ways this material could start fixing itself. And some of these solutions are inspired by concrete’s natural self-healing mechanism. When water enters these tiny cracks, it hydrates the concrete’s calcium oxide. The resulting calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in the air, starting a process called autogenous healing, where microscopic calcium carbonate crystals form and gradually fill the gap. Unfortunately, these crystals can only do so much, healing cracks that are less than 0.3mm wide.幸运的是，我们已经在试验这种材料开始自我修复的方法。其中一些解决方案的灵感来自混凝土的自然自我修复机制。当水进入这些微小的裂缝时，它会水合混凝土中的氧化钙。生成的氢氧化钙与空气中的二氧化碳发生反应，开始一个称为自生愈合的过程，在此过程中会形成微小的碳酸钙晶体并逐渐填充间隙。不幸的是，这些晶体的作用有限，只能治愈宽度小于 0.3 毫米的裂缝。Material scientists have figured out how to heal cracks up to twice that size by adding hidden glue into the concrete mix. If we put adhesive-filled fibers and tubes into the mixture, they’ll snap open when a crack forms, releasing their sticky contents and sealing the gap. But adhesive chemicals often behave very differently from concrete, and over time, these adhesives can lead to even worse cracks.材料科学家已经想出如何通过在混凝土混合物中添加隐藏的胶水来修复两倍大小的裂缝。如果我们将充满粘合剂的纤维和管子放入混合物中，当裂缝形成时，它们会突然打开，释放出粘性物质并密封缝隙。但是粘合剂化学品的表现通常与混凝土非常不同，随着时间的推移，这些粘合剂会导致更严重的裂缝。So perhaps the best way to heal large cracks is to give concrete the tools to help itself. Scientists have discovered that some bacteria and fungi can produce minerals, including the calcium carbonate found in autogenous healing. Experimental blends of concrete include these bacterial or fungal spores alongside nutrients in their concrete mix, where they could lie dormant for hundreds of years. When cracks finally appear and water trickles into the concrete, the spores germinate, grow, and consume the nutrient soup that surrounds them, modifying their local environment to create the perfect conditions for calcium carbonate to grow. These crystals gradually fill the gaps, and after roughly three weeks, the hard-working microbes can completely repair cracks up to almost 1mm wide. When the cracks seal, the bacteria or fungi will make spores and go dormant once more— ready to start a new cycle of self-healing when cracks form again.因此，也许修复大裂缝的最佳方法是为混凝土提供自救工具。科学家们发现，一些细菌和真菌可以产生矿物质，包括在自体愈合中发现的碳酸钙。混凝土的实验混合物包括这些细菌或真菌孢子以及混凝土混合物中的营养物质，它们可以在那里休眠数百年。当裂缝最终出现并且水滴入混凝土时，孢子就会发芽、生长并消耗它们周围的营养液，从而改变它们的局部环境，为碳酸钙的生长创造完美的条件。这些晶体逐渐填补了空隙，大约三周后，辛勤工作的微生物可以完全修复近 1 毫米宽的裂缝。当裂缝闭合时，细菌或真菌会产生孢子并再次进入休眠状态——准备好在裂缝再次形成时开始新的自我修复循环。Although this technique has been studied extensively, we still have a ways to go before incorporating it in the global production of concrete. But, these spores have huge potential to make concrete more resilient and long-lasting— which could drastical

From space, our planet appears to be more ocean than Earth. But despite the water covering 71% of the planet’s surface, more than half the world’s population endures extreme water scarcity for at least one month a year. And current estimates predict that by 2040, up to 20 more countries could be experiencing water shortages. Taken together, these bleak statistics raise a startling question: are we running out of clean water?从太空看，我们的星球似乎比地球更像海洋。但是，尽管水覆盖了地球表面 71% 的面积，但世界上有一半以上的人口每年至少要忍受一个月的极度缺水。目前的估计预测，到 2040 年，将有多达 20 个国家面临缺水问题。总而言之，这些惨淡的统计数据提出了一个令人吃惊的问题：我们的清洁水用完了吗？Well yes, and no. At a planetary scale, Earth can’t run out of freshwater thanks to the water cycle, a system that continuously produces and recycles water, morphing it from vapour, to liquid, to ice as it circulates around the globe. So this isn’t really a question of how much water there is, but of how much of it is accessible to us. 97% of earth’s liquid is saltwater, too loaded with minerals for humans to drink or use in agriculture. Of the remaining 3% of potentially usable freshwater, more than two-thirds is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. That leaves less than 1% available for sustaining all life on Earth, spread across our planet in rivers, lakes, underground aquifers, ground ice and permafrost. It’s these sources of water that are being rapidly depleted by humans, but slowly replenished by rain and snowfall.嗯，是的，没有。在行星尺度上，由于水循环，地球不会耗尽淡水，水循环是一个不断产生和循环水的系统，当水在全球循环时，水从蒸汽变成液体，再变成冰。所以这实际上不是有多少水的问题，而是我们可以获得多少水的问题。地球上 97% 的液体是盐水，富含矿物质，人类无法饮用或用于农业。在剩余 3% 的潜在可用淡水中，超过三分之二被冻结在冰盖和冰川中。剩下不到 1% 可用于维持地球上的所有生命，分布在我们星球的河流、湖泊、地下含水层、地面冰和永久冻土中。正是这些水源正在被人类迅速耗尽，但通过降雨和降雪慢慢补充。And this limited supply isn’t distributed evenly around the globe. Diverse climates and geography provide some regions with more rainfall and natural water sources, while other areas have geographic features that make transporting water much more difficult. And supplying the infrastructure and energy it would take to move water across these regions is extremely expensive.而且这种有限的供应在全球范围内分布不均。不同的气候和地理条件为一些地区提供了更多的降雨和天然水源，而其他地区的地理特征使输水变得更加困难。并且提供将水运过这些地区所需的基础设施和能源是极其昂贵的。In many of these water-poor areas, as well as some with greater access to water, humanity is guzzling up the local water supply faster than it can be replenished. And when more quickly renewed sources can’t meet the demand, we start pumping it out of our finite underground reserves. Of Earth’s 37 major underground reservoirs, 21 are on track to be irreversibly emptied. So while it’s true that our planet isn’t actually losing water, we are depleting the water sources we rely on at an unsustainable pace.在许多这些缺水地区，以及一些更容易获得水资源的地区，人类消耗当地供水的速度超过了补充的速度。当更新速度更快的资源无法满足需求时，我们便开始从有限的地下储量中抽取资源。在地球的 37 个主要地下水库中，有 21 个正在被不可逆转地清空。因此，虽然我们的星球确实没有真正失去水资源，但我们正在以不可持续的速度耗尽我们赖以生存的水源。This might seem surprising – after all, on average, people only drink about two liters of water a day. But water plays a hidden role in our daily lives, and in that same 24 hours, most people will actually consume an estimated 3000 liters of water. In fact, household water – which we use to drink, cook, and clean – accounts for only 3.6% of humanity’s water consumption. Another 4.4% goes to the wide range of factories which make the products we buy each day. But the remaining 92% of our water consumption is all spent on a single industry: agriculture.这似乎令人惊讶——毕竟，平均而言，人们每天只喝大约两升水。但水在我们的日常生活中起着隐藏的作用，在同样的 24 小时内，大多数人实际上会消耗大约 3000 升水。事实上，我们用来饮用、做饭和清洁的家庭用水仅占人类用水量的 3.6%。另外 4.4% 用于生产我们每天购买的产品的各种工厂。但我们剩余的 92% 的用水量都花在了一个行业：农业。Our farms drain the equivalent of 3.3 billion Olympic-sized swimming pools every year, all of it swallowed up by crops and livestock to feed Earth’s growing population. Agriculture currently covers 37% of Earth’s land area, posing the biggest threat to our regional water supplies. And yet, it’s also a necessity. So how do we limit agriculture’s thirst while still feeding those who rely on it?我们的农场每年消耗的水量相当于 33 亿个奥林匹克规格的游泳池，所有这些都被庄稼和牲畜吞没，以养活地球上不断增长的人口。农业目前占地球陆地面积的 37%，对我们的区域供水构成最大威胁。然而，这也是必要的。那么，我们如何在满足依赖农业的人们的同时限制农业的饥渴呢？Farmers are already finding ingenious ways to reduce their impact, like using special irrigation techniques to grow “more crop per drop”, and breeding new crops that are less thirsty. Other industries are following suit, adopting production processes that reuse and recycle water. On a personal level, reducing food waste is the first step to reducing water use, since one-third of the food that leaves farms is currently wasted or thrown away. You might also want to consider eating less water-intensive foods like shelled nuts and red meat. Adopting a vegetarian lifestyle could reduce up to one third of your water footprint. Our planet may never run out of water, but it doesn’t have to for individuals to go thirsty. Solving this local problem requires a global solution, and small day-to-day decisions can affect reservoirs around the world.农民们已经在寻找巧妙的方法来减少它们的影响，比如使用特殊的灌溉技术“每滴水种植更多的作物”，以及培育不太渴的新作物。其他行业也纷纷效仿，采用再利用和循环水的生产工艺。就个人而言，减少食物浪费是减少用水的第一步，因为目

The Screen Actors Guild Awards, or SAG Awards, are known as an important predictor for the Academy Awards, or Oscars. On Sunday night in Los Angeles, the film Everything Everywhere All at Once was a big winner at the SAG Awards. Three actors from the film won awards. In addition, the group of actors in the film won the award for best cast.演员工会奖或 SAG 奖被称为奥斯卡金像奖的重要预测指标。周日晚上在洛杉矶，电影 Everything Everywhere All At Once 成为美国演员工会奖的大赢家。影片中的三位演员获得了奖项。此外，该片的演员组还获得了最佳演员表奖。The actors who won were Michelle Yeoh for leading female actor; Jamie Lee Curtis for supporting female actor and Ke Huy Quan for supporting male actor. Yeoh is the first Asian actress to win the award. She is from Malaysia. She acted in many films in Hong Kong in the 1980s and 1990s. Movie fans in other parts of the world learned about Yeoh when she appeared in a James Bond film in 1997. Quan is a Vietnamese American actor who became known in the 1980s when he was a boy. Quan was in the famous films Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and The Goonies. As he grew older, he was not able to get many more acting roles and mostly dropped out of the business.获奖演员为女主角杨紫琼； Jamie Lee Curtis 为女配角，Ke Huy Quan 为男配角。 Yeoh是第一位获得该奖项的亚洲女演员。她来自马来西亚。她在80年代和90年代在香港出演多部电影。 1997 年，当 Yeoh 出现在詹姆斯·邦德 (James Bond) 的电影中时，世界其他地方的影迷就知道了她。Quan 是一位越南裔美国演员，他在 1980 年代还是个男孩时就广为人知。权在着名的电影印第安纳琼斯和末日神殿和七宝奇谋中。随着年龄的增长，他无法获得更多的表演角色，大部分时间都退出了这个行业。Jamie Lee Curtis is 64 years old and the daughter of two famous Hollywood stars: Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh. It was her first SAG nomination. She said: “I’m 64 years old and this is amazing.” Other actors in the group noted Curtis’ award and joked that not all the actors in the film were Asian.The movie was written and directed by the team known as “The Daniels.” They are Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert. The actors of Everything Everywhere All at Once spoke about how Hollywood is now recognizing more Asian actors and offering more opportunities.杰米·李·柯蒂斯现年 64 岁，是好莱坞两位著名明星托尼·柯蒂斯和珍妮特·利的女儿。这是她第一次获得 SAG 提名。她说：“我今年 64 岁了，这太棒了。”该小组的其他演员注意到柯蒂斯的获奖，并开玩笑说这部电影中并非所有演员都是亚洲人。这部电影是由被称为“丹尼尔斯”的团队编写和导演的。他们是 Daniel Kwan 和 Daniel Scheinert。 Everything Everywhere All at Once 的演员谈到了好莱坞现在如何认识更多亚洲演员并提供更多机会。Yeoh held her award and said: “This is not just for me. It’s for every little girl that looks like me.” Quan said he left acting “because there were so few opportunities.” He looked around at the other Asian actors and said, “the landscape looks so different now.” James Hong is also a member of the cast. He is 94. He talked about old Hollywood movies when white actors would play Asian people. He said they wore makeup to look Asian, “because the producers said the Asians were not good enough…but look at us now!”Yeoh拿着她的奖杯说：“这不仅仅是给我的。这是给每一个长得像我的小女孩的。”全说他离开演艺圈是“因为机会太少了”。他环顾四周其他亚洲演员说，“现在的风景看起来很不一样了。” James Hong 也是剧组成员之一。他今年 94 岁。他谈到了白人演员扮演亚洲人的老好莱坞电影。他说他们化妆是为了看起来像亚洲人，“因为制片人说亚洲人不够好……但现在看看我们！”The other big winners on Sunday were Brendan Fraser for the film The Whale and Jennifer Coolidge, Jason Bateman and Jessica Chastain for their work in different television programs. Everything Everywhere All at Once is nominated for 11 Academy Awards. “The Daniels,” Kwan and Scheinert, are nominated for best picture, best directing and best original screenplay. Four of the actors are nominated, including Yeoh for best actress, Curtis and Stephanie Hsu for best supporting actress and Quan for best supporting actor.周日的其他大赢家是电影《鲸鱼》的布兰登弗雷泽和詹妮弗柯立芝，杰森贝特曼和杰西卡查斯坦在不同电视节目中的工作。 Everything Everywhere All On Once 获得 11 项奥斯卡金像奖提名。 “The Daniels”，Kwan 和 Scheinert 获得最佳影片、最佳导演和最佳原创剧本提名。四位演员获得提名，包括最佳女主角杨紫琼、最佳女配角柯蒂斯和徐倩妮以及最佳男配角权。Many of the SAG Awards voters are the same ones who vote for the Academy Awards. That is why people say it predicts the winners of the Academy Awards. Last year, for example, many Oscar winners also won SAG Awards. The Oscars ceremony will be held on March 12 in Los Angeles, California.许多 SAG 奖的投票者与奥斯卡金像奖的投票者相同。这就是为什么人们说它可以预测奥斯卡金像奖的获奖者。比如去年，很多奥斯卡影帝也获得了美国演员工会奖。奥斯卡颁奖典礼将于 3 月 12 日在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶举行。

Behind some great men, there is a big brother. Leon Monet, Claude Monet’s older brother, is central to a new public art show, or exhibition, in Paris. The exhibition explores the part Leon Monet played in the famous impressionist painter’s life and art. Leon was a color chemist who was four years older than Claude. Historians now understand that Leon helped Claude succeed. He helped in the development of the famous color palette that Claude used to create artworks like the “Water Lilies” series.一些伟人的背后，都有一个大哥。克劳德·莫奈 (Claude Monet) 的哥哥莱昂·莫奈 (Leon Monet) 是巴黎一场新的公共艺术展或展览的中心人物。展览探讨了莱昂·莫奈在这位著名印象派画家的生活和艺术中所扮演的角色。莱昂是一位比克劳德大四岁的色彩化学家。历史学家现在明白，里昂帮助克劳德成功了。他帮助开发了克劳德用来创作“睡莲”系列等艺术作品的著名调色板。Geraldine Lefebvre is in charge of the exhibition at the Musee du Luxembourg. “It’s never been known before, but without Leon there would not have been a Monet — the artist the world knows today,” Lefebvre said. She explained, “His rich big brother supported him in the first period of his life when he had no money or clients and was starving.” Lefebvre said that the colors Claude was famous for “came from the synthetic textile dye colors Leon created” in the town of Rouen. Rouen was the subject of some of Claude’s best-known paintings.Geraldine Lefebvre 负责卢森堡博物馆的展览。 “以前从未为人所知，但如果没有莱昂，就不会有莫奈——当今世界都知道的艺术家，”勒斐伏尔说。她解释说，“他有钱的哥哥在他生命的最初阶段支持他，当时他没有钱，没有客户，还在挨饿。” Lefebvre 说，Claude 著名的颜色“来自 Leon 在鲁昂镇创造的合成纺织染料颜色”。鲁昂是克劳德一些最著名的画作的主题。The exhibition represents years of investigation by Lefebvre. She visited Monet’s great-grandchildren, studied family records and brought to light a painting of Leon by Claude. Leon hid the painting in a private collection. The 1874 artwork has never before been seen by the public. It shows Leon with a black suit, serious expression and red face. The exhibit shows that the long-held belief that the Monet brothers did not communicate is incorrect. “Historians always thought the two brothers had nothing to do with each other," she said.该展览代表了 Lefebvre 多年的调查。她拜访了莫奈的曾孙，研究了家庭记录，并发现了克劳德 (Claude) 的一幅莱昂 (Leon) 画作。莱昂将这幅画藏在私人收藏中。这件 1874 年的艺术品以前从未被公众看到过。照片中的莱昂身穿黑色西装，表情严肃，脸色通红。该展览表明，长期以来认为莫奈兄弟没有交流的观点是不正确的。 “历史学家一直认为这两兄弟彼此无关，”她说。“In reality, they were incredibly close throughout their life,” Lefebvre said. The brothers had an argument in the early 1900s and that may explain why no direct signs of the relationship exist. What is now known is that Leon helped his younger brother. He introduced Claude to other artists, gave Claude money, and purchased Claude’s art — buying it at high prices to improve the painter’s public image. “This exhibit is important as it throws light on Leon Monet, who up until now has been an invisible figure,” said Frances Fowle of the National Galleries of Scotland.“实际上，他们一生都非常亲密，”勒斐伏尔说。兄弟俩在 1900 年代初期发生争执，这或许可以解释为什么没有直接的关系迹象存在。现在知道的是，莱昂帮助了他的弟弟。他把克劳德介绍给其他艺术家，给克劳德钱，买下克劳德的画——高价买下，以提升这位画家的公众形象。苏格兰国家美术馆的弗朗西斯福尔说：“这次展览很重要，因为它揭示了莱昂莫奈，直到现在他一直是一个隐形人物。”Leon’s influence went beyond his brother: He financially supported other artists such as Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley.Claude Monet also worked for his older brother as a color assistant. Leon would dissolve carbon to create a chemical called aniline, which created synthetic colors that natural colors could not compete with. One of the earlier examples of Leon’s colorful influence on Claude’s art is in the exhibition. It is an 1860s picture Monet drew of his future wife Camille. She appears in a dress of a green color that had never been seen before. “The French press coined the term ‘Monet green,’” Lefebvre said, adding that reporters made fun of it at first. “At the time, they said he would make a good dye artist.” However, both Monets had the last laugh.莱昂的影响力超越了他的兄弟：他在经济上支持卡米尔·毕沙罗、奥古斯特·雷诺阿和阿尔弗雷德·西斯莱等其他艺术家。克劳德·莫奈还为他的哥哥担任色彩助理。莱昂会溶解碳来制造一种叫做苯胺的化学物质，这种化学物质可以制造出天然色素无法与之抗衡的合成色素。展览中展示了莱昂对克劳德艺术影响的早期例子之一。这是一张 1860 年代莫奈为他未来的妻子卡米尔画的画。她穿着一件以前从未见过的绿色连衣裙出现。 “法国媒体创造了‘莫奈绿’这个词，”Lefebvre 说，并补充说一开始记者们取笑它。 “当时，他们说他会成为一名优秀的染料艺术家。”然而，两位莫奈都笑到了最后。Claude Monet founded impressionism — a term that comes from his 1872 painting “Impression, Sunrise” — to become one of the most famous painters of the last two hundred years. And by the height of the artistic movement at the end of the 19th century, “80 percent of all impressionists’ work” used the synthetic colors borrowed from Leon, Lefebvre says Leon Monet. Brother of the Artist and Collector runs at the Musee du Luxembourg in Paris from March 15 until July 16.克劳德·莫奈 (Claude Monet) 创立了印象派——这个词来自他 1872 年的画作《印象，日出》——成为过去 200 年来最著名的画家之一。列斐伏尔 (Lefebvre) 说，到了 19 世纪末艺术运动的鼎盛时期，“80% 的印象派作品”都使用了从莱昂那里借来的合成色。艺术家和收藏家的兄弟将于 3 月 15 日至 7 月 16 日在巴黎的卢森堡博物馆展出。

Researchers who examined DNA from famous German composer Ludwig van Beethoven have learned new details about his health. The DNA – which came from Beethoven’s hair – did not provide a cause for his deafness. But the samples did find that he had a genetic risk for liver disease. The DNA also showed evidence that Beethoven was infected with the virus hepatitis B in the last months of his life. The virus damages the liver. The findings recently appeared in a study in the publication Current Biology.对德国著名作曲家路德维希·范·贝多芬 (Ludwig van Beethoven) 的 DNA 进行检查的研究人员了解了有关他健康状况的新细节。来自贝多芬头发的 DNA 并没有提供他失聪的原因。但样本确实发现他有患肝病的遗传风险。 DNA 还表明贝多芬在生命的最后几个月感染了乙型肝炎病毒。病毒会损害肝脏。该发现最近出现在《当代生物学》杂志的一项研究中。The findings suggest Beethoven’s liver issues were enough to cause the liver failure widely believed to have killed him. The composer was also believed to have been a heavy drinker of alcohol, which can affect the liver.March 26 is the 196th anniversary of Beethoven’s death in Vienna, Austria. The composer himself wrote that he wanted doctors to study his health problems after he died. Axel Schmidt is a geneticist at Germany’s University Hospital Bonn who helped lead the research. He told The Associated Press it is established that Beethoven’s sicknesses had “sometimes very much limited his creative work.” Schmidt added that for many doctors, “it has always been a mystery” what exactly killed him.研究结果表明，贝多芬的肝脏问题足以导致人们普遍认为导致他死亡的肝功能衰竭。这位作曲家也被认为是酗酒者，这会影响肝脏。 3 月 26 日是贝多芬在奥地利维也纳逝世 196 周年。作曲家本人写道，他希望医生在他死后研究他的健康问题。 Axel Schmidt 是德国波恩大学医院的遗传学家，他帮助领导了这项研究。他告诉美联社，贝多芬的疾病“有时极大地限制了他的创作”，这一点已得到证实。施密特补充说，对于许多医生来说，究竟是什么杀死了他，“一直是个谜”。Since his death, scientists have long tried to piece together Beethoven's medical history. And they have offered a series of possible explanations for his many health conditions.But new examination technology and methods now make it possible to revisit health and death information by studying ancient DNA. The DNA samples were collected from locks of hair that had been cut from Beethoven’s head. After cleaning Beethoven's hair one piece at a time, scientists put the pieces into a substance and collected small amounts of DNA, said study author Tristan James Alexander Begg. He was a writer of the study and is a biology professor at the University of Cambridge.自从他死后，科学家们一直在努力拼凑贝多芬的病史。并且他们对他的诸多健康状况提出了一系列可能的解释。但是现在新的检查技术和方法使得通过研究古代DNA来重温健康和死亡信息成为可能。 DNA 样本是从贝多芬头上剪下的一绺头发中收集的。研究作者特里斯坦·詹姆斯·亚历山大·贝格 (Tristan James Alexander Begg) 说，在一次一根地清洗贝多芬的头发后，科学家们将这些碎片放入一种物质中并收集了少量的 DNA。他是这项研究的作者，也是剑桥大学的生物学教授。Getting enough genetic material was difficult, said another writer of the study, Johannes Krause. He is a paleogeneticist at Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Krause said the process was difficult because DNA in hair gets cut up into very small pieces.But finally, after using up almost 3 meters of Beethoven’s hair, the team was able to piece together a genome that they could test for signs of genetic disease, Krause said. The question of what caused Beethoven’s hearing loss remains unanswered, said Ohio State University's Dr. Avraham Z. Cooper. He was not involved in the study. Cooper said that mystery might continue forever because genetics can only show us half of the “nature and nurture” elements that make up our health. However, Cooper added that the mystery is part of what makes Beethoven so interesting and popular: “I think the fact that we can’t know is OK,” he said.该研究的另一位作者约翰内斯克劳斯说，获得足够的遗传物质很困难。他是德国马克斯普朗克进化人类学研究所的古遗传学家。克劳斯说这个过程很困难，因为头发中的 DNA 会被切成非常小的碎片。但最终，在用完贝多芬近 3 米的头发后，该团队能够拼凑出一个基因组，他们可以用它来检测遗传疾病的迹象，克劳斯说。俄亥俄州立大学的 Avraham Z. Cooper 博士说，造成贝多芬听力损失的原因仍未得到解答。他没有参与这项研究。库珀说，这个谜可能会永远存在，因为遗传学只能向我们展示构成我们健康的“先天和后天”元素的一半。然而，库珀补充说，这个谜团是贝多芬如此有趣和受欢迎的部分原因：“我认为我们无法知道的事实是可以的，”他说。

A famous American circus has been reimagined and reborn without the use of animals in the show. The family event now centers on humans performing tricks, including walking on a wire and flying through the air on a trapeze high above the ground. Feld Entertainment owns the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey circus. The company talked to the Associated Press about what people can expect to see at the traveling show in 2023. It opens in September. A group of 75 performers from 18 countries will carry out the acts, which combine artistry, skill and strength. Some will perform jumps, runs and other tricks on a wire high above the ground. The wire is stretched into a triangular path more than seven and a half meters up in the air.一个著名的美国马戏团在节目中没有使用动物的情况下被重新构想和重生。家庭活动现在以人类表演技巧为中心，包括在钢丝上行走和在高空空中飞人上飞翔。 Feld Entertainment 拥有 Ringling Bros. 和 Barnum & Bailey 马戏团。该公司与美联社讨论了人们可以期待在 2023 年的巡回演出中看到什么。它将于 9 月开幕。来自18个国家的75名表演者将表演集艺术、技巧和力量于一体的表演。有些人会在高出地面的电线上表演跳跃、奔跑和其他技巧。电线在七米半多高的空中被拉伸成三角形的路径。Flying trapeze artists will also cut through the air way up high, flipping as they move. Others perform acts on self-turning wheels, bicycles, unicycles and skateboards.The “Greatest Show on Earth” as the company calls it, opens its 2023 season in Bossier City, Louisiana. It will hold shows in nine other states through the end of the year, including Ohio, Missouri, Maryland and Oklahoma. It restarts in 2024 in Florida, home to Feld Entertainment. Feld Entertainment says it aimed to create a completely new kind of circus.高空空中飞人也会在高空中切开空中，在移动时翻转。其他人则在自转轮、自行车、独轮车和滑板上表演。该公司称之为“地球上最伟大的表演”，将于 2023 年在路易斯安那州波西尔城开幕。到今年年底，它将在其他九个州举办演出，包括俄亥俄州、密苏里州、马里兰州和俄克拉荷马州。它于 2024 年在费尔德娱乐公司的所在地佛罗里达州重新开始。 Feld Entertainment 表示，它的目标是创建一种全新的马戏团。“We knew we were going to come back. We didn’t know exactly how,” says Kenneth Feld, chair and chief of Feld Entertainment. “It took us a long time to really delve in and take a look at Ringling in different ways. It became a re-imagination, a rethinking of how we were going to do it.” The circus closed in 2017 after years of decreasing sales and protests over the use of animals in the circus. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals praised the “animal-free” reform. The new production design includes moveable stairs and two main stages. Crowds watching will have a 360-degree view with live camera feeds and virtual reality.“我们知道我们会回来的。我们不知道具体怎么做，”费尔德娱乐公司主席兼首席执行官肯尼斯费尔德说。 “我们花了很长时间才真正深入研究并以不同的方式审视林林。它变成了一种重新想象，重新思考我们将如何去做。”经过多年的销售下降和对在马戏团中使用动物的抗议，马戏团于 2017 年关闭。善待动物组织的人士称赞这项“无动物”改革。新的制作设计包括可移动的楼梯和两个主要舞台。观看的人群将有一个 360 度的视图，带有实时摄像头和虚拟现实。Juliette Feld Grossman is chief operating officer of Feld Entertainment. She said, “We have so much activity and action so we want to make sure that we never miss the big moments in the show.” The reimagined show extends the circus’s long history. The Ringling circus was around before automobiles, airplanes or movies. It first opened in 1871. The Feld family bought the circus in 1967. Kenneth Feld said that there is something about the circus that people hold dear. “When you’re on a high wire and you’re doing a backward somersault on the wire or you’re doing something really extraordinary, I don’t care where you are. You appreciate that. You understand the danger of it, the thrill of it.”Juliette Feld Grossman 是 Feld Entertainment 的首席运营官。她说，“我们有这么多的活动和动作，所以我们想确保我们永远不会错过节目中的重要时刻。”重新构想的节目延续了马戏团的悠久历史。在汽车、飞机或电影出现之前，林林马戏团就已存在。马戏团于 1871 年首次开放。费尔德家族于 1967 年买下了马戏团。肯尼斯·费尔德说，马戏团有一些值得人们珍视的地方。 “当你在高空钢丝上做一个后空翻，或者你正在做一些非常了不起的事情时，我不在乎你在哪里。你很感激。你明白它的危险，它的快感。”

Microsoft announced its plan to add artificial intelligence (AI) into its line of office products including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook last week. The announcement came a day after Google released its own AI tools to be used with Gmail, Google Docs and other products to developers and selected businesses. Called "Copilot", Microsoft’s AI tools will offer writing and input suggestions in these applications. Microsoft said it will speed up content creation and free up workers' time. Copilot will be available for testing by around 20 companies.微软上周宣布计划将人工智能 (AI) 添加到其办公产品系列中，包括 Word、Excel、PowerPoint 和 Outlook。这一消息是在谷歌向开发人员和选定企业发布自己的人工智能工具后发布的，该工具可与 Gmail、谷歌文档和其他产品一起使用。称为“Copilot”的微软人工智能工具将在这些应用程序中提供书写和输入建议。微软表示将加快内容创作速度，解放员工的时间。 Copilot 将可供大约 20 家公司进行测试。While Alphabet-owned Google is making progress in AI, Microsoft's early investments in OpenAI have set it apart from its competitors. OpenAI is the creator of ChatGPT which learns from past information to quickly produce human-like writings. Just last week, OpenAI started to release a more powerful version known as GPT-4. The new version, along with the older GPT-3.5, are part of Copilot features, Microsoft said. Rishi Jaluria is a researcher with the Canadian company RBC. He said the new capabilities, offered through Microsoft's cloud service, are set to increase its business and growth. Jaluria predicts Copilot will "drive more usage of Microsoft Office and increase the separation versus competitors".虽然 Alphabet 旗下的谷歌在人工智能方面取得了进展，但微软对 OpenAI 的早期投资使其在竞争对手中脱颖而出。 OpenAI 是 ChatGPT 的创建者，它从过去的信息中学习以快速生成类似人类的作品。就在上周，OpenAI 开始发布一个更强大的版本，称为 GPT-4。微软表示，新版本以及旧版 GPT-3.5 是 Copilot 功能的一部分。 Rishi Jaluria 是加拿大 RBC 公司的研究员。他说，通过微软的云服务提供的新功能将增加其业务和增长。 Jaluria 预测 Copilot 将“推动 Microsoft Office 的更多使用，并增加与竞争对手的差距”。One of the big updates was in the electronic document, or spreadsheet, program Excel. Microsoft said anyone can describe a calculation they would like in plain text and its AI program would create a spreadsheet. The task often requires the knowledge of trained analysts. Jon Friedman, a Microsoft vice president, spoke with Reuters. He said Microsoft's new "business chat" experience is the biggest development last week. He said it can handle tasks across several business programs. For example, a user can ask, "Tell my team how we updated the product strategy," and the AI will use information from a morning's worth of emails, meetings, and chat records.其中一项重大更新是电子文档或电子表格程序 Excel。微软表示，任何人都可以用纯文本描述他们想要的计算，其人工智能程序会创建一个电子表格。该任务通常需要训练有素的分析师的知识。微软副总裁乔恩·弗里德曼 (Jon Friedman) 接受了路透社的采访。他表示，微软新的“商务聊天”体验是上周最大的发展。他说它可以处理跨多个业务程序的任务。例如，用户可以问“告诉我的团队我们如何更新产品策略”，AI 将使用一个上午的电子邮件、会议和聊天记录中的信息。Making the technology as good as possible and ensuring that its answers are factual are key concerns for Microsoft. Friedman said that is why Copilot is being tested with just some customers before a wider release. An "amazing thing about large language models is they're very confident, and they get things wrong," Friedman said. Friedman said the long-term plan for Microsoft is to develop a more personalized AI experience. "We often make people adapt to the machines and systems we have built," Friedman said. "This is a thing that will start to adapt to you."使技术尽可能好并确保其答案是真实的是 Microsoft 的主要关注点。弗里德曼说，这就是为什么 Copilot 在更广泛的发布之前只与一些客户进行测试的原因。 “大型语言模型的一个惊人之处在于它们非常自信，而且它们会出错，”弗里德曼说。弗里德曼表示，微软的长期计划是开发更加个性化的人工智能体验。 “我们经常让人们适应我们建造的机器和系统，”弗里德曼说。 “这是一个会开始适应你的东西。”

A rocket made almost entirely of 3D-printed parts started its first flight late Wednesday but failed to reach orbit. The 33-meter-long rocket, called Terran 1, took off from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The startup company Relativity Space created 85 percent of the rocket using 3D printing technology. Most parts came from the company’s large printing center in Long Beach, California.一枚几乎完全由 3D 打印部件制成的火箭于周三晚些时候开始了首次飞行，但未能进入轨道。这枚 33 米长的火箭名为 Terran 1，从佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角起飞。初创公司 Relativity Space 使用 3D 打印技术制造了 85% 的火箭。大多数零件来自该公司位于加利福尼亚州长滩的大型印刷中心。Terran 1 took off successfully and stayed in the air for three minutes. The first stage, or lower part, of the rocket launched and separated as planned. The upper stage, however, appeared to ignite and then shut down, sending it crashing into the Atlantic Ocean. Relativity Space had hoped for the rocket to stay in orbit for several days before falling through Earth’s atmosphere and burning up.人族一号成功起飞，在空中停留了三分钟。火箭的第一级或下部按计划发射和分离。然而，上级似乎点燃然后关闭，使其坠入大西洋。 Relativity Space 希望火箭能在轨道上停留几天，然后坠入地球大气层并燃烧殆尽。It was the second failed launch by Relativity Space this month. The company called off an attempt 12 days ago just seconds before takeoff. Though the rocket did not reach orbit, the company said it was pleased with the launch.这是本月 Relativity Space 第二次失败的发射。该公司在 12 天前就在起飞前几秒取消了一次尝试。虽然火箭没有进入轨道，但该公司表示对这次发射感到满意。Arwa Tizani Kelly works for Relativity Space and discussed the launch. Kelly said that “(first) launches are always exciting and today’s flight was no exception.” Although other space businesses use 3D-printed materials, the pieces make up only a small part of their rockets. Relativity Space was founded in 2015 by two young engineers. The company said it is working to develop larger versions of the rocket that will have even more 3D-printed material.Arwa Tizani Kelly 在 Relativity Space 工作并讨论了发射事宜。凯利说，“（首次）发射总是令人兴奋，今天的飞行也不例外。”尽管其他太空企业使用 3D 打印材料，但这些部件只占他们火箭的一小部分。 Relativity Space 由两位年轻的工程师于 2015 年创立。该公司表示，它正在努力开发更大版本的火箭，其中将包含更多 3D 打印材料。

What do a student in China, an office worker in the UK and an astronaut in space all have in common? They all eat instant noodles. And they're not alone – over 100 billion servings of instant noodles are consumed globally each year, making them one of the world's most successful industrial foods. But how did this happen?中国的学生、英国的上班族和太空中的宇航员有什么共同点？他们都吃方便面。他们并不孤单——全球每年消费超过 1000 亿份方便面，使其成为世界上最成功的工业食品之一。但这是怎么发生的呢？Put simply, they're cheap to produce and cheap to buy, which was exactly what their creator intended. Momofuku Ando, a Japanese entrepreneur, spent a year perfecting the recipe just after the Second World War. He wanted to make something similar to traditional Japanese ramen noodles, while using the wheat flour given to Japan as food aid by the US government. His creation was instantly popular, playing a part in Japan's post-war economic rise. Even in the year 2000 – according to a poll by the Fuji Research Institute – instant noodles were voted Japan's most successful invention, ahead of high-speed trains, laptops and karaoke.简而言之，它们生产成本低，购买成本低，这正是它们的创造者的意图。二战刚结束，日本企业家安藤百福花了一年时间完善配方。他想做一些类似于传统日本拉面的东西，同时使用美国政府作为粮食援助提供给日本的小麦粉。他的创作立即受到欢迎，在日本战后经济崛起中发挥了重要作用。即使在 2000 年——根据富士研究所的一项民意调查——方便面被评为日本最成功的发明，领先于高铁、笔记本电脑和卡拉 OK。But Japanese people are not alone in their devotion to instant noodles. According to the World's Instant Noodles Association, China, Indonesia, Vietnam and India – in that order – all consumed more instant noodles than Japan in 2021. Instant noodles' popularity abroad is in part due to how easy they are to adapt to local tastes. In Thailand, for example, you can get green curry flavour, while in Mexico the noodles are garnished with lime and salsa. And it seems that consumers have grown to expect innovation. Nissin, the food company founded by Ando, launches over 300 products yearly, just in Japan, according to employee Kasura Suzuki.但是日本人并不是唯一热爱方便面的人。根据世界方便面协会的数据，到 2021 年，中国、印度尼西亚、越南和印度的方便面消费量依次超过日本。方便面在国外受欢迎的部分原因是它们很容易适应当地口味。例如，在泰国，您可以获得绿咖喱口味，而在墨西哥，面条则点缀着酸橙和莎莎酱。消费者似乎已经开始期待创新。据员工 Kasura Suzuki 称，由 Ando 创立的食品公司 Nissin 每年仅在日本推出 300 多种产品。Instant noodles have their critics, too. Their rise in popularity has come at an environmental cost – they're made with palm oil, contributing to deforestation, and their packaging is plastic. And while they are a hot, tasty and filling meal, instant noodles don't have much nutritional value, and include high levels of salt and fat. Nevertheless, instant noodles are undoubtedly lifesavers in emergency or extreme situations. More than 60 years after their invention, instant noodles have become the default food for anyone short on money, time, or even a kitchen.方便面也有批评者。它们的流行是以环境为代价的——它们是用棕榈油制成的，导致森林砍伐，而且它们的包装是塑料的。虽然方便面是一道热腾腾、美味可口的大餐，但它并没有太多的营养价值，而且含有大量的盐分和脂肪。尽管如此，方便面无疑是紧急或极端情况下的救命稻草。在发明 60 多年后，方便面已成为任何缺钱、缺时间甚至缺厨房的人的默认食物。serving （供一人食用的）一份consume （大量地）吃，吃掉industrial foods 工业化食品，经大规模生产和加工制成的食品creator 发明者wheat flour 小麦粉food aid 食品援助creation 创造物economic rise 经济增长invention 发明devotion to 对…的热爱、热衷adapt 改变以适应taste (n) 口味green curry flavour 青咖喱口味garnish with 在（食物）上加（饰菜）salsa 萨尔萨辣酱（洋葱、番茄和辣椒制成的辣味调汁）consumer 消费者innovation 创新launch 推出come at a cost 有代价的palm oil 棕榈油filling 容易填饱肚子的nutritional value 营养价值lifesaver 救星，能救急的事物default 首选，默认的选择

A federal government report from December found that half of all U.S. students started this school year behind their grade level in at least one subject. Many American education experts say tutoring is the best way to help students make up for learning loss during the COVID-19 pandemic. But, although many schools have received a lot of federal aid, only a small number of students have been getting tutored. That finding comes from research by the nonprofit news organization Chalkbeat and the Associated Press. The two organizations surveyed 12 of the nation’s school systems. Eight systems provided information. The schools reported that fewer than 10 percent of students received any kind of tutoring in the fall of last year.去年 12 月的一份联邦政府报告发现，本学年开始的所有美国学生中，有一半至少在一门学科上落后于他们的年级水平。许多美国教育专家表示，补习是帮助学生弥补 COVID-19 大流行期间学习损失的最佳方式。但是，尽管许多学校获得了大量联邦援助，但只有少数学生接受了辅导。这一发现来自非营利性新闻机构 Chalkbeat 和美联社的研究。这两个组织调查了全国 12 个学校系统。八个系统提供了信息。这些学校报告说，去年秋天只有不到 10% 的学生接受过任何形式的辅导。A new tutoring group in Chicago served about three percent of students, officials said. But less than one percent of students in three big school systems received tutoring. They were Georgia’s Gwinnett County, Florida’s Miami-Dade County, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia reported that 800 students had been tutored. In those three systems, there are more than 600,000 students who spent no time in a tutoring program last fall. The low tutoring numbers suggest several problems. Some parents said they did not know tutoring was available or did not think their child needed it. Some school systems have struggled to hire tutors. Other school systems said their small tutoring programs were part of their efforts to meet students’ greatest needs. Whatever the reason, the result is clear: at an important time for students’ recovery, millions of children have not received the extra help.官员们说，芝加哥一个新的辅导小组为大约 3% 的学生提供服务。但在三大学校系统中，只有不到百分之一的学生接受了辅导。它们是佐治亚州的格威内特县、佛罗里达州的迈阿密-戴德县和宾夕法尼亚州的费城。费城报告说有 800 名学生接受了辅导。在这三个系统中，去年秋天有超过 600,000 名学生没有参加辅导课程。辅导人数少表明存在几个问题。一些家长表示他们不知道有补习班，或者认为他们的孩子不需要补习班。一些学校系统一直在努力聘请导师。其他学校系统表示，他们的小型辅导计划是他们努力满足学生最大需求的一部分。不管是什么原因，结果很明显：在学生康复的重要时刻，数以百万计的孩子没有得到额外的帮助。“It works, it’s effective, it gets students to improve in their learning and catch up,” said Amie Rapaport. She is a researcher with the University of Southern California (USC) who is studying why so many students are not getting intensive tutoring. The Indianapolis school district last year began two tutoring programs that connect students with teachers by video link. One is available to all students after school. The other is offered during the day for some low-performing schools.District officials said the tutoring test program improved student test scores. Parents also liked the program. The two programs served 3,200 students last fall. That is about 17 percent of students in district schools. Two other tutoring programs operate at a small number of schools.Amie Rapaport 说：“它行之有效，它可以让学生提高学习水平并赶上进度。”她是南加州大学 (USC) 的一名研究员，正在研究为什么这么多学生没有接受强化辅导。印第安纳波利斯学区去年开始了两个辅导项目，通过视频链接将学生与教师联系起来。放学后所有学生都可以使用一个。另一种是在白天为一些表现不佳的学校提供的。地区官员说，辅导测试计划提高了学生的考试成绩。家长们也很喜欢这个节目。去年秋天，这两个项目为 3,200 名学生提供了服务。这大约占地区学校学生的 17%。另外两个辅导项目在少数学校开展。The school district also said that only 35 percent of the students who registered for after-school tutoring last fall attended more than one session. Marc Ransford is the Indianapolis Public Schools spokesperson. He said the district wants to improve attendance and hopes to sign up more students for tutoring next school year. A federal survey from December found schools reported that about 10 percent of students received intensive tutoring several days a week. The real number could be lower. Only two percent of U.S. households said their children are getting intensive tutoring, a study from USC found. Schools trying to increase tutoring face problems, including hiring and planning. Experts say tutoring is most effective when provided three times a week for at least 30 minutes during school hours. Offering after-school or weekend tutoring is simpler, but attendance is often low.学区还表示，去年秋天注册课后辅导的学生中，只有 35% 参加了不止一节课。马克·兰斯福德 (Marc Ransford) 是印第安纳波利斯公立学校的发言人。他说学区希望提高出勤率，并希望在下一学年招收更多学生参加辅导。去年 12 月的一项联邦调查发现，学校报告说，大约 10% 的学生每周有几天接受强化辅导。实际数字可能更低。南加州大学的一项研究发现，只有 2% 的美国家庭表示他们的孩子正在接受强化辅导。试图增加辅导的学校面临着招聘和规划等问题。专家表示，在上课时间每周提供 3 次每次至少 30 分钟的辅导是最有效的。提供课后或周末辅导更简单，但出勤率通常很低。Low family interest has been another problem. Although test scores sharply dropped during the pandemic, many parents do not believe their children experienced learning loss. In Wake County, North Carolina, the school district began planning a reading tutoring program in November. District officials last month said volunteers are tutoring fewer than 140 students. That is far fewer than the 1,000 students the program was designed to help. Many worry that not enough students are getting the help they need even as programs continue to grow.家庭兴趣低下是另一个问题。尽管大流行期间考试成绩急剧下降，但许多家长并不认为他们的孩子有学习障碍。在北卡

Designers are increasingly using different kinds of materials to produce products that do not harm the environment. Reused plastic bottles, wood, plant fiber, and even seaweed are being used in place of traditional materials for household goods and clothing.Nina Edwards Anker’s sconces and chandeliers look like ancient pieces of paper placed around electronic lights known as LEDs. But a closer look shows that they are made of algae.设计师越来越多地使用不同种类的材料来生产对环境无害的产品。可重复使用的塑料瓶、木材、植物纤维，甚至海藻都被用来代替传统的家居用品和服装材料。尼娜·爱德华兹·安克 (Nina Edwards Anker) 的烛台和枝形吊灯看起来就像放置在被称为 LED 的电子灯周围的古老纸片。但仔细观察就会发现它们是由藻类制成的。Anker came up with the idea while working on a doctoral research project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design. Anker chose not to hide the dried algae. “From the beginning, we wanted to keep the integrity of the material, and display its unique properties,” Anker said. She is one of many designers thinking about traditional materials. She wants to find ways to mix design ideas with production and supply methods that do not use up resources.Anker 在奥斯陆建筑与设计学院从事博士研究项目时萌生了这个想法。 Anker 选择不隐藏干藻。 “从一开始，我们就想保持材料的完整性，并展示其独特的特性，”Anker 说。她是众多考虑传统材料的设计师之一。她想找到将设计理念与不耗尽资源的生产和供应方式相结合的方法。Heimtextil is an international trade show, or fair, for new textiles in Frankfurt, Germany. This year’s fair placed attention on making new products that came from reused materials. Olaf Schmidt is Heimtextil’s vice president of textiles and textile technology. “We’ll see companies demonstrating how inorganic materials like nylon, plastic and metal can be reused – for example, carpet tiles that can be dismantled at the end of their life and used as a raw material for new tiles,” he said. He added, “And there’s seaweed, used to produce acoustic mats and panels that provide great insulation, are fire-resistant and regulate humidity well...At the end of their life, the panels can be shredded and reused.”Heimtextil 是在德国法兰克福举办的新纺织品国际贸易展或展览会。今年的展会将重点放在使用回收材料制作新产品上。 Olaf Schmidt 是 Heimtextil 的纺织品和纺织技术副总裁。 “我们将看到公司展示如何重复使用尼龙、塑料和金属等无机材料——例如，可以在使用寿命结束时拆卸并用作新瓷砖原材料的方块地毯，”他说。他补充说，“还有海藻，用于生产隔音垫和隔音板，具有良好的隔音性、耐火性和调节湿度......在使用寿命结束时，可以切碎并重复使用这些面板。”Fashion industry expert Veronika Lipar described the field’s most important change – a move to sustainability. She said, “The industry is trying to minimize its” effect “on the environment and no longer be the biggest polluter.”Patagonia, North Face and Timberland are among the companies now using natural materials to produce goods. Italian company Frumat has developed a plant-based leather made from the waste created by apple juice makers. Two Mexican developers, Adrian Lopez Velarde and Marte Cazarez, have created a leather they call “Desserto” using nopal cactus leaves. Cactus plants are of interest to new material developers because they can live in hot climates and poor soil.时尚行业专家 Veronika Lipar 描述了该领域最重要的变化——向可持续发展的转变。她说，“该行业正在努力将其对环境的‘影响’降到最低，不再是最大的污染者。” Patagonia、North Face 和 Timberland 等公司现在都在使用天然材料生产商品。意大利公司 Frumat 开发了一种植物皮革，由苹果汁制造商产生的废料制成。两位墨西哥开发商 Adrian Lopez Velarde 和 Marte Cazarez 使用胭脂仙人掌叶制作了一种他们称之为“Desserto”的皮革。新材料开发人员对仙人掌植物很感兴趣，因为它们可以生活在炎热的气候和贫瘠的土壤中。Pinatex helps support farms in the Philippines by using waste from the pineapple harvest to create material that is sold to makers of shoes, clothing and other products. And Bolt Threads, a company based in California, created Mylo, a mycelium-based leather that is used by companies like Adidas, Lululemon and designer Stella McCartney.Pinatex 帮助支持菲律宾的农场，利用菠萝收获时产生的废物生产材料，然后出售给制鞋、服装和其他产品的制造商。总部位于加利福尼亚州的 Bolt Threads 公司创造了 Mylo，这是一种以菌丝体为基础的皮革，被 Adidas、Lululemon 和设计师 Stella McCartney 等公司使用。

Have you ever seen a tree covered in parts with green growth and wondered what it was? Were you concerned that the spreading green life might hurt the tree? Well, no need to worry. Those growths could be lichens, moss or algae, and none of them threaten the tree’s health. They are not parasites.你有没有见过一棵树的一部分长满绿色植物，想知道它是什么？你担心蔓延的绿色生命会伤害到树吗？好吧，不用担心。这些生长物可能是地衣、苔藓或藻类，它们都不会威胁到树木的健康。它们不是寄生虫。Lichens are symbiotic organisms of fungi, algae and possibly yeast. The organisms spread on the tree but they do not live off it. They live off each other. And, they all favor trees that are sick or growing in poor conditions. The growth usually presents as pale green or gray, but sometimes even orange. The growth is normally crusty or leafy masses on tree branches and trunks. The growth of lichens is actually a sign of good environmental health as they will not survive in polluted areas. If lichens are present, the air quality in the area must be good.地衣是真菌、藻类和可能的酵母的共生生物。这些生物散布在树上，但它们并不靠树为生。他们靠彼此生活。而且，他们都喜欢生病或生长在恶劣条件下的树木。生长物通常呈淡绿色或灰色，但有时甚至呈橙色。生长通常是树枝和树干上的硬皮或多叶团块。地衣的生长实际上是良好环境健康的标志，因为它们无法在受污染的地区生存。如果存在地衣，则该地区的空气质量一定很好。But it also tells you that the tree was sick enough to appeal to lichens. So, you might want to give the tree some extra healing care. Water the tree, aerate the soil around it, and place mulch along the root zone. The area begins 10 centimeters away from the trunk. It extends as far as the branches above reach out.但它也告诉你这棵树病得够吸引地衣了。所以，你可能想给这棵树一些额外的治疗护理。给树浇水，给周围的土壤通气，并沿着根区覆盖。该区域从距离躯干 10 厘米处开始。它延伸到上面的树枝伸出的地方。Moss is another non-parasitic organism that thrives in wettish conditions and grows on trees, among other things. It likes shady areas. Moss grows in green or yellow mats. It favors low soil fertility, acidic pH levels and dense soil. In most cases, moss growth is harmless. But if the growth becomes very large, its weight could damage branches. To limit moss growth on a tree, remove branches in the center of the canopy. This will permit more sunlight and better airflow. You can also gently scrape the moss off the tree. You can also remove it with a chemical that kills fungi.苔藓是另一种非寄生生物，它在潮湿的环境中茁壮成长，并生长在树上等。它喜欢阴凉的地方。苔藓生长在绿色或黄色垫子中。它有利于低土壤肥力、酸性 pH 值和致密土壤。在大多数情况下，苔藓的生长是无害的。但如果生长变得非常大，它的重量可能会损坏树枝。要限制树上苔藓的生长，请移除树冠中央的树枝。这将允许更多的阳光和更好的气流。你也可以轻轻地刮掉树上的苔藓。您也可以使用杀死真菌的化学物质将其去除。Algae is usually considered a water plant. However, it can also grow on trees, paths, roofs, fences and houses. Like moss, it likes shade and some wetness. Algae’s green or orange covering can be washed away with a powerful water hose. You can also create a wash solution that can slow algae growth. Mix about 30 milliliters of chlorine bleach or white vinegar with about 3.7 liters of water. Apply the solution directly on the algae. It is not necessary to remove algae from trees. But, you can if you want. Just spray affected areas with five grams of copper sulfate mixed into 30 milliliters of water. The algae will likely regrow in the area, however, if shady, wettish conditions remain in place.藻类通常被认为是一种水生植物。然而，它也可以生长在树木、小径、屋顶、栅栏和房屋上。像苔藓一样，它喜欢阴凉和潮湿。藻类的绿色或橙色覆盖物可以用强力水管冲洗掉。您还可以制作一种可以减缓藻类生长的洗涤液。将约 30 毫升氯漂白剂或白醋与约 3.7 升水混合。将溶液直接涂在藻类上。没有必要从树上去除藻类。但是，如果你愿意，你可以。只需将 5 克硫酸铜混合到 30 毫升水中，喷洒受影响的区域即可。然而，如果阴凉潮湿的条件仍然存在，藻类可能会在该地区重新生长。

The Carter Center said recently that only 13 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported worldwide last year. That is a major drop from 3.5 million cases of infected people in 1986.卡特中心最近表示，去年全球仅报告了 13 例人类麦地那龙线虫病病例。 与 1986 年的 350 万感染病例相比大幅下降。These early numbers are expected to be confirmed in the coming months. Still, the Carter Center, founded by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife, Eleanor Rosalynn Carter, said the last part of the international effort to end the parasitic disease will be “the most difficult.”这些早期数字预计将在未来几个月内得到确认。 尽管如此，由美国前总统吉米·卡特和他的妻子埃莉诺·罗莎琳·卡特创立的卡特中心表示，结束寄生虫病的国际努力的最后一部分将是“最困难的”。Guinea worm is a disease that affects poor communities in distant parts of Africa and Asia that do not have safe water to drink. People who drink unclean water can get parasites that can grow up to 1 meter. The worm grows in people for up to a year before painfully coming out, often through the feet or other sensitive parts of the body.麦地那龙线虫是一种影响非洲和亚洲偏远地区贫困社区的疾病，那里没有安全饮用水。 饮用不洁水的人会感染长达 1 米的寄生虫。 蠕虫在人体内生长长达一年，然后才痛苦地出来，通常是通过脚或身体的其他敏感部位。The World Health Organization (WHO) says there is neither a drug treatment for Guinea worm disease nor a vaccine to prevent it. Guinea worm disease can be prevented by training people to filter and drink clean water.世界卫生组织 (WHO) 表示，既没有治疗麦地那龙线虫病的药物，也没有预防它的疫苗。 可以通过训练人们过滤和饮用干净的水来预防麦地那龙线虫病。In 1986, the Atlanta-based Carter Center joined the WHO and UNICEF in the fight against Guinea worm disease. The center said the remaining infections occurred in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Six human cases were reported in Chad, five in South Sudan, one in Ethiopia and one in the Central African Republic. The Central African Republic case remains under investigation.1986 年，位于亚特兰大的卡特中心与世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会一起抗击麦地那龙线虫病。 该中心表示，其余感染病例发生在撒哈拉以南非洲的四个国家。 乍得报告了 6 例人间病例，南苏丹有 5 例，埃塞俄比亚有 1 例，中非共和国有 1 例。 中非共和国案件仍在调查中。Adam Weiss is the director of The Carter Center’s Guinea Worm Eradication Program. Weiss told The Associated Press that the final efforts to eradicate, or completely end, the disease could be difficult.Adam Weiss 是卡特中心麦地那龙线虫根除计划的主任。 韦斯告诉美联社，根除或完全结束这种疾病的最后努力可能很困难。Weiss said the populations where Guinea worm still exists often face insecurity, including conflict, which can prevent workers and volunteers from going house to house to offer support.Weiss 说，麦地那龙线虫仍然存在的人群经常面临不安全，包括冲突，这可能会阻止工作人员和志愿者挨家挨户提供支持。Weiss cautioned if support for these communities slows or stops “there’s no question that you’re going to see a surge in Guinea worm.” He added, “We’re continuing to make progress, even if it is not as fast as we all want it to be, but that progress continues.”韦斯警告说，如果对这些社区的支持放缓或停止，“毫无疑问，你会看到麦地那龙线虫病激增。” 他补充说，“我们正在继续取得进展，即使它没有我们所有人希望的那么快，但这种进步仍在继续。”Guinea worm could be the second human disease to be ended after smallpox, says The Carter Center.卡特中心表示，麦地那龙线虫病可能是继天花之后被消灭的第二种人类疾病。

How much do you spend on looking after yourself each month? We all like to look and feel good, so it's nice to spend money on ourselves sometimes! You might spend your hard-earned cash on visiting the hairdresser, a gym membership or pampering yourself with a massage.你每个月花多少钱照顾自己？ 我们都喜欢看起来和感觉良好，所以有时花钱在自己身上很好！ 您可能会将辛苦赚来的钱花在理发店、健身房会员资格或享受按摩服务上。When it comes to hair and beauty, the average UK household spends just under 2% of their budget, according to personal finance experts, Nimble Fins. That's about £38 a month if you have an annual salary of £30,000. Areas that were looked at in their survey included toiletries, cosmetics, and related electrical appliances, like hairdryers.根据个人理财专家 Nimble Fins 的数据，在美发和美容方面，英国家庭的平均支出不到预算的 2%。 如果你的年薪为 30,000 英镑，那大约是每月 38 英镑。 他们调查的领域包括洗浴用品、化妆品和相关电器，如吹风机。However, it seems that some people spend much more than that. The booking app for all things aesthetic, Pamperbook, carried out a survey in 2022 of 900 UK salons and freelancers. The results found that female clients who use the app spend, on average, £1,000 per month. The survey showed that the most popular treatments were lashes and lip fillers, while customers frequently visited hair salons for a blow dry.然而，似乎有些人花的钱远不止于此。 2022 年，针对所有美学事物的预订应用程序 Pamperbook 对 900 家英国沙龙和自由职业者进行了一项调查。 结果发现，使用该应用程序的女性客户平均每月花费 1,000 英镑。 调查显示，最受欢迎的护理是睫毛和唇部填充物，而顾客经常去美发沙龙吹干头发。But it's not only women who spend money on beauty. Though men and women visit spas more or less equally, according to the International Spa Association, or ISPA, men spend more on treatments. A national survey in 2019 found that male participants spend more on massages and facials per year than women – £501 to £445. Garrett Mersberger, head of the ISPA, said: "Men are more aware that it's not just a thing I go to to get pampered. It's an actual lifestyle choice with benefits to my body, my wellness."但花钱美容的不只是女性。 根据国际水疗协会 (International Spa Association, ISPA) 的数据，尽管男性和女性去水疗中心的次数大致相同，但男性在治疗上的花费更多。 2019 年的一项全国调查发现，男性参与者每年在按摩和面部护理上的花费高于女性——501 英镑至 445 英镑。 ISPA 负责人 Garrett Mersberger 说：“男性更清楚，我去这不仅仅是为了得到宠爱。这是一种实际的生活方式选择，对我的身体和健康都有好处。”Whether you tend to spend money on these things or not, it can certainly feel good to treat yourself every now and then!无论您是否倾向于在这些东西上花钱，时不时地犒赏一下自己肯定会感觉很好！词汇表look after 护理，善待hairdresser 理发师gym membership 健身房会员pamper 精心护理massage 按摩toiletries 洗漱用品cosmetics 化妆品electrical appliance 电器hairdryer 吹风机aesthetic 美的salon 美容院，美发店client 客户，顾客lash 睫毛lip filler 丰唇blow dry 吹发spa 水疗中心treatment 护理facial 面部护理lifestyle choice 生活方式的选择wellness 健康treat 犒劳

Ice baths are a popular subject on American social media pages. Kim Kardashian, Harry Styles, Kristen Bell, Lizzo, and other stars have posted about their cold water experiences.冰浴是美国社交媒体页面上的热门话题。 Kim Kardashian、Harry Styles、Kristen Bell、Lizzo 和其他明星都发布了他们的冷水体验。Health claims surrounding ice baths include improved mood, increased energy, weight loss and reduced inflammation. But the science linked to some of those claims is not very strong.围绕冰浴的健康声明包括改善情绪、增加能量、减轻体重和减少炎症。 但与其中一些说法相关的科学依据并不是很强。Here is what medical evidence, experts and fans say about cold water baths, an activity that dates back hundreds of years.以下是医学证据、专家和粉丝对冷水浴的评价，这项活动可以追溯到数百年前。Since June 2020, Dan O’Conor has jumped into Lake Michigan almost daily. The 55-year-old man lives in the city of Chicago.自 2020 年 6 月以来，丹·奥康纳几乎每天都会跳入密歇根湖。 这位 55 岁的男子住在芝加哥市。O’Conor used the term endorphins - “feel good” hormones released in reaction to pain, stress, exercise and other activities – to talk about his experience.奥康纳使用内啡肽这个词——一种对疼痛、压力、运动和其他活动做出反应而释放的“感觉良好”的荷尔蒙——来谈论他的经历。“The endorphin rush … is an incredible way to wake up and just kind of shock the body and get the engine going,” he said on a recent morning when the air temperature was minus-5 Celsius.“内啡肽激增……是一种令人难以置信的唤醒方式，它只是一种刺激身体并让引擎运转的方式，”他在最近的一个早晨说，当时气温为零下 5 摄氏度。With the lake temperature at 1 degree Celsius, O’Conor did a running jump into the icy gray water.湖水温度为 1 摄氏度，奥康纳跑进冰冷的灰色水中。His first jump came early in the pandemic. O’Conor had too much alcohol and his wife was angry at him. She told him to “go jump in the lake.” The common saying is not usually received as a real command.他的第一次跳跃发生在大流行初期。 奥康纳酗酒，他的妻子生他的气。 她告诉他“去湖里跳”。 俗语通常不会作为真正的命令被接受。But, O’Conor acted on it.但是，奥康纳采取了行动。He says the water felt good that June day, so he kept jumping in every day following. As the water grew colder with seasonal change, the good effect was even greater, he said.他说六月的那一天感觉水很好，所以他每天都坚持跳进去。 他说，随着季节变化，水变冷，效果会更好。“My mental health is a lot stronger, a lot brighter. I found some zen down here coming down and jumping into the lake and shocking that body,” O’Conor said.“我的心理健康强多了，也活泼多了。 我发现这里有一些禅宗下来，跳进湖里，震撼了那个身体，”奥康纳说。Dr. Will Cronenwett of Northwestern University’s Feinberg medical school tried cold-water immersion once while visiting Scandinavian friends. After a sauna, he jumped into the ice-cold water for a few minutes. He said it was a powerful experience.西北大学范伯格医学院的威尔·克罗南维特博士在拜访斯堪的纳维亚朋友时曾尝试过一次冷水浸泡。 洗完桑拿后，他跳进冰冷的水中泡了几分钟。 他说这是一次很有力量的经历。But Cronenwett says studying cold water immersion with a kind of scientific study known as a randomized controlled trial is difficult. This is because it is hard to develop a placebo for cold water baths.但是 Cronenwett 说，通过一种被称为随机对照试验的科学研究来研究冷水浸泡是很困难的。 这是因为很难开发出用于冷水浴的安慰剂。A placebo is something that has no effect. Placebos are important because scientific tests need to compare the possible effect of something with something else that does not have any physical effect.安慰剂是没有效果的东西。 安慰剂很重要，因为科学测试需要将某物的可能影响与没有任何物理影响的其他东西进行比较。There are a few ideas about how cold water immersion affects the mind.关于冷水浸泡如何影响大脑，有一些想法。Cronenwett says it makes the part of the nervous system that controls the resting state more active. Such an effect may increase feelings of well-being.Cronenwett 说它使控制静息状态的神经系统部分更加活跃。 这种效果可能会增加幸福感。Cold water immersion also affects the part of the nervous system that controls the fight-or-flight stress reaction. Cold water treatment on a usual basis may reduce that reaction. So, Cronenwett said, it might help people feel better able to deal with other stresses in their lives, although that is not proven.冷水浸泡还会影响控制战或逃应激反应的神经系统部分。 通常的冷水处理可能会减少这种反应。 因此，Cronenwett 说，这可能有助于人们更好地应对生活中的其他压力，尽管这尚未得到证实。Czech researchers found that cold water immersion can increase blood levels of dopamine — another hormone — by 250 percent. High amounts have been linked with paranoia and aggression, noted James Mercer of the Arctic University of Norway. Mercer co-wrote a recent scientific paper that examined studies on the treatment.捷克研究人员发现，冷水浸泡可以使血液中多巴胺（另一种激素）的含量增加 250%。 挪威北极大学的詹姆斯·默瑟 (James Mercer) 指出，高剂量与偏执狂和攻击性有关。 Mercer 与人合着了一篇最近的科学论文，审查了有关治疗的研究。Cold water immersion raises blood pressure and increases stress on the heart. Studies have shown this is safe for healthy people and the effects are only temporary.冷水浸泡会升高血压并增加心脏压力。 研究表明，这对健康人是安全的，而且效果只是暂时的。But sometimes these effects can cause the heart to beat unevenly and can cause death, Cronenwett said. People with heart conditions or a family history of early heart disease should talk with a doctor before doing cold water immersion, he said.但有时这些影响会导致心脏跳动不均匀并可能导致死亡，Cronenwett 说。 他说，患有心脏病或有早期心脏病家族史的人在进行冷水浸泡之前应该咨询医生。Repeated cold-water immersions during colder seasons have been shown to improve how the body reacts to insulin, a hormone that controls blood sugar levels, Mercer noted.Mercer 指出，在较冷的季节反复浸泡冷水已被证明可以改善身体对胰岛素的反应，胰岛素是一种控制血糖水平的激素。This might help reduce the risk of getting diabe

Everything Everywhere All at Once won the best picture Oscar at the Academy Awards ceremony Sunday night in Los Angeles, California.周日晚上在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶举行的奥斯卡金像奖颁奖典礼上，一切都在同一时间获得了奥斯卡最佳影片奖。The unusual movie about a Chinese-American immigrant family won seven Oscars, including three acting awards for Michelle Yeoh, Ke Huy Quan and Jamie Lee Curtis.这部关于华裔美国移民家庭的非同寻常的电影获得了七项奥斯卡奖，其中包括杨紫琼、Ke Huy Quan 和 Jamie Lee Curtis 的三项表演奖。The Malaysian-born Yeoh became the first Asian woman to win a best actress Oscar. In the film, she plays the laundromat owner with superpowers in a different universe.出生于马来西亚的杨紫琼成为首位获得奥斯卡最佳女主角奖的亚洲女性。 在片中，她饰演异世界拥有超能力的自助洗衣店老板。"For all the little boys and girls who look like me watching tonight, this is a beacon of hope and possibilities," the 60-year-old actress said. "And ladies, don't let anybody ever tell you you’re past your prime," Yeoh added.这位 60 岁的女演员说：“对于今晚观看的所有像我一样的小男孩和小女孩来说，这是希望和可能性的灯塔。” “女士们，不要让任何人告诉你你已经过了你的巅峰时期，”Yeoh 补充道。As a boy, Quan starred in the 1984 Indiana Jones movie and The Goonies in 1985. The 51-year-old said he quit acting for many years because he saw too few opportunities for Asian actors. On Sunday night, Quan won the best supporting actor Oscar. In the film, he plays Yeoh's husband.作为一个男孩，全出演了 1984 年的夺宝奇兵电影和 1985 年的七宝奇谋。这位 51 岁的老人说他退出演艺多年是因为他看到亚洲演员的机会太少了。 星期天晚上，权获得了奥斯卡最佳男配角奖。 在片中，他饰演杨的丈夫。Quan, who was born in Vietnam, cried as he gave his speech Sunday. He said, "My journey started on a boat. I spent a year in a refugee camp. Somehow I ended up here on Hollywood's biggest stage."出生于越南的全在周日发表演讲时哭了起来。 他说：“我的旅程是从船上开始的。我在难民营里呆了一年。不知怎的，我最终登上了好莱坞最大的舞台。”"They say stories like this only happen in the movies," he added. "I cannot believe it's happening to me. This is the American dream."“他们说这样的故事只发生在电影里，”他补充道。 “我不敢相信这会发生在我身上。这就是美国梦。”The 64-year-old Curtis won best supporting actress for her role as the tax agent in Everything Everywhere All at Once. In her speech, Curtis looked upward and addressed her parents, Academy award nominees Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh. Both of her parents have passed away. "I just won an Oscar,” Curtis told them.64 岁的 Curtis 凭借在 Everything Everywhere All On Once 中扮演的税务代理人一角获得最佳女配角奖。 在她的演讲中，柯蒂斯抬头看着她的父母，奥斯卡奖提名人托尼柯蒂斯和珍妮特利。 她的父母双亡。 “我刚刚赢得了奥斯卡奖，”柯蒂斯告诉他们。Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert together won best director and best original screenplay. Everything Everywhere All at Once was made with a small $14.3million budget and has brought in more than $100 million so far.关丹尼尔和丹尼尔沙纳特一起获得最佳导演和最佳原创剧本。 Everything Everywhere All On Once 的制作预算仅为 1,430 万美元，迄今为止已带来超过 1 亿美元的收入。The fourth acting award went to Brendan Fraser who won best actor for his work in The Whale. In the film, he plays an extremely overweight man trying to reconnect with his daughter.第四届表演奖颁给了布兰登弗雷泽，他凭借在鲸鱼中的工作获得最佳男演员奖。 在影片中，他扮演一个极度超重的男人，试图与他的女儿重新建立联系。A German remake of the World War I story All Quiet on the Western Front was named best international feature film. The movie, which streamed on Netflix, shows the horrors of war through the eyes of a young man. The movie also won Oscars for music, production design and cinematography.德国翻拍的一战故事《西线无战事》被评为最佳国际故事片。 这部在 Netflix 上播放的电影通过一个年轻人的眼睛展示了战争的恐怖。 这部电影还获得了音乐、制作设计和电影摄影方面的奥斯卡奖。Director Edward Berger thanked the film's young star, Felix Kammerer, who joined him on stage. "This was your first movie, and you carried us on your shoulders as if it was nothing," Berger said.导演爱德华伯杰感谢电影中的年轻明星菲利克斯卡默勒，他和他一起上台。 “这是你的第一部电影，你把我们扛在肩上，好像什么都不是，”伯格说。Navalny won the Oscar for best feature documentary. The movie is about Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny who was nearly killed by poison and has been jailed since his 2021 return to Moscow.Navalny 获得了奥斯卡最佳纪录片奖。 这部电影讲述的是俄罗斯反对派领导人阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼 (Alexei Navalny) 在 2021 年返回莫斯科后差点被毒死并入狱的故事。"Alexei, I am dreaming of the day when you will be free and our country will be free," his wife, Yulia Navalnaya, said at the award presentation. "Stay strong my love."“阿列克谢，我梦想有一天你获得自由，我们的国家也将获得自由，”他的妻子尤利娅·纳瓦尔纳亚 (Yulia Navalnaya) 在颁奖典礼上说。 “保持坚强，我的爱人。”Naatu Naatu, the song from the Indian movie RRR that created a viral dance, earned an Oscar for best original song.Naatu Naatu 是印度电影 RRR 中的歌曲，创造了一段病毒式舞蹈，获得了奥斯卡最佳原创歌曲奖。

A Japanese company has found a way to turn unwanted rice into plastic goods.一家日本公司找到了一种将不需要的大米变成塑料制品的方法。One company is working with farmers in the coastal town of Namie. Nearby is the Fukushima nuclear center, closed since a nuclear disaster there in March 2011.一家公司正在与沿海城镇浪江市的农民合作。 附近是福岛核中心，该中心自 2011 年 3 月发生核灾难后关闭。Jinichi Abe is a local rice farmer. He says people do not want to buy his rice because they worry it is radioactive. The farmer has been trying for years to recover from the economic effects of the disaster.Jinichi Abe 是当地的稻农。 他说人们不想买他的大米，因为他们担心它有放射性。 多年来，这位农民一直在努力从灾难的经济影响中恢复过来。Now, he has a new way to sell his rice. Tokyo-based company Biomass Resin opened a factory in Namie in November. It turns locally grown rice into pellets for use in manufacturing. The pellets can be formed into all kinds of products, including plastic tools, food containers, shopping bags and souvenirs.现在，他有了新的销售方式。 总部位于东京的 Biomass Resin 公司于 11 月在 Namie 开设了一家工厂。 它将当地种植的大米变成用于制造的颗粒。 这些颗粒可以制成各种产品，包括塑料工具、食品容器、购物袋和纪念品。"Without growing rice, this town can't recover," the 85-year-old Abe told Reuters news agency. He said that in the years since the disaster, he has tried selling rice as animal feed, among other things. “Even now, we can't sell it as Fukushima rice,” Abe said. "So having Biomass come was a huge help. We can grow rice without worries."“如果不种植水稻，这个小镇就无法恢复，”85 岁的安倍告诉路透社。 他说，在灾难发生后的几年里，他曾尝试出售大米作为动物饲料等。 “即使是现在，我们也不能把它当成福岛大米来卖，”安倍说。 “所以有了 Biomass 的到来是一个巨大的帮助。我们可以毫无后顾之忧地种植水稻。”Officials ordered people in the area to flee when the nuclear factory’s reactors exploded and released radiation. The government permitted some people to return to their lives in Namie in 2017 after a major cleanup of the area.当核工厂的反应堆爆炸并释放辐射时，官员命令该地区的人们逃离。 在对该地区进行大规模清理后，政府于 2017 年允许一些人返回他们在浪江的生活。About 80 percent of the town’s land remains off-limits and currently about 2,000 people live there. About 21,000 people lived in Namie before the accident.该镇约 80% 的土地仍然禁止进入，目前约有 2,000 人居住在那里。 事故发生前，大约有 21,000 人居住在浪江市。Town official Satoshi Konno admits things are still difficult for people in the area. “We want businesses that will create as many jobs as possible - basically, manufacturing," he said.镇官员 Satoshi Konno 承认该地区的人们仍然很困难。 “我们希望企业能够创造尽可能多的就业机会——基本上是制造业，”他说。Since 2017, eight companies have come back. These include a concrete manufacturing center and an electric vehicle battery recycler. Those companies created about 200 jobs. The town is under discussions with still more companies and research centers that might bring in more people.2017年以来，已有8家企业回归。 其中包括一个混凝土制造中心和一个电动汽车电池回收站。 这些公司创造了大约 200 个工作岗位。 该镇正在与更多的公司和研究中心进行讨论，可能会吸引更多的人。Takemitsu Imazu is president of Biomass Resin Fukushima. He told Reuters that even though the area has mostly recovered, the economy is still severely suffering. "By building our factory here, we want to bring jobs and invite people back."Takemitsu Imazu 是 Biomass Resin Fukushima 的总裁。 他告诉路透社，尽管该地区已基本恢复，但经济仍遭受重创。 “通过在这里建厂，我们希望带来就业机会并邀请人们回来。”Imazu says the plastic products created from rice are not biodegradable, meaning they cannot be broken down into other material through natural processes. However, combining rice and plastic cuts down on the amount of carbon needed during production, he added. The company also says growing more rice in Namie reduces overall levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.今津说，用大米制成的塑料制品不可生物降解，这意味着它们不能通过自然过程分解成其他材料。 然而，他补充说，将大米和塑料结合起来可以减少生产过程中所需的碳量。 该公司还表示，在 Namie 种植更多水稻可以降低大气中二氧化碳的总体水平。In addition, nuclear experts say rice naturally takes in little radioactive material.此外，核专家表示，大米天然吸收的放射性物质很少。Biomass Resin now employs 10 people in Namie, including a 20-year-old who returned, and the company hopes to expand. It uses only about 50 tonnes of Namie rice. The rest of the 1,500 tonnes needed is mainly from elsewhere in Fukushima. But the company says it will buy a larger amount from Abe and his cooperative next year, grown on the freshly cleared fields.Biomass Resin 现在在浪江市雇佣了 10 名员工，其中包括一名 20 岁的回国员工，公司希望扩大规模。 它仅使用约 50 吨纳米米。 所需的其余 1,500 吨主要来自福岛的其他地方。 但该公司表示，明年将从 Abe 及其合作社购买更多，种植在新开垦的土地上。

"My dream destination is definitely Paris. I can't wait to stroll along the Seine River and visit the Eiffel Tower."(我的梦想目的地肯定是巴黎。我迫不及待地想沿着塞纳河漫步，参观埃菲尔铁塔。)"I've always wanted to go to Japan. The culture and food are so fascinating to me."(我一直想去日本。这里的文化和美食对我来说都很迷人。)"I would love to visit New York City one day. It seems like there's always something exciting happening there."(我很想有一天去纽约市。那里似乎总是有令人兴奋的事情发生。)"Australia is at the top of my travel bucket list. I want to explore the Great Barrier Reef and see all the unique wildlife."(澳大利亚是我旅游愿望清单的首选。我想探索大堡礁，看到所有独特的野生动物。)"I dream of visiting the beaches of Hawaii and experiencing the laid-back island lifestyle."(我梦想着去夏威夷的海滩，体验那种悠闲的岛屿生活方式。)"I've always been fascinated by the history and architecture of Italy. I can't wait to visit Rome and Florence."(我一直被意大利的历史和建筑所吸引。我迫不及待地想去罗马和佛罗伦萨。)"The natural beauty of New Zealand is absolutely breathtaking. I would love to hike through the mountains and visit the glaciers."(新西兰的自然美景绝对令人惊叹。我想徒步穿越山脉，参观冰川。)"I can't wait to visit the beaches and temples of Thailand. The culture and food seem so vibrant and exciting."(我迫不及待地想去泰国的海滩和寺庙。这里的文化和美食看起来都非常充满活力和刺激。)"I've always been intrigued by the stunning landscapes and unique culture of Iceland. The Northern Lights are also a must-see."(我一直被冰岛惊人的风景和独特的文化所吸引。北极光也是必看的。)"I would love to explore the ancient ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru. It's a fascinating piece of history."(我想探索秘鲁马丘比丘的古代遗迹。这是一段迷人的历史。)

Georgiana Viou is self-taught chef, or cook, from the west African country of Benin. She moved to France in hopes of becoming a translator.Georgiana Viou 是来自西非国家贝宁的自学成才的厨师。 她移居法国，希望成为一名翻译。Instead, she opened a restaurant there.相反，她在那里开了一家餐馆。On Monday, her restaurant was awarded a star by the Michelin Guide. A restaurant is considered highly respected if it is awarded a star by the Michelin guidebook.周一，她的餐厅被米其林指南授予一颗星。 如果一家餐厅被米其林指南授予一颗星，那么它就被认为是受到高度尊重的。Viou’s restaurant is called Rouge. It is in the southwestern French city of Nimes.Viou 的餐厅名为 Rouge。 它位于法国西南部城市尼姆。Viou was not the only self-taught chef to get the award this year. A chef who studied literature, David Degoursy, and pastry chef Jeanne Satori, with a degree in sustainable development, also won a star for their restaurant de:ja. That is in Strasbourg, in eastern France, where the yearly awards ceremony was held.Viou 并不是今年唯一获得该奖项的自学成才的厨师。 研究文学的厨师 David Degoursy 和拥有可持续发展学位的糕点师 Jeanne Satori 的餐厅 de:ja 也获得了一颗星。 那是在法国东部的斯特拉斯堡，每年的颁奖典礼都在这里举行。Of the 44 new Michelin stars given out this year, Viou's is the only one won by a single woman. Several other women were honored as part of a team, like Satori, the pastry chef at de:ja.在今年颁发的 44 颗米其林新星中，Viou 是唯一一颗由单身女性获得的。 其他几位女性作为团队的一员获得了荣誉，例如 de:ja 的糕点师 Satori。Viou, who is 45-years-old, has said her cuisine is a mix of French Mediterranean and Beninese food. She has written several books about Benin's cooking.现年 45 岁的 Viou 说她的美食融合了法国地中海和贝宁美食。 她写了几本关于贝宁烹饪的书。Becoming a chef was a backup plan for Viou. She came to France in 1999 to study languages at Sorbonne University in Paris, hoping to become a translator. But after working at a communications company, her life changed directions. At age 33, cooking took over.成为一名厨师是 Viou 的后备计划。 她于1999年来到法国，在巴黎索邦大学学习语言，希望成为一名翻译。 但在一家通信公司工作后，她的生活发生了变化。 33 岁时，烹饪接管了一切。As a chef in training, she was one of the few women in the male-centric world of professional cooking. She said she does not like being judged because of her sex or skin color. She said that “it’s completely ridiculous” to be considered “a la mode” for being a Black female chef. A la mode is French for “fashionable or modern.”作为一名接受培训的厨师，她是以男性为中心的专业烹饪世界中为数不多的女性之一。 她说她不喜欢因为性别或肤色而受到评判。 她说，作为一名黑人女厨师被认为是“时尚”“完全荒谬”。 A la mode 是法语，意思是“时髦的或现代的”。Instead, she wants to only be judged for the food she serves.相反，她只想根据她提供的食物来评判。Viou learned to cook from her mother, who had a small restaurant in Benin. She first worked toward becoming a chef in Marseille. She joined Rouge, in Nimes, after it opened in June 2021.Viou 从她在贝宁开了一家小餐馆的母亲那里学会了做饭。 她最初在马赛努力成为一名厨师。 在 2021 年 6 月开业后，她加入了位于尼姆的 Rouge。Viou's Michelin star was given for her cuisine that celebrates “her Mediterranean environment and Benin roots."Viou 的米其林星因其庆祝“她的地中海环境和贝宁根源”的美食而获得。She was emotional at the awards ceremony. At Rouge, “We’re not a team. We’re a family,” she said.她在颁奖典礼上情绪激动。 在 Rouge，“我们不是一个团队。 我们是一家人，”她说。

Gardeners in the Northern Hemisphere are starting to plan their summer gardens. Most are thinking about how their plants and flowers will look in the bright sunshine in the coming summer. But when the summer sun goes down in the evening, and you are sitting outside at home, you may not be able to see many flowers in the yard without artificial lighting. With some planning, you can plant a “moon garden.” That is one you can enjoy by the light of the moon.北半球的园丁开始规划他们的夏季花园。大多数人都在考虑他们的植物和花卉在即将到来的夏天在明媚的阳光下会是什么样子。但是当夏日的傍晚夕阳西下，坐在家里外面的时候，如果没有人工照明，你可能看不到院子里的许多花。通过一些计划，您可以种植一个“月亮花园”。那是你可以在月光下享受的。Jessica Damiano writes about gardening for The Associated Press. She says plants with silver or multi-colored leaves, white or light-colored flowers, or flowers that open only at night are good choices for a moon garden. Another way to enjoy plants in the evening is to choose ones with a pleasing smell. Plant them along a walkway or near a seating area outdoors, where you can enjoy them up close, or within view of a window. For a moon garden, Damiano suggests planting these kinds of light-colored, moon-reflecting blooms: the moonflower (of course!), as well as Shasta daisy, four o'clock, sweet alyssum, yarrow, snow-in-summer, evening primrose, petunias, New Guinea impatiens and geranium. Insects that visit flowers at night to collect pollen, such as the sphinx moth, love them, too.杰西卡·达米亚诺 (Jessica Damiano) 为美联社撰写有关园艺的文章。她说，带有银色或多色叶子、白色或浅色花朵或只在夜间开放的花朵的植物是月亮花园的不错选择。晚上欣赏植物的另一种方法是选择气味宜人的植物。将它们种植在人行道上或户外休息区附近，在那里您可以近距离欣赏它们，或在窗户的视野内。对于月亮花园，达米亚诺建议种植这些浅色、反射月亮的花朵：月亮花（当然！），以及沙斯塔雏菊、四点钟、香雪球、西洋蓍草、夏雪、月见草、牵牛花、新几内亚凤仙花和天竺葵。夜间来花采集花粉的昆虫，如狮身人面像蛾，也很喜欢它们。You can begin the garden early with early bloomers, like lily of the valley, daffodil and azalea. Make the season last longer into the autumn with late bloomers like chrysanthemum and autumn clematis. Plants with unusual or multi-colored leaves include spotted dead nettle, Japanese painted fern, Jack Frost Siberian bugloss, hostas, silver lamb's ears, dusty miller, Russian sage, silver mound wormwood and some euonymus varieties. All of these plants can be seen after sundown and especially seem to shine under a full moon.你可以早点开始种植早期开花的植物，比如铃兰、水仙花和杜鹃花。用菊花和秋季铁线莲等晚开的植物让这个季节持续到秋天。具有不寻常或多色叶子的植物包括斑点死荨麻、日本彩绘蕨、杰克弗罗斯特西伯利亚牛舌草、玉簪属植物、银羊耳、尘土飞扬的磨坊主、俄罗斯鼠尾草、银丘艾草和一些大叶黄杨品种。所有这些植物都可以在日落后看到，尤其是在满月下似乎闪闪发光。If you want good smells to fill your yard in the evening, plant mock orange gardenia, lilac, summersweet, and jasmine. In very warm places, try planting ylang-ylang and frangipani to fill your evenings with pleasure. Remember that like a painting, a garden needs something behind the attention-getting objects in front. Include a backdrop of woody plants like the sweet-smelling Korean spice viburnum, or white-blooming hydrangeas. Trees like paper birch white or silver poplar, acacia and eucalyptus light up the night. Find out about those that work best in your climate by talking with other gardeners or a local expert.如果你想让好闻的气味在晚上充满你的院子，可以种植仿橙子栀子花、丁香花、夏日甜和茉莉花。在非常温暖的地方，尝试种植依兰和鸡蛋花，让您的夜晚充满乐趣。请记住，就像一幅画一样，花园需要在前面引人注目的物体背后有一些东西。以木本植物为背景，例如香气扑鼻的韩国香料荚莲或开满白花的绣球花。纸桦树、白杨树、金合欢树和桉树等树木照亮了夜晚。通过与其他园丁或当地专家交谈，找出最适合您的气候的那些。For the best visual effect, plant in groups of three, five or seven, of the same kind of plant. That is a good gardening method in general because it avoids creating a disorganized mixture of plants and flowers. But it is more important in a moon garden. You do not want your single plants to get lost in the dark. There is one more thing to increase how much you can see your moon garden -– add some small lights that face the plants. Their light will increase the appeal of your moon garden. Think about using other light-colored design elements, as well, such as fencing, plant supports, stones, water features and glass balls.为了获得最佳视觉效果，将同种植物分成三组、五组或七组种植。一般来说，这是一种很好的园艺方法，因为它避免了植物和花卉杂乱无章的混合。但它在月亮花园中更为重要。你不希望你的单株植物在黑暗中迷路。还有一件事可以增加你能看到你的月亮花园的程度——添加一些面向植物的小灯。他们的光会增加你的月亮花园的吸引力。考虑使用其他浅色设计元素，例如栅栏、植物支架、石头、水景和玻璃球。

No.1, Are you going to any New Year's Eve parties? 你会参加任何除夕夜派对吗？No.2, I'm so excited about the New Year's Eve countdown! 我对除夕夜的倒数感到非常兴奋！No.3, Do you have any plans for New Year's Day? 你有新年第一天的计划吗？No.4, Let's have a toast to the new year! 让我们为新年干杯！No.5, I love watching the fireworks on New Year's Eve. 我喜欢在除夕夜观看烟花。No.6, We should wear something sparkly to the New Year's Eve party. 我们应该穿一些闪闪发光的衣服去除夕夜派对。No.7, What are your New Year's resolutions? 你的新年愿望是什么？No.8, Let's make a toast to our friendship and to the new year ahead. 让我们为我们的友谊和即将到来的新年干杯。No.9, I'm looking forward to the delicious food at the New Year's party. 我期待新年派对上的美食。No.10, We should play some fun party games on New Year's Eve. 我们应该在除夕夜玩一些有趣的派对游戏。No.11, Let's pop some champagne and toast to the new year! 让我们开香槟，为新的一年干杯吧！No.12, Do you have any New Year's resolutions for the upcoming year? 你有没有新年愿景，为即将到来的一年制定目标吗？No.13, I'm looking forward to the countdown and watching the fireworks! 我很期待倒数和观看烟花！No.14, What are your plans for New Year's Eve? Are you going to any parties? 你在除夕夜有什么计划吗？会去参加派对吗？No.15, I love the tradition of eating 12 dumplings at midnight for good luck in the new year. 我有喜欢在午夜吃12颗饺子的传统，为新的一年带来好运。

More American businesses are starting to use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to come up with new ideas and to deal with customers. Mattel is known for making children’s toys. The company recently used an AI image generator called DALL-E to come up with ideas for new Hot Wheels toy cars. The used vehicle seller CarMax is using ChatGPT to gather thousands of customer comments. The social media service Snapchat has added a chatbot to its messaging service. And Instacart, a delivery service, now uses ChatGPT to answer food questions. Even the Coca-Cola company plans to use AI to help create new marketing content. It has not said exactly how it plans to use the technology. But the move shows that businesses are under pressure to use the tools that many of their employees and customers are already trying on their own.越来越多的美国企业开始使用人工智能 (AI) 工具来提出新想法并与客户打交道。美泰以制造儿童玩具而闻名。该公司最近使用名为 DALL-E 的 AI 图像生成器来为新的 Hot Wheels 玩具车提出创意。二手车销售商 CarMax 正在使用 ChatGPT 收集数以千计的客户评论。社交媒体服务 Snapchat 在其消息服务中添加了一个聊天机器人。送货服务 Instacart 现在使用 ChatGPT 来回答食物问题。甚至可口可乐公司也计划使用 AI 来帮助创建新的营销内容。它没有具体说明计划如何使用该技术。但此举表明，企业面临着使用许多员工和客户已经在自己尝试的工具的压力。“We must embrace the risks,” Coca-Cola CEO James Quincey said in a video announcing a partnership with OpenAI — maker of both DALL-E and ChatGPT. Some experts warn that businesses should carefully consider possible harms to customers, society, and their own companies before choosing to use AI tools in the workplace. Claire Leibowicz is with The Partnership on AI, a nonprofit group. The group recently released recommendations for companies producing AI-generated images, audio and other media. “I want people to think deeply before deploying this technology,” Leibowicz said. “They should play around… but we should also think, what purpose are these tools serving in the first place?” There is a reason for the concern.“我们必须接受风险，”可口可乐首席执行官 James Quincey 在宣布与 OpenAI 合作的视频中说，OpenAI 是 DALL-E 和 ChatGPT 的制造商。一些专家警告说，企业在选择在工作场所使用人工智能工具之前，应该仔细考虑可能对客户、社会和他们自己的公司造成的危害。 Claire Leibowicz 在非营利组织 The Partnership on AI 工作。该小组最近发布了针对制作 AI 生成的图像、音频和其他媒体的公司的建议。 “我希望人们在部署这项技术之前进行深入思考，”Leibowicz 说。 “他们应该四处游玩……但我们也应该思考，这些工具最初的目的是什么？”这种担忧是有原因的。While text generators like ChatGPT can make the process of writing emails and marketing documents faster and easier, they also appear to present misinformation as fact. And image generators like DALL-E are trained in copying widely available digital art and photography. This has raised copyright concerns from the creators of those works. “For companies that are really in the creative industry, if they want to make sure that they have copyright protection for those models, that’s still an open question,” said Anna Gressel. She is with the law firm Debevoise & Plimpton, which advises businesses on how to use AI. Gressel said it is safer to use AI tools as a “thought partner” but still people as the creator of final products.虽然像 ChatGPT 这样的文本生成器可以使编写电子邮件和营销文档的过程更快更容易，但它们似乎也会将错误信息呈现为事实。像 DALL-E 这样的图像生成器在复制广泛使用的数字艺术和摄影方面受过训练。这引起了这些作品创作者的版权担忧。 “对于真正从事创意产业的公司来说，如果他们想确保他们对这些模型有版权保护，那仍然是一个悬而未决的问题，”Anna Gressel 说。她在 Debevoise & Plimpton 律师事务所工作，该公司就如何使用人工智能向企业提供建议。 Gressel 表示，将 AI 工具作为“思想伙伴”使用更安全，但仍然将人作为最终产品的创造者。Rowan Curran is with the research and advisory company Forrester. He said AI tools should speed up some office work much like using word processors and spell checkers. Curran said, “It’s not like we’re talking about having a large language model just generate an entire marketing campaign and have that launch without expert senior marketers and all kinds of other controls.” The growing interest in AI tools among the public has fueled growing competition among technology companies Microsoft, Amazon and Google. Microsoft announced earlier this year it was investing billions more dollars into its partnership with OpenAI. Google is adding Bard chatbot to its search engine. And Amazon started working with Hugging Face to develop Bloom, a competitor to ChatGPT.Rowan Curran 在研究和咨询公司 Forrester 工作。他说人工智能工具应该加快一些办公室工作，就像使用文字处理器和拼写检查器一样。 Curran 说：“我们并不是在谈论让一个大型语言模型生成一个完整的营销活动，并且在没有专家高级营销人员和各种其他控制的情况下发布。”公众对人工智能工具的兴趣日益浓厚，这加剧了微软、亚马逊和谷歌等科技公司之间的竞争。微软今年早些时候宣布，它将再投资数十亿美元用于与 OpenAI 的合作伙伴关系。谷歌正在将 Bard 聊天机器人添加到其搜索引擎中。亚马逊开始与 Hugging Face 合作开发 Bloom，这是 ChatGPT 的竞争对手。

Virgin Galactic has completed improvements to its VSS Unity spaceplane. The company plans to restart a passenger flight program this year, the company said Tuesday. Virgin Galactic suspended flights of the Unity and its carrier plane, the VMS Eve, in 2021 to work on the craft. The VSS Unity launches from the surface of the Eve after that plane carries the spacecraft up. Virgin Galactic was founded in 2004 by billionaire Richard Branson. Virgin Galactic chief Michael Colglazier said the company’s goal for the near future is to safely provide flights on a usual basis. The company wants to give both researchers and space tourists “an unrivaled experience,” he said.维珍银河已完成对其 VSS Unity 太空飞机的改进。该公司周二表示，该公司计划今年重启客运飞行计划。维珍银河在 2021 年暂停了 Unity 及其运载机 VMS Eve 的飞行，以进行工艺改造。 VSS Unity 在飞机携带航天器升空后从 Eve 表面发射。维珍银河由亿万富翁理查德布兰森于 2004 年创立。维珍银河首席执行官 Michael Colglazier 表示，公司近期的目标是正常安全地提供航班。他说，该公司希望为研究人员和太空游客提供“无与伦比的体验”。In February, Galactic made the first test flight of its carrier plane since 2021. The company is planning “two or three” test flights before any passenger transports, Colglazier said. The first flight will center on research for the Italian Air Force. The company hopes to do monthly flights after that to serve the 800 customers who have already purchased trips on the spaceplane. In February, Galactic re-opened ticket sales to the public. The cost of a flight is about $450,000 per person. The spaceplane is to fly passengers about 80 kilometers above Earth where they will spend about 10 minutes in low gravity. The spaceplane will then return home, landing in a way similar to that of a traditional airplane.今年 2 月，银河航空进行了自 2021 年以来的首次运载机试飞。科尔格拉齐尔说，该公司计划在任何客运之前进行“两到三次”试飞。首飞将以意大利空军的研究为中心。该公司希望在此之后每月进行一次飞行，为已经购买太空飞机旅行的 800 名客户提供服务。 2 月，Galactic 重新向公众开放门票销售。一次飞行的费用约为每人 450,000 美元。这架太空飞机将搭载乘客飞离地球约 80 公里，在那里他们将在低重力环境下停留约 10 分钟。然后航天飞机将返回家园，以类似于传统飞机的方式着陆。The VMS Unity and its carrier plane take off and land in the state of New Mexico. In 2014, a Virgin Galactic passenger spaceship broke up during a test flight, killing one pilot and badly injuring another.VMS Unity 及其载机在新墨西哥州起降。 2014 年，一艘维珍银河载人宇宙飞船在试飞期间解体，导致一名飞行员死亡，另一名重伤。

Would you call yourself lazy? If you live in a messy house and are reluctant to lift a finger to help out, maybe you are. But laziness is a subjective thing – sloppiness to one person might be a form of relaxation to another. And if you can be bothered to read on, you'll see that opinion is divided on whether laziness is a bad thing.你会说自己懒惰吗？如果你住在一个凌乱的房子里，不愿意伸手帮忙，也许你是。但懒惰是一种主观的东西——对一个人来说马虎可能对另一个人来说是一种放松。如果您不厌其烦地继续阅读，您会发现对于懒惰是否是一件坏事的看法存在分歧。Generally speaking, we tend to look on our laziness as a negative thing. Inertia, slothfulness, idleness and apathy are used as criticisms and insults against individuals and groups of people. We think of lazy people as unproductive or that they don't really care about things. And when we find ourselves doing nothing, we feel guilty about it. Could this be because we are not instinctively lazy creatures? And is that why we often do things we don't need to do and which are sometimes painful – like running a marathon? Writing for BBC Future, Claudia Hammond explains that "enforced and extended rest, unless we are ill and our bodies demand it, leads not to feelings of being relaxed but of restlessness and irritability."一般来说，我们倾向于将懒惰视为消极的事情。惰性、懒惰、闲散和冷漠被用作对个人和人群的批评和侮辱。我们认为懒惰的人效率低下，或者他们并不真正关心事情。当我们发现自己无所事事时，我们会为此感到内疚。这可能是因为我们不是本能的懒惰生物吗？这就是为什么我们经常做一些我们不需要做的事情，而这些事情有时会很痛苦——比如跑马拉松？克劳迪娅·哈蒙德 (Claudia Hammond) 为 BBC Future 撰文解释说，“除非我们生病并且我们的身体需要，否则强制和延长的休息不会导致放松的感觉，而是会让人感到不安和烦躁。”Others may suggest we are naturally lazy, and that we can't help taking it easy, though it's hard to believe because we're constantly told to do more. But kicking back and living life in the slow lane could be better for our health. A study by psychologist Dr Robert Levine in 1999, for example, concluded that people living in cities with a fast pace of life had the highest rates of coronary heart disease.其他人可能会说我们天生懒惰，我们情不自禁地放轻松，尽管这很难相信，因为我们经常被告知要做得更多。但是在慢车道上放松和生活可能对我们的健康更好。例如，心理学家罗伯特·莱文博士在 1999 年进行的一项研究得出结论，生活在快节奏城市中的人患冠心病的几率最高。Laziness has also been shown to be good for our mental health, so having a nap or some downtime shouldn't be frowned upon. And there are other possible benefits too. Dr Masud Husain, Professor of Neurology at the University of Oxford, told the BBC: "We found that people who have tended to be more apathetic might in some ways be more creative, so that although they might be a couch potato, they might be coming up with one great idea that might be very interesting and useful." So, in our frenetic lives, maybe we should chill out, get into goblin mode and contemplate the benefits laziness can bring.懒惰也被证明对我们的心理健康有好处，因此不应该不赞成小睡或休息一下。还有其他可能的好处。牛津大学神经病学教授 Masud Husain 博士告诉 BBC：“我们发现，那些往往更冷漠的人在某些方面可能更有创造力，所以尽管他们可能是沙发土豆，但他们可能想出一个可能非常有趣和有用的好主意。”所以，在我们狂热的生活中，也许我们应该冷静下来，进入妖精模式并思考懒惰可以带来的好处。