英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

A large Swedish study has found an unexpected finding about people diagnosed with extreme fear of serious illness. It found they are more likely to die earlier than people who are not as concerned about their health. 瑞典的一项大型研究发现了一个关于被诊断出对严重疾病极度恐惧的人的意外发现。研究发现，与那些不那么关心自己健康的人相比，他们更有可能早逝。 Hypochondriasis, now called illness anxiety disorder, is a rare condition with symptoms that go beyond average health concerns. People with the disorder are unable to lose their fears despite normal doctor visits and lab tests. Some may change doctors repeatedly. Others may avoid medical care.疑病症，现在称为疾病焦虑症，是一种罕见的疾病，其症状超出了一般的健康问题。尽管进行正常的医生就诊和实验室检查，患有这种疾病的人仍无法消除恐惧。有些人可能会反复更换医生。其他人可能会避免医疗护理。 Dr. Jonathan E. Alpert of Montefiore Medical Center in New York said, “Many of us are mild hypochondriacs.” But he added there are also people on the extreme side of it who are always worrying and thinking about whether they have a serious illness. 纽约蒙蒂菲奥里医疗中心的乔纳森·E·阿尔珀特博士说：“我们中的许多人都是轻度疑病症患者。” 但他补充说，也有一些极端的人总是担心和思考自己是否患有严重的疾病。 People with the disorder are suffering and “it’s important to take it seriously and to treat it,” said Alpert, who was not involved in the new study. Treatment can include behavioral therapy, calming methods, education, and sometimes mental health medication. 阿尔珀特没有参与这项新研究，他说，患有这种疾病的人正在遭受痛苦，“认真对待它并进行治疗很重要”。治疗方法包括行为疗法、镇静方法、教育，有时还包括心理健康药物。 The researchers have found that people with the condition have an increased risk of death from both natural and unnatural causes, including suicide. Continuing stress and its effects on the body could explain some of the differences, the writers said. The study was published recently in JAMA Psychiatry. 研究人员发现，患有这种疾病的人因自然和非自然原因（包括自杀）死亡的风险增加。作者说，持续的压力及其对身体的影响可以解释一些差异。该研究最近发表在《美国医学会杂志精神病学》上。 David Mataix-Cols of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden led the research. “We got lucky,” he said, because the Swedish system for organizing disease has a separate entry for hypochondriasis. That permitted research on thousands of people over 24 years, from 1997 to 2020. 瑞典卡罗林斯卡学院的戴维·马泰克斯-科尔斯领导了这项研究。“我们很幸运，”他说，因为瑞典的疾病组织系统有一个单独的疑病症条目。这使得从 1997 年到 2020 年的 24 年间对数千人进行了研究。 Older research had suggested the risk of suicide might be lower for people with the condition. Mataix-Cols said their research found that statement was incorrect. In the study, the risk of suicide death was four times higher for people with the condition.较早的研究表明，患有这种疾病的人自杀的风险可能较低。Mataix-Cols 表示，他们的研究发现这种说法是不正确的。在这项研究中，患有这种疾病的人自杀死亡的风险高出四倍。 They looked at 4,100 people with hypochondriasis and matched them with 41,000 people similar in age, sex, and where they lived. They used a measurement called person years, which measures the number of people and how long they were followed. 他们对 4,100 名疑病症患者进行了研究，并将他们与 41,000 名年龄、性别和居住地相似的人进行了匹配。他们使用了一种称为“人年”的测量方法，该方法可以测量人数以及他们被跟踪的时间。Overall death rates were higher in the people with hypochondriasis, 8.5 instead of 5.5 per 1,000 person years. People with the condition died younger than the others, with a mean age of 70 instead of 75. The risk of death from diseases related to body systems, such as breathing and eating, was higher. The risk of death from cancer, however, was about the same. 疑病症患者的总体死亡率更高，为每 1000 人年 8.5 人，而不是 5.5 人。患有这种疾病的人比其他人更早去世，平均年龄为 70 岁，而不是 75 岁。死于呼吸和饮食等身体系统相关疾病的风险更高。然而，死于癌症的风险大致相同。 Alpert leads the American Psychiatric Association’s group on research. He said more care is needed when suggesting a patient to mental health professionals. Patients can become angry because they feel they are being accused of imagining symptoms. 阿尔珀特领导美国精神病学协会的研究小组。他说，在向心理健康专业人士推荐患者时需要更加小心。患者可能会生气，因为他们觉得自己被指责是想象症状。 Alpert added, “… fortunately, there are good treatments.” 阿尔珀特补充道，“……幸运的是，有很好的治疗方法。” 

Artificial intelligence (AI) became a popular subject in 2023. Still, the technology has a long way to go to meet people’s futuristic expectations of human-like machines. 人工智能 (AI) 在 2023 年成为热门话题。尽管如此，该技术距离满足人们对类人机器的未来期望还有很长的路要走。 ChatGPT was central to this year’s attention on AI. The chatbot showed the world recent developments in computer science, although not everyone understood quite how it works or what to do with it.ChatGPT 是今年人工智能关注的焦点。 该聊天机器人向世界展示了计算机科学的最新发展，尽管并不是每个人都完全了解它的工作原理或用途。 AI scientist Fei-Fei Li suggested that 2023 would be remembered for the great changes in technology as well as the public awakening. It was a year for people to figure out “what this is, how to use it, what’s the impact — all the good, the bad and the ugly,” she added. 人工智能科学家李飞飞表示，2023 年将因技术的巨大变化和公众的觉醒而被铭记。 她补充说，这一年人们要弄清楚“这是什么、如何使用它、有什么影响——所有的好、坏和丑陋”。The first AI concerns of 2023 began soon after New Year’s Day. That is when classrooms reopened and schools from Seattle to Paris started blocking ChatGPT. Students were already asking the chatbot — released in late 2022 — to write papers and answer take-home tests. 2023 年的第一个人工智能问题在元旦后不久就开始了。 就在那时，教室重新开放，从西雅图到巴黎的学校开始屏蔽 ChatGPT。 学生们已经要求这款于 2022 年底发布的聊天机器人撰写论文并回答带回家的测试。 AI large language models behind technology such as ChatGPT work by predicting the next word in a sentence. The models make such predictions after having “learned” the structure of a huge number of human-written works. The large language models often get facts wrong. But the results appeared so natural that it created interest in the next AI developments and possible uses for trickery and deception. ChatGPT 等技术背后的人工智能大型语言模型通过预测句子中的下一个单词来工作。 这些模型在“学习”了大量人类书写作品的结构后做出了这样的预测。 大型语言模型经常会弄错事实。 但结果显得如此自然，以至于引发了人们对人工智能的下一步发展以及欺骗和欺骗的可能用途的兴趣。 Worries grew as this new group of generative AI tools produced not just words but also images, music and voices. They seemed to threaten the jobs of anyone who writes, draws, and creates music and computer languages. Concerns about AI tools fueled strikes by Hollywood writers and actors and legal disputes from artists to writers. 随着这组新的生成式人工智能工具不仅产生文字，还产生图像、音乐和声音，人们的担忧也随之增加。 它们似乎威胁到任何写作、绘画、创作音乐和计算机语言的人的工作。 对人工智能工具的担忧引发了好莱坞作家和演员的罢工以及艺术家与作家之间的法律纠纷。 Some of the most respected AI scientists warned that the technology’s progress was marching toward outsmarting humans and possibly threatening their existence. Yet other scientists called the warnings overblown and brought attention to more immediate risks. 一些最受尊敬的人工智能科学家警告说，这项技术的进步正朝着超越人类的方向发展，并可能威胁到人类的生存。 然而其他科学家称这些警告有些夸大其词，并引起人们对更直接风险的关注。 By spring, AI-created videos known as deepfakes had appeared in U.S. election campaigns. Deepfakes are videos that contain realistic images but with digital changes to people’s actions and speech. One deepfake falsely showed Donald Trump embracing the nation’s former top infectious disease expert. The technology made it increasingly difficult to tell the difference between real and fake videos of the wars in Ukraine and Gaza. 到了春天，人工智能制作的被称为“深度造假”的视频已经出现在美国竞选活动中。 Deepfakes 是包含真实图像但对人们的行为和言语进行数字化改变的视频。 一张深度伪造照片错误地显示唐纳德·特朗普拥抱美国前顶级传染病专家。 这项技术使得辨别乌克兰和加沙战争的真假视频变得越来越困难。 By the end of the year, the AI crisis affected ChatGPT’s maker, OpenAI. The San Francisco-based company led by chief executive Sam Altman was nearly destroyed by disagreements over its mission. 到了年底，人工智能危机影响了 ChatGPT 的制造商 OpenAI。 这家总部位于旧金山的公司由首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼 (Sam Altman) 领导，因其使命上的分歧而几乎被摧毁。 AI debates also led to new laws from the European Union and consideration from others, including the United States Congress. 人工智能辩论还导致欧盟制定了新法律，并引起了包括美国国会在内的其他方面的考虑。 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has released its most recent estimate for adults with chronic fatigue syndrome.美国疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 发布了对患有慢性疲劳综合症的成年人的最新估计。People with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) suffer from at least six months of severe tiredness that is not helped by rest. They can also report pain and mental confusion.患有慢性疲劳综合症 (CFS) 的人会遭受至少六个月的严重疲劳，而且休息也无济于事。 他们还可以报告疼痛和精神混乱。Health officials said the study was the first nationally representative estimate of how many U.S. adults have chronic fatigue syndrome. The study gathered information from 2021 to 2022. It found that 1.3 percent of American adults reported having CFS or something like it.卫生官员表示，这项研究是首次对美国成年人患有慢性疲劳综合症的人数进行全国代表性的估计。 该研究收集了 2021 年至 2022 年的信息。研究发现，1.3% 的美国成年人患有慢性疲劳综合症或类似疾病。These numbers from the CDC are larger than earlier studies have suggested. They likely include people with long COVID, a condition of long-lasting sickness after a COVID-19 infection.疾病预防控制中心的这些数字比早期研究显示的要大。 他们可能包括患有长期新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 的人，这是感染了新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 后出现的一种长期疾病状态。The findings led CDC’s Dr. Elizabeth Unger to say that CFS “is not a rare illness.” She was one of the writers of the report.CDC 的 Elizabeth Unger 博士根据这些发现表示，慢性疲劳综合症“并不是一种罕见的疾病”。 她是该报告的作者之一。The tiredness and other symptoms of CFS can get worse after exercise, work, or other activity. There is no cure, and no testing leads to a quick diagnosis.运动、工作或其他活动后，慢性疲劳综合征的疲劳和其他症状可能会变得更严重。 没有治愈方法，也没有测试可以快速诊断。Doctors do not know the cause. However, research suggests it is the body’s overreaction to an infection or other shock to the immune system.医生不知道原因。 然而，研究表明，这是身体对感染或其他免疫系统冲击的过度反应。The condition gained attention nearly 40 years ago, when many cases were reported in Incline Village, Nevada, and Lyndonville, New York. Some doctors dismissed it, calling it psychosomatic. Psychosomatic means a problem is mental or emotional rather than physical.近 40 年前，这种情况引起了人们的关注，当时内华达州因克莱恩村和纽约州林登维尔报告了许多病例。 一些医生对此不屑一顾，称其为心身问题。 心身问题是指精神或情感问题，而不是身体问题。Some doctors also called it “yuppie flu.” “Yuppie” stands for “young, urban professional,” people who have good jobs and medical coverage.一些医生也称其为“雅皮士流感”。 “雅皮士”代表“年轻的城市专业人士”，即拥有良好工作和医疗保险的人。Some doctors still think CFS is a mental condition, experts and patients say.专家和患者表示，一些医生仍然认为慢性疲劳综合症是一种精神疾病。Doctors “called me a hypochondriac and said it was just anxiety and depression,” said Hannah Powell. She is a 26-year-old woman from Utah who was diagnosed after five years.汉娜·鲍威尔说，医生“称我为忧郁症患者，并说这只是焦虑和抑郁”。 她是一名来自犹他州的 26 岁女性，五年后被诊断出患有此病。The new CDC report is based on a survey of more than 57,000 U.S. adults. They were asked if a doctor or other health-care professional had ever told them they had myalgic encephalomyelitis, or CFS, and whether they still have it. About 1.3 percent said yes to both questions.CDC 的新报告基于对 57,000 多名美国成年人的调查。 他们被问及医生或其他医疗保健专业人员是否曾告诉他们他们患有肌痛性脑脊髓炎（CFS），以及他们是否仍然患有这种疾病。 大约 1.3% 的人对这两个问题都表示“是”。CDC officials said that results in an estimate of 3.3 million U.S. adults.CDC 官员表示，估计有 330 万美国成年人受到感染。The study also reported other findings. It said that CFS was more common in women than men. White people reported the condition more than other racial and ethnic groups. Earlier, smaller studies reported similar findings.该研究还报告了其他发现。 报告称，慢性疲劳综合症在女性中比男性更常见。 白人报告这种情况的比例高于其他种族和族裔群体。 早些时候，规模较小的研究报告了类似的发现。The findings showed there was less of a difference between women and men than some earlier studies suggested. And there was little difference between Black and white people.研究结果显示，女性和男性之间的差异比一些早期研究表明的要小。 黑人和白人之间几乎没有什么区别。However, the study also found that a higher percentage of poor people reported the condition than wealthy people.然而，研究还发现，报告这种情况的穷人比例高于富人。

The researchers from Sorbonne Paris Nord University say they were surprised by how efficient and reliable the ants were in sniffing out cancer. 70 ants belonging to the species known as Formica fusca were exposed to urine samples from mice with and without cancerous cells.来自巴黎第十三大学（又称 “索邦-巴黎北大学”）的研究人员表示，他们对蚂蚁能如此高效并可靠地 “嗅出” 癌症感到惊讶。70只属于 “丝光褐林蚁” 品种的蚂蚁接触了来自有癌细胞和无癌细胞的老鼠的尿液样本。The study showed they were quickly able to tell the difference between the urine odour of healthy mice and that of tumour-bearing mice, because they'd learnt to associate the smell with a treat.研究显示，这些蚂蚁很快就能分辨出健康老鼠和带肿瘤老鼠的尿液气味之间的区别，因为它们学会了将尿液中癌细胞的气味与甜味食物联系起来。Scientists now want to see if the insects can do the same for humans. They say ants are a good option because they learn fast and are not expensive to keep.科学家们现在想研究蚂蚁能否通过人类尿液中的气味变化识别癌症。他们说，蚂蚁是一个很好的选择，因为它们学习速度快，饲养成本也不高。词汇表sniffing out 嗅出，闻出exposed 使暴露，使接触urine 尿液cancerous 癌的，癌症的tumour-bearing 带肿瘤的associate 将（两种事物）联系起来

High school students in the United States can earn college credits by taking and passing Advanced Placement (AP) courses. The classes, developed by The College Board, cover many subjects, including English, history, math, and sciences among others. 美国的高中生可以通过参加并通过大学先修课程 (AP) 课程来获得大学学分。 这些课程由美国大学理事会开发，涵盖许多科目，包括英语、历史、数学和科学等。 This week, the non-profit organization released a new set of ideas and skills, called a framework, for its AP African American Studies course. The latest version comes months after the organization was criticized for discussing course requirements with conservative critics. 本周，这个非营利组织为其 AP 非裔美国人研究课程发布了一套新的想法和技能，称为框架。 最新版本是在该组织因与保守派批评者讨论课程要求而受到批评几个月后发布的。 Changes include more attention to ideas such as the Tulsa Race Massacre, Black culture’s influence on film and sports, and discrimination in housing, known as redlining. The latest version will be used when the class officially launches at the start of the next school year. 变化包括更加关注塔尔萨种族大屠杀、黑人文化对电影和体育的影响以及住房歧视（称为红线）等想法。 下一学年开始课程正式启动时将使用最新版本。 The AP African American History course gained national attention earlier this year. At that time, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, currently a Republican presidential candidate, said he would ban the course in his state because it pushed political issues. Florida released a list of concerns it had with the pilot, an early version of a course. 今年早些时候，AP 非裔美国人历史课程引起了全国的关注。 当时，佛罗里达州州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯（现任共和党总统候选人）表示，他将在该州禁止该课程，因为它会引发政治问题。 佛罗里达州发布了一份对试点项目的担忧清单，这是课程的早期版本。 In February, the College Board released its first official version of the AP course. It did not contain several subjects on the list of Florida’s concerns, including Black Lives Matter, slavery reparations and several important Black writers. 二月，美国大学理事会发布了 AP 课程的第一个正式版本。 它不包含佛罗里达州关注的几个主题，包括“黑人的命也是命”、奴隶制赔偿和几位重要的黑人作家。 The board was then widely criticized for giving in to political pressure. The new changes pay attention to some of that criticism. 随后，董事会因屈服于政治压力而受到广泛批评。 新的变化关注了其中的一些批评。The latest version includes several important Black writers that were excluded, and written works about feminism and intersectionality. Intersectionality is the idea that race, gender, and class combine to create different levels of discrimination and privilege in society. 最新版本包括几位被排除在外的重要黑人作家，以及有关女权主义和交叉性的作品。 交叉性是指种族、性别和阶级结合起来在社会中造成不同程度的歧视和特权。 The College Board did not add back every subject that was removed earlier. The Black Lives Matter movement is still not included in the final test for the course. However, it is mentioned along with other examples and listed among subjects that schools could choose from for further discussion. 大学理事会没有重新添加之前删除的所有科目。 “黑人生命也是命”运动仍未包含在该课程的最终测试中。 然而，它与其他示例一起被提及，并被列为学校可以选择进行进一步讨论的主题。 Nelva Williams is a member of the course’s development committee. She has been a teacher for more than 40 years. She also taught a pilot class of AP African American Studies in Houston, Texas. 内尔瓦·威廉姆斯是该课程开发委员会的成员。 她当老师已有 40 多年了。 她还在德克萨斯州休斯顿教授了 AP 非裔美国人研究试点班。 Williams said, “The updates are based on teacher recommendations, and changes coincide with the latest scholarship and resources used at the collegiate level.” 威廉姆斯说：“这些更新是基于教师的建议，并且变化与大学级别使用的最新奖学金和资源相一致。” Rashad Shabazz teaches several courses related to race at Arizona State University. He said the course provides students with the basics to understand the field of African-American studies. But it does not contain in-depth theoretical discussions that are more common at the college level. 拉沙德·沙巴兹 (Rashad Shabazz) 在亚利桑那州立大学教授几门与种族相关的课程。 他说，该课程为学生提供了了解非裔美国人研究领域的基础知识。 但它不包含大学层面更常见的深入理论讨论。 Next year, the AP course will be available to all schools in the U.S. But it remains unclear how many will offer it. Holly Stepp, a spokesperson for the College Board, said they are pleased with the interest that has been expressed in the course. 明年，美国所有学校都将开设 AP 课程，但目前尚不清楚有多少学校会开设该课程。 美国大学理事会发言人霍莉·斯特普 (Holly Stepp) 表示，他们对人们对该课程表现出的兴趣感到高兴。 

An early version of Mickey Mouse, the famous Disney character, will soon belong to you, me and everybody else. 著名的迪士尼角色米老鼠的早期版本很快将属于你、我和其他所有人。The mouse that started a Hollywood empire, along with several other characters, movies, and books will enter the public domain on January 1st. 开创好莱坞帝国的老鼠以及其他几个角色、电影和书籍将于 1 月 1 日进入公共领域。 Public domain is the term to describe creative works that are no longer protected by U.S. copyright law. Once a work enters the public domain, it can legally be shared, performed, reused, or repurposed without permission or cost. 公共领域是描述不再受美国版权法保护的创意作品的术语。 一旦作品进入公共领域，就可以合法地共享、表演、重复使用或改变用途，无需许可或支付费用。 Mickey Mouse, and Minnie Mouse, first appeared publicly in the 1928 film Steamboat Willie. Copyright law at the time provided protection for 75 years. But in 1998, U.S. law extended copyright protection for another 20 years. 米奇和米妮首次公开亮相是在 1928 年的电影《威利汽船》中。 当时的版权法提供了 75 年的保护。 但1998年，美国法律将版权保护又延长了20年。 Jennifer Jenkins is head of Duke University’s Center for the Study of Public Domain. Jenkins says copyright law is sometimes called the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. As the character is about to enter the public domain, she says “This is it. This is Mickey Mouse. This is exciting because it’s kind of symbolic.” 詹妮弗·詹金斯 (Jennifer Jenkins) 是杜克大学公共领域研究中心的负责人。 詹金斯说，版权法有时被称为“米老鼠保护法”。 当这个角色即将进入公共领域时，她说：“就是这样。 这是米老鼠。 这很令人兴奋，因为它具有象征意义。”In a statement, the Disney Company told The Associated Press, “Ever since Mickey Mouse’s first appearance in the 1928 short film Steamboat Willie, people have associated the character with Disney’s stories, experiences, and authentic products.” The company added, “More modern versions of Mickey will remain unaffected by the expiration of the Steamboat Willie copyright,…” 迪士尼公司在一份声明中告诉美联社，“自从米老鼠首次出现在 1928 年短片《威利汽船》中以来，人们就将这个角色与迪士尼的故事、经历和正宗产品联系在一起。” 该公司补充说，“更现代的米奇版本将不会受到威利汽船版权到期的影响……” People will only be able to use the version of the mouse in Steamboat Willie that has become public. However, observers expect the courts to be busy in the coming years judging what is inside and outside Disney’s ownership. 人们只能使用《威利号汽船》中已公开的鼠标版本。 然而，观察人士预计，未来几年法院将忙于判断迪士尼所有权内外的内容。 Disney also holds a trademark on Mickey to represent the company and its brand. That law bars the use of the character as a Disney product identifier for anyone except Disney. 迪士尼还拥有米奇商标，代表该公司及其品牌。 该法律禁止除迪士尼以外的任何人使用该角色作为迪士尼产品标识符。Another famous animal character, Tigger, will also join his friend Winnie the Pooh in the public domain. The bouncing tiger first appeared in the book The House at Pooh Corner by British writer A.A. Milne. It turns 96 in January. 另一位著名的动物角色跳跳虎也将与他的朋友小熊维尼一起出现在公共领域。 弹跳老虎首次出现在英国作家 A.A. 的《小熊维尼角的房子》一书中。 米尔恩. 一月份就满96岁了。 The silly old bear Pooh, himself, became public property two years ago when Milne’s book Winnie the Pooh came of age. The soft-spoken bear, no longer protected by copyright, is seen terrorizing women in this year’s horror film Winnie the Pooh: Blood and Honey. 两年前，当米尔恩的书《小熊维尼》成熟时，愚蠢的老熊维尼本人就成为了公共财产。 在今年的恐怖电影《小熊维尼：血与蜜》中，这只说话轻声细语的熊不再受到版权保护，它正在恐吓女性。 Other creative works entering the U.S. public domain are Charlie Chaplin’s film Circus, Virginia Woolf’s book Orlando, and Eugene O’Neill’s play Long Day’s Journey into Night. 其他进入美国公共领域的创意作品包括查理·卓别林的电影《马戏团》、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的书《奥兰多》和尤金·奥尼尔的戏剧《长夜之旅》。 

The deep very low frequency song of the blue whale is difficult for us to hear. Depending on what device you're listening on, it might be too low for your speakers. 我们人耳很难听到蓝鲸发出的低沉、低频的叫声。你在这段音频中能不能听到它们的叫声取决于你使用的音频播放设备，因为蓝鲸叫声的频率可能低于一些扬声器可播放的频率范围。 But it's the tell-tale loud pulsing call of the world's largest animal, and it's what scientists managed to capture with an underwater "sound trap" – a microphone and recording rig planted on the sea floor near the Seychelles for a whole year. 作为世界上最大的动物，蓝鲸发出的叫声颇具辨识度，响亮而富有节奏感。帮助科学家们记录到这种叫声的设备是一种水下 “声音陷阱”，它由一个麦克风和录音装置组成，被放置在塞舌尔附近水域的海床上一整年。Painstaking analysis of all those hours of sound revealed that blue whales spend months in the tropical waters around the tiny island nation. 科学家们对录制的大量音频进行了细致的分析，发现蓝鲸在小面积岛国塞舌尔周围的热带水域生活了几个月的时间。 The researchers have described this as a conservation win – evidence that the population has recovered decades after a ban on commercial whaling. 研究人员称蓝鲸的回归是一个动物保护的成功案例 —— 在禁止商业捕鲸几十年后，蓝鲸的数量已经恢复。 词汇表frequency 频率tell-tale 泄露秘密的，足以辨识的pulsing 脉冲的，节奏强烈的recording rig 录音装置painstaking 精心的，仔细的whaling 捕鲸（活动）

Meat, milk, cheese – just some of the things provided by goats. But now we can also add fire safety to this list. As wildfires damage increasingly large areas of the planet each year, goat herds may offer a way of reducing the risk. 肉、牛奶、奶酪——只是山羊提供的一些东西。 但现在我们还可以将消防安全添加到这个列表中。 随着野火每年对地球造成的损害越来越大，山羊群可能会提供一种降低风险的方法。 Wildfires are made possible by hot, dry weather conditions as well as a supply of dead vegetation that serves as fuel. We may have limited control over the first factor, but we can control the second. Reducing the fuel load lowers the probability of wildfires occurring, as well as the amount of damage caused. This is where we can turn to goats to provide a solution. Goats are being used for landscape management in a number of places around the world, including Greece, Spain, Portugal, Chile and various parts of the United States. 炎热、干燥的天气条件以及用作燃料的枯死植被使得野火成为可能。 我们对第一个因素的控制可能有限，但我们可以控制第二个因素。 减少燃料负载可以降低发生野火的可能性以及造成的损失程度。 这就是我们可以求助于山羊来提供解决方案的地方。 山羊在世界许多地方被用于景观管理，包括希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、智利和美国各地。Goats have a very tough digestive system. Many kinds of vegetation that are toxic to other animals can be easily eaten by goats. It's not just fully-grown plants that goats are able to deal with: any seeds that pass through a goat become non-viable and will not grow. Human clearance teams have to worry about getting to hard-to-reach vegetation patches – goats don't. They are skilled mountain climbers and when standing on their hind legs, can reach up to two metres to devour shrubs and grass that humans would struggle to reach. Because of this, using goats can reduce both the possibility of workplace accidents and the amount of money spent on fire protection measures. Goat herds have been found to clear some patches of land for a third of the price of human vegetation control teams. 山羊有一个非常艰难的消化系统。 许多对其他动物有毒的植物很容易被山羊吃掉。 山羊不仅仅能够处理完全成熟的植物：任何通过山羊的种子都会变得无法存活并且无法生长。 人类清理小组必须担心如何到达难以到达的植被斑块，而山羊则不需要。 它们是熟练的登山能手，当用后腿站立时，它们可以达到两米远，以吞噬人类难以到达的灌木和草丛。 正因为如此，使用山羊既可以减少工作场所事故的可能性，也可以减少用于消防措施的资金。 人们发现，山羊群清理一些土地的费用是人类植被控制小组费用的三分之一。 Cost and safety aren't the only benefits. Goats are quieter than lawnmowers and people usually prefer to see goats grazing rather than litres of herbicide being sprayed on the land. Children are often fascinated to see the goats at work and this provides an opportunity to educate people about preventing wildfires. 成本和安全并不是唯一的好处。 山羊比割草机更安静，人们通常更喜欢看到山羊吃草，而不是在土地上喷洒数升除草剂。 孩子们常常着迷于看到山羊在工作，这为教育人们预防野火提供了机会。

Archaeologists were excavating Britain's largest Scandinavian cremation mounds when they found the animal remains mixed in with humans. By using a technique called strontium isotope analysis, the scientists from Durham University could trace back the origin of the bones to Scandinavia. They say it's the first scientific evidence that animals travelled with the Vikings to England on their longboats. 考古学家在挖掘英国最大的斯堪的纳维亚火葬墓冢时，发现了混在人类遗骸中的动物遗骸。通过使用一种名为锶同位素分析的技术，杜伦大学的科学家们可以将遗骨所属个体的身份追溯至斯堪的纳维亚。他们说，这是首个表明动物随维京人一同乘坐维京长船前往英国的科学证据。 The researchers suggest it was probably a wet, windy and uncomfortable trip that could have taken several weeks. A horse and dog were found in the same graves as humans. Scientists say this shows that the Vikings had a special relationship with the creatures, which were more like pets than animals for economic purposes like farming. Space would have been limited on the longboats, suggesting that a Viking leader chose his or her favourite animals to make the long journey to England. 研究人员表示，这可能是一次历时数周、潮湿、多风又不舒服的旅程。一匹马和一条狗和人类在同一个坟墓中被发现。科学家说，这表明维京人与这些动物有着特殊的关系，这些动物更像是他们的宠物，而非用于农耕等经济目的的牲畜。维京长船上的空间本来就有限，这表明维京人的首领选择了最心爱的动物随其一同踏上驶往英格兰的漫长旅途。 词汇表archaeologists 考古学家excavating 挖掘cremation mounds 火葬墓冢trace 追溯，查明…的源头longboats 维京长船graves 坟墓creatures 动物make the long journey 长途旅行

News reporters, politicians and public figures have had trouble saying some of the words that relate to the top stories of the year year. Last week, the online language learning company Babbel released its lists of the most mispronounced words in the United States and Britain. 新闻记者、政治家和公众人物在说出一些与年度头条新闻相关的词语时遇到了困难。 上周，在线语言学习公司 Babbel 发布了美国和英国最容易发音错误的单词列表。 The two lists are a reminder of the year’s news on everything from scientific discoveries to politics. 这两个列表提醒人们今年的新闻，从科学发现到政治，无所不包。 Babbel teacher Malcolm Massey noted the diversity of the words. This year’s words come from several different languages. Babbel 老师 Malcolm Massey 注意到了单词的多样性。 今年的词汇来自几种不同的语言。 "I think a lot of it is due to how close our cultures have become because of how globalized things are," Massey said. “我认为这在很大程度上是由于全球化程度使我们的文化变得更加接近，”梅西说。A popular singer who spells her name S-Z-A is on the U.S. list. Babbel notes her name is pronounced SIZ-uh,[short I sound]. 一位将她的名字拼写为 S-Z-A 的流行歌手出现在美国名单上。 Babbel 注意到她的名字发音为 SIZ-uh，[短 I 音]。The first name of another entertainer is also on the list. Cillian Murphy is an Irish actor who starred in this summer's hit as physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. His first name is pronounced KI-lee-uhn. 另一位艺人的名字也在名单上。 希里安·墨菲 (Cillian Murphy) 是一位爱尔兰演员，在今年夏天的热门影片中饰演物理学家 J·罗伯特·奥本海默 (J. Robert Oppenheimer)。 他的名字发音为 KI-lee-uhn。 Other pronunciations on the U.S. list include the name of biotech businessman Vivek Ramaswamy, who is a Republican presidential candidate. The correct way to say his name is Vih-VAKE Rah-mah-SWAH-me. 美国名单上的其他发音包括共和党总统候选人、生物技术商人维韦克·拉马斯瓦米 (Vivek Ramaswamy) 的名字。 他名字的正确发音是 Vih-VAKE Rah-mah-SWAH-me。Two volcanoes were also on the list — Mexico's Popocatepetl, (Poh-poh-kah-TEH-peh-til), and Hawaii's Kilauea, (Kee-lou-EY-uh). 两座火山也在名单上——墨西哥的波波卡特佩特火山 (Poh-poh-kah-TEH-peh-til) 和夏威夷的基拉韦厄火山 (Kee-lou-EY-uh)。 The winning word at this year’s Scripps National Spelling Bee also made the U.S. list. That word was psammophile (SAM-uh-file.) It means any animal or plant that prefers sandy soils or areas. 今年斯克里普斯全国拼字比赛的获胜词也进入了美国名单。 这个词是 psammophile（SAM-uh-file）。它的意思是任何喜欢沙质土壤或地区的动物或植物。 The coronation of King Charles in May helped put the Stone of Scone, (Stown uhv Skoon), on Britain’s list. The holy stone rests beneath the Coronation Chair where a new king first receives his crown. 查尔斯国王五月的加冕礼使司康石 (Stown uhv Skoon) 跻身英国名录。 圣石位于加冕椅下方，新国王在这里首次接受加冕。 Kristie Denlinger teaches linguistics at the University of Texas in Austin. She said hearing an unfamiliar word often enough can help someone master it. 克里斯蒂·丹林格 (Kristie Denlinger) 在德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校教授语言学。 她说，经常听到一个不熟悉的单词可以帮助人们掌握它。 "Anything that is kind of different from what a speaker is used to, they can learn how to pronounce things in different ways than what they're used to, it just takes more exposure," Denlinger said.“任何与说话者习惯的方式有所不同的东西，他们都可以学习如何以不同于他们习惯的方式发音，只是需要更多的接触，”丹林格说。Massey said that as one learns a new pronunciation, it is important to "not stress perfection but progress over time, so practicing these words again and again." 梅西说，当一个人学习一种新的发音时，重要的是“不要强调完美，而是随着时间的推移不断进步，所以要一遍又一遍地练习这些单词。” In some cases, the correct pronunciation is just a matter of personal choice. Earning a place on the U.S. list was the last name of Travis Kelce, the Kansas City Chiefs' American football player. Whether Kelce should be pronounced with one or two syllables, Kels or KEL-See, has been a subject even his own family talks about. 在某些情况下，正确的发音只是个人选择的问题。 在美国名单上占有一席之地的是堪萨斯城酋长队的美国橄榄球运动员特拉维斯·凯尔斯 (Travis Kelce) 的姓氏。 Kelce 应该用一个音节还是两个音节发音，Kels 还是 KEL-See，甚至是他自己的家人也在谈论的话题。Both Travis and his brother, Philadelphia Eagles center Jason Kelce, say their last name as KEL-see. On a podcast, they discussed with their father, Ed Kelce, how that pronunciation came to be. 特拉维斯和他的兄弟、费城老鹰队中锋杰森·凯尔斯都说他们的姓氏是“KEL-see”。 在播客上，他们与父亲埃德·凯尔斯讨论了这个发音是如何形成的。 "I got tired of correcting people," said Ed Kelce, who said that his co-workers always called him KEL-see. “我厌倦了纠正别人，”埃德·凯尔斯说，他说他的同事总是叫他“KEL-see”。Jason Kelce then asks: "Should we go by Kels or KEL-see?" His father answers: "Do whatever you want. I did." Jason Kelce 然后问道：“我们应该叫 Kels 还是 KEL-see？” 他的父亲回答：“你想做什么就做什么。我做到了。” 

European nations reached an agreement on rules for artificial intelligence (AI) last week. Some experts say the regulations will affect people around the world. 欧洲国家上周就人工智能（AI）规则达成了协议。一些专家表示，这些规定将影响世界各地的人们。 Here are some of the details of the agreement reported by the Associated Press:以下是美联社报道的该协议的一些细节：The AI Act aims to regulate or establish guidelines for AI technology that has the potential to cause problems if misused. 《人工智能法案》旨在监管或制定人工智能技术指南，这些技术如果滥用可能会导致问题。 AI systems that recommend online material, or those that check email messages, would be less regulated. But technology that concerns healthcare or medical decisions would have higher requirements. 推荐在线材料或检查电子邮件的人工智能系统将受到较少的监管。但涉及医疗保健或医疗决策的技术会有更高的要求。 Some AI systems will be banned except in some cases. They include systems that scan people’s faces in public and systems that make predictions about future behavior such as whether a person will commit a crime. 除某些情况外，某些人工智能系统将被禁止。其中包括在公共场合扫描人们面部的系统以及预测未来行为（例如一个人是否会犯罪）的系统。 The new AI Act will not take effect until two years after a vote from European lawmakers. The vote is planned for the first part of next year. The soonest it would be in place is sometime early in 2026. 新的人工智能法案要在欧洲立法者投票两年后才会生效。投票计划于明年上半年进行。最快将于 2026 年初实施。Some experts say the guidelines could become a global standard. That has happened before. One recent European decision caused U.S. company Apple to stop using its lightning data cable in favor of a more widely used cable. 一些专家表示，该指南可能成为全球标准。这种事以前也发生过。欧洲最近的一项决定导致美国公司苹果公司停止使用其闪电数据线，转而使用更广泛使用的数据线。 Experts say Europe’s rules might be used as a blueprint in other parts of the world. Anu Bradford is a professor at Columbia University in New York City. She called Europe’s act “comprehensive” and “a game-changer.” Bradford noted the European rules will “show the world AI can be governed.” 专家表示，欧洲的规则可能会被用作世界其他地区的蓝图。阿努·布拉德福德 (Anu Bradford) 是纽约哥伦比亚大学的教授。她称欧洲的行动是“全面的”和“游戏规则改变者”。布拉德福德指出，欧洲规则将“向世界表明人工智能是可以治理的”。 Rights groups complained that Europe’s decision to not completely ban the use of facial recognition “is a missed opportunity.” Amnesty International noted that Europe did not ban exports of AI technology that covers social scoring. Social scoring systems permit governments to record how well citizens follow rules. 人权组织抱怨说，欧洲决定不完全禁止使用面部识别“是一个错失的机会”。国际特赦组织指出，欧洲并未禁止出口涉及社会评分的人工智能技术。社会评分系统允许政府记录公民遵守规则的情况。In the United States, President Joe Biden signed an executive order in October on AI. Biden required AI technology companies to share test results and other information with the government. Government organizations will create requirements for AI tools that must be followed before systems are released for public use.在美国，总统乔·拜登于 10 月签署了一项关于人工智能的行政命令。拜登要求人工智能技术公司与政府分享测试结果和其他信息。政府组织将为人工智能工具制定要求，在系统发布供公众使用之前必须遵循这些要求。China released rules for AI tools that create material such as photos, text and videos. The rules are only short-term guidelines. President also called for an open and fair environment for AI development around the world. 中国发布了创建照片、文本和视频等材料的人工智能工具的规则。这些规则只是短期指导方针。主席还呼吁为全球人工智能发展营造开放、公平的环境。The rise of ChatGPT, an AI tool based in the U.S., is one of the reasons for Europe’s new set of rules. Europe’s rules include guidelines for chatbots and other AI systems that can do jobs such as writing, creating video and writing computer code. 总部位于美国的人工智能工具 ChatGPT 的崛起是欧洲出台新规则的原因之一。欧洲的规则包括针对聊天机器人和其他人工智能系统的指南，这些系统可以完成写作、创建视频和编写计算机代码等工作。 Systems must clearly show where the material that went into training the bots came from. They also must show how much energy was used to train the systems, or models. They should be open about how they control the data that comes from their tool’s users. And they need to observe the EU’s copyright property protection laws. 系统必须清楚地显示用于训练机器人的材料来自何处。他们还必须显示有多少能量用于训练系统或模型。他们应该公开如何控制来自其工具用户的数据。他们需要遵守欧盟的版权财产保护法。 High technology systems or risky uses of AI are required to follow stricter rules. Those include systems that create basic pieces of information, such as computer code, that others will then use to create other AI systems. 高科技系统或人工智能的危险使用需要遵循更严格的规则。其中包括创建基本信息（例如计算机代码）的系统，其他人将使用这些信息来创建其他人工智能系统。 

Hundreds of thousands of people worldwide are killed every year by malaria and other diseases that are spread through mosquito bites. 全世界每年有数十万人死于疟疾和其他通过蚊虫叮咬传播的疾病。Female mosquitoes are responsible for these deadly bites because they have a special mouth design that male mosquitoes do not have. 雌性蚊子对这些致命的叮咬负有责任，因为它们具有雄性蚊子没有的特殊嘴部设计。 But it has not always been that way. Researchers said they have discovered the oldest-known fossils of mosquitoes - two males located in pieces of an ancient orange-colored substance known as amber. 但情况并非总是如此。研究人员表示，他们发现了已知最古老的蚊子化石——两只雄性蚊子位于一种古老的橙色物质琥珀中。 The male mosquitoes date to 130 million years ago. They were found near the modern town of Hammana in Lebanon. To researchers' surprise, the male mosquitoes had long mouthparts seen now only in females. 雄性蚊子的历史可以追溯到1.3亿年前。它们是在黎巴嫩现代城镇哈马纳附近发现的。令研究人员惊讶的是，雄性蚊子有长长的口器，现在只见于雌性蚊子。 Dany Azar is a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology and Lebanese University. Azar said they were clearly blood-eaters. The lead writer of the study, recently published in Current Biology, added, "This discovery is a major one in the evolutionary history of mosquitoes." 丹尼·阿扎尔（Dany Azar）是中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所和黎巴嫩大学的研究员。阿扎尔说，他们显然是食血者。这项研究最近发表在《当代生物学》上，该研究的主要作者补充道：“这一发现是蚊子进化史上的重大发现。” The two fossilized mosquitoes, both representing the same species that has died off, are similar in size and appearance to modern mosquitoes. However, the mouthparts used for getting blood are shorter than in today's female mosquitoes. 这两种蚊子化石均代表已灭绝的同一物种，其大小和外观与现代蚊子相似。然而，用于吸血的口器比今天的雌性蚊子短。Study co-writer André Nel of the National Museum of Natural History of Paris described the finding as "quite surprising." 巴黎国家自然历史博物馆的研究报告合著者安德烈·内尔称这一发现“非常令人惊讶”。 The special anatomy of the two mosquitoes was beautifully saved in the fossils. Both insects had sharp and triangle-shaped jaw anatomy and a long structure with tooth-like elements. 两只蚊子的特殊解剖结构被完美地保存在化石中。这两种昆虫都有锋利的三角形下颌解剖结构和带有齿状元素的长结构。 The researchers said they suspect that mosquitoes evolved from insects that did not consume blood. They think that the mouthparts that were developed for getting blood meals were originally used to pierce plants to get nutritious fluids. 研究人员表示，他们怀疑蚊子是从不吸食血液的昆虫进化而来的。他们认为，为获取血液而开发的口器最初是用来刺穿植物以获得营养液的。Plant evolution may have affected the differences in feeding between male and female mosquitoes. At the time when these two mosquitoes became stuck in tree sap that eventually became amber, flowering plants were beginning to spread for the first time.植物进化可能影响了雄性和雌性蚊子之间的摄食差异。当这两只蚊子被困在树液中并最终变成琥珀时，开花植物第一次开始蔓延。 From the findings, Azar said that all early mosquitoes, both male and female, were bloodsucking. And male mosquitoes lost the ability later. 阿扎尔表示，根据研究结果，所有早期蚊子，无论雄性还是雌性，都是吸血的。而雄性蚊子后来就失去了这种能力。 The researchers said while these are the oldest mosquito fossils, mosquitoes probably appeared millions of years earlier. They noted that molecular evidence suggests mosquitoes developed from about 200 million to 145 million years ago. 研究人员表示，虽然这些是最古老的蚊子化石，但蚊子可能出现在数百万年前。他们指出，分子证据表明蚊子是在大约 2 亿至 1.45 亿年前形成的。 There are more than 3,500 species of mosquitoes worldwide, found everywhere except Antarctica. Some species spread diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, Zika fever, dengue and others. The World Health Organization says more than 400,000 people die annually from malaria - a parasitic infection - mostly children under age 5. 全世界有超过 3,500 种蚊子，除南极洲外，到处都有蚊子的踪迹。有些物种传播疟疾、黄热病、寨卡热、登革热等疾病。世界卫生组织表示，每年有超过 40 万人死于疟疾（一种寄生虫感染），其中大多数是 5 岁以下的儿童。

Researchers say their robotic hand can handle items that are currently too delicate for machines. The hand uses wrist movements and has sensors that developers liken to skin. 研究人员表示，他们研发的机械手可以操控目前对其它机器人来说过于精致小巧的物品。机械手通过手腕运动工作，装有被研发人员称作像皮肤一样能感知物体的传感器。 The robot is able to judge how much pressure should be applied to grasp delicate objects, such as those made of glass, without breaking them. But what are the practical uses of a robotic hand that can feel and grip? 这只机械手能够判断在抓取像玻璃这类易碎物体时应用多大抓力才能拿稳但又不捏碎它们。不过，能够感知和抓握物体的机械手的实际用途有哪些呢？ It's early days, but robotics Professor Fumiya Iida says that, in the future, it could be used in medicine and agriculture. He believes the arm could handle soft fruits such as strawberries, replacing human pickers. 虽然现在还处于早期阶段，但机器人学教授饭田史也表示，在未来，机械手可以用于医学和农业中。他认为这种机械手臂可以代替人类采摘草莓等软的水果。 Eventually, Professor Iida says it could perform medical tests and reduce diagnosis times for cancer and other conditions. 饭田教授说，终有一日人们可以用机械手来进行医学检测，从而减少癌症及其它疾病的诊断时间。词汇表handle 操控delicate 精致小巧的，易碎的wrist movements 手腕运动liken 把…比作，与…相像judge 判断grasp 抓住practical uses 实际用途it's early days 为时尚早human pickers 采摘蔬果的人diagnosis times 诊断时间

In school, kids are told to drink water in class, tannoy announcers encourage us to remember our bottles on public transport, and we're reminded by experts that water will help us have glowing skin and regulate our weight. But how much should we actually be drinking? 在学校里，孩子们在课堂上被告知要喝水，天朗播音员鼓励我们在公共交通工具上记住我们的瓶子，专家提醒我们，水可以帮助我们拥有容光焕发的皮肤并调节我们的体重。但我们实际上应该喝多少呢？ For many years, people have followed the unofficial advice of drinking eight glasses of water, eight times a day, known as the '8x8 rule'. According to Jessica Brown, writing for BBC Future, this seems to have partly come from not understanding guidance that was published almost 80 years ago. In 1945, the US Food and Nutrition Board of National Research Council advised drinking one millilitre of liquid for every recommended calorie of food. This is equivalent to around two litres of water a day, or eight glasses per person. But, Jessica says, the reality is that individuals have different needs. Weight, age and activity level all affect how much water someone should drink. 多年来，人们一直遵循每天八次喝八杯水的非官方建议，即所谓的“8x8 规则”。据 BBC Future 撰稿的杰西卡·布朗 (Jessica Brown) 表示，这似乎部分是由于不理解近 80 年前发布的指南。1945 年，美国国家研究委员会食品与营养委员会建议每摄入推荐热量的食物就喝一毫升液体。这相当于每天大约两升水，即每人八杯水。但是，杰西卡说，现实是每个人都有不同的需求。体重、年龄和活动水平都会影响一个人应该喝多少水。 So, should we control our water intake at all? It's not that important, according to Dr Stanley Goldfarb from the University of Pennsylvania. He told BBC podcast More or Less that our body is very good at hydration control – it tells us when we are dehydrated. First, there is 'the thirst system, which tells us go drink because your body water content is slightly reduced. And secondly, we have the kidney system which helps to retain any water and kicks in well before we really sense any thirst'. 那么，我们到底应该控制水的摄入量吗？宾夕法尼亚大学的斯坦利·戈德法布博士表示，这并不那么重要。他告诉 BBC 播客《或多或少》，我们的身体非常擅长控制水分——它会告诉我们何时脱水。首先是“口渴系统”，它告诉我们去喝水，因为你体内的水分含量略有减少。其次，我们的肾脏系统有助于保留水分，并在我们真正感到口渴之前就开始发挥作用。”There are, of course, benefits to drinking water. It helps our bodies regulate temperature, flushes out toxins, aids digestion and acts as a shock absorber for our joints. It also contains essential nutrients like calcium and magnesium, which are important for bone strength. 当然，喝水也有好处。它帮助我们的身体调节温度、排出毒素、帮助消化并充当关节的减震器。它还含有钙和镁等必需营养素，这对骨骼强度很重要。 So, next time you feel thirsty, reach for a glass of water, but otherwise, don't worry about it! Your body knows what it's doing. 所以，下次当你感到口渴时，就伸手去喝一杯水，但除此之外，别担心！你的身体知道它在做什么。 词汇表bottle 水瓶glowing 容光焕发的，水灵的millilitre 毫升liquid 液体calorie （热量单位）卡路里litre 升intake 摄入量hydration control 人体内水分控制dehydrated 缺水的 ，脱水的thirst system 口渴感知系统body water content 人体内水分含量kidney system 肾脏系统retain 保持，留存kick in 开始起作用，见效flush out 清除，排出toxin 毒素digestion 消化shock absorber 起减震缓冲功能的物体calcium 钙magnesium 镁

he sound of a very close bond. A killer whale mother and son surfacing together, because in orca family life, offspring stay by their mother's side into adulthood. 从这段声音中可以听出虎鲸亲密的母子关系。音频中的虎鲸母子一起浮出水面，因为在虎鲸的家庭生活中，后代直至成年之后一直待在母亲身边。 But sons are particularly dependent on their mums. Well into adulthood, males will demand to be fed fish by their mothers, even though they're much larger than females. 然而，雄性虎鲸尤其依赖于它们的母亲。即便早已成年，雄性虎鲸仍会要求母亲给它们喂鱼，尽管它们远大于雌性虎鲸。 But that close family bond comes at a cost. This new study showed that having a son cut by half a mother's chance of reproducing again in the future. The scientists believe that mothers invest so much of their energy and effort in their male offspring because the biggest, oldest ones tend to father most of the new calves in a killer whale pod. 但建立这种亲密的家庭关系是要付出代价的。这项新的研究表明，养育一头雄性虎鲸会使虎鲸母亲未来再次生育的几率减半。科学家们认为，虎鲸母亲将如此多的精力投入到雄性后代身上是因为体型最大、最年长的雄性后代往往会成为虎鲸群中大部分新生幼崽的父亲。 As well as providing an insight into the complex, close-knit lives of these marine mammals, the findings could help us protect them. Understanding how much it costs to raise the next generation of orcas is an insight into what these mammals need to survive. 这些发现不仅能让我们深入了解虎鲸这种海洋哺乳动物复杂而亲密无间的生活，还能帮助我们保护这一物种。了解虎鲸养育下一代所付出的代价让我们更深刻地认识到这类哺乳动物生存的基本所需。 词汇表bond 关系，纽带surfacing 浮出水面offspring 后代adulthood 成年（期）reproducing 生育，繁殖close-knit 亲密无间的

Officials in the American city of Detroit, Michigan, have equipped a piece of road with technology designed to charge electric vehicles (EVs) on the path. 美国密歇根州底特律市的官员为一条道路配备了专门为路上的电动汽车（EV）充电的技术。The roadway is meant to serve as a demonstration project for the technology, which could be expanded to larger road systems. Leaders of the project say it is believed to be the country’s first public wireless charging roadway built for EVs. 该道路旨在作为该技术的示范项目，可以扩展到更大的道路系统。该项目的负责人表示，这被认为是该国第一条为电动汽车建造的公共无线充电道路。The system uses a series of copper wires placed underneath the road. These wires have the ability to send electricity through a magnetic field to charge an EV’s battery. Charging can happen while the car is driving or sitting above the equipment. 该系统使用一系列放置在道路下方的铜线。这些电线能够通过磁场发送电力来为电动汽车的电池充电。当汽车行驶或坐在设备上方时可以进行充电。The technology was created by an Israeli company called Electreon, a developer of wireless charging solutions for EVs. The company currently has contracts to build similar roadways in Israel, Sweden, Italy and Germany. 该技术由一家名为 Electreon 的以色列公司创建，该公司是一家电动汽车无线充电解决方案开发商。该公司目前拥有在以色列、瑞典、意大利和德国建造类似道路的合同。Stefan Tongur is Electreon’s vice president of business development. He told The Associated Press EVs require special equipment to receive the wireless signal. “The technology is smart," Tongur said, and “knows who you are…”Stefan Tongur 是 Electreon 业务开发副总裁。他告诉美联社，电动汽车需要特殊设备来接收无线信号。 “这项技术很聪明，”通古尔说，“知道你是谁……”The system was recently demonstrated to the public at a technology development center in Detroit. The center seeks solutions to transportation issues facing cities. The effort, which includes several development projects, is where Ford Motor Company is building a factory to develop self-driving vehicles.该系统最近在底特律的一个技术开发中心向公众展示。该中心寻求城市面临的交通问题的解决方案。这项工作包括多个开发项目，福特汽车公司正在建设一家工厂来开发自动驾驶汽车。The electrified road stretches about one half-kilometer. It will be used to test and improve the technology in preparation for wider releases, said Michigan’s Department of Transportation (DOT). Tongur said the project aims to “demonstrate how wireless charging unlocks widespread EV adoption, addressing limited range, grid limitations, and battery size and costs.” He looks forward to a future in which, in his words, “EVs are the norm, not the exception.”电气化道路全长约半公里。密歇根州交通部 (DOT) 表示，它将用于测试和改进该技术，为更广泛的发布做好准备。 Tongur 表示，该项目旨在“展示无线充电如何促进电动汽车的广泛采用，解决续航里程有限、电网限制以及电池尺寸和成本问题。”他期待未来，用他的话说，“电动汽车是常态，而不是例外。”Electreon says the electric road system is safe for people and animals walking over it and does not harm drivers.Michigan’s DOT signed a five-year agreement with Electreon to develop the roadway charging system. Officials have said they plan to build another electrified stretch of road in another part of the city.Electreon 表示，电动道路系统对于人和动物在其上行走是安全的，并且不会伤害驾驶员。密歇根州交通部与 Electreon 签署了一份为期五年的协议，以开发道路充电系统。官员们表示，他们计划在该市的另一部分修建另一条电气化道路。American President Joe Biden is seeking to build a nationwide network of EV charging stations in the United States. His administration plans to establish at least a half-million sites along highways in the United States by 2030. Michigan transportation officials say the wireless-charging roadway project has helped position the state and city of Detroit as national leaders in EV technology. “In Michigan, we want to stay ahead of the curve,” Michigan DOT Director Bradley C. Wieferich told the AP. He added, “We want to lead the curve.”美国总统乔·拜登正在寻求在美国建立全国性的电动汽车充电站网络。他的政府计划到 2030 年在美国高速公路沿线建立至少 50 万个充电站。密歇根州交通官员表示，无线充电公路项目帮助底特律州和底特律市成为电动汽车技术的全国领导者。 “在密歇根州，我们希望保持领先地位，”密歇根州交通局局长布拉德利·C·维弗里奇 (Bradley C. Wieferich) 告诉美联社。他补充道：“我们希望引领潮流。” 

Lucy was rescued from a rural property in New South Wales, Australia, two years ago. She was suffering from chlamydia, a disease widespread among koalas.两年前，露西在澳大利亚新南威尔士州的一处乡村庄园中被救出。她患有衣原体感染，这是一种在考拉中广泛传播的疾病。Today, she is one of the lucky animals living in tree corridors that have been created to protect koalas and other animals by saving their quickly shrinking habitat, or natural environment.如今，她是生活在树廊中的幸运动物之一，这些廊道的创建是为了通过拯救考拉和其他动物迅速缩小的栖息地或自然环境来保护它们。The corridors, planted by the local conservation group Bangalow Koalas, are made up of large systems of plants. They are a lifeline for koalas and other animals like the glossy black cockatoo, gliders, possums, and wallabies. All of them are endangered, or at risk of becoming extinct.这些走廊由当地保护组织 Bangalow Koalas 种植，由大型植物系统组成。它们是考拉和其他动物（如黑凤头鹦鹉、滑翔机、负鼠和小袋鼠）的生命线。它们都濒临灭绝，或者面临灭绝的危险。The corridors provide a safe path across the koala's increasingly broken habitat. This permits increased genetic mixing and protection from human threats.这些走廊为考拉日益破碎的栖息地提供了一条安全路径。这允许增加基因混合并防止人类威胁。"Our corridors are actually trying to get them away from humans, from cars, from dogs," said Linda Sparrow, president of Bangalow Koalas. "They can safely move across the landscape and not have to put up with us humans."“我们的走廊实际上是在试图让它们远离人类、汽车和狗，”Bangalow Koalas 总裁琳达·斯帕罗 (Linda Sparrow) 说。“它们可以安全地穿越这片土地，而不必忍受我们人类。”The koala is predicted to be extinct in the wild in New South Wales by 2050. Some of the biggest threats include wildfires and habitat loss through land clearing for development. Koalas have already been declared endangered in several Australian states.预计到 2050 年，考拉将在新南威尔士州的野外灭绝。最大的威胁包括野火和因开发而开垦土地导致的栖息地丧失。澳大利亚几个州已经宣布考拉濒临灭绝。Founded in 2019, Bangalow Koalas has planted over 336,000 trees on 119 properties, helping koala conservation and improving the local ecosystem. The group, which depends on community volunteers, aims to plant 500,000 trees by 2025.Bangalow Koalas 成立于 2019 年，已在 119 个地产上种植了超过 336,000 棵树，帮助保护考拉并改善当地生态系统。该组织依靠社区志愿者，目标是到 2025 年种植 50 万棵树。"The neighbor would want to join and then another neighbor will want to join," Sparrow said, describing increasing the number of people involved in the corridor.斯帕罗说：“邻居会想加入，然后另一个邻居也会想加入。”他描述了走廊里参与人数的增加。Volunteer Lindy Stacker, who has been planting trees for over five years, said the activity is good for mental health and has brought the community together.志愿者林迪·斯塔克（Lindy Stacker）已经植树五年多了，她说这项活动有益于心理健康，并让社区团结起来。A recent report by the Australian Koala Foundation said the animal was worth an estimated $3.2 billion per year to the tourism industry.澳大利亚考拉基金会最近的一份报告称，这种动物每年为旅游业带来的价值估计为 32 亿美元。However, the World Wildlife Fund-Australia reported concerning declines in koala populations in Australian states, with a 50 percent drop in Queensland and a 62 percent drop in New South Wales since 2001.然而，澳大利亚世界自然基金会报告称，澳大利亚各州考拉数量下降，自 2001 年以来，昆士兰州下降了 50%，新南威尔士州下降了 62%。Sparrow remains committed to the cause.斯帕罗仍然致力于这一事业。"I can't imagine a world where there's no koalas in the wild," she said.“我无法想象一个没有野生考拉的世界，”她说。"We're going to do everything we can possibly to make sure that doesn't happen."“我们将尽一切努力确保这种情况不会发生。”

Iris Logan was having a hard time growing grass at her home in St. Paul, Minnesota. So, she covered the space with stones, statues, and other art.艾里斯·洛根 (Iris Logan) 在明尼苏达州圣保罗的家中种草遇到了困难。因此，她用石头、雕像和其他艺术品覆盖了这个空间。 More than 30 years later, it is something of a local landmark. But to a city inspector, it is a problem. 30多年后，它已成为当地的地标性建筑。但对于城市督察来说，这是一个问题。Logan, who is 70, has been told to clean up the different objects, like wood and large rocks, noted after a recent inspection, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, a local newspaper reported. The City Council will look at the issue on December 6. 据当地一家报纸报道，圣保罗先锋出版社 (St. Paul Pioneer Press) 报道称，70 岁的洛根 (Logan) 在最近一次检查后发现，已被告知要清理木头和大石头等不同物体。市议会将于 12 月 6 日审议该问题。 Logan said the city’s actions forced her to create the art in the first place. She said city workers who were fixing the road dug so deep around one of her trees that its roots were open to the air. So, she brought in dirt, planted flowers, and added stones – and just kept adding. 洛根说，这座城市的行为首先迫使她创作艺术。她说，正在修路的城市工作人员在她的一棵树周围挖得很深，以至于树根暴露在空气中。因此，她带了泥土，种了花，还添加了石头——而且不断添加。 Logan said that if she likes a rock, she will try to bring it home. ”I’m a rock lover,” the former farmer from Mississippi added. 洛根说，如果她喜欢一块石头，她会尽力把它带回家。“我是一个摇滚爱好者，”这位来自密西西比州的前农民补充道。 Logan recently received written notice that a city official will suggest to the City Council that she be given until December 22 to clean things up. She wrote six pages of note by hand to appeal the order. The stones do not enter the street or block city vehicles, Logan wrote to answer one of the inspector’s concerns. 洛根最近收到书面通知，一名市政府官员将建议市议会让她在 12 月 22 日之前清理干净。她手写了六页便条以对该命令提出上诉。洛根写道，这些石头不会进入街道或阻塞城市车辆，以回答检查员的一个担忧。 “I just want to make a stand for the next person,” Logan said. “我只是想为下一个人表明立场，”洛根说。 Casey Rodriguez is a spokeswoman for the St. Paul Department of Safety and Inspections. She said about 16 other properties on the same street also received letters advising them to remove objects blocking the street to agree with city laws. 凯西·罗德里格斯 (Casey Rodriguez) 是圣保罗安全与检查部的发言人。她说，同一条街上的其他大约 16 处房产也收到了信函，建议他们拆除堵塞街道的物体，以遵守城市法律。 She said in an email to the Pioneer Press that large roads, called boulevards, should be clear of objects that can block access to power and water lines. She added that it also keeps the tree roots clear and provides a place for snow in the winter. 她在给先锋出版社的一封电子邮件中表示，称为林荫大道的大型道路应该清除可能阻碍电力和供水管线的物体。她补充说，它还能保持树根畅通，并为冬天提供积雪场所。 Justin Lewandowski is a community organizer who lives near Logan. He said that 150 people signed their support on a petition “in just a few hours.” He is hopeful that the city will soon clear up their rules. 贾斯汀·莱万多夫斯基 (Justin Lewandowski) 是一位住在洛根附近的社区组织者。他说，“短短几个小时内”就有 150 人在请愿书上签名支持。他希望该市能够尽快明确规则。 “The quick support from our neighbors has been a clear signal of how much this art means to our community,” Lewandowski said. He said it is not just about how it looks; it is about their identity and how they work with each other and with city policy. 莱万多夫斯基说：“我们邻居的迅速支持清楚地表明了这种艺术对我们社区的意义。” 他说，这不仅仅是关于它的外观；而是关于它的外观。这是关于他们的身份以及他们如何相互合作以及如何配合城市政策。

Google recently announced that it has begun using carbon-free electricity from a geothermal project to power data centers in the state of Nevada. 谷歌最近宣布，它已开始使用地热项目的无碳电力为内华达州的数据中心供电。 Tim Latimer is chief and co-founder of Fervo Energy based in Houston, Texas. His company is working with Google on its geothermal project. 蒂姆·拉蒂默 (Tim Latimer) 是德克萨斯州休斯顿 Fervo Energy 的首席执行官兼联合创始人。 他的公司正在与谷歌合作开发地热项目。 Latimer said that getting electricity on the grid from geothermal resources is an event many new energy companies never reach. 拉蒂默表示，利用地热资源并网发电是许多新能源公司从未达到的目标。 He added that he believes geothermal energy will become more well-known than in the past. 他补充说，他相信地热能将比过去更加为人所知。The International Energy Agency (IEA) has long suggested geothermal could be an answer to climate change. The IEA said in a 2011 document that geothermal could reach 3.5 percent of global electricity production each year by 2050. The Paris-based international group says geothermal energy could prevent almost 800 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year. 国际能源署（IEA）长期以来一直认为地热能是应对气候变化的答案。 IEA 在 2011 年的一份文件中表示，到 2050 年，地热能每年将占全球发电量的 3.5%。这家总部位于巴黎的国际组织表示，地热能每年可以减少近 8 亿吨二氧化碳排放。 Fervo Energy is using this first test to launch other projects that will provide more electricity to the grid. The company is currently completing some work in southwest Utah for a 400-megawatt project. Fervo Energy 正在利用首次测试启动其他项目，为电网提供更多电力。 该公司目前正在完成犹他州西南部一个 400 兆瓦项目的部分工作。 Google and Fervo Energy started working together in 2021 to develop geothermal power. The plant near Winnemucca, Nevada, is now operating and is sending about 3.5 megawatts to the grid. There are three wells there. Google 和 Fervo Energy 于 2021 年开始合作开发地热能。 内华达州温尼马卡附近的工厂现已投入运营，并向电网输送约 3.5 兆瓦的电力。 那里有三口井。 However, the data centers require more electricity than that. So, Google signed other agreements for solar energy and electricity storage too. The company has two plants in Nevada, one near Las Vegas and the other near Reno. Michael Terrell leads climate efforts at Google. He said the company is considering using geothermal energy for other data centers worldwide. 然而，数据中心需要更多的电力。 因此，谷歌还签署了其他太阳能和电力存储协议。 该公司在内华达州拥有两家工厂，一家靠近拉斯维加斯，另一家靠近里诺。 迈克尔·特雷尔 (Michael Terrell) 领导谷歌的气候工作。 他表示，该公司正在考虑将地热能用于全球其他数据中心。 “We’re really hoping that this could be a springboard to much, much more advanced geothermal power available to us and others around the world,” he said. “我们真的希望这可以成为我们和世界各地其他人获得更先进的地热能的跳板，”他说。Google announced in 2020 that it would use what it calls “carbon-free” energy every hour of every day, wherever it operates, by 2030. 谷歌在 2020 年宣布，到 2030 年，无论其在何处运营，它将每天每小时都使用所谓的“无碳”能源。 Many energy experts believe huge companies like Google can play a part in increasing the use of clean energy. 许多能源专家认为，像谷歌这样的大公司可以在增加清洁能源的使用方面发挥作用。Terrell noted the company was also an early supporter of wind and solar projects, helping those markets grow to where they are today. 特雷尔指出，该公司也是风能和太阳能项目的早期支持者，帮助这些市场发展到今天的水平。 “It’s a very similar situation. Now that we’ve set a goal to be 24/7 carbon-free energy, we have found it will take more than just wind, solar and storage,” Terrell said. “这是一个非常相似的情况。 既然我们已经设定了 24/7 无碳能源的目标，我们发现它需要的不仅仅是风能、太阳能和存储，”特雷尔说。The United States leads the world in using heat from the Earth for electricity production. But geothermal makes up less than half a percent of the nation’s total electricity production, says the U.S. Energy Information Administration. In 2022, that geothermal power came from California, Nevada, Utah, Hawaii, Oregon, Idaho and New Mexico. 美国在利用地球热量发电方面处于世界领先地位。 但美国能源情报署表示，地热发电仅占全国总发电量的不到0.5%。 2022 年，地热能来自加利福尼亚州、内华达州、犹他州、夏威夷州、俄勒冈州、爱达荷州和新墨西哥州。 Those are states thought to have geothermal possibilities because they have large amounts of steam or very hot water close to the surface. 这些州被认为具有地热可能性，因为它们在靠近地表的地方有大量的蒸汽或非常热水。U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm said earlier this year that advances in new geothermal systems will help introduce this form of energy to areas where it has been thought to be impossible. 美国能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍姆今年早些时候表示，新地热系统的进步将有助于将这种形式的能源引入那些被认为不可能的地区。Some geothermal companies, including Fervo, are now going deeper below ground. This makes it possible to find energy in more places. Latimer is a former drilling engineer in the oil and gas industry. 包括 Fervo 在内的一些地热公司现在正在深入地下。 这使得在更多地方找到能源成为可能。 拉蒂默是石油和天然气行业的前钻井工程师。 Drilling technology got much better during the shale boom that turned the United States into a top oil and gas producer and exporter. But very little new technology has gone from the oil and gas industry to geothermal, said Fervo official Sarah Jewett. 在页岩气繁荣时期，钻井技术得到了很大提高，使美国成为最大的石油和天然气生产国和出口国。 但 Fervo 官员 Sarah Jewett 表示，从石油和天然气行业转向地热能的新技术很少。 In October, Latimer gave a presentation at ClimateTech 2023, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Latimer told the conference about how Fervo is developing horizontal drilling

As the American space agency NASA continues to carry out tests of its Ingenuity helicopter on Mars, it is also testing a future aircraft design on Earth.美国宇航局美国宇航局继续在火星上对其“聪明号”直升机进行测试，同时也在地球上测试未来的飞机设计。NASA’s Ingenuity has been making test flights on the Red Planet for the past two-and-a-half years. The experimental helicopter arrived on Mars along with NASA’s Perseverance explorer, or rover, in February 2021.过去两年半以来，美国宇航局的“独创”号一直在这颗红色星球上进行试飞。 这架实验直升机于 2021 年 2 月与 NASA 的毅力号探测器或漫游者一起抵达火星。Both the rover and helicopter have been collecting images and data as they explore an area known as Jezero Crater. The goal of the exploration effort is to search for signs of ancient life on Mars.火星车和直升机在探索一个名为杰泽罗陨石坑的区域时一直在收集图像和数据。 探索工作的目标是寻找火星上古代生命的迹象。Ingenuity made history in April 2021 by becoming the first aircraft to complete a powered, controlled flight on another planet. NASA officials have said the helicopter has performed far above expectations. Agency engineers planned on Ingenuity completing just five experimental flights on Mars. But the helicopter has so far performed 66 flights. It has provided NASA with valuable data on building future aircraft to fly in space.Ingenuity 于 2021 年 4 月创造了历史，成为第一架在另一个星球上完成动力、受控飞行的飞机。 美国宇航局官员表示，这架直升机的表现远远超出了预期。 该机构的工程师计划“独创”号在火星上仅完成五次实验飞行。 但这架直升机迄今为止已执行了66次飞行。 它为美国宇航局提供了有关建造未来太空飞行飞机的宝贵数据。Travis Brown is Ingenuity’s chief engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California. He said in a statement that with nearly every flight, the helicopter has progressed in new ways. Brown noted that over the past nine months, Ingenuity had doubled its top speed and height records. In addition, the aircraft’s operating speed and landings improved.特拉维斯·布朗 (Travis Brown) 是位于加州 NASA 喷气推进实验室 (JPL) 的 Ingenuity 首席工程师。 他在一份声明中表示，几乎每次飞行，直升机都以新的方式取得进展。 布朗指出，在过去的九个月里，独创号将其最高速度和高度记录翻了一番。 此外，飞机的运行速度和着陆次数也有所提高。Most Ingenuity flights only last two to three minutes. This is because the helicopter has energy and temperature limitations.大多数 Ingenuity 航班仅持续两到三分钟。 这是因为直升机有能量和温度的限制。NASA engineers say they have also been careful not to try to fly Ingenuity too fast because this can cause problems with its navigation system. The helicopter uses a camera to identify rocks and other things on the surface as it travels. If the aircraft goes too fast, it might not be able to navigate the best way forward.美国宇航局工程师表示，他们也一直小心翼翼地不要试图让“聪明号”飞得太快，因为这可能会导致其导航系统出现问题。 直升机在飞行时使用摄像头来识别地面上的岩石和其他物体。 如果飞机速度太快，它可能无法以最佳的方式前进。Controllers on the ground have said that to help with this issue, they have sent commands to Ingenuity to fly at higher levels. This way the aircraft has less chance of losing its way because surface objects stay in view longer.地面管制人员表示，为了帮助解决这个问题，他们已向“聪明号”发出指令，让其在更高的高度飞行。 这样，飞机迷失方向的机会就会减少，因为表面物体在视野中停留的时间更长。NASA says Ingenuity established a new height record, on flight 61, of 24 meters as it examined Martian wind conditions. On flight 62, the helicopter set a new speed record of 10 meters per second. During this flight Ingenuity also identified a new place for the Perseverance rover to carry out science experiments.NASA 表示，Ingenuity 在第 61 次飞行中检查火星风况时创造了 24 米的新高度记录。 在第62次飞行中，直升机创下了每秒10米的新速度记录。 在这次飞行中，独创号还为毅力号火星车确定了一个进行科学实验的新地点。As that testing continues on Mars, teams on the ground have been experimenting with new rotor blades. These could be used in the future with a new generation of Mars helicopters. During the tests, engineers reported the rotor blades had reached speeds nearly equal to Mach 1, the speed of sound.随着火星测试的继续，地面团队一直在试验新的转子叶片。 这些可以在未来与新一代火星直升机一起使用。 在测试过程中，工程师报告说转子叶片的速度几乎等于 1 马赫（音速）。The blades tested on Earth are made of carbon material and are more than 10 centimeters longer than Ingenuity’s. The blades were designed to be both faster and stronger. NASA has said such rotor blades should be able to support bigger, more complex helicopters. The team said in a statement the helicopter design must reach the right balance. If the blades spin too fast, this causes control issues that can increase the risk of crashes.在地球上测试的叶片由碳材料制成，比 Ingenuity 的叶片长 10 厘米以上。 刀片设计得更快、更强。 美国宇航局表示，这种旋翼叶片应该能够支持更大、更复杂的直升机。 该团队在一份声明中表示，直升机的设计必须达到适当的平衡。 如果叶片旋转太快，就会导致控制问题，从而增加碰撞风险。The Earth-based tests were carried out in September inside a space simulator at NASA’s JPL. For these experiments, the simulator aimed to establish a Mars-like environment. The team was measuring tests of the rotor blades with sensors, cameras and other equipment. Many differen

The black-and-white images taken from a camera trap show the Attenborough long-beaked echidna lumbering through the rainforest. Four three-second bursts of video. The first time this species had ever been caught on camera. And proof after years of searching, that they are not extinct and live in the remote Cyclops mountains of Indonesia. 从相机陷阱拍摄的黑白影像中可以看到阿滕伯勒长喙针鼹缓慢笨拙地在雨林中穿行。影像包括四段三秒长的视频。这是该物种首次被相机拍摄到。经过多年的寻找，这些影像证明了阿滕伯勒长喙针鼹并没有灭绝，它们生活在印度尼西亚偏远的独眼巨人山脉。 Echidna have spikes on their back like a porcupine and a toothless beak with which they dig for insects. 针鼹的背上有像豪猪一样的尖刺，没有牙齿的喙用来挖食昆虫。 It's hoped their rediscovery will strengthen the case for the pristine mountains they live in to be further protected. 研究人员希望这个发现充分表明了阿滕伯勒长喙针鼹生活的原始山脉需得到进一步的保护。 词汇表black-and-white 黑白的camera trap （用于野外生态研究的）相机陷阱，隐藏的遥控相机lumbering 缓慢笨拙地移动caught on camera 被相机拍到extinct 灭绝的spikes 尖刺porcupine 豪猪beak 喙，（动物的）嘴pristine 原始的，未受损的

Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space. It was only supposed to be 180, but a technical fault stopped him from returning as planned. Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body. 宇航员弗兰克·鲁比亚莱斯（Frank Rubiales）在太空中待了371天后返回地球。本来应该只有180，但技术故障阻止了他按计划返回。对他来说很不幸，但对于想要了解在太空中长时间停留对人体产生什么影响的科学家来说，这是非常幸运的。Being in space can affect both physical and mental health. Weightlessness caused by a lack of gravity can lead to a loss of bone and muscle mass. Astronauts are recommended 150 minutes of exercise per day to counteract this. Also, space traveller's eyes can be affected by the way that fluids act in zero-gravity. Outside the protection of the Earth's atmosphere, astronauts are exposed to much higher levels and different forms of solar radiation. This can potentially cause long-term health problems, such as cancer. 在太空中会影响身体和心理健康。由于缺乏重力而导致的失重会导致骨骼和肌肉质量的损失。建议宇航员每天锻炼 150 分钟来解决这个问题。此外，太空旅行者的眼睛也会受到流体在零重力下的作用方式的影响。在地球大气层的保护之外，宇航员会暴露在更高水平和不同形式的太阳辐射下。这可能会导致长期健康问题，例如癌症。 It's not just physical health that is affected by being in space. Our mental health can be damaged if we don't get enough sleep. On earth, our bodies respond through circadian rhythms to the Sun rising and setting to help us sleep, but astronauts on board the International Space Station see 16 sunsets and sunrises every day. This means that avoiding sleep deprivation is a challenge. Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened. Astronaut Harry Hartfield reports an example of this where a colleague threatened to open the airlock and drain the oxygen from the spacecraft. 在太空中影响的不仅仅是身体健康。如果我们睡眠不足，我们的心理健康就会受到损害。在地球上，我们的身体通过昼夜节律对太阳的升起和落下作出反应，以帮助我们入睡，但国际空间站上的宇航员每天都会看到 16 个日落和日出。这意味着避免睡眠不足是一个挑战。与世隔绝以及将所有时间都花在一小群人身上也会影响心理健康。除了孤立之外，还有来自地球专家不断监控的压力。由于未来可能的火星任务预计将持续三年，宇航员内部的紧张关系可能会加剧。宇航员哈里·哈特菲尔德（Harry Hartfield）报告了一个这样的例子，一位同事威胁要打开气闸并排空航天器中的氧气。 Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts' health will enable more ambitious future missions. It can also help those of us who are staying on Earth. The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications. 开发支持宇航员健康的新技术和新工艺将使未来任务更加雄心勃勃。它也可以帮助我们这些留在地球上的人。加拿大航天局正在利用其专业知识来改善偏远地区人们的医疗保健。支持太空机器人的技术现在正用于普通医院的手术，而压力服则用于治疗产后并发症。 词汇表astronaut 宇航员technical fault 技术故障physical health 身体健康mental health 心理健康weightlessness 失重状态lack of gravity 失重muscle mass 肌肉量exposed to 使…暴露于solar radiation 太阳辐射cancer 癌症circadian rhythm 昼夜节律International Space Station 国际空间站sleep deprivation 睡眠不足isolation 与世隔绝monitored 被监测tension 紧张关系，人际矛盾airlock 气闸舱spacecraft 宇宙飞船pressure suit 加压服post-pregnancy complication 产后并发症

While Christmas music played, 100 South Korean men and women gathered at a hotel near the capital of Seoul with their names written for others to see. 当圣诞音乐响起时，100 名韩国男女聚集在首都首尔附近的一家酒店，写下自己的名字供其他人查看。 They were hoping to find love. The government hopes they will make babies. 他们希望找到爱情。政府希望他们能生孩子。 The young men and women were at a blind dating event held by the city of Seongnam. Blind dating is when two people who do not know each other meet in hopes of forming a relationship. 这对年轻男女参加了城南市举办的一场相亲活动。盲目约会是指两个互不认识的人为了建立关系而相遇。 The local government is attempting to fight the falling birth rate in a country where the popularity of marriage and parenthood has fallen. 在这个结婚和养育子女的受欢迎程度下降的国家，当地政府正试图应对出生率下降的问题。 Those who joined were in their 20s and 30s. They sat quietly next to one another until a relationship expert started the event with a game called rock-paper-scissors. People soon began to talk and laugh. 加入的人都是20多岁和30多岁。他们静静地坐在一起，直到一位关系专家用一种叫做剪刀石头布的游戏开始了活动。人们很快就开始有说有笑。The city appeared set on making a match. It prepared food and drinks like red wine and chocolate. There were also games, free beauty services, and even services to look into people’s backgrounds for the singles that joined. 这座城市似乎下定决心要进行一场比赛。它准备了红酒和巧克力等食物和饮料。还有游戏、免费美容服务，甚至还有调查单身人士背景的服务。 Lee Yu-mi is 36 and works for the city government. She said she registered to join three times before she was finally accepted to join the event.李由美 (Lee Yu-mi) 36 岁，在市政府工作。她说，她报名参加了三次才最终被接受参加该活动。 "I had no idea it would be this competitive," she said. “我没想到竞争会如此激烈，”她说。 After five such gatherings this year, 198 people among 460 left the event as “couples”, agreeing to exchange contact information, the city said. 该市表示，今年举行了五次此类聚会后，460 人中有 198 人以“情侣”身份离开活动，并同意交换联系信息。 The South Korean capital Seoul had considered a similar event but put the plan on hold after facing criticism. Some said the event was a waste of taxpayers’ money and it failed to deal with the reasons people were choosing to not marry and have babies. Those reasons include the high costs of housing and education. 韩国首都首尔曾考虑举办类似活动，但在面临批评后搁置了该计划。一些人表示，这一活动浪费了纳税人的钱，而且未能解决人们选择不结婚不生孩子的原因。这些原因包括住房和教育成本高昂。 Hwang Da-bin took part in a September event. He said it saved him the cost of joining other social events or signing up for professional match-making services. 黄多彬参加了9月份的活动。他说，这节省了他参加其他社交活动或报名专业婚介服务的费用。 "We are facing a real demographic crisis and the government needs to do whatever it can. I don't understand people complaining over this," Hwang said. “我们面临着真正的人口危机，政府需要尽其所能。我不明白人们对此有何抱怨，”黄说。The average number of children born to each South Korean woman, called the fertility rate, fell to 0.78 last year. The country has the lowest fertility rate in the world. 去年，每名韩国女性平均生育孩子数（即生育率）下降至 0.78 个。该国的生育率是世界上最低的。 The number is far below 1.66 in the United States and 1.3 in Japan in 2021. The average rate among countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, a group of 37 democracies with market economies, was 1.58 that same year. 到 2021 年，这一数字远低于美国的 1.66 和日本的 1.3。同年，经济合作与发展组织（由 37 个民主市场经济国家组成的组织）各国的平均比率为 1.58。 Jun Jae-hoon teaches social welfare at Seoul Women’s University. He said it was “nonsense” to expect these events to lead to higher birth rates. 全在勋 (Jun Jae-hoon) 在首尔女子大学教授社会福利课程。他表示，期望这些事件会导致出生率上升是“无稽之谈”。 "You need to spend more money directly on supporting pregnancy, child delivery and parenting to call it a policy…” to increase birth rates, Jung said. 荣格说：“你需要直接花更多的钱来支持怀孕、分娩和育儿，这才是一项政策……”以提高出生率。 But even with criticism, thousands of people have signed up for this year’s blind-dating events held by the Seongnam city. 但尽管有批评，仍有数千人报名参加城南市今年举办的相亲活动。 Seongnam Mayor Shin Sang-jin said spreading good views on marriage would at some point help raise the birth rates. He said that the blind-dating events are just one of many policies his city has created to deal with the falling rates. 城南市市长申相镇表示，传播良好的婚姻观在某种程度上有助于提高出生率。他说，相亲活动只是该市为应对房价下降而制定的众多政策之一。 “Low birth rates cannot be resolved with a single policy,” Shin said. “It's also the city's job to create the environment for people who want to marry find their partners.” “低出生率无法通过单一政策解决，”申说。“为想要结婚的人们创造寻找伴侣的环境也是这座城市的工作。” 

U.S. first lady Jill Biden wants everyone who visits the White House around Christmas to feel like a kid again. 美国第一夫人吉尔·拜登希望圣诞节前后访问白宫的每个人都能再次感觉像个孩子。On Monday, Biden held a gathering to show the White House Christmas decorations. “Magic, Wonder and Joy” is the theme this year. It will be the Bidens’ third Christmas holiday in the White House. 周一，拜登举行聚会展示白宫圣诞装饰品。 今年的主题是“魔法、奇迹和欢乐”。 这将是拜登夫妇在白宫的第三个圣诞节假期。 “Each room on display is designed to capture the…delight and imagination of our childhoods,” the first lady said. She also thanked some 300 people who volunteered to decorate the White House. “展出的每个房间都是为了捕捉……我们童年的快乐和想象力而设计的，”第一夫人说。 她还感谢大约 300 名自愿装饰白宫的人们。 There are oversized holiday candies and other sweets in the hallway. There is a Santa Clause with eight reindeer suspended near the entrance. 走廊里有超大的节日糖果和其他糖果。 入口处附近悬挂着一位圣诞老人和八只驯鹿。Throughout two floors of the public area of the White House are reminders from the poem popularly known as ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas. The U.S. Library of Congress helped with copies of the poem from the past 200 years. 白宫公共区域的两层楼都充满了人们对“这是圣诞节前夜”这首诗的提醒。 美国国会图书馆帮助复制了这首过去 200 年来的诗。 The traditional gingerbread White House includes a large sugar cookie copy of the book opened to a page that says, “Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good night.” The book contains 40 sheets of sugar cookie dough. Another 40 sheets of gingerbread dough are used for the house with 14 kilograms of chocolate and 23 kilograms of royal icing. 传统的姜饼白宫包括这本书的一个大糖饼干副本，打开的页面上写着：“祝大家圣诞快乐，祝大家晚安。” 这本书包含 40 张糖饼干面团。 另外，房子还使用了 40 片姜饼面团、14 公斤巧克力和 23 公斤皇家糖霜。The oversized decorations are meant to bring feelings of joy to children at this time of the year, White House aides said. Children of military families were among the first members of the public to see the decorations. And they were also treated to an afternoon performance of the Disney musical performance Frozen. 白宫助手表示，这些超大的装饰是为了在每年的这个时候给孩子们带来欢乐。 军人家庭的孩子是最先看到这些勋章的公众之一。 下午他们还观看了迪士尼音乐剧《冰雪奇缘》的表演。 One of the first Christmas trees visitors will see upon entering the White House is decorated with golden wooden stars. The ornaments include the names of fallen service members. 游客进入白宫后首先看到的圣诞树之一是装饰着金色木星的。 装饰品上刻有阵亡军人的名字。 The official White House Christmas tree is a 5.6-meter-tall tree that stands in its usual place in the Blue Room. The tree is decorated with cheerful pictures from across the country. A toy train runs around its base. 白宫官方圣诞树是一棵 5.6 米高的树，矗立在蓝厅的惯常位置。 这棵树上装饰着来自全国各地的欢快的图画。 一辆玩具火车绕着它的底座行驶。The State Dining Room has been turned into Santa’s workshop. There are workbenches for Santa’s helpers, the elves. Stools and ladders circle Christmas trees and gifts-in-progress round out the display. 国宴厅已变成圣诞老人的工作室。 这里有供圣诞老人的帮手小精灵使用的工作台。 凳子和梯子围绕着圣诞树，正在制作的礼物使展示更加完整。 In the library, the moons and the stars are ready to honor the tradition of bedtime stories. The China Room has been turned into a shop of baked goods. The Vermeil Room celebrates music with a display of a toy Marine Band. 在图书馆里，月亮和星星已经准备好向睡前故事的传统致敬。 瓷器室已变成一家烘焙食品店。 Vermeil Room 通过展示玩具海军陆战队乐队来庆祝音乐。In her prepared remarks, the first lady said she knows that magic, wonder and joy can be hard to find, especially as the days grow shorter, the weather turns colder. She said, “Our hearts grow heavy in the face of a tumultuous world.” 第一夫人在准备好的讲话中表示，她知道魔法、奇迹和欢乐很难找到，尤其是随着白天越来越短、天气变冷。 她说：“面对纷乱的世界，我们的心情变得沉重。” “But it’s in these times, when we are searching for hope and healing, that we need those points of light the most, that we need each other the most,” she said. “It’s in these times that I hope you remember, if even just for a moment or a season, how you saw the world as a child.” “但正是在这些时候，当我们寻找希望和治愈时，我们最需要这些光点，我们最需要彼此，”她说。 “正是在这些时候，我希望你能记住，哪怕只是片刻或一个季节，你小时候是如何看待世界的。” Overall, the White House uses 98 Christmas trees, nearly 34,000 ornaments, over 22,000 bells and more than 350 candles for the display. And they are lit with 142,500 lights. 总体而言，白宫使用了 98 棵圣诞树、近 34,000 件装饰品、22,000 多个铃铛和 350 多支蜡烛来进行展示。 它们被 142,500 盏灯照亮。 

At a meeting in April in Athens, Greece, drink experts looked carefully at the liquid in their glasses. They held them up to the light. They tasted and, sometimes, spit them out into containers. And they discussed the mineral content and purity. 四月份在希腊雅典举行的一次会议上，饮品专家仔细观察了杯子里的液体。他们把它们举到灯光下。他们品尝并有时将它们吐到容器中。他们还讨论了矿物质含量和纯度。 But these experts were not tasting wine. Instead, they were tasting “fine water.” 但这些专家并不是在品尝葡萄酒。相反，他们品尝的是“好水”。 The experts are members of the Fine Water Society. They had come together in Athens for the yearly tasting competition. Their activity reflects the growing market for luxury water—with some bottles costing over $100 per liter. 这些专家都是优质水协会的成员。他们齐聚雅典参加一年一度的品酒比赛。他们的活动反映了奢侈水市场的不断增长——有些瓶装水的价格超过每升 100 美元。Companies collect the so-called “fine water” from sources such as volcanic rock in Hawaii, melting ice from glaciers in Norway, and drops of mist from forests in the Amazon or the island of Tasmania. The most costly water is sold in bottles made with special glass painted with artwork. 公司从夏威夷的火山岩、挪威冰川融化的冰以及亚马逊或塔斯马尼亚岛森林的雾滴等来源收集所谓的“优质水”。最昂贵的水装在用特殊玻璃制成的瓶子里，上面涂有艺术品。At their meeting, Fine Water Society members learned about the environments from which the water is collected. And they compare the total dissolved solids, or TDS. 在会议上，优质水协会成员了解了取水的环境。他们还比较了总溶解固体（TDS）。 Waters with a low TDS are like rain that has not yet touched the earth. Those with high TDS — such as Vichy mineral water from hot springs in France and Catalonia, in northeastern Spain — have high mineral content that may include calcium, magnesium, potassium or sodium, among others. TDS 较低的水就像尚未接触大地的雨水。那些 TDS 高的水——例如来自法国和西班牙东北部加泰罗尼亚温泉的维希矿泉水——矿物质含量很高，其中可能包括钙、镁、钾或钠等。 A few restaurants in countries such as Spain and the United States now have menus that match food with certain kinds of fine water. Water with high TDS, for example, might go with beef. Low TDS, more like rainwater, might go with fish.西班牙和美国等国家的一些餐馆现在提供了将食物与某些优质水相搭配的菜单。例如，TDS 高的水可能适合搭配牛肉。低 TDS，更像是雨水，可能适合鱼类。Ganesh Iyer is an Indian businessman who has worked in the beverage, or drink, industry for years. After he saw increased interest in non-alcoholic drinks, he studied to become a drink expert, also known as a water sommelier. Ganesh Iyer 是一位印度商人，在饮料行业工作多年。在看到人们对非酒精饮料的兴趣日益浓厚后，他开始学习成为一名饮料专家，也称为侍水师。 He is now the managing partner of Veen Waters India. The company bottles natural mineral water in the Himalayan country of Bhutan and sends it by truck to India. Veen Waters is mostly served in costly hotels and restaurants. It costs $6 a bottle, about a day’s pay for an Indian laborer. 他现在是 Veen Waters India 的执行合伙人。该公司在喜马拉雅山国家不丹装瓶天然矿泉水，然后用卡车运往印度。Veen Waters 主要在昂贵的酒店和餐馆提供。每瓶售价 6 美元，相当于印度工人一天的工资。 Veen Waters is exporting about 240,000 bottles of water into India each month. Iyer thinks the company has reached only about 10 percent of the possible market so far. Veen Waters 每月向印度出口约 240,000 瓶水。艾耶认为，到目前为止，该公司仅占据了潜在市场的 10% 左右。The story of water, however, is very different for many people in India. 然而，对于许多印度人来说，水的故事却截然不同。 The World Bank reports that India is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. To get more water, the country has built huge plants to remove salt from seawater. Other countries, including Singapore, are collecting and cleaning up storm and wastewater to try to solve their water problems. 世界银行报告称，印度是世界上水资源最紧张的国家之一。为了获得更多的水，该国建造了巨大的工厂来去除海水中的盐分。包括新加坡在内的其他国家正在收集和清理雨水和废水，试图解决水问题。But these kinds of solutions are only used in some places, and the increasing need for water could lead to more disagreements.但这些解决方案仅在某些地方使用，对水的需求不断增加可能会导致更多分歧。 At the same time, those in the fine water industry see their activity as part of an effort to protect the environment and its clean water. 与此同时，优质水行业的人们将他们的活动视为保护环境和清洁水的努力的一部分。Michael Mascha is a co-founder of the Fine Water Society. He told The Associated Press, “I think what we do is we raise the awareness of water — and if you cherish something, you’re more likely to protect it.” 迈克尔·马斯查 (Michael Mascha) 是优质水协会 (Fine Water Society) 的联合创始人。他告诉美联社，“我认为我们所做的就是提高人们对水的认识——如果你珍惜某样东西，你就更有可能保护它。” 

Researchers are renewing efforts to find Alzheimer’s disease treatments that remove harmful proteins from the brain. Such vaccines could possibly offer an easier and lower-cost choice for millions of people, several scientists and industry leaders say. 研究人员正在继续努力寻找消除大脑中有害蛋白质的阿尔茨海默病治疗方法。几位科学家和行业领袖表示，此类疫苗可能为数百万人提供更简单、成本更低的选择。 The brain-wasting disease causes thinking and memory problems.这种脑消耗性疾病会导致思维和记忆问题。 The U.S. government website ClinicalTrials.gov shows that at least seven possible Alzheimer’s vaccines are in human testing or have completed such trials. The experimental treatments are designed to use the body’s natural defense system to destroy Alzheimer’s-linked proteins in the brain. The proteins are beta amyloid and tau. 美国政府网站ClinicalTrials.gov显示，至少有七种可能的阿尔茨海默病疫苗正在进行人体测试或已经完成此类试验。这些实验性治疗旨在利用人体的自然防御系统来破坏大脑中与阿尔茨海默病相关的蛋白质。这些蛋白质是β淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白。 The renewed interest in Alzheimer’s vaccines follows a promising first attempt more than 20 years ago. That vaccine work halted after six percent of study volunteers developed a life-threatening brain condition called meningoencephalitis. 继 20 多年前首次尝试后，人们对阿尔茨海默病疫苗重新产生了兴趣。在百分之六的研究志愿者患上一种名为脑膜脑炎的危及生命的脑部疾病后，疫苗工作停止了。 Researchers then found a safer method using closely targeted synthetic antibodies in patients. These antibodies avoid extreme immune system reaction. 研究人员随后找到了一种更安全的方法，在患者体内使用紧密靶向的合成抗体。这些抗体避免了极端的免疫系统反应。 Health care companies Eisai and Biogen launched a new medication called Leqembi and health care company Eli Lilly launched Donanemab. American government drug experts are reviewing the treatments. 医疗保健公司卫材 (Eisai) 和百健 (Biogen) 推出了一种名为 Leqembi 的新药，医疗保健公司礼来 (Eli Lilly) 推出了 Donanemab。美国政府药物专家正在审查这些治疗方法。 The reported success of the drugs has strengthened the theories that amyloid removal is critical to fighting Alzheimer’s. 这些药物的成功报道强化了这样的理论：去除淀粉样蛋白对于对抗阿尔茨海默病至关重要。 Scientists believe they now understand what went wrong with the first vaccine. They are testing shots they hope will cause an immune reaction without causing too much inflammation. 科学家相信他们现在明白第一种疫苗出了什么问题。他们正在测试注射剂，希望能引起免疫反应，而又不会引起太多炎症。 Dr. Reisa Sperling is an Alzheimer’s researcher at Mass General Brigham in Boston. She said she believes vaccines will play an important part as researchers look to prevent Alzheimer’s. She said, “I'm very keen that that's where we need to go.” Reisa Sperling 博士是波士顿麻省总医院的阿尔茨海默病研究员。她说，她相信疫苗将在研究人员寻求预防阿尔茨海默病时发挥重要作用。她说：“我非常热衷于这就是我们需要去的地方。” Sperling is leading a trial in people with Alzheimer’s proteins in their brains but showing no signs of related problems. She is considering vaccines for her next study in people who have Alzheimer’s proteins in their blood, but not enough to show on imaging of the brain. 斯珀林正在领导一项针对大脑中含有阿尔茨海默病蛋白但没有显示出相关问题迹象的人的试验。她正在考虑在下一项研究中使用疫苗，该研究的对象是血液中含有阿尔茨海默病蛋白的人，但这些蛋白不足以在大脑成像中显示出来。 Alzheimer’s vaccines are still in the early stages and will require large, years-long trials to show they work. 阿尔茨海默病疫苗仍处于早期阶段，需要进行长达数年的大规模试验才能证明它们有效。 But a vaccine given two or four times a year could offer a lower-cost solution than Leqembi. Leqembi is given twice a month. That could expand available treatment among the estimated 39 million people around the world with Alzheimer’s. 但每年注射两到四次的疫苗可以提供比 Leqembi 成本更低的解决方案。Leqembi 每月给予两次。这可以扩大全球约 3900 万阿尔茨海默病患者的可用治疗范围。 Dr. Walter Koroshetz is director of the part of U.S. National Institutes of Health that deals with disorders involving the brain. He said of the vaccines, “They could be worldwide, and not that expensive.” 沃尔特·科罗谢茨 (Walter Koroshetz) 博士是美国国立卫生研究院处理大脑疾病部门的主任。他谈到这些疫苗时说：“它们可能是全球性的，而且不会那么贵。” 

Most of these jellyfish sightings reported to the Marine Conservation Society were in Cornwall and off the west coast of Wales. The most commonly seen was the large barrel jellyfish with a bulbous head, which can measure up to a metre wide, and eight frilled legs – it can be shocking to spot at close quarters. 人们向英国海洋环境保护协会报告的目击水母的地点大多是在康沃尔郡以及威尔士西海岸附近。最多见的是巨型桶水母，它的头部呈球茎状，头宽可达一米，还有八条褶边状的触手 —— 在近距离看到这种水母可能会令人感到很震撼。 Jellyfish populations do go through boom-and-bust cycles naturally, but climate change is also changing UK seas. A marine heatwave in June temporarily pushed up temperatures by around four degrees. The Marine Conservation Society and other experts say more research is needed to understand the precise link to climate change. 虽然水母数量本就会经历自然的周期性增长，但气候变化也在改变英国海洋和海洋生物。今年六月的海洋热浪将海水温度暂时性地提升了约四度。英国海洋环境保护协会和一些专家表示还需作进一步研究以了解水母数量增加与气候变化的确切联系。 词汇表sightings 看见，目击off the coast of 在…海岸附近bulbous 球茎状的frilled 褶边的close quarters 近距离boom-and-bust cycles “盛衰周期”，（动物数量的）周期性增长heatwave 高温热浪pushed up 提升了precise 确切的，精准的

Singer-songwriters write songs, but how do they do it? Where do musicians get their inspiration from? What comes first – the music or the lyrics? It turns out that everyone has their own way of writing which works for them. 歌手兼作曲家写歌，但他们是如何做到的呢？音乐家从哪里获得灵感？到底是先有音乐还是先有歌词？事实证明，每个人都有适合自己的写作方式。 Bob Dylan is a musician with a unique musical style. It has been described as folk rock, gospel, country and jazz. He told the BBC that he gets a lot of his writing inspiration from novels like Don Quixote and Robinson Crusoe. He said 'They give you a way of looking at life and understanding of human nature and a standard to measure things by. I took that all with me when I started composing lyrics'. It seems to have worked for him. He has had a career spanning six decades and has won many songwriting awards.鲍勃·迪伦是一位具有独特音乐风格的音乐家。它被描述为民谣摇滚、福音音乐、乡村音乐和爵士乐。他告诉 BBC，他从《堂吉诃德》和《鲁宾逊漂流记》等小说中获得了很多写作灵感。他说：“它们给你一种看待生活的方式、对人性的理解以及衡量事物的标准。” 当我开始创作歌词时，我就把这一切都带走了。” 这似乎对他有用。他的职业生涯跨越了六十年，并赢得了许多歌曲创作奖项。 And what comes first, the music or the lyrics? Stephen Sondheim, a musical theatre composer who died in 2021, said in an interview with The New Yorker that, when it comes to songwriting, the stress in a phrase is very important for him. 'You can start writing a lyric, and then the inflection of the lyric suggests a tune.' Therefore, in his way of writing, the music and lyrics come at roughly the same time. 音乐和歌词哪个先出现？2021 年去世的音乐剧作曲家斯蒂芬·桑德海姆 (Stephen Sondheim) 在接受《纽约客》采访时表示，在歌曲创作方面，乐句的重音对他来说非常重要。“你可以开始写一首歌词，然后歌词的变化就会暗示出一首曲子。” 因此，在他的写作方式中，音乐和歌词大致是同时出现的。 In 2022, Taylor Swift won a Songwriter-Artist of the Decade award. In her speech, she said lyrics are her favourite part of songwriting. She describes the majority of her songs as having a 'modern storyline or references, with a poetic twist' and commonly uses real life experiences and conversations as influence. 2022 年，泰勒·斯威夫特 (Taylor Swift) 荣获十年最佳歌曲作者兼艺术家奖。她在演讲中表示，歌词是她最喜欢的歌曲创作部分。她将自己的大部分歌曲描述为具有“现代故事情节或参考，带有诗意的转折”，并且通常使用现实生活经历和对话作为影响力。 Aside from lyrics, an important part of many songs is the instrumental backing. This is often created with chords, where at least three notes are played at the same time, often on a piano or guitar. Chord progression is where different chords are played one after the other, and therefore can act as the base for vocals. 除了歌词之外，许多歌曲的一个重要部分是乐器伴奏。这通常是用和弦创建的，通常在钢琴或吉他上同时演奏至少三个音符。和弦进行是指一个接一个地演奏不同的和弦，因此可以作为人声的基础。 So, if you're feeling musical, lay down some chords, get inspired and give it a go yourself! 因此，如果您有音乐感，请写下一些和弦，获得灵感并亲自尝试一下！ 词汇表singer-songwriter 创作型歌手lyric 歌词folk rock 摇滚民谣gospel 福音音乐country 乡村音乐jazz 爵士乐compose 创作composer 作曲家，创作者stress 重音，强调部分phrase 乐句inflection 语调的抑扬变化tune 旋律，曲调storyline 故事情节twist 转折变化instrumental backing 乐器伴奏chord 和弦note 音，音符chord progression 和弦进行，一连串的和弦转换vocal 人声演唱部分lay down 写出，录制

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) says changes in ocean temperature are the leading cause of coral bleaching around the world. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）表示，海洋温度的变化是世界各地珊瑚白化的主要原因。 From Australia’s Great Barrier Reef to the waters of Florida, it happens when warm water causes corals to expel their colorful algae and turn white. 从澳大利亚的大堡礁到佛罗里达州的水域，当温暖的海水导致珊瑚排出彩色藻类并变白时，就会发生这种情况。 Derek Manzello is the head of Coral Reef Watch, which is part of NOAA. He said at least 35 countries and territories across five oceans and seas reported coral bleaching. 德里克·曼泽洛 (Derek Manzello) 是 NOAA 旗下珊瑚礁观察组织的负责人。他说，五个大洋中至少有 35 个国家和地区报告了珊瑚白化现象。 He said that by the year 2040, all of the world’s coral will suffer from bleaching if water temperatures do not cool. He said coral needs extended periods of cooler water to recover from bleaching. If the water does not cool, he said, “the corals aren’t going to have a chance to recover.” 他说，到2040年，如果水温不降温，世界上所有的珊瑚都将遭受白化。他说珊瑚需要长时间的凉爽水才能从白化中恢复过来。他说，如果水不冷却，“珊瑚就没有机会恢复。”But in the Gulf of Mexico, about 160 kilometers south of Galveston, Texas, a large coral reef is still doing well. 但在德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿以南约160公里的墨西哥湾，一大片珊瑚礁仍然状况良好。 The reef is part of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. The reef formation covers over 400 square kilometers. It started with just two reef areas, called banks, in 1992. It now has 17 banks. It is described as undersea mountains of yellow, orange and pink coral as far as the eye can see. 该礁石是花园岸国家海洋保护区的一部分。珊瑚礁面积超过400平方公里。1992 年，它开始时只有两个珊瑚礁区（称为浅滩）。现在有 17 个浅滩。它被描述为一望无际的黄色、橙色和粉红色珊瑚的海底山脉。 Michelle Johnston oversees the protected marine area for the federal government. She said seeing that much coral in one place is “magnificent” and rare. 米歇尔约翰斯顿为联邦政府负责监督海洋保护区。她说，在一个地方看到这么多珊瑚是“壮观的”且罕见的。 Johnston said fishermen used to tell the story of a colorful area in the Gulf of Mexico far from shore 100 years ago. But, scientists were uncertain that a coral reef could exist in such deep water. When divers finally reached the reef in the 1960s, they were surprised to find marine life. Johnston said the plants and animals do so well because the reef formed on top of mountain-like salt domes, high enough to catch sunlight. 约翰斯顿说，100 年前，渔民们常常讲述墨西哥湾远离海岸的色彩缤纷地区的故事。但是，科学家们不确定如此深的水中是否可能存在珊瑚礁。20 世纪 60 年代，当潜水员最终到达珊瑚礁时，他们惊讶地发现了海洋生物。约翰斯顿说，动植物生长得很好，因为珊瑚礁形成在像山一样的盐丘顶部，高度足以捕捉阳光。During the recent summer of record-breaking heat, Johnston said, the reef did experience some bleaching but nothing as serious as in other parts of the world. But that does not mean the reef in the Gulf of Mexico is not vulnerable to climate change. She is concerned about the area getting too hot and the coral dying off. 约翰斯顿说，在最近破纪录的夏季，珊瑚礁确实经历了一些白化，但没有世界其他地方那么严重。但这并不意味着墨西哥湾的珊瑚礁不会受到气候变化的影响。她担心该地区变得太热和珊瑚死亡。 Officials who watch over Flower Garden Banks say the reef has suffered more serious bleaching in the past, but its depth and health helped it recover. The reef is deeper – 18 meters - than many others that are often just offshore. 负责监管花园岸的官员表示，珊瑚礁过去曾遭受过更严重的白化，但其深度和健康状况帮助其恢复。该礁石比近海的许多其他礁石更深，达 18 米。 Andy Lewis of Houston, Texas first saw the reef about 10 years ago. He loved it so much that he became an expert diver and started a company that leads dives to Flower Garden Banks. 德克萨斯州休斯顿的安迪·刘易斯 (Andy Lewis) 大约 10 年前第一次看到了这片珊瑚礁。他非常喜欢它，因此成为了一名专业潜水员，并创办了一家公司，提供前往花园浅滩的潜水服务。 “It’s just a real adventure,” he said. “这只是一次真正的冒险，”他说。 Scientists are working to help the reefs stay healthy. For example, boats are not permitted to anchor themselves to the reefs. They must connect to special floating cables to stay in one place. Other workers help remove invasive fish and creatures from the area. 科学家们正在努力帮助珊瑚礁保持健康。例如，不允许船只在珊瑚礁上抛锚。它们必须连接到特殊的浮动电缆才能留在一处。其他工作人员帮助清除该地区的入侵鱼类和生物。 Kelly Drinnen is an education and outreach specialist for the Flower Garden Banks. She said, “because coral reefs are declining all over the globe, when we find ones that are healthy, we want to keep them that way.” Drinnen added that they could also provide information that can help other reefs stay healthy or recover from bleaching. Kelly Drinnen 是花园银行的教育和外展专家。她说：“由于全球范围内的珊瑚礁正在减少，当我们发现健康的珊瑚礁时，我们希望保持它们的状态。” Drinnen 补充说，他们还可以提供帮助其他珊瑚礁保持健康或从白化中恢复的信息。 In 2010, the Flower Garden Banks corals were not damaged by the large oil spill that followed the Deepwater Horizon explosion. Other reefs in the Gulf of Mexico were. So, researchers are using data from the reef to help guide the restoration of the damaged ones. 2010年，深水地平线爆炸后发生的大规模漏油事件并未对花园岸珊瑚造成损害。墨西哥湾的其他珊瑚礁也是如此。因此，研究人员正在利用珊瑚礁的数据来帮助指导受损珊瑚的恢复。 Researchers are also comparing the genetics of Flower Garden Banks corals to corals in other parts of the world. And they hope to grow and possibly replant them in other places. 研究人员还将花园岸珊瑚的遗传学与世界其他地区的珊瑚进行比较。他们希望能够种植它们，并可能将它们重新种植到其他地方。 

Indian scientists plan to add substances to clouds above the capital New Delhi in an effort to produce rain to reduce pollution. 印度科学家计划在首都新德里上空的云层中添加物质，以产生降雨来减少污染。The method to artificially produce rain is called cloud seeding. The process involves adding different chemicals to clouds to cause rain. When rain falls from the sky, water droplets can attach to pollution particles and bring them down to the ground. 人工降雨的方法称为人工降雨。 该过程涉及向云中添加不同的化学物质以引起降雨。 当雨从天而降时，水滴会附着在污染颗粒上并将其带到地面。 New Delhi has been rated the city with the most air pollution in the world. Reports say the problem has worsened across the city in recent weeks. 新德里被评为世界上空气污染最严重的城市。 报道称，最近几周全市的问题变得更加严重。 Air quality decreases in the city ahead of winter each year. During this time, cold air can trap many pollutants, including gases from vehicles, industry, building projects and agricultural burning. 每年冬季到来之前，城市的空气质量都会下降。 在此期间，冷空气可以捕获许多污染物，包括来自车辆、工业、建筑项目和农业燃烧的气体。 Scientists expect some clouds over the city around November 20. They hope the clouds will result in heavy rainfall – when sprayed with a salt mixture. 科学家预计 11 月 20 日左右，该市上空将出现云层。他们希望这些云层在喷洒盐混合物后会带来强降雨。 The project is being led by Manindra Agrawal, a scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology in the central city of Kanpur. He told Reuters news agency the salt mixture will include silver iodine to help produce rain. It is to be sprayed on clouds over a 100 square kilometer area. Agrawal said the project will cost about $120,000. 该项目由中部城市坎普尔印度理工学院的科学家曼宁德拉·阿格拉瓦尔 (Manindra Agrawal) 领导。 他告诉路透社，盐混合物中将含有碘银，以帮助产生降雨。 它将被喷洒在100平方公里的云层上。 阿格拉瓦尔表示，该项目将耗资约 12 万美元。The local government in New Delhi, a city of 20 million people, has already closed schools, stopped building activities, and said it will place restrictions on vehicle use to control pollution. 拥有 2000 万人口的新德里当地政府已经关闭了学校，停止了建筑活动，并表示将限制车辆使用以控制污染。 The air quality index in the city was 506 on November 9. This level is considered "hazardous" by IQAir, a Swiss company that describes itself as an “air quality solutions” business. 11月9日，该市的空气质量指数为506。这个水平被自称为“空气质量解决方案”企业的瑞士公司IQAir认为是“危险”水平。 Gufran Beig is head of the Indian government's air-quality measuring agency SAFAR. He told Reuters the city needs heavy and widespread rain to wash away the pollutants. Beig added that light rain could worsen the situation. Gufran Beig 是印度政府空气质量测量机构 SAFAR 的负责人。 他告诉路透社，该市需要大范围的大雨来冲走污染物。 贝格补充说，小雨可能会使情况变得更糟。The SAFAR head said current airflow is carrying smoke from crop burning in the states of Punjab and Haryana to Delhi. This smoke adds to the city’s existing pollution sources. "So, unless a huge pressure is established by intense rain, this chain of transport from Punjab to Delhi will not be broken,” Beig said. 萨武装部队负责人表示，目前的气流正将旁遮普邦和哈里亚纳邦燃烧农作物产生的烟雾带到德里。 这种烟雾增加了城市现有的污染源。 贝格说：“因此，除非强降雨造成巨大压力，否则从旁遮普邦到德里的这条运输链不会被破坏。” About 38 percent of pollution in the capital has been caused by stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, a recent government statement said. Farmers carry out stubble burning to clear material left behind from rice harvests so they can plant other crops. Indian officials directed leaders in both states to "take effective actions" to identify and limit stubble burning, the statement added. 最近的一份政府声明称，首都约 38% 的污染是由旁遮普邦和哈里亚纳邦焚烧秸秆造成的。 农民通过焚烧秸秆来清除水稻收割后留下的物质，以便种植其他作物。 声明补充说，印度官员指示两个邦的领导人“采取有效行动”来识别和限制秸秆焚烧。Officials in New Delhi are seeking approval for the project from the Supreme Court, Reuters reported. 据路透社报道，新德里官员正在寻求最高法院批准该项目。 Several countries have used cloud seeding in an effort to produce rain, improve air quality and water crops in times of extreme dryness. These include Mexico, the United States, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. 一些国家已经使用云播技术来产生降雨，改善空气质量，并在极端干旱时期给作物浇水。 其中包括墨西哥、美国、中国、印度尼西亚和马来西亚。 

Chinese researchers say they have built an artificial intelligence (AI) robot that can carry out chemical reactions to produce oxygen from water on Mars. 中国研究人员表示，他们已经建造了一种人工智能（AI）机器人，可以在火星上进行化学反应，从水中产生氧气。 The system could be another way for space travelers in the future to make much-needed oxygen on Mars. Humans visiting the Red Planet will need oxygen to support life. The gas could also be used to make rocket fuel, which is difficult to transport to space. 该系统可能成为未来太空旅行者在火星上制造急需氧气的另一种方式。 访问这颗红色星球的人类需要氧气来维持生命。 这种气体还可用于制造难以运输到太空的火箭燃料。 Scientists have already established from multiple studies that Mars contains large amounts of water. Most of the water exists in the form of ice. Developers of the new robot system in China say it can be used to release oxygen from the planet’s water supply. 科学家通过多项研究已经确定火星含有大量水。 大部分水以冰的形式存在。 中国新型机器人系统的开发商表示，它可以用来从地球的供水中释放氧气。 Scientists at the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei led the research. The team explored whether an AI robot could use materials found on Mars to produce catalysts to break down water and release oxygen. A catalyst is a substance that permits certain chemical reactions to happen. 合肥中国科学技术大学的科学家领导了这项研究。 该团队探讨了人工智能机器人是否可以使用火星上发现的材料来生产催化剂来分解水并释放氧气。 催化剂是一种允许某些化学反应发生的物质。 Experiments were carried out on meteorites that either came from Mars or contained materials similar to the Martian surface. The researchers said the “robot chemist” first used an acid and chemical mixture to separate and examine materials contained in the meteorites. It identified several different metallic elements, including iron, nickel, magnesium and aluminum. 对来自火星或含有与火星表面类似物质的陨石进行了实验。 研究人员表示，“机器人化学家”首先使用酸和化学混合物来分离和检查陨石中所含的材料。 它鉴定出了几种不同的金属元素，包括铁、镍、镁和铝。The machine then worked to identify different molecules that could be produced from meteorite materials. The team said the system found more than 3.7 million possible molecule combinations. 然后，该机器开始识别可以由陨石材料产生的不同分子。 研究小组表示，系统发现了超过 370 万种可能的分子组合。 The robot used that data to predict which catalysts would be able to split water molecules to produce oxygen. The catalyst chosen as the best fit was able to operate at minus 37 degrees Celsius. This temperature is similar to current conditions on Mars. 机器人利用这些数据来预测哪些催化剂能够分解水分子以产生氧气。 选择最合适的催化剂能够在 -37 摄氏度下运行。 这个温度与火星上目前的条件相似。 A press release announcing the experimental findings said the AI chemist was able to complete the whole process without human involvement in just two months. The release claimed such an operation “would take 2000 years for a human chemist” to finish. 宣布实验结果的新闻稿称，人工智能化学家能够在短短两个月内完成整个过程，而无需人工参与。 新闻稿称这样的操作“对于人类化学家来说需要 2000 年”才能完成。The publication Nature Synthesis reported the full results of the study.《自然综合》杂志报道了该研究的全部结果。 The study’s lead writer, Jun Jiang, told the website Space.com that as a boy, he often dreamed of being able to one day travel in space. "So when we finally saw that the catalysts made by the robot could actually produce oxygen by splitting water molecules, I felt like my dream was coming true. I even started to imagine that I, myself, will live on Mars in the future." 该研究的主要作者姜军告诉 Space.com 网站，小时候，他经常梦想有一天能够进行太空旅行。 “所以当我们最终看到机器人制造的催化剂实际上可以通过分解水分子产生氧气时，我感觉我的梦想成真了。我什至开始想象我自己将来会生活在火星上。”The researchers said they plan next to test whether their AI system performs well under a series of other conditions – besides temperature – found on Mars. 研究人员表示，他们下一步计划测试他们的人工智能系统在火星上发现的除了温度之外的一系列其他条件下是否表现良好。 A report explaining the study’s results in Nature notes Jiang suggests that for every square meter of Martian material, his group’s system could produce nearly 60 grams of oxygen per hour. The researchers say this level of production could remove the need for future astronauts to transport oxygen from Earth. “The robot can work continuously for years,” Jiang said.《自然》杂志上的一份解释该研究结果的报告指出，Jiang 表示，对于每平方米的火星物质，他的团队的系统每小时可以产生近 60 克氧气。 研究人员表示，这种生产水平可以消除未来宇航员从地球运输氧气的需要。 “机器人可以连续工作多年，”江说。 Jiang told Nature he thinks his team’s robotic system could also be used to produce other useful catalysts on Mars. This could include processes for making substances to support the growth of plants that could be used to produce food for astronauts. 姜告诉《自然》杂志，他认为他的团队的机器人系统也可以用于在火星上生产其他有用的催化剂。 这可能包括制造支持植物生长的物质的过程，这些植物可以用来为宇航员生产食物。 “Different chemicals can be made by this robot,” Jiang said. He noted that Mars might also not be the only place where it could find other uses, suggesting the moon as another possibility. “这个机器人可以制造不同的化学品，”姜说。 他指出，火星可能并不是唯一可以找到其他用途的地方，这表明月球是另一种可能性。 

In the past two years, student accommodation costs have risen by an average of nearly 15% in England, but the funding students can borrow to cover living expenses has gone up by just over 5%. An undergraduate receiving the average maintenance loan and paying a typical student rent in England would be left with about fifty pence a week to cover their food and anything else. 在过去的两年里，英格兰大学生的住宿费用平均上涨了近15%，但学生可以借到的用于支付生活费用的资金只增加了5%。一名在英格兰获得平均生活费贷款并支付典型学生房租的本科生每周只能剩下约50便士用于支付食物和其它任何花销。 The student housing charity Unipol, which carried out the research with the Higher Education Policy Institute, says the student maintenance system is broken. They want the government to be clearer to prospective students – they may need extra financial help. 英国学生住房慈善机构 Unipol 与英国高等教育政策研究所合作开展了这项调查研究，Unipol 表示，生活费贷款机制已失去作用。他们希望政府能更清楚地告诉欲申请上大学的学生 —— 除助学金以外，他们可能还需要额外的经济帮助。 The Department for Education says the system prioritises support for people from the lowest income families and concerned students should ask their university for help. 英国教育部表示，生活费贷款机制优先考虑资助来自最低收入家庭的学生，而对经济状况感到担忧的学生应向所在大学寻求帮助。词汇表funding 资助，资金living expenses 生活费用，生活开支undergraduate 本科生maintenance loan 生活费贷款typical 典型的，有代表性的cover 足够支付carried out 开展了prospective students 欲申请（上大学）的学生prioritises 优先考虑lowest income families 最低收入的家庭

Think of a caveman, and maybe you imagine someone tearing at the flesh of an animal they've just hunted. But this picture may be false – analysis of prehistoric remains suggests that Stone Age people were skilled in processing and cooking different kinds of seeds, even experimenting with different flavours. Seeds are still an important part of our diets, so maybe food choices haven't changed as much as we think. 想想一个穴居人，也许你会想象有人撕扯他们刚刚猎杀的动物的肉。但这张图可能是错误的——对史前遗迹的分析表明，石器时代的人们擅长加工和烹饪不同种类的种子，甚至尝试不同的口味。种子仍然是我们饮食的重要组成部分，因此食物选择可能没有我们想象的那么大的变化。 In botanical terms, seeds are what new plants grow from. Strictly speaking, edible seeds include nuts, pulses and grains, and are a significant source of protein and calories worldwide. Between them, rice and bread are staple foods in most of the world. Many cuisines use beans, whether cooked in stews or curries, or mashed into pastes, like hummus from the Middle East. This definition of seeds also includes coffee beans and the cocoa beans used to make chocolate. 从植物学角度来说，种子是新植物生长的基础。严格来说，可食用种子包括坚果、豆类和谷物，是全世界蛋白质和卡路里的重要来源。其中，大米和面包是世界上大部分地区的主食。许多菜肴都使用豆类，无论是炖菜或咖喱，还是捣成糊状，例如中东的鹰嘴豆泥。种子的定义还包括咖啡豆和用于制作巧克力的可可豆。 Added to these are culinary seeds. These are what we more often think of as seeds – we often buy them unprocessed and use them whole in cooking, whether as a seasoning, as part of a salad or as a topping for bread. This includes chia seeds, sesame seeds and flaxseed. 添加到这些是烹饪种子。这些是我们通常认为的种子——我们经常购买未经加工的种子，并将它们整个用于烹饪，无论是作为调味料、作为沙拉的一部分还是作为面包的配料。这包括奇亚籽、芝麻和亚麻籽。 There are clear health benefits to including these seeds in our diet. They are high in dietary fibre, which is good for digestion and helps fight illnesses such as diabetes and bowel cancer. They are also a good source of unsaturated fat. Experts believe that using this to replace saturated fats, such as those from meat and dairy products, can lower cholesterol and help keep our heart healthy. The minerals contained in many culinary seeds, such as zinc, copper, and folate, can be beneficial for the immune system. 将这些种子纳入我们的饮食中对健康有明显的好处。它们富含膳食纤维，有利于消化，有助于对抗糖尿病和肠癌等疾病。它们也是不饱和脂肪的良好来源。专家认为，用它来替代饱和脂肪，例如来自肉类和乳制品的饱和脂肪，可以降低胆固醇并有助于保持心脏健康。许多烹饪种子中含有的矿物质，如锌、铜和叶酸，对免疫系统有益。 However, it's not all good news. Seeds can cause an allergic reaction, especially sesame seeds. Sesame is one of the top ten causes of food allergies in the UK. Different types of seeds can share allergy-causing proteins, and other seeds that can cause allergies include sunflower seeds and poppy seeds. 然而，这并不都是好消息。种子会引起过敏反应，尤其是芝麻。芝麻是英国引起食物过敏的十大原因之一。不同类型的种子可以共享引起过敏的蛋白质，其他可能引起过敏的种子包括葵花籽和罂粟籽。词汇表flavour 口味，味道diet （日常）饮食botanical 植物学的edible 可食用的nut 坚果pulse 豆类grain 谷物protein 蛋白质calorie 热量，卡路里staple food 主食bean 豆类，豆子，豆科植物mash 将（食物）捣成泥状culinary seed 烹饪用的籽类食物topping （食物上的）配料chia seed 奇亚籽sesame seed 芝麻籽flaxseed 亚麻籽dietary fibre 膳食纤维unsaturated fat 不饱和脂肪cholesterol 胆固醇folate 叶酸allergic 对…过敏的

Marc Gauthier has Parkinson’s disease. 马克·高蒂尔患有帕金森病。 The disease affects his nervous system, weakens his muscles and causes his arms and legs to shake. 这种疾病影响了他的神经系统，削弱了他的肌肉，导致他的胳膊和腿颤抖。 The 63-year-old Gauthier had not been able to leave his home for some time. But that was until he became the first person to receive a new Swiss-designed medical device that greatly improved his ability to walk. 63岁的高蒂尔已经有一段时间无法离开家了。但直到他成为第一个接受瑞士设计的新型医疗设备的人，该设备极大地提高了他的行走能力。 Gauthier received a medical device called a neuroprosthetic at Switzerland’s Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV). Part of the device, called an electrode field, is placed against part of the nervous system which runs in the back called the spinal cord. Another part of the device, found under his skin below the stomach, uses electricity to stimulate the spinal cord to start up his leg muscles. It is called an electrical impulse generator. 高蒂尔在瑞士洛桑大学医院 (CHUV) 接受了一种名为神经假体的医疗设备。该设备的一部分（称为电极场）放置在位于背部的神经系统（称为脊髓）的一部分上。该装置的另一部分位于他胃下方的皮肤下，利用电力刺激脊髓来启动他的腿部肌肉。它被称为电脉冲发生器。 "It changed my life because I'm now independent," said Gauthier, a native of the French city of Bordeaux, as he sat with his doctors at CHUV. "I can leave my home, run errands. I even go on foot." “这改变了我的生活，因为我现在独立了，”来自法国波尔多市的高蒂尔在 CHUV 医院与医生坐在一起说道。“我可以离开家，跑腿。我什至步行去。”The number of people affected by Parkinson’s disease has doubled over the past 25 years, the World Health Organization found. Worldwide estimates showed that more than 8.5 million people suffered from the disease in 2019. Grégoire Courtine is one of the doctors leading the project. He said the electrical pulses delivered to Gauthier’s spinal cord has permitted him to walk the way he would have without the disease. 世界卫生组织发现，过去 25 年来，帕金森病患者数量增加了一倍。全球估计显示，2019 年有超过 850 万人患有这种疾病。Grégoire Courtine 是领导该项目的医生之一。他说，传送到戈蒂尔脊髓的电脉冲使他能够像没有疾病时那样行走。"We strongly believe that many individuals could benefit from this therapy," said Courtine. He is a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), the University of Lausanne and CHUV. “我们坚信许多人可以从这种疗法中受益，”库尔廷说。他是瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院 (EPFL)、洛桑大学和 CHUV 的教授。 The study was published in Nature Medicine recently. The findings by Courtine’s team at the NeuroRestore research center suggest the technology could be used more widely in patients with more progressed Parkinson’s. Many of those with more progressed, or advanced, Parkinson’s have severe problems with being able to move. 该研究近期发表在《自然医学》杂志上。NeuroRestore 研究中心的 Courtine 团队的研究结果表明，该技术可以更广泛地应用于患有进展性帕金森氏症的患者。许多患有更严重或晚期帕金森病的人在行动方面存在严重问题。 Dave Marver is chief executive officer of Onward Medical, which designed the medical device. He said that the device was similar to another device called an implantable defibrillator and those used to deal with pain. But he added the device is special in the way that it targets the spinal cord.Dave Marver 是 Onward Medical 的首席执行官，该医疗设备由该公司设计。他说，该设备类似于另一种称为植入式除颤器和用于治疗疼痛的设备。但他补充说，该装置的特殊之处在于它针对脊髓的方式。 "For the health care system, it will look and feel familiar, but it will offer therapy that doesn't exist today," he said. “对于医疗保健系统来说，它看起来和感觉起来都很熟悉，但它将提供当今不存在的治疗方法，”他说。 Courtine’s team plans to carry out continuing researching and test the device on six new patients next year. Courtine 的团队计划明年继续研究并在六名新患者身上测试该设备。 Jocelyne Bloch is the doctor who performed the operation on Gauthier and co-director of NeuroRestore. She said with this therapy, if people can gain belief in themselves and can go out, socialize and do more things, it is a big plus “… in their daily activities and quality of life.” 乔斯琳·布洛赫 (Jocelyne Bloch) 是为高蒂尔进行手术的医生，也是 NeuroRestore 的联合主任。她说，通过这种疗法，如果人们能够对自己产生信心，能够出去、社交和做更多的事情，那么“......对他们的日常活动和生活质量来说”是一个很大的优势。

Patricia: Hi, John. 帕特里夏: 你好，约翰。John: Hey. 约翰：你好。Patricia: Today we're talking about artificial intelligence or AI. Maybe getting into a little bit of robotics. 帕特里夏：今天我们谈论人工智能或人工智能。也许会接触一点机器人技术。 John: I like it. Patricia: Just wanted to know your take on how you think this will change our society. The advancements that have been made so far in AI and robotics. 帕特里夏：只是想知道您认为这将如何改变我们的社会。迄今为止人工智能和机器人技术取得的进步。 John: Well, I mean, already we've seen there's a huge push towards whether it's AI in think tanks or things of that nature to people just exploring the idea of AI in terms of writing their own books, poetry, art. AI that is painting. I think the possibilities are endless. We will see development and exploration into ideas and areas we've never even thought of. Think about the idea of an AI painter or sculptor. They can probably pull the knowledge of all the painters and artists of the world and come together to form some entirely new form of expressionism or something of that nature. The idea of AI in medicine. It can look at exploring different ways of doing things, things that humans have never thought of and because of the sheer speed at which computers can process and, for lack of a better word think, the potential for growth in this area I think is endless. 约翰：嗯，我的意思是，我们已经看到，无论是智库中的人工智能还是类似性质的事物，人们都在通过写自己的书籍、诗歌和艺术来探索人工智能的想法。正在绘画的人工智能。我认为可能性是无限的。我们将看到我们从未想过的想法和领域的发展和探索。想想人工智能画家或雕塑家的想法。他们或许可以汲取世界上所有画家和艺术家的知识，并聚集在一起形成某种全新的表现主义形式或类似性质的东西。人工智能在医学中的想法。它可以着眼于探索不同的做事方式，人类从未想过的事情，并且由于计算机处理的速度非常快，而且由于缺乏更好的词“思考”，我认为这个领域的增长潜力是无穷无尽的 。 Patricia: Overall do you think these things will improve or worsen our society? 帕特里夏：总的来说，你认为这些事情会改善还是恶化我们的社会？ John: Well, like anything, I think it has a potential to do both. If we're not careful, it could lead to the corruption of minds, the abuse of these advancements to either oppress people or subjugate them. With the proper minds at the helm, this could serve to benefit humanity. If we have AI taking care of things like surgeries, exploration into dangerous areas, humans no longer need to endanger themselves to engage in exploration. These AIs can do the exploration for us, and we can benefit from what they find. That's not to say that humans can't still be exploring and expose themselves to all these amazing new things, it just means that we can take out some of that crazy level of danger and reduce that down so that humans can spend their time exploring other past times, other leisure activities to improve their minds, their bodies, their souls, however you want to put it. 约翰：嗯，就像任何事情一样，我认为它有潜力做到这两点。如果我们不小心，可能会导致思想腐败，滥用这些进步来压迫或征服人们。如果有正确的思想来掌舵，这可以造福人类。如果我们有人工智能来处理诸如手术、危险区域探索之类的事情，人类就不再需要冒着危险去进行探索。这些人工智能可以为我们进行探索，我们可以从他们的发现中受益。这并不是说人类不能继续探索并将自己暴露在所有这些令人惊奇的新事物中，这只是意味着我们可以消除一些疯狂的危险水平并将其降低，以便人类可以花时间探索其他事物 过去，其他休闲活动可以改善他们的思想，他们的身体，他们的灵魂，无论你怎么说。Patricia: Interesting, very interesting ideas. If you could have AI or a robot to help you with something in your everyday life, what do you think you would want help with? What would you use a robot for? 帕特里夏：有趣、非常有趣的想法。如果人工智能或机器人可以帮助您处理日常生活中的某些事情，您认为您会在哪些方面需要帮助？你会用机器人做什么？ John: What activities, tasks? Basically would be like a personal assistant. I would have somebody to help me organize my day, my activities. Help me stay on tasks, stay focused, take care of cleaning. I love cooking so I would probably still want to engage in some of that myself, but there may be days where I'm busy, so an AI whether it's in robot form or something like that, to take care of those tasks for me so that I can be more productive in the other areas of my life that need it would be fantastic. 约翰：什么活动、任务？基本上就像一个私人助理。我需要有人帮助我安排我的一天和我的活动。帮助我专注于任务、保持专注、做好清洁工作。我喜欢烹饪，所以我可能仍然想自己参与一些烹饪，但有时我可能会很忙，所以人工智能，无论是机器人形式还是类似的形式，都会为我处理这些任务，所以 如果我能在生活中其他需要的领域变得更有生产力，那就太棒了。 Patricia: Yeah, I agree. I would love to have someone who could do chores around the house for me, like cleaning. Yeah, thanks for your ideas, John. It was awesome to talk to you. 帕特里夏：是的，我同意。我希望有人可以帮我做家务，比如打扫卫生。是的，谢谢你的想法，约翰。和你说话真是太棒了。 John: Not a problem. I look forward to it, the next, sorry. I look forward to the next time we talk. 约翰：没问题。期待下一个，抱歉。我期待我们下次谈话。 

Scientists have recognized since the 1970s that there are two large, mysterious blobs in the deepest part of Earth's mantle. 自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，科学家们已经认识到，在地幔最深处有两个巨大的神秘斑点。 One of the masses is under Africa and the other under the South Pacific Ocean. 其中一处位于非洲下方，另一处位于南太平洋下方。 Recent research suggests these masses, which are denser than the material surrounding them, might be from a huge crash early in our planet's history. 最近的研究表明，这些比周围物质密度更大的质量可能来自地球历史早期的一次巨大碰撞。 Researchers recently said the crash between Earth and a Mars-sized object called Theia might have created the moon. 研究人员最近表示，地球与火星大小的忒伊亚天体之间的碰撞可能创造了月球。Recent research suggests the event happened more than 4.46 billion years ago. Pieces of Theia, however, might have remained inside Earth, sinking to an area just above our planet's hot core of iron and nickel. 最近的研究表明，这一事件发生在 44.6 亿年前。然而，忒伊亚的碎片可能仍留在地球内部，沉入地球由铁和镍组成的炽热核心上方的区域。 Researchers created computer simulations to study their theory of the event. Based on these simulations, they proposed that most of Theia was absorbed into Earth, forming the two masses, while the remaining pieces formed the moon.研究人员创建了计算机模拟来研究他们对该事件的理论。根据这些模拟，他们提出，忒伊亚的大部分被地球吸收，形成了两个质量块，而其余的碎片则形成了月球。Qian Yuan is a geophysicist at Caltech and the lead writer of the study that was published recently in Nature. 钱源是加州理工学院的地球物理学家，也是最近发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究的主要作者。 "The bottoms of these blobs are 2,900 kilometers below our feet. The two blobs are about 2 percent of Earth's mass. They were detected by seismology as seismic waves travel slower within these two regions compared to the surrounding mantle. Each of the blobs are twice the mass of the whole moon. So, the blobs are massive," Yuan said. “这些斑点的底部距离我们脚下 2,900 公里。这两个斑点约占地球质量的 2%。地震学检测到它们是因为地震波在这两个区域内的传播速度比周围的地幔慢。每个斑点都是地球质量的两倍。整个月球的质量。所以，这些斑点是巨大的，”袁说。 If the theory is correct, these two masses would represent evidence of the possible moon-forming crash. 如果这个理论是正确的，这两个质量将代表可能的月球形成碰撞的证据。 Caltech professor and study co-writer Paul Asimow said there has not been agreement "on whether we can find evidence for this event not just in the moon but also in some observable property of the modern Earth."加州理工学院教授兼研究报告合著者保罗·阿西莫表示，“对于我们是否不仅能在月球上，而且还能在现代地球的一些可观测特性中找到这一事件的证据”，目前尚未达成一致。 The two masses, Asimow added, are the biggest difference "in Earth structure from a simple layered planet." 阿西莫补充说，这两个质量是“地球结构与简单层状行星”的最大区别。 Study co-writer Hongping Deng of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Shanghai Astronomical Observatory said, "It is incredible because we can uncover relics of another planet - Theia - if we dig deep enough in Earth's mantle." 该研究的共同作者、中国科学院上海天文台的邓红平说：“这令人难以置信，因为如果我们在地幔中挖掘得足够深，我们就能发现另一颗行星——忒伊亚的遗迹。”The increased density of the masses is believed to come from their high level of iron. Moon rocks also contain high iron levels. So, the researchers think it would make sense if they came from the same place: Theia. 据信，群众密度的增加是由于其铁含量高。月球岩石中的铁含量也很高。因此，研究人员认为，如果他们来自同一个地方：忒伊亚，那就有意义了。 The moon, which orbits Earth at an average distance of about 385,000 km, has a diameter of about 3,475 km, a bit more than a quarter of our planet's diameter. 月球绕地球运行的平均距离约为 385,000 公里，直径约为 3,475 公里，略大于地球直径的四分之一。 Asimow said that, if the theory is correct, some volcanic rocks that reach Earth's surface might provide pieces of Theia. 阿西莫说，如果这个理论是正确的，一些到达地球表面的火山岩可能会提供忒伊亚碎片。 "If our model is correct, the blobs should have isotopes - trace elements - that are similar to the lunar mantle rocks, which can be tested in future lunar missions," Yuan said. 袁说：“如果我们的模型正确，这些斑点应该含有与月幔岩石类似的同位素（微量元素），可以在未来的月球任务中进行测试。” Gaining a greater understanding of the hypothesized giant impact could provide information concerning the evolution of Earth and other rocky planets in our solar system and beyond it. 更好地了解假设的巨大撞击可以提供有关地球和太阳系内外其他岩石行星演化的信息。 "Earth is still the only confirmed habitable planet, and we do not know why," Yuan said. He added the crash set the early conditions for Earth’s development and said: "Studying its consequences may help us to figure out why Earth is different than other rocky planets." “地球仍然是唯一被确认的宜居行星，我们不知道为什么，”袁说。他补充说，这次撞击为地球的发展奠定了早期条件，并表示：“研究其后果可能有助于我们弄清楚为什么地球与其他岩石行星不同。” 

'Forever chemicals' are used in a wide range of products from food packaging to make-up because of their water-resistant properties. “永久性化学物质” 因其防水的特性被广泛用于食品包装和化妆品等各类产品中。 UK water companies are required to test for 47 different types of PFAS. If levels are considered high risk, guidelines suggest the water isn't used for drinking purposes. 目前，英国各自来水公司按要求需对水中47种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的含量进行检测。如果含量被认定为过高，根据英国饮用水监管局的指导方针，这些水则不可用作饮用水。 The Royal Society of Chemistry says this still exposes people to medium-risk levels and doesn't cover thousands of other types of PFAS. It wants tests for all PFAS and a tenfold reduction in the levels deemed acceptable, more in line with the US. 英国皇家化学学会表示，即便这样，人们仍会接触到一定量的有害物质，而且目前的检测并没有涵盖数千种其它类型的全氟和多氟烷基物质。该机构希望可以对水中所有类型的全氟和多氟烷基物质进行检测，并将饮用水中全氟和多氟烷基物质含量的最高限量降低十倍，更加接近美国的标准。 词汇表forever chemicals 永久性化学物质food packaging 食品包装make-up 化妆品water-resistant 防水的PFAS “per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances” 的缩写，全氟和多氟烷基物质guidelines 准则，指导方针exposes 使…暴露于tenfold 十倍的deemed 被视为in line with 与…处于同等水准

Does work ever leave you feeling stuck in a rut with limited opportunities to be creative? To thrive, you might want to increase your brain's flexibility. But is this even possible, and if so, how? 工作是否让您感到墨守成规，发挥创造力的机会有限？为了茁壮成长，您可能需要提高大脑的灵活性。但这可能吗？如果可能的话，如何实现呢？Most jobs require the ability to problem-solve and cope with challenges, at least to a certain extent. Imagine a teacher who has a new and very nervous student in their class. If that teacher is a flexible thinker, they will be able to adapt their classroom management, even if they haven't seen this situation before. According to Leonard Mlodinow, author of Elastic, flexible thinkers rely on idea generation and imagination – they are willing to experiment and take risks. "Elastic thinking is what you need when the circumstances change, and you are dealing with something new. It's not about following rules." Therefore, instead of following the typical procedure for inducting a new student, the teacher might come up with a tailored response, based on prediction and previous experience. 大多数工作都需要至少在一定程度上解决问题和应对挑战的能力。想象一下，一位老师的班上有一个非常紧张的新学生。如果那位老师是一个灵活的思考者，他们将能够调整他们的课堂管理，即使他们以前没有见过这种情况。《Elastic》一书的作者伦纳德·姆洛迪诺 (Leonard Mlodinow) 认为，灵活的思考者依赖于创意的产生和想象力——他们愿意尝试并承担风险。“当情况发生变化、面对新事物时，你需要的是弹性思维。这不是遵守规则。” 因此，老师可能会根据预测和以前的经验提出量身定制的应对措施，而不是遵循引导新生的典型程序。 So, how can you become a more flexible thinker? According to Dr Lisa Feldman Barrett, it's all about exercising the brain. One way of doing this, she says, is through exposure to a variety of experiences which make it easier to adjust to new situations. A lot of companies now consider flexible thinking in the workplace, especially when it comes to design. Workspaces may have couches where workers can lie down and relax, giving them the space to come up with and process new ideas. Mlodinow says it's very important to take time to daydream, listen to ideas and concepts you disagree with and spend time doing activities outside of your comfort zone. This will help you understand multiple points of view and therefore blossom in many different aspects of your career. 那么，如何才能成为一个更灵活的思考者呢？丽莎·费尔德曼·巴雷特博士表示，这一切都与锻炼大脑有关。她说，做到这一点的一种方法是通过接触各种经历，这样可以更容易地适应新情况。现在很多公司都考虑在工作场所采用灵活的思维，尤其是在设计方面。工作空间可能有沙发，员工可以躺下放松，为他们提供想出和处理新想法的空间。姆洛迪诺说，花时间做白日梦、倾听你不同意的想法和概念、花时间在你的舒适区之外进行活动非常重要。这将帮助您理解多种观点，从而在您职业生涯的许多不同方面蓬勃发展。 So, if you want to make a change, you can become a flexible thinker too, with a little practice. 所以，如果你想做出改变，通过一点练习，你也可以成为一个灵活的思考者。词汇表stuck in a rut 一成不变flexibility 灵活性problem-solve 解决问题cope with 应对adapt 适应idea generation 创意生成imagination 想象力experiment 实践，尝试circumstance （客观）环境，状况typical 典型的come up with 想出，提出tailored 特制的，有针对性的prediction 预测exposure 接触adjust 适应daydream 白日做梦，幻想concept 观念，概念comfort zone 舒适区

Researchers at Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales – found the fossils in rocks which were laid down under the sea more than 460 million years ago when mid Wales was covered by an ocean. They say more than 170 species were uncovered at a secret location on private land. 威尔士国家博物馆的研究人员们在4.6亿多年前威尔士中部被海洋覆盖时埋在海底的岩石中发现了这些化石。研究人员说，他们在私有土地上的一个秘密地点发现了170多个物种的化石。 The fossils include many soft-bodied creatures, where soft tissue and complete organisms have been preserved, rather than just shells and bones. That's extremely rare. In fact, there's only one other Ordovician site in the world which preserves close to this level of detail – in Morocco. 这些化石包括多种软躯体生物，化石中的软组织和完整有机体均得以保存，而不仅仅是生物的外壳和骨骼，这实属罕见。事实上，世界上只有一处奥陶纪遗址化石存留下了接近这种程度的细节，该遗址位于摩洛哥。 Researchers say the discovery is important as it gives a fresh insight into how life evolved during this period. 研究人员说这一发现的意义重大，因为它为研究这一时期的生命进化方式提供了新的见解。 词汇表fossils 化石soft-bodied 软躯体的tissue （动植物的细胞）组织organisms 有机体，生物Ordovician 奥陶纪的insight 了解，深刻见解

John: Technology. Patricia, is it changing people for the better or for the worse? 约翰：技术。帕特里夏，它会让人们变得更好还是更坏？ Patricia: I think it's doing both. It depends on the person. I think technology is an amazing tool and resource, but I also think that people can become easily addicted to things. 帕特里夏：我认为两者兼而有之。取决于个人。我认为技术是一种了不起的工具和资源，但我也认为人们很容易对事物上瘾。 John: I agree. 约翰：我同意。Patricia: Yeah, like their phones or social media. So, I mean, it's like anything in life, it has its advantages and disadvantages. 帕特里夏：是的，就像他们的手机或社交媒体。所以，我的意思是，就像生活中的任何事情一样，它有其优点和缺点。 John: What do you think is one of the biggest advantages it has for us right now? 约翰：您认为它目前对我们来说最大的优势之一是什么？ Patricia: I think information. You know, we can access information so easily now. We can look up, you know, anything we can dream of doing; we can Google it and find either a tutorial or a book. There's just endless information about every topic. And then, if you can't find what you're looking for, you can write about what you're looking for yourself online and help other people. So, you know, that is huge right now. 帕特里夏：我认为信息。您知道，我们现在可以轻松获取信息。你知道，我们可以查找任何我们梦想做的事情；我们可以通过谷歌搜索并找到教程或书籍。每个主题都有无穷无尽的信息。然后，如果您找不到所需的内容，您可以在网上写下自己正在寻找的内容并帮助其他人。所以，你知道，现在这是巨大的。 John: Okay. What about a negative for technology? Something you think it's doing to, you know, impact us negatively? 约翰：好的。对技术的负面影响又如何呢？你认为它所做的事情会对我们产生负面影响吗？ Patricia: I mean, it definitely impacts our relationships, especially if they are more inclined to be introverted; they're not forced to go outside their comfort zone so much. They can stay home and send messages or just stay home and play video games and not really... 帕特里夏：我的意思是，这肯定会影响我们的人际关系，特别是如果他们更倾向于内向的话；他们不会被迫太多地走出自己的舒适区。他们可以呆在家里发消息，或者只是呆在家里玩电子游戏，而不是真的…… John: Engage? 约翰：参与？ Patricia: ... engage in socializing with an actual human being. And I think while it is nice to be able to exchange messages easily, I also think that that is not, that doesn't take the place of actually talking to a human face to face. I think our society still needs that in-person connection. And I think, you know, some people aren't getting that anymore because they're so involved with their online presence or, yeah. 帕特里夏：……与真实的人进行社交。我认为虽然能够轻松地交换消息很好，但我也认为这并不能取代与人面对面的实际交谈。我认为我们的社会仍然需要这种面对面的联系。我认为，你知道，有些人不再明白这一点，因为他们过于关注自己的在线形象，或者，是的。 John: Okay. Now, I think a big part of that is the technological advances surrounding, things like social media. How do you feel about children being exposed to social media or things like that? 约翰：好的。现在，我认为其中很大一部分是围绕社交媒体等事物的技术进步。您对孩子接触社交媒体或类似事物有何看法？ Patricia: I definitely think it should be limited for them. Parents really need to be a role model for their children and put boundaries in place for themselves as well. I think that's the best way to be a good role model for children, by limiting their own screen time and what they're doing on social media so that children can learn what is healthy. I think it's all about balance. There needs to be a healthy balance. And if, you know, parents find that their children are spending too much time in front of a screen or on social media, or, you know, they're being bullied, I think they need to be involved and they need to set boundaries for their kids where those things are concerned. 帕特里夏：我绝对认为对他们来说应该受到限制。父母确实需要成为孩子的榜样，并为自己设定界限。我认为这是成为孩子们的好榜样的最佳方式，通过限制他们自己的屏幕时间和他们在社交媒体上所做的事情，以便孩子们能够学习什么是健康的。我认为这一切都与平衡有关。需要有一个健康的平衡。如果，你知道，父母发现他们的孩子在屏幕前或社交媒体上花费了太多时间，或者，你知道，他们被欺负，我认为他们需要参与其中，他们需要设定界限 对于他们的孩子来说，这些事情都值得关注。 John: Okay. Last question for you. What do you think is the most important and beneficial technological advance, sorry, beneficial technological advancement that we've seen? Doesn't have to be today, you can go all the way back to whenever. 约翰：好的。最后一个问题给你。您认为我们所见过的最重要、最有益的技术进步是什么？抱歉，最有益的技术进步是什么？不一定是今天，你可以一直回到任何时候。 Patricia: Probably, I mean, technological advancement in medicine is probably the thing that has seriously affected our society and our world the most, you know, being able to mass produce vaccines comes to mind or, you know, robots who can perform surgery. Things like that I think have actually really made a big difference in people's everyday lives around the globe. 帕特里夏：我的意思是，医学技术进步可能是对我们的社会和世界影响最大的事情，你知道，我想到的是能够大规模生产疫苗，或者你知道，可以进行手术的机器人。我认为类似的事情实际上对全球人们的日常生活产生了很大的影响。 John: Nice. All right. Well, that's all the questions I have for you. Thanks again for coming. 约翰：很好。好的。嗯，这就是我要问你的所有问题。再次感谢您的光临。

Birds in North America will no longer be named after people. The American Ornithological Society announced the move Wednesday. 北美的鸟类将不再以人的名字命名。美国鸟类学会周三宣布了这一举措。Next year, the organization will begin to rename around 80 birds found in the United States and Canada. 明年，该组织将开始重新命名在美国和加拿大发现的约 80 种鸟类。Colleen Handel is the organization’s president. She said: “There is power in a name, and some English bird names have associations with the past that continue to be exclusionary and harmful today.” 科琳·汉德尔是该组织的主席。她说：“名字具有力量，一些英文鸟名与过去的联系在今天仍然具有排他性和有害性。” “Everyone who loves and cares about birds should be able to enjoy and study them freely,” Handel added. “每个热爱和关心鸟类的人都应该能够自由地欣赏和研究它们，”亨德尔补充道。 Rather than review each bird named after a person individually, all birds named after people will be renamed, the organization announced. 该组织宣布，所有以人命名的鸟类都将被重新命名，而不是单独审查以人命名的每只鸟。 Birds that will be renamed include those currently called Wilson’s warbler and Wilson’s snipe. Those are both named after the 19th century naturalist Alexander Wilson. Audubon’s shearwater, a seabird named for John James Audubon, also will get a new name. 将被重新命名的鸟类包括目前被称为威尔逊莺和威尔逊鹬的鸟类。它们均以 19 世纪博物学家亚历山大·威尔逊 (Alexander Wilson) 的名字命名。奥杜邦海鸥是一种以约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦命名的海鸟，也将获得一个新名字。 In 2020, the organization renamed a bird that used to be named after Confederate Army General, John P. McCown. It is now called the thick-billed longspur. 2020 年，该组织将一只曾经以南部邦联陆军将军约翰·P·麦考恩 (John P. McCown) 命名的鸟重新命名。现在它被称为厚嘴长刺。 “I'm really happy and excited about the announcement,” said Emily Williams. She is an ornithologist at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. who was not involved in the decision. “我对这一消息感到非常高兴和兴奋，”艾米丽·威廉姆斯说。她是华盛顿特区乔治敦大学的鸟类学家，没有参与这一决定。 She said debates over bird names have been happening among birdwatchers for the past several years. 她说，过去几年，观鸟者之间一直存在关于鸟类名称的争论。 “Naming birds based on habitat or appearance is one of the least problematic approaches," Williams said. “根据栖息地或外观命名鸟类是问题最少的方法之一，”威廉姆斯说。Earlier this year, the National Audubon Society announced that it would keep its name. Some critics argued that the group should lose its connection to John James Audubon, whose family owned slaves. 今年早些时候，国家奥杜邦协会宣布将保留其名称。一些批评家认为，该组织应该失去与约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦的联系，因为他的家族拥有奴隶。“The name has come to represent so much more than the work of one person,” Susan Bell told Audubon magazine in March. She is chair of the National Audubon Society's Board of Directors. Bell added, “We must reckon with the racist legacy of John James Audubon.” “这个名字所代表的意义远不止一个人的作品，”苏珊·贝尔 (Susan Bell) 三月份告诉奥杜邦杂志 (Audubon magazine)。她是国家奥杜邦协会董事会主席。贝尔补充道：“我们必须正视约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦的种族主义遗产。” A 2020 incident in New York’s Central Park has been reported as an example of discrimination that Black people sometimes face when trying to enjoy the outdoors. 据报道，2020 年纽约中央公园发生的一起事件是黑人在尝试享受户外活动时有时会面临歧视的一个例子。 Christian Cooper, a Black birdwatcher, was looking for birds when he asked a white woman, Amy Cooper, to follow local rules and leash her dog. Cooper called the police and was later charged with filing a false police report. Police later dropped the charge.黑人观鸟者克里斯蒂安·库珀(Christian Cooper)在寻找鸟类时，要求白人妇女艾米·库珀(Amy Cooper)遵守当地规定并拴好她的狗。库珀报了警，后来被指控向警方提交虚假报告。警方后来撤销了指控。 Soon after, a group of birdwatchers organized the first Black Birders Week for Black nature lovers and scientists. 不久之后，一群观鸟者为黑人自然爱好者和科学家组织了第一届“黑人观鸟周”。 And a group called Bird Names for Birds sent a petition to the ornithological society urging it to create “a plan to change harmful common names” of birds. 一个名为“鸟类名称”的组织向鸟类学会发出了一份请愿书，敦促其制定“一项改变有害鸟类俗名的计划”。

Tahia: So I've been really worried about my physical health lately and think that I need to have a far better routine. What do you think are the most important things that I should do to have good physical health? 塔希亚：所以我最近非常担心自己的身体健康，并认为我需要有一个更好的生活习惯。您认为为了拥有良好的身体健康我应该做的最重要的事情是什么？ Christian: That's a great question. I think it's a combination of things. You need to make sure that you're eating healthily. That means lots of fruits and vegetables, no junk food like fried food, and no sugary foods like cookies and chocolates. You can treat yourself here and there of course, but don't make it part of your routine. And I also think that exercising is very, very important. 克里斯蒂安：这是一个很好的问题。我认为这是多种因素的结合。您需要确保饮食健康。这意味着大量的水果和蔬菜，没有油炸食品等垃圾食品，也没有饼干和巧克力等含糖食品。当然，你可以时不时犒劳一下自己，但不要让它成为你日常生活的一部分。而且我还认为锻炼非常非常重要。Tahia: How do you exercise and how often do you exercise? Tahia：你如何锻炼以及多久锻炼一次？ Christian: I exercise by going to the gym, which is where I run on the treadmill and lift weights to tone and grow my muscles, which is super important to me. Usually I work out for around one hour each time and try to go at least five times a week. How about you? What's your favorite way to exercise? 克里斯蒂安：我去健身房锻炼，在跑步机上跑步，举重来锻炼和生长肌肉，这对我来说非常重要。通常我每次锻炼大约一小时，并尝试每周至少锻炼五次。你呢？你最喜欢的锻炼方式是什么？ Tahia: I do like going to the gym, but I enjoy it best when I mix it with going to classes like Zumba and Pilates classes. It's a great mix and it means that I don't get bored. Another thing that I'm trying to do as well as exercising is drinking way more water. It helps to keep you more energetic, helps your skin be clearer, and generally helps your health in a lot of ways. How much water do you drink in a day? Tahia：我确实喜欢去健身房，但当我将它与上尊巴舞和普拉提等课程结合起来时，我最喜欢它。这是一个很棒的组合，这意味着我不会感到无聊。除了锻炼之外，我想做的另一件事是喝更多的水。它有助于让您保持精力充沛，帮助您的皮肤更加洁净，并且通常可以在很多方面帮助您的健康。您一天喝多少水？ Christian: Let me think. Usually I aim for two and a half liters of water a day, and I like adding lemons and strawberries to my water to make drinking more exciting. Because, you know, drinking only water every day can get a little bit boring. One thing that I'm working on right now is having a very healthy sleep routine. Right now, I'm only sleeping for around four hours a night and it's been making me feel very tired throughout the day. What about you? How many hours do you sleep? 克里斯蒂安：让我想想。通常我的目标是每天两升半的水，而且我喜欢在水中添加柠檬和草莓，让喝水更令人兴奋。因为，你知道，每天只喝水会有点无聊。我现在正在努力的一件事是拥有非常健康的睡眠习惯。现在，我每晚只睡四个小时左右，这让我一整天都感到非常疲倦。你呢？你睡几个小时？ Tahia: I try to sleep for about eight hours, but sometimes it's longer and sometimes it's shorter. The key is to sleep at the same time every night and wake up at the same time every morning so that you can build a routine. But you brought up an interesting point about feeling tired throughout the day. That's definitely something that I'm struggling with. I feel like my energy levels are low all the time and I'm not sure what to do to help boost my energy. Do you have any tips for that? Tahia：我尝试睡八个小时左右，但有时会长一些，有时会短一些。关键是每天晚上在同一时间睡觉，每天早上在同一时间起床，这样你就可以建立一个作息规律。但你提出了一个有趣的观点，即整天感到疲倦。这绝对是我正在努力解决的问题。我感觉我的能量水平一直很低，而且我不知道该怎么做才能增强我的能量。你对此有什么建议吗？ Christian: Yeah. Do you drink coffee in the morning? 克里斯蒂安：是的。你早上喝咖啡吗？ Tahia: I do. Actually, I think I drink about three cups of coffee a day. 塔希亚：我愿意。事实上，我想我每天喝大约三杯咖啡。 Christian: Wow. That's a lot, but I do know some people that can drink up to seven cups of coffee a day. So I don't know what to tell you. I don't know if it's a good or a bad thing that you drink so much coffee, but maybe you should try not drinking coffee for a week and see if your energy levels improve. Do you think that's something that you could do? 克里斯蒂安：哇。这是很多，但我确实知道有些人每天可以喝七杯咖啡。所以我不知道该告诉你什么。我不知道你喝这么多咖啡是好事还是坏事，但也许你应该尝试一周不喝咖啡，看看你的能量水平是否有所改善。你认为这是你能做的事吗？Tahia: I did read in a study once that drinking coffee gives you a lot of caffeine, which can make you feel like you have a lot of energy at the time, but really interrupts with your sleep schedule. So for example, if you drink coffee at 6:00 PM, you'll struggle to sleep. And maybe that's the reason why you don't actually get enough sleep. Do you drink a lot of coffee too?塔希亚：我曾经在一项研究中读到，喝咖啡会产生大量咖啡因，这会让你感觉当时精力充沛，但确实会打乱你的睡眠时间表。例如，如果您在下午 6:00 喝咖啡，您将难以入睡。也许这就是你实际上睡眠不足的原因。你也喝很多咖啡吗？ Christian: Yeah. Not too much. Sometimes I'll drink one cup on another day, I'll drink two cups. Sometimes I can even drink five cups if I have a lot of things to do that day. But my energy levels don't change too much when I drink coffee. I think I'm just so used to it now that it just doesn't impact me that much, which is probably not a good thing. What do you think? 克里斯蒂安：是的。不是太多。有时我会喝一杯，改天我会喝两杯。有时如果当天有很多事情要做，我什至可以喝五杯。但当我喝咖啡时，我的能量水平并没有太大变化。我想我现在已经习惯了，它对我的影响不大，这可能不是一件好事。你怎么认为？ Tahia: I don't think that's a good thing at all. I think as well as coffee, energy drinks is a problem. Yeah, sure, you might get energy in the moment, but it ca

Antarctica has not always been a land of ice and snow. Earth's southernmost continent once was home to rivers and forests full of life. 南极洲并不总是冰天雪地。 地球最南端的大陆曾经是充满生机的河流和森林的家园。 Scientists are using satellite observations and radar imagery to look deep under the ice. The researchers report finding a large ancient landscape buried under the continent's ice sheet. It is full of valleys and ridges, shaped by rivers before being covered by glaciers long ago. 科学家们正在利用卫星观测和雷达图像来观察冰层深处。 研究人员报告称，在该大陆的冰盖下发现了巨大的古代景观。 它充满了山谷和山脊，在很久以前被冰川覆盖之前由河流塑造而成。 The landscape is located in East Antarctica's Wilkes Land area bordering the Indian Ocean. It covers an area about the size of Belgium. The researchers said the landscape appears to date to at least 14 million years ago and perhaps beyond 34 million years ago, when Antarctica entered its deep freeze. 该景观位于东南极洲毗邻印度洋的威尔克斯地地区。 它的面积大约相当于比利时的面积。 研究人员表示，这片地貌似乎可以追溯到至少 1400 万年前，甚至可能超过 3400 万年前，当时南极洲进入深度冰冻状态。 "The landscape is like a snapshot of the past," said Stewart Jamieson. He is a professor of glaciology at Durham University in England and co-leader of the study published in the journal Nature Communications. “这里的风景就像是过去的快照，”斯图尔特·贾米森说。 他是英国杜伦大学冰川学教授，也是发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的这项研究的共同领导者。"It is difficult to know what this lost world might have looked like before the ice came along, but it was certainly warmer back then,” Jamieson added. “Depending how far back in time you go, you might have had climates that ranged anywhere from the climate of present-day Patagonia through to something more approaching tropical.” 贾米森补充道：“很难知道这个失落的世界在冰层出现之前会是什么样子，但当时肯定更温暖。”“取决于你回溯到多久以前，你可能经历过任何地方的气候变化 从现在的巴塔哥尼亚气候到更接近热带的气候。” Such an environment likely would have been populated by wildlife, Jamieson said. But the area’s fossil record is too incomplete to know which animals may have lived there. 贾米森说，这样的环境很可能是野生动物的栖息地。 但该地区的化石记录太不完整，无法确定哪些动物可能生活在那里。The ice above the ancient landscape measures about 2.2 kilometers to 3 kilometers thick, said study co-leader Neil Ross. He is a professor of polar science and environmental geophysics at Newcastle University in England. 研究共同负责人尼尔·罗斯 (Neil Ross) 表示，古代景观上方的冰厚约 2.2 公里至 3 公里。 他是英国纽卡斯尔大学极地科学和环境地球物理学教授。The researchers said the surface of the planet Mars is better known than the earth surface below the ice in Antarctica. They said one way to learn more would be to drill through the ice and take a piece of the earth below. This could uncover evidence showing ancient life, as was done with samples taken in Greenland dating back two million years ago. 研究人员表示，火星表面比南极洲冰层以下的地球表面更为人们所知。 他们说，了解更多信息的一种方法是钻穿冰层并获取下面的一块地球。 这可能会发现显示古代生命的证据，就像在格陵兰岛采集的样本可以追溯到两百万年前一样。 Some earlier studies have uncovered ancient landscapes beneath Antarctica's ice including mountains. But the landscape discovered in the new study was the first of its kind. 一些早期的研究发现了南极洲冰层下的古代景观，包括山脉。 但这项新研究中发现的景观是同类中的第一个。 Right before 34 million years ago, Antarctica's landscape and wildlife was likely similar to today's cold temperate rainforests. That includes places like Tasmania, New Zealand and South America's Patagonia area, Ross added. 就在 3400 万年前，南极洲的地貌和野生动物可能与今天的冷温带雨林相似。 罗斯补充说，这包括塔斯马尼亚、新西兰和南美洲的巴塔哥尼亚地区等地。 Antarctica was once part of the Gondwana supercontinent that also included what is now Africa, South America, Australia, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula. But it eventually split off in a process called plate tectonics. 南极洲曾经是冈瓦纳超大陆的一部分，该超大陆还包括现在的非洲、南美洲、澳大利亚、印度次大陆和阿拉伯半岛。 但它最终在一个称为板块构造的过程中分裂。 Jamieson said the researchers think that when Antarctica's climate was warmer, rivers flowed toward a continental coastline that was created as the other land masses broke away. When the climate cooled, he said, some small glaciers formed on hills next to the rivers, with valleys deepening as glaciers eroded. 贾米森说，研究人员认为，当南极洲的气候变暖时，河流流向大陆海岸线，而大陆海岸线是随着其他陆地的分离而形成的。 他说，当气候变冷时，河流旁边的山上就会形成一些小冰川，而山谷也会随着冰川的侵蚀而加深。 When the climate cooled even more, an ice sheet grew which covered the whole continent, Jamieson added. Eventually, “the landscape got preserved, likely for 34 million years.” 贾米森补充说，当气候进一步变冷时，冰盖就会生长并覆盖整个大陆。 最终，“这片景观得到了保存，很可能保存了 3400 万年。”

The Grand National, regarded by many as the world's most famous horse race, features jockeys and horses negotiating 30 fences over more than four miles, and is watched by an estimated six hundred million people worldwide. 英国国家障碍赛马大赛被许多人认为是世界上最著名的赛马比赛，骑手们需驾驭马匹在超过四英里长的赛程中跨越30道障碍。每年全球约有六亿人观看这项赛事。 However, after the death of five horses over the last decade, including one this year, there have been calls for more safety measures to be introduced.然而，在过去十年中有五匹赛马死亡，包括今年的一匹，这令一些人们呼吁大赛应引入更多安全保障措施。 These changes will see the maximum number of riders reduced from 40 to 34. There will also be an earlier start time and a shorter run to the first fence to slow horses down early on. 这些措施包括把同场竞技的骑手人数从40人减少到34人。比赛的开始时间将会提前，从比赛起点到第一个障碍间的距离也会缩短，以提早控制马匹的速度。 The introduction of a standing start and further veterinary checks are amongst other changes. 其它变化包括将赛马起跑方式改为静止站立起跑，以及更完善的兽医检查。词汇表jockeys 赛马骑手，职业骑师negotiating 设法穿过、越过fences 栏杆，（赛事中设置的）障碍worldwide 全世界范围地safety measures 安全措施riders 骑手run 奔跑的距离，行程early on 在早期，尽早地standing start 站立式起跑（此处指马匹静止站立起跑）veterinary checks 兽医检查

Struggling with insomnia? Worried by anxiety? The first piece of advice that you are likely to see is to try breathing exercises. From ancient yoga practitioners to modern health professionals, experts have made this recommendation. But how can simple breathing activities have such a significant effect on our mental and physical health? 正在与失眠作斗争吗？担心焦虑吗？您可能看到的第一条建议是尝试呼吸练习。从古代瑜伽练习者到现代健康专家，专家都提出了这一建议。但简单的呼吸活动如何对我们的身心健康产生如此显着的影响呢？ Once we consider how essential oxygen is for life, it might seem obvious that focusing on this can help our health. Our nervous system instinctively regulates the flow of oxygen into our lungs. Possibly because of body image concerns, many people hold in their stomachs, taking shallow breaths. This can lead our body to increase our breathing rate to compensate. 一旦我们考虑到氧气对生命有多重要，就会发现关注这一点显然可以帮助我们的健康。我们的神经系统本能地调节进入肺部的氧气流量。可能是出于对身体形象的考虑，许多人会屏住呼吸，浅呼吸。这会导致我们的身体增加呼吸频率来进行补偿。 Our breathing also gets faster when we're stressed or anxious. When this happens, our sympathetic nervous system triggers a fight-or-flight response. As well as affecting breathing, this increases our heart rate and produces adrenaline to prepare our muscles for action. Stress and anxiety can thus be linked with rapid breathing. 当我们感到压力或焦虑时，我们的呼吸也会变得更快。当这种情况发生时，我们的交感神经系统会引发战斗或逃跑反应。除了影响呼吸外，这还会增加我们的心率并产生肾上腺素，为我们的肌肉做好行动准备。因此，压力和焦虑可能与呼吸急促有关。 To recover from a threat, our parasympathetic nervous system can put our body into a rest-and-digest state allowing us to relax and be calm. In this state, breathing and heart rates slow. However, it appears that slow, deep breathing can also make this happen. It's also notable that when we focus on breathing techniques, we can be distracted from the issues that are causing us stress. 为了从威胁中恢复过来，我们的副交感神经系统可以让我们的身体进入休息和消化状态，让我们放松和平静。在这种状态下，呼吸和心率都会减慢。然而，缓慢、深呼吸似乎也可以实现这一点。还值得注意的是，当我们专注于呼吸技巧时，我们可能会分散对造成压力的问题的注意力。Experts recommend using our diaphragm to inhale deeply, filling our lungs completely and then holding our breath for a few seconds before exhaling. Other recommended techniques include breathing through alternating nostrils. So next time you feel anxious or stressed, why not try some breathing techniques to help you relax? 专家建议使用横膈膜深吸气，使肺部完全充满，然后屏住呼吸几秒钟，然后呼气。其他推荐的技术包括通过交替鼻孔呼吸。因此，下次当您感到焦虑或压力时，为什么不尝试一些呼吸技巧来帮助您放松呢？ 词汇表insomnia 失眠anxiety 焦虑，不安breathing exercise 呼吸训练oxygen 氧气instinctively 本能地flow 供应，流动lung 肺，肺部shallow （呼吸）浅的breath 气息breathing rate 呼吸频率sympathetic nervous system 交感神经系统fight-or-flight response 战斗或逃跑反应rapid breathing 呼吸急促parasympathetic nervous system 副交感神经系统rest-and-digest state （身体的）“休息和消化” 状态breathing technique 呼吸技巧diaphragm （横）隔膜inhale 吸气hold someone's breath 屏住呼吸exhale 呼气nostril 鼻孔

Major corporations in industries that produce clothing, food, drinks and technology services use a lot of water. 生产服装、食品、饮料和技术服务行业的大型企业消耗大量水。 However, many companies say they want to be more responsible about the freshwater they use. Drought, floods and extreme weather also threaten their supply chains. 然而，许多公司表示，他们希望对自己使用的淡水更加负责。 干旱、洪水和极端天气也威胁着他们的供应链。 The nonprofit environmental group Ceres ranked 72 companies for their sustainability efforts. Ceres said few of the businesses are close to reaching the 2030 goals set by the group, which is based in Boston, Massachusetts. 非营利环保组织 Ceres 对 72 家公司的可持续发展努力进行了排名。 Ceres 表示，很少有企业能够接近实现该组织设定的 2030 年目标，该组织总部位于马萨诸塞州波士顿。 Last year, Ceres launched an effort to push companies with large water usage to protect water resources. Recently, the group released a study that included the corporations Coca-Cola, General Mills and Amazon. 去年，Ceres发起了一项行动，推动用水量大的企业保护水资源。 最近，该组织发布了一项研究，其中包括可口可乐、通用磨坊和亚马逊等公司。 “There’s no doubt that companies need to do better,” said Kirsten James. She is a program director for water at Ceres. “毫无疑问，公司需要做得更好，”克尔斯滕·詹姆斯说。 她是 Ceres 的水项目总监。Ceres said the companies were chosen from four industries based on their size and use of water. They were ranked based on several factors, including promises to protect the amount and quality of the water they use, as well as the environments that supply it. They were also tested on whether they helped improve access to water and sanitation in communities where they do business. Ceres used publicly available information, including information the companies provided to the government through March.Ceres 表示，这些公司是根据规模和用水量从四个行业中选出的。 他们的排名是根据几个因素进行的，包括承诺保护其使用的水量和质量，以及供应水的环境。 他们还接受了测试，看看他们是否帮助改善了他们开展业务的社区获得水和卫生设施的情况。 Ceres 使用公开信息，包括公司截至 3 月份向政府提供的信息。 None of the companies scored above 70 percent of the points available. Some were considered to be on track to meet the goals set by the nonprofit group, with scores of at least 50 percent. 没有一家公司的得分超过 70%。 有些人被认为有望实现非营利组织设定的目标，得分至少为 50%。 Coca-Cola said its water use in 2022 was 10 percent more efficient compared to 2015. The company said it hopes to have 100 percent circular water use. That is where all water is used and returned to the watersheds it has been drawn from. 可口可乐表示，到 2022 年，其用水效率将比 2015 年提高 10%。该公司表示，希望实现 100% 的循环用水。 所有的水都在这里被使用并返回到其提取的流域。 But the company did not say how likely it was to reach that target, nor how much progress it has made. Coca-Cola also said producing its products does not use as much water as growing what goes into the products it sells. 但该公司没有透露实现这一目标的可能性有多大，也没有透露已经取得了多少进展。 可口可乐还表示，生产其产品所消耗的水量少于其销售产品的种植用水量。“The agricultural ingredients that we use use vastly more water to produce than the actual manufacturing process,” said Michael Goltzman. He is vice president of Coca Cola and a sustainability head. “我们使用的农业原料在生产过程中使用的水远多于实际制造过程中的水，”Michael Goltzman 说。 他是可口可乐公司的副总裁兼可持续发展主管。 Reports say technology companies, like Amazon and Apple, use a lot of water to cool the computers in their large data centers. The Ceres study rated both companies below 20 percent progress toward the nonprofit's targets. 报道称，亚马逊和苹果等科技公司使用大量的水来冷却大型数据中心的计算机。 Ceres 的研究认为这两家公司在实现该非营利组织目标方面的进度低于 20%。Food company General Mills was among the companies closest to meeting the 2030 targets, at 65 percent. 食品公司通用磨坊 (General Mills) 是最接近实现 2030 年目标的公司之一，完成率为 65%。 Mary Jane Melendez is the company's chief sustainability officer. She said 85 percent of the company's water use is in agriculture. Extreme weather in the U.S. has reportedly affected the company in recent years. 玛丽·简·梅伦德斯 (Mary Jane Melendez) 是该公司的首席可持续发展官。 她说，公司 85% 的用水用于农业。 据报道，近年来美国的极端天气对该公司造成了影响。 Melendez gave examples of weather-related problems. She said freezing and thawing hurt the company’s supply of sugar beets. She also said drought affected its oats supply. 梅伦德斯举了一些与天气相关的问题的例子。 她说冷冻和解冻损害了该公司的甜菜供应。 她还表示，干旱影响了燕麦供应。 Michael Kiparsky is director of the Wheeler Water Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. He said that corporations have an interest in protecting their operations from water shortages. That could push them to make bigger steps to protect freshwater resources. 迈克尔·基帕斯基 (Michael Kiparsky) 是加州大学伯克利分校惠勒水研究所所长。 他说，企业有兴趣保护其业务免受水资源短缺的影响。 这可能会促使他们采取更大的措施来保护淡水资源。 Kiparsky pointed out there is no way to enforce Ceres’ targets. But he asked, “Does money talk? When it talks, it talks pretty loud," he said.Kiparsky 指出，没有办法强制执行 Ceres 的目标。 但他问道：“金钱会说话吗？ 当它说话时，它说话的声音很大，”他说。

Picasso may be better known for his Cubist and Surrealist paintings. But the artist was a prolific sculptor, producing around 700 works in his lifetime. 毕加索更为人所知的可能是他的立体主义和超现实主义绘画。但除此之外，这位艺术家还是一位多产的雕塑家，一生共创作了约700件雕塑作品。 This exhibition, entitled 'Picasso – Sculptor, Matter and Body', brings together 61 sculptures he made between 1909 and 1964 – a span of more than 50 years. 这场名为《毕加索 — 雕塑家、物质与身体》的展览汇集了他在1909年至1964年间创作的61件雕塑，作品时间跨度超过50年。 Among the works on display are the Reclining Bather, made in plaster, and Woman With Vase – fashioned from bronze ovals. Other sculptures are made from what are known as found objects, everyday items Picasso put together to create his works. 这次展出的作品包括石膏制成的《浴者卧像（Reclining Bather）》和椭圆形青铜制成的《持花瓶的女人（Woman with Vase）》。其它雕塑的材料则来自 “现成物”，即毕加索为创造艺术品而改装的日常物品。 The exhibition is the first of its kind in Spain to be devoted exclusively to Picasso's sculpture.这次展览是西班牙首次专门展出毕加索的雕塑作品。词汇表cubist 立体主义的surrealist 超现实主义的prolific 多产的，高产的sculptor 雕塑家works 作品span 一段时间，时间跨度plaster 石膏found objects 现成物，由日常物品改造而成的艺术品devoted to 将…用于

Jon Fosse began writing stories as a child. His breakthrough novel, Boathouse, was published in 1989. Having established himself as a novelist, poet and children's author, he then turned his attention to writing plays. 约恩·福瑟从童年时就开始编写故事。他在1989年发表的小说《船屋》令他崭露头角。在以小说家、诗人及儿童文学作家的身份站稳脚跟后，他将注意力转移到戏剧剧本创作。 His sparse, Pinteresque style brought him to international attention, though commercial success has eluded him in the UK. Jon Fosse was nominated for the Booker Prize, won the Ibsen Prize, and was awarded the French Order of Merit in 2007. He said he's overwhelmed and somewhat frightened at becoming a Nobel laureate. 他的剧作中人物对话简短，颇有英国著名剧作家哈罗德·品特的风范，这令他受到了国际关注，尽管他的作品在英国并未取得商业上的成功。约恩·福瑟曾获得布克文学奖提名、获得过易卜生戏剧奖、并在2007年被授予法国国家功绩勋章。他说他对于自己成为诺贝尔奖获得者一事备感激动，同时也有些受宠若惊。 His latest book, Septology, a semi-autobiographical magnum opus, is in seven parts spread across three volumes. It runs to 1,250 pages without a single full stop. 他的最新作品《七部曲》是一部半自传体巨著，分为七个部分，共三卷。这部作品长达1250页，其中没有一个句号。词汇表breakthrough 有重大进展的，突破性的novelist 小说家sparse 稀少的，零星的Pinteresque 与剧作家哈罗德·品特相似的，有品特作品风范的commercial success 商业上的成功，作品畅销、卖座eluded 未能达到，与（某人）无缘Booker Prize 布克文学奖Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者semi-autobiographical 半自传体的magnum opus （作家或艺术家的）最重要的作品，代表作volumes （文学作品的）册，卷full stop 句号

The British Museum, in London, recently announced plans to make digital copies of all the objects it keeps. The museum said in August that about 2,000 items had been stolen or were missing.伦敦大英博物馆最近宣布计划为其保存的所有藏品制作数字副本。 该博物馆 8 月表示，约有 2,000 件物品被盗或失踪。The museum is one of the busiest in the world.该博物馆是世界上最繁忙的博物馆之一。It holds objects such as the Rosetta Stone, the Parthenon Marbles — known as the Elgin Marbles — and ancient stones and jewelry.它拥有罗塞塔石碑、帕台农神庙大理石浮雕（称为埃尔金大理石浮雕）等物品以及古代宝石和珠宝。The leader, or chair of the museum, is George Osborne. He recently told the Culture, Media and Sport Committee of Parliament that he believed a person who worked at the museum was responsible.博物馆的领导者或主席是乔治·奥斯本。 他最近告诉议会文化、媒体和体育委员会，他相信博物馆工作人员应对此事负责。Osborne called it “an inside job by someone…who the museum had put trust in.” He said the person took items from the museum little by little.奥斯本称其为“博物馆信任的某人的内部工作”。 他说，这个人一点一点地从博物馆拿走了物品。The museum’s director at the time was German art historian Hartwig Fischer. Fischer left the job in August after serving since 2016. He said the blame for the thefts “must ultimately” rest with him. He added the museum did not react as it should have when concerns first came up that someone had been stealing.当时的博物馆馆长是德国艺术史学家哈特维格·费舍尔。 费舍尔自 2016 年开始任职后，于 8 月离职。他表示，盗窃事件的责任“最终必须”由他承担。 他补充说，当人们第一次担心有人偷窃时，博物馆并没有做出应有的反应。“There are lots of lessons to be learned,” Osborne said.“有很多教训需要吸取，”奥斯本说。The museum head said about 350 of the 2,000 items have been found and are in the process of being returned.博物馆负责人表示，2000 件藏品中约有 350 件已找到，正在归还过程中。Stolen items included gold rings, earrings and other jewelry from the ancient Greek and Roman times.被盗物品包括金戒指、耳环和其他古希腊和罗马时代的珠宝。The director of the museum for the time being is Mark Jones. He said the museum is confident “that a theft of this kind can never happen again.” Jones added that one way to improve the museum’s security is to show more items to the public instead of, as he said, “simply by locking items away.”博物馆目前的馆长是马克·琼斯。 他表示，博物馆有信心“此类盗窃行为永远不会再发生”。 琼斯补充说，提高博物馆安全性的一种方法是向公众展示更多物品，而不是像他所说的那样“简单地把物品锁起来”。The project to digitize about 8 million items will take five years.将约 800 万件物品数字化的项目将耗时五年。In September, the museum asked for help in finding the missing items. The organization launched a phone number for people to call if they had information.九月，博物馆请求帮助寻找失踪的物品。 该组织推出了一个电话号码，供人们在有信息时拨打。

Christian: So recently, I've been coming across a lot of mental health posts on social media, such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube. And I've just been wondering, what is mental health? Could you please explain it to me? Christian：最近，我在 Instagram、Twitter、Facebook、YouTube 等社交媒体上看到了很多心理健康帖子。我只是想知道，什么是心理健康？你能给我解释一下吗？ Tahia: Sure. So in a nutshell, mental health is about the day-in, day-out state of our emotional, psychological and social wellbeing. But unfortunately, we tend to neglect our mental health and brush it aside until it snowballs into a more serious problem and even a mental health disorder in some cases. 塔希亚：当然。简而言之，心理健康是指我们日复一日的情绪、心理和社会健康状态。但不幸的是，我们往往忽视我们的心理健康，并将其抛在一边，直到它像滚雪球一样发展成更严重的问题，甚至在某些情况下成为心理健康障碍。 Christian: Wow. Okay. Could you please explain what is a mental health disorder, and what kind of different mental health disorders are there? 克里斯蒂安：哇。好的。您能否解释一下什么是心理健康障碍，以及有哪些不同的心理健康障碍？Tahia: So, everybody experiences mental health issues, but for some people, they might have a mental health disorder genetically, or for some people, they might develop mental health disorders over time. So there are about five categories of mental health disorders, I would say. The first one is mood disorders like depression and bipolar, where you can be really happy one moment and extremely sad the next, and this can actually start interrupting your day to day life and your ability to complete simple tasks. There's also psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, where you can hallucinate. There's body disorders like anorexia and body dysmorphia, which affects the way that you look at yourself physically and ultimately affects how you psychologically perceive yourself. There are also cognitive disorders, which are issues relating to learning difficulties, Alzheimer's and things like this. And then the final, perhaps most common area of mental health disorders is anxiety, which includes things like social anxiety and OCD, which stands for obsessive compulsive disorder. So this could be for example, obsessively cleaning, because you feel as though if you don't clean, you're being lazy or you feel like you can't be productive. So that's kind of the five different categories of mental health disorders that I think are out there at the moment. 塔希亚：所以，每个人都会经历心理健康问题，但对于某些人来说，他们可能在遗传上患有心理健康障碍，或者对于某些人来说，随着时间的推移，他们可能会出现心理健康障碍。我想说，心理健康障碍大约有五类。第一种是情绪障碍，如抑郁症和躁郁症，您可能某一时刻非常高兴，下一时刻非常悲伤，这实际上会开始干扰您的日常生活和完成简单任务的能力。还有精神分裂症等精神疾病，您可能会产生幻觉。厌食症和身体畸形等身体疾病会影响你看待自己身体的方式，并最终影响你在心理上看待自己的方式。还有认知障碍，即与学习困难、阿尔茨海默病等相关的问题。最后，也许是最常见的精神健康障碍领域是焦虑，其中包括社交焦虑和强迫症（强迫症）等。例如，这可能是过度清洁，因为你感觉好像自己不清洁、很懒或者感觉自己无法提高工作效率。我认为这就是目前存在的五种不同类别的精神健康障碍。 Christian: Wow. That's very interesting. And I do think that I have social anxiety because whenever I go out, I tend to get very nervous and sweaty. So for someone like me and for other people that may have other mental health disorders, what can we do to improve our mental health? 克里斯蒂安：哇。这很有趣。我确实认为我有社交焦虑，因为每当我出去时，我都会变得非常紧张和出汗。那么，对于像我这样的人和其他可能患有其他心理健康障碍的人来说，我们可以做些什么来改善我们的心理健康呢？ Tahia: Well, depending on what you think you're struggling with, there are loads of different techniques and specific things that you can do to tackle them. So, for example, have you seen fidget toys recently on social media? 塔希亚：嗯，根据你认为自己正在努力解决的问题，你可以采取很多不同的技术和具体的措施来解决这些问题。举例来说，您最近在社交媒体上看到过烦躁的玩具吗？Christian: Yeah, I have. 克里斯蒂安：是的，我有。 Tahia: So, fidget toys are a really good way to just manage your anxiety. So, for example, my little sister loves using fidget toys when she's speaking or when she's thinking about something that's making her feel stressed out. It's just a way of physically releasing some of the energy that you have built up inside of you because of your anxiety. 塔希亚：所以，坐立不安的玩具是控制焦虑的好方法。例如，我的妹妹在说话或思考让她感到压力的事情时喜欢使用坐立不安的玩具。这只是一种身体释放你因焦虑而积聚的能量的方法。 Christian: Wow. That's amazing. I think I'm going to have to buy one. 克里斯蒂安：哇。太棒了。我想我必须买一个。 Tahia: Definitely. I would recommend it. But apart from more specific things that you can do, I have some general advice. I think that we really have to take care of our physical health, meaning exercising and eating and drinking the right foods and lots of water. We also have to make sure that we're spending time with our friends and families and then we take time for ourselves. I personally love meditating as this is me time. And I also like doing self care activities like putting on a mask and going to the salon to look and feel good. I would really recommend that you spend a lot of me time and do have a self-care activity that you care about. What activity would you do? 塔希亚：当然。我会推荐它。但除了您可以做的更具体的事情之外，我还有一些一般性建议。我认为我们确实必须照顾我们的身体健康，这意味着锻炼身体、饮食正确的食物和大量的水。我们还必须确保花时间与朋友和家人在一起，然后花时间陪伴自己。我个人喜欢冥想，因为这是我的时间。我也喜欢做自我护理活动，比如戴上面具、去沙龙让自己看起来更好、感觉更好。我真的建议您花很多时间并进行您关心的自我护理活动。你会做什么活动？ Christian: I think I would do meditating, but I'm not too sure how to do it. Could you please explain to me how I could meditate? 克里斯蒂安：我想我会