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Think about the crunch of celery, mixed with a smooth, creamy tzatziki or the tang of a spicy salsa piled on top of a crispy corn tortilla chip. Is anything more satisfying to eat than a dip?想象一下芹菜与光滑的奶油酸奶黄瓜酱混合的嘎吱声，或者是在脆玉米饼片上堆放的辛辣莎莎酱的味道。 还有什么比吃饱更满足的呢？Dips have become big business. In 2022, over £263 million pounds were spent on dips, just in the UK. Why is it that we like them so much? Food writer Ben Paynter cites studies showing that modern restaurants use cooking techniques that can leave food seeming dry, but that sauces and dips can replace the lost moisture. Some studies have even suggested, that the liquid nature of dips and sauces brings flavours into contact with more of our taste buds, intensifying them.下跌已成为一门大生意。 2022 年，仅在英国，降价支出就超过 2.63 亿英镑。 为什么我们这么喜欢他们？ 美食作家本·佩恩特 (Ben Paynter) 引用的研究表明，现代餐馆使用的烹饪技术可能会让食物看起来很干，但酱汁和蘸酱可以弥补失去的水分。 一些研究甚至表明，蘸酱和酱汁的液体性质使味道与我们更多的味蕾接触，从而强化它们。Our love for dips could be driven by positive associations. Dips are designed to be shared and eaten without cutlery, they can feel more communal and informal. Diners may associate them with happy social occasions. British food writer Clare Finney points out that when dips first became popular in the UK, people may have related them to popular holiday destinations.我们对蘸酱的热爱可能是由积极的联想驱动的。 蘸酱旨在共享和无需餐具即可食用，它们会让人感觉更加公共和非正式。 用餐者可能会将它们与快乐的社交场合联系起来。 英国美食作家克莱尔·芬尼指出，当蘸酱首次在英国流行时，人们可能将其与热门的度假胜地联系起来。Communal shared eating may be good for our mental health, but what do dips do to our physical health? Dieticians have raised different arguments. One considers that dips encourage people to include more vegetables in their diet. The opposing argument is that dips can be high in saturated fat, calories, and salt. Many dips have small recommended portion sizes, but that doesn't mean that people follow this guidance. One US study found that 48% of those surveyed admitted to finishing an entire container in one sitting. Djin Gie Liem, a sensory science professor, points out that people are less likely to become accustomed to the taste of healthy food if they only eat it covered in sauce.一起吃饭可能对我们的心理健康有益，但是一起吃饭对我们的身体健康有什么影响呢？ 营养学家提出了不同的论点。 有人认为蘸酱会鼓励人们在饮食中加入更多蔬菜。 相反的论点是，蘸酱的饱和脂肪、卡路里和盐含量可能很高。 许多蘸酱的推荐份量较小，但这并不意味着人们会遵循这一指导。 美国的一项研究发现，48% 的受访者承认一口气吃完一整罐。 感官科学教授 Djin Gie Liem 指出，如果人们只吃沾有酱汁的健康食品，就不太可能习惯其味道。Dips can bring good social times to mind and give us intense flavours. Maybe we just need to pay a little bit more attention to the suggested portion sizes.蘸酱可以让我们想起美好的社交时光，并给我们带来浓郁的味道。 也许我们只需要多注意建议的份量即可。词汇表crunch 嘎吱嘎吱的声音creamy 像奶油般细腻的tang 强烈的味道spicy 辛辣的crispy 松脆的satisfying 令人满足的moisture 水分liquid nature 液态的性质flavour （食物的）味道taste buds 味蕾positive association 正相关，指两件事有相互促进的作用to be shared 被分享cutlery 餐具communal 共享的informal 非正式的dietician 营养学家saturated fat 饱和脂肪，一种容易生成胆固醇的脂肪calorie 卡路里，食物的热量单位recommended portion size 推荐的份量大小sensory science 感官科学

Baker wrote that when asked about suspicions surrounding his work, Pelczar answered, “Obviously I’ve never intentionally tried to misquote anybody.”Baker 写道，当被问及围绕他工作的疑虑时，Pelczar 回答说：“显然，我从未有意尝试误引任何人的话。”When asked whether any of the disputed statements in his writings had been by created by an AI tool, Pelczar said, “That could be the case.” Baker said Pelczar then added, “But again, if there are issues I will correct them and issue apologies and say they are misstatements.”当被问及他写作中有争议的陈述是否由 AI 工具生成时，Pelczar 说：“可能是这样。”Baker 说 Pelczar 随后补充道：“但同样，如果有问题，我会纠正它们并道歉，并声明它们是错误陈述。”After closely examining Pelczar’s articles, Bacon and the publisher of the Enterprise discovered the use of AI and apologized for his actions. In an editorial published recently, Enterprise Editor Chris Bacon admitted he had “failed to catch” the AI-written copy and false quotes. He added that the mistake had permitted AI “to put words that were never spoken into stories.”在仔细审查了 Pelczar 的文章后，Bacon 和《科迪企业报》的出版人发现了他使用 AI 的行为，并为此道歉。在最近发表的一篇社论中，《科迪企业报》编辑 Chris Bacon 承认自己“未能发现”由 AI 撰写的文本和虚假引语。他补充说，这一错误使 AI“在报道中添加了从未说过的话”。Bacon said the Enterprise discovered at least seven stories that included AI-created quotes. Two of the questioned stories included false quotes from Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon.Bacon 表示，《科迪企业报》发现了至少七篇包含 AI 生成引语的报道。其中两篇有问题的报道包含了怀俄明州州长 Mark Gordon 的虚假引语。Bacon said some of the quotes appeared “very believable.” He noted that the people he spoke with during his investigation said the quotes sounded like something they might have said. But they never personally spoke to Pelczar.Bacon 说，其中一些引语看起来“非常可信。”他指出，在调查过程中与他交谈的人表示，这些引语听起来像是他们可能会说的话。但他们从未与 Pelczar 进行过个人交谈。Other reporters have had their careers hurt or ended for making up facts or quotes in articles. There are also others who have been accused of plagiarism, which involves a reporter publishing the writings of others without giving those reporters credit for the material.其他记者因在文章中捏造事实或引语而使职业生涯受到影响甚至终结。还有一些人被指控剽窃，即记者在发表他人作品时未给予那些作者应有的荣誉。But media experts say the recent incident involving Pelczar demonstrates the possible dangers that exist when reporters and editors depend on AI tools in the news production process.但媒体专家表示，最近涉及 Pelczar 的事件表明，当记者和编辑在新闻制作过程中依赖 AI 工具时，可能存在的危险。Megan Barton is publisher of the Cody Enterprise. She wrote an editorial that described AI as “the new, advanced form of plagiarism and in the field of media and writing.”Megan Barton 是《科迪企业报》的出版人。她在一篇社论中将 AI 描述为“剽窃的新型高级形式，尤其是在媒体和写作领域。”Barton noted the newspaper now has a system in place to recognize AI-generated stories and will “have longer conversations about how AI-generated stories are not acceptable.”Barton 指出，报社现在已经有了一套识别 AI 生成报道的系统，并将“进行更深入的讨论，说明 AI 生成的报道是不可接受的。”

An American newspaper reporter has resigned from his job after it was discovered that he used an artificial intelligence (AI) tool to create false quotes for stories.一名美国报纸记者在被发现使用人工智能（AI）工具为报道创造虚假引语后辞去了工作。Aaron Pelczar worked for the Cody Enterprise, a newspaper based in the town of Cody, Wyoming. A reporter from a competing newspaper became suspicious about Pelczar’s stories and asked to meet with him. Pelczar admitted to using AI to create parts of stories. He later quit his position with the Enterprise.Aaron Pelczar 供职于位于怀俄明州科迪镇的《科迪企业报》。一家竞争报纸的记者对Pelczar的报道产生了怀疑，并要求与他见面。Pelczar 承认使用 AI 创作了部分报道内容。后来，他辞去了在《科迪企业报》的职务。The reporter who discovered the AI-assisted stories was CJ Baker. He works for the Powell Tribune, a newspaper in the neighboring town of Powell.发现这些 AI 辅助报道的记者是 CJ Baker。他在邻近的鲍威尔镇的《鲍威尔论坛报》工作。Baker told The Associated Press he discovered several writing examples that made him suspicious about Pelczar’s work. He said some of the writing sounded unnatural or robotic. But one part of a story stood out as possibly being false. It was contained in a June 26 article about comedian Larry the Cable Guy being chosen to lead a local parade.Baker 对美联社表示，他发现了几个使他对 Pelczar 的工作产生怀疑的写作实例。他说有些写作听起来不自然或像机器人写的。但有一部分内容显得可能是虚假的。这段内容出现在6月26日的一篇报道中，内容是关于喜剧演员 Larry the Cable Guy 被选为当地游行的领队。The story ended with a very unusual line that had nothing to do with the story’s subject. Rather, it seemed to provide an explanation of the method it used to build the story. The line read, “This structure ensures that the most critical information is presented first, making it easier for readers to grasp the main points quickly.”这篇报道的结尾有一句非常不寻常的话，和报道的主题毫无关系。相反，它似乎是在解释构建报道的方法。这句话是：“这种结构确保了最关键信息被首先呈现，使读者更容易迅速掌握要点。”Baker, who has been a reporter for more than 15 years, said after reading the story he decided to do additional research on other pieces written by Pelczar. He later decided to set up a meeting with Pelczar to discuss his concerns. He was able to meet with Pelczar and the editor of the Enterprise, Chris Bacon.已有超过15年记者经验的 Baker 说，在阅读这篇报道后，他决定对 Pelczar 撰写的其他作品进行额外的研究。后来，他决定与 Pelczar 安排一次会面，讨论他的担忧。他成功与 Pelczar 以及《科迪企业报》的编辑 Chris Bacon 进行了会面。Baker wrote an article in his own newspaper about his findings. He described his meeting with Pelczar and Bacon as uncomfortable, but friendly.Baker 在自己的报纸上撰写了一篇关于他发现的文章。他形容与 Pelczar 和 Bacon 的会面虽然令人不适，但还是友好的。

An agency of Japan’s government recently gave its first-ever "megaquake advisory," or warning message.  日本政府的一个机构最近首次发布了“超大型地震警告”或警告信息。The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued the warning after a powerful quake struck on August 8 off the southeastern coast of Japan’s main island of Kyushu.  在日本气象厅发布这一警告之前，8月8日日本九州主岛东南海岸发生了一次强烈地震。The magnitude 7.1 quake caused no deaths or severe damage, but the advisory has led to questions and a sense of worry. Japan is among the countries most hit by earthquakes. Now many citizens are wondering about when the next big quake will hit.  这次7.1级地震没有造成人员死亡或重大损失，但这一警告引发了疑问和担忧。日本是世界上地震灾害最频繁的国家之一，许多市民开始担心下一次大地震何时会发生。The Associated Press recently explained what the advisory means, what people are being told to do:  美联社最近解释了这一警告的含义以及人们应该采取的措施：JMA issued the advisory after deciding that the August 8 quake increased the likelihood of another major quake.  日本气象厅在确定8月8日的地震增加了另一次大地震的可能性后发布了这一警告。The agency said there is a 70 to 80 percent chance of a magnitude 8 or 9 quake associated with an area called the Nankai Trough within the next 30 years. The JMA said the probability of such an event is now "higher than normal."  该机构表示，未来30年内，在一个名为南海海槽的区域发生8级或9级地震的概率为70%至80%。日本气象厅表示，这种事件发生的概率现在“高于正常水平”。Naoshi Hirata is a seismologist at the University of Tokyo and head of the JMA's group of experts. He said that the warning was not a prediction that a megaquake will happen at any specific time or place. He urged people to remain careful and prepared.  平田直是东京大学的地震学家，也是日本气象厅专家组的负责人。他表示，这一警告并不是在预测某个特定时间或地点将发生超大型地震。他呼吁人们保持警惕和做好准备。The Nankai Trough is an undersea trench, or a deep valley on the ocean floor, that runs from the waters just off the southeastern coast of Kyushu, to Suruga Bay in central Japan. It is about 800 kilometers long.  南海海槽是一条海底沟槽，或是海床上的深谷，延伸从九州东南海岸附近的水域到日本中部的骏河湾。它长约800公里。Two large areas of the Earth’s surface, the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate meet there. The Philippine plate slowly pulls down on the Eurasian plate and causes it to release energy from time to time. The JMA said that could lead to a megaquake and tsunami.  地球表面的两个大区域，菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块在此交汇。菲律宾海板块慢慢拉动欧亚板块，导致其不时释放能量。日本气象厅表示，这可能导致超大型地震和海啸。The last Nankai Trough quake was off Shikoku in 1946. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated its magnitude to be 8.3, and more than 1,400 people died.  上一次南海海槽地震发生在1946年四国附近。美国地质调查局估计其震级为8.3级，超过1400人丧生。As a result of the "megaquake advisory," Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida canceled a trip and announced he would lead the government response. Local governments are studying their emergency plans.  由于“超大型地震警告”的发布，日本首相岸田文雄取消了一次出行，并宣布将领导政府应对措施。地方政府正在研究他们的应急计划。Experts and officials have urged people to stay calm and to continue normal life but to prepare for a possible evacuation.  专家和官员们敦促人们保持冷静，继续正常生活，但也要为可能的疏散做好准备。JMA experts said on August 12 they have so far found no abnormal activity that would suggest a megaquake.  日本气象厅的专家们在8月12日表示，迄今为止，他们尚未发现任何表明超大型地震即将发生的异常活动。The "megaquake advisory” is filled with scientific terms. It has worried people across the country. Some towns closed beaches and canceled yearly events. This has led to problems for travelers during Japan's Obon holiday week, a time for festivals and fireworks across the nation.  “超大型地震警告”充满了科学术语，这让全国各地的人们感到担忧。一些城镇关闭了海滩并取消了年度活动。这给日本盂兰盆节假期期间的旅行者带来了困扰，盂兰盆节是全国各地庆祝节日和烟火的时刻。Some stores are running out of emergency supplies, even in areas where there is little risk. In the vacation town of Matsuyama city on the island of Shikoku, hotels and resorts studied their evacuation plans and emergency equipment. In another seaside town, Shirahama, outdoor hot springs were closed for a week and a fireworks festival was cancelled.  一些商店的应急物资已经售罄，即使是在风险较小的地区。在四国岛上的度假城镇松山市，酒店和度假村研究了他们的疏散计划和应急设备。在另一个海滨小镇白滨，户外温泉关闭了一周，烟花节也被取消。

Glow-worms are beetles that live in gardens, hedgerows, and heathlands. Emitting a bright green light at night, the females climb up plant stems and glow in order to attract males, who have large eyes sensitive to that type of light.萤火虫是一种生活在花园、灌木树篱和荒野中的甲虫。在夜间发出明亮绿光的雌性萤火虫爬到植物的茎上并发光，以吸引对这种光敏感的大眼睛的雄性。Zoologists, though, say the glare of white, artificial lights is putting the females in the comparative shade.然而，动物学家们表示，刺眼的白色人造光使雌性萤火虫黯然失色。In order to verify their suspicions, the researchers did a little test – placing male glow-worms in an LED-lit, Y-shaped maze, they gradually made the lights there brighter until the males could no longer find a decoy female.为了验证他们的猜测，研究人员们做了一个小型试验——将雄性萤火虫放在一个由发光二极管照明的 “Y” 形迷宫中，他们逐渐调亮迷宫里的人造光，直到雄性萤火虫再也找不到发光吸引它们的雌性萤火虫。The glow-worms, they believe, were unable to move towards the decoy because they were dazzled.研究人员们认为，雄性萤火虫之所以无法向起吸引作用的雄性萤火虫移动是因为它们被刺眼的人造光照得眼花缭乱。The spread of bright lights, then, could have devastating consequences for glow-worm populations around the world. And some studies suggest they're disappearing altogether. And a widespread decline in insects could have serious consequences for agriculture and the ecosystems that depend upon those insects.那么，愈发常见的明亮人造光可能会对世界各地的萤火虫种群造成毁灭性的后果。有一些研究表明，萤火虫正在成群消失。而昆虫数量的普遍减少可能会对依赖昆虫的农业及生态系统造成严重的后果。词汇表glow-worms 萤火虫beetles 甲虫hedgerows 灌木树篱heathlands 荒原，荒野emitting 发出，散发（光）stems （植物的）茎glare 刺眼的光芒put someone in the shade 使某人黯然失色，使某人相形见绌maze 迷宫decoy 吸引物，诱惑物dazzled 被照得眼花缭乱的widespread 普遍的，广泛的

No! That's the only word we hear in the latest cute baby video to go viral. But it's not the words that baby Orla says that has made this video so popular. It's the fact that her babbling clearly mimics the distinctive Scouse accent from Liverpool. 不！ 这是我们在最新的可爱婴儿视频中听到的唯一一句话。 但并不是小奥拉说的话让这段视频如此受欢迎。 事实上，她的胡言乱语显然模仿了利物浦独特的苏格兰口音。 This now-famous infant may only have been born in 2022, but the different accents of babbling babies have been investigated for many years. A study from 2009 found that French babies tend to cry with a rising intonation, while German babies' cries often have a falling intonation. Other studies have shown American and French babies reflecting syllables from English and French respectively, and that babies with parents who speak a tonal language, like Mandarin, had a greater range of tones in their crying.这个现在著名的婴儿可能才出生于 2022 年，但牙牙学语婴儿的不同口音已经被研究了很多年。 2009年的一项研究发现，法国婴儿的哭声往往是升调，而德国婴儿的哭声往往是降调。 其他研究表明，美国和法国的婴儿分别反映了英语和法语的音节，而父母说普通话等声调语言的婴儿在哭泣时的声调范围更大。So why does this happen? As children develop, they practise making the sounds of the language that they hear around them. It's natural that they pick up the sounds and rhythms that surround them. In fact, babies start to learn language from their mother from three months before birth. However, it's not just the language of immediate family and caregivers that has an impact. Professor of developmental psychology, Caroline Floccia, highlights studies suggesting that children are more likely to acquire the accent of their environment than that of a parent who has an accent that is foreign to that location. 那么为什么会发生这种情况呢？ 随着孩子的成长，他们会练习发出周围听到的语言的声音。 他们很自然地会捕捉到周围的声音和节奏。 事实上，婴儿从出生前三个月就开始向母亲学习语言。 然而，产生影响的不仅仅是直系亲属和照顾者的语言。 发展心理学教授卡罗琳·弗洛恰 (Caroline Floccia) 强调，研究表明，与父母的口音与当地口音不同，孩子更有可能获得周围环境的口音。 Why is this important to know? Well, what it shows us is that babies are learning language through practice, and that the more time that parents spend interacting with their children, the greater the opportunity for this there is. While babbling babies may not be able to say many words, studies estimate that they can understand many times the number of words than those that they can actually say. Giving babies exposure to a greater number of words, allows them to better build their vocabulary.为什么知道这一点很重要？ 嗯，它向我们展示的是，婴儿是通过练习来学习语言的，父母花在与孩子互动上的时间越多，这种机会就越大。 虽然牙牙学语的婴儿可能不能说很多单词，但研究估计，他们能理解的单词数量比他们实际能说的单词数量多很多倍。 让婴儿接触更多的单词，可以让他们更好地积累词汇量。词汇表babbling 婴儿发出的咿呀声mimic 模仿distinctive 独特的Scouse accent 利物浦口音infant 婴儿intonation 语调syllable 音节tonal 有声调的tone 声调，语气sound 声音pick up 学会rhythm 韵律，节奏immediate family 直系亲属caregiver 看护者developmental psychology 成长心理学acquire 学到，获得foreign 不同的，外来的interact 互动exposure 暴露，接触vocabulary 词汇量

The idea of turning Mars into a livable world for humans is a common element of science fiction. But could such an action be done in real life? 将火星变成人类可以居住的世界的想法是科幻小说中的常见元素。但这样的行动在现实生活中能实现吗？ Scientists are now proposing a new method to warm up Earth's planetary neighbor. The idea involves putting engineered particles made of iron or aluminum into the atmosphere. The goal is to trap escaping heat and direct sunlight toward the Martian surface. 科学家们现在提出了一种新的方法来加热地球的邻居星球火星。这个想法涉及将由铁或铝制成的工程颗粒放入大气层中。目标是捕获逸散的热量，并将阳光直接引向火星表面。 The proposed idea would be to increase the natural greenhouse effect on Mars and raise its surface temperature by around 28 degrees Celsius over ten years. 这一提议的想法是增加火星的自然温室效应，并在十年内将其表面温度提高约28摄氏度。 Such a change alone would not make Mars livable for people. But the scientists who developed the idea see it as a possible first step. 这种变化本身并不会让火星适合人类居住。但提出这一想法的科学家将其视为可能的第一步。 Edwin Kite of the University of Chicago helped lead the study that appeared recently in the publication Science Advances. 芝加哥大学的埃德温·凯特帮助领导了最近发表在《科学进展》上的这项研究。 Kite described the process of terraforming – meaning to change a planet’s environment to be more like Earth. "For Mars, warming the planet is a necessary, but insufficient, first step. Previous concepts have focused on releasing greenhouse gases, but these require large amounts of resources that are scarce on Mars," he said.凯特描述了地球化的过程——即改变一个行星的环境，使其更像地球。“对于火星来说，温暖这个星球是必要的，但还不够。之前的概念集中在释放温室气体上，但这些需要大量在火星上稀缺的资源，”他说。 Kite added that climate modeling suggests the new idea of using engineered particles to warm Mars’ atmosphere could work better than previous ideas. Kite explained that the work is important because it presents a possible method that could help future exploration plans.凯特补充说，气候建模表明，使用工程颗粒加热火星大气的新想法可能比以前的想法更有效。凯特解释说，这项工作很重要，因为它提出了一种可能有助于未来探索计划的方法。 NASA has sent robotic vehicles to explore the Martian surface and the InSight Lander to study the planet's interior. The U.S. space agency's Artemis program aims to put astronauts in the coming years on the moon’s surface for the first time since 1972 in preparation for possible future human missions to Mars. 美国国家航空航天局已派出机器人探测车探索火星表面，并派出洞察号着陆器研究该星球的内部。美国航天局的阿尔忒弥斯计划旨在未来几年将宇航员送上月球表面，这是自1972年以来的首次，以为未来可能的火星人类任务做准备。 There are several barriers to human settlements on Mars. They include a lack of breathable oxygen, harmful ultraviolet radiation, salty soil, and dust storms that sometimes cover much of the planet. And Mars’ cold temperatures are a serious issue. 在火星上建立人类定居点面临一些障碍。它们包括缺乏可呼吸的氧气、有害的紫外线辐射、盐碱土壤以及有时覆盖大部分行星的沙尘暴。而且火星的寒冷温度也是一个严重问题。 The median Martian surface temperature is about minus-65 degrees Celsius. With its thin atmosphere, solar heat on the Martian surface easily escapes into space. The proposal would aim to permit liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars, which has water in the form of ice at its polar areas and its subsurface. 火星表面的中位温度约为零下65摄氏度。由于火星的大气层较薄，火星表面的太阳热量很容易逃逸到太空中。该提议旨在允许液态水存在于火星表面，火星的极地地区和地下都有以冰形式存在的水。 The scientists proposed continuously releasing tiny particles, called nanorods, into the atmosphere at a rate of about 30 liters per second for years. 科学家们建议在几年内以每秒约30升的速度不断向大气中释放微小颗粒，称为纳米棒。Samaneh Ansari of Northwestern University in Illinois is the study’s lead writer. Ansari said, "The idea is to either ship the material or better yet, ship the manufacturing tool and make the nanorods on the planet since iron and aluminum are abundant on the surface of Mars.” 伊利诺伊州西北大学的萨玛内·安萨里是这项研究的主要作者。安萨里说：“这个想法是要么运输材料，要么更好的是运输制造工具，在火星上制造纳米棒，因为火星表面富含铁和铝。” The researchers are mindful of the possibility of unintended consequences in terraforming another world. Scientists, for instance, are eager to learn whether Mars has held life in the past - or perhaps currently, in the form of subsurface microbes. 研究人员意识到在地球化另一个星球时可能会产生意想不到的后果。例如，科学家们渴望了解火星是否曾经拥有生命——或者现在以地下微生物的形式存在。 Kite suggested that the costs and benefits of releasing nanorods are uncertain. For example, he said if Mars’ soil has compounds that are harmful to life from Earth, then the benefit of warming Mars is zero. 凯特表示，释放纳米棒的成本和收益尚不确定。例如，他说，如果火星的土壤中含有对地球生命有害的化合物，那么温暖火星的益处为零。

Ma Myung-sun had low expectations for the subtropical bananas he planted in a community farm in Seoul. He must use a greenhouse for part of the year to protect them from South Korea's cold winters. 马明顺对他在首尔一个社区农场种植的亚热带香蕉期望不高。他必须在一年中的某个时候使用温室，以保护香蕉免受韩国寒冷冬季的影响。 But warmer temperatures due to climate change have produced a welcome surprise in the form of flowers and fruit. 但由于气候变化导致气温升高，他意外收获了花朵和果实，感到非常惊喜。 The land area where subtropical crops are grown in South Korea has increased from about 295 hectares in 2021 to 3,306 hectares in 2023. 在韩国，亚热带作物的种植面积从2021年的约295公顷增加到2023年的3,306公顷。South Korea’s state agricultural organization, the Rural Development Administration, reports that there are 67 banana farms in the south. And Ma is among a growing number of farmers experimenting with crops usually grown in a warmer climate. 韩国国家农业机构农村发展署报告称，韩国南部有67个香蕉农场。马明顺是越来越多尝试种植通常在温暖气候下生长的作物的农民之一。 "I want to try growing other tropical crops too. So, as you can see here, I have planted these papaya trees as well,” Ma said, pointing to a small papaya plant. 马明顺说：“我也想尝试种植其他热带作物。所以，正如你在这里看到的，我还种了这些木瓜树。”他指着一株小木瓜树说。 Ma opened up part of his family’s farm to people from the city in 2006. He is happy about his small success. But he worries about what it means for the climate.2006年，马明顺将家里的一部分农场开放给城市里的人们。他对自己取得的小小成功感到高兴，但他担心这对气候意味着什么。 "I feel that the climate crisis has become very serious," said Ma, who has been a farmer for 25 years.South Korea lies in the temperate zone and has four seasons. But its climate appears to be getting warmer and wetter throughout the year. “我觉得气候危机变得非常严重，”做了25年农民的马明顺说。韩国位于温带，有四个季节，但其气候似乎全年变得越来越温暖和潮湿。 The Korea Meteorological Administration reports that since 2012, the average yearly temperature has been continually rising. The average temperature last year of 13.7 degrees Celsius was the highest since its records began in 1973. Rainfall during last year's rainy season was 660.2 mm nationwide, nearly two times the 356.7 mm annual average figure. 韩国气象厅报告称，自2012年以来，年均气温一直在上升。去年的平均气温为13.7摄氏度，是自1973年有记录以来的最高值。去年雨季的全国降雨量为660.2毫米，几乎是年均356.7毫米的两倍。 Kim Kwang-soo is a professor of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Seoul National University. Kim said South Korea's climate conditions were becoming more like subtropical areas, so it is important for farmers to find the right crop varieties for the climate. 金光洙是首尔国立大学农业与生命科学教授。他说，韩国的气候条件越来越像亚热带地区，因此农民找到适合气候的作物品种非常重要。 Tropical and subtropical fruit are usually expensive in South Korea, so shoppers should welcome the less costly local produce. 热带和亚热带水果在韩国通常很贵，所以消费者应该欢迎价格较低的本地产品。 "My kids love bananas. So, it would be good if we harvest bananas in this country," said Kim Ji-youn, who was purchasing imported bananas in a Seoul supermarket. 金智妍在首尔的一家超市购买进口香蕉时说：“我的孩子们喜欢香蕉。所以，如果我们能在国内收获香蕉，那就太好了。”

From the United States and Britain to Russia and South America, cats often appear in famous public places.  从美国和英国到俄罗斯和南美洲，猫咪经常出现在著名的公共场所。Cat fans say the animals bring value to the places where they live. Cats can add a cute element or reduce the number of rodents. Sometimes, cats even come to define the place they live in.  猫咪爱好者认为这些动物为它们生活的地方带来了价值。猫咪可以增添可爱的元素或减少啮齿动物的数量。有时，猫咪甚至成为了它们所居住场所的象征。In 2020, a green-eyed cat named Willow appeared at a Joe Biden campaign event in Pennsylvania. The cat jumped onstage and left with soon-to-be first lady Jill, who later wrote a book about the creature.  2020年，一只名叫Willow的绿眼猫出现在宾夕法尼亚州的一次乔·拜登竞选活动中。这只猫跳上了舞台，并与即将成为第一夫人的吉尔一起离开，吉尔后来还写了一本关于这只猫的书。But the White House is not the only well-known place in the United States to house cats.  但白宫并不是美国唯一一个有猫的著名地点。The Hemingway Homes and Museum, in Key West, Florida has fifty-nine cats that move freely through the estate. Half of the creatures are related to Hemingway’s own six-toed cat, Snow White.  位于佛罗里达州基韦斯特的海明威故居和博物馆有五十九只猫，它们可以在庄园内自由活动。其中一半的猫都与海明威的六趾猫雪白有关。Visitors are kept away from the furniture, but the animals sit on the writer’s desk. A large “Cat Bible” shows the family history, or lineage, of the resident cats.  游客们不能触碰家具，但这些猫咪却可以坐在作家的书桌上。一本厚厚的《猫圣经》展示了这些猫咪的家族历史或血统。Alexa Morgan of the Hemingway museum said the cats bring extra public interest.  海明威博物馆的Alexa Morgan说，这些猫咪带来了额外的公众兴趣。“We have visitors that come here for Hemingway, and then once they see the cats and they love them, then it’s like they visit again so they can come back and see the cats,” she said.  “我们有些游客是为了海明威而来，但一旦他们看到这些猫咪并爱上它们，他们就会再来参观，这样他们就能再次看到这些猫咪，”她说道。In Britain, there is Lilibet.  在英国，有一只名叫Lilibet的猫。She is a Siberian Forest cat who spends time sitting by the fire at the Lanesborough Hotel in London. Plenty of people visit the hotel just to see the cat, who is named after Queen Elizabeth II, said managing director Stuart Geddes.  她是一只西伯利亚森林猫，经常坐在伦敦兰斯伯勒酒店的火炉旁。总经理Stuart Geddes表示，很多人来酒店只是为了看这只猫，它的名字来源于伊丽莎白二世女王。Lilibet has special hair known as hypoallergenic fur. That means her hair is not likely to cause problems for people who are sensitive to cat hair. Lilibet is not the only cat living in an important British building.  Lilibet有一种特殊的被毛，称为低过敏性毛发。这意味着她的毛发不太可能引起对猫毛敏感的人的问题。Lilibet并不是唯一一只生活在英国重要建筑里的猫。Hodge sits inside Southwark Cathedral, which was established in 1106. He moves around bringing happiness to visitors and going into the shop for treats.  Hodge住在南华克大教堂内，这座教堂建于1106年。他四处走动，为游客带来欢乐，并去商店讨零食。Not far away, across the Thames River, is Larry, the famous cat of 10 Downing St., the official home of the prime minister of Britain. Larry has stayed longer than most prime ministers — Kier Starmer is his sixth.  不远处，在泰晤士河对岸，有一只名叫Larry的猫，它是英国首相官邸唐宁街10号的著名猫咪。Larry待的时间比大多数首相都长——基尔·斯塔默是他的第六位首相。Employed as Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office, Larry pays his way by keeping the prime minister’s office and home more cat than mouse.  Larry受雇于内阁办公室，担任首席捕鼠官，他通过保持首相办公室和官邸里猫比鼠多来“支付”自己的生活费用。He has lasted longer than his rival Palmerston, a previous Foreign Office cat who retired to the British countryside in 2020.  他比他的对手Palmerston待得更久，后者是一只曾在外交部工作的猫，已于2020年退休，去了英国乡村生活。Cats also live in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.  猫咪们也生活在俄罗斯圣彼得堡的冬宫博物馆里。About 80 cats get to call Catherine the Great’s palace home in return for keeping the pest population down. They have their own press officer and volunteer assistants, who keep them publicized, fed, and watered while they walk around Russia’s state museum.  大约有80只猫将叶卡捷琳娜大帝的宫殿称为家，以换取减少害虫数量的工作。它们有自己的新闻官和志愿者助手，帮助它们在俄罗斯国家博物馆四处走动时宣传、喂食和饮水。In Venezuela, under a banner of Hugo Chavez, an unnamed cat has become well-known to the journalists of Caracas. Often found moving near TV crews at the National Electoral Council, this mysterious animal keeps reporters company as they wait for updates.  在委内瑞拉，一只无名猫在雨果·查韦斯的旗帜下，已经成为加拉加斯记者们的熟悉面孔。这只神秘的动物经常出现在国家选举委员会附近的电视摄制组旁，陪伴记者们等待新闻更新。Far away in another part of the world, Lule is so beloved at the Day and Night bar in Pristina, Kosovo, that her cat face has become its symbol. Owner Genc Salihu says she is part of the family, and people come just to see and pet Lule.  在世界的另一边，Lule在科索沃普里什蒂纳的昼夜酒吧里备受喜爱，她的猫脸已经成为酒吧的象征。酒吧老板Genc Salihu说她是家庭的一部分，人们来这里只是为了见到和抚摸Lule。“She is very much the soul of this place,” he said.  “她几乎就是这个地方的灵魂，”他说道。

This is not the first local sighting of ospreys – soaring birds of prey with long hazel-flecked wings, white feather crowns and distinctive eye stripes. But the presence of at least two osprey chicks has raised hopes that these raptors can establish a permanent colony in Ireland.这并不是人们第一次在爱尔兰当地目击鱼鹰，鱼鹰是一种飞禽，纤长的翅膀上有淡褐色斑点，头顶有白色羽冠，眼周有独特的条纹。人们至少看到了两只鱼鹰雏鸟，也正是它们的出现让人们相信这些猛禽有望在爱尔兰代代繁衍。This successful breeding makes them the first known wild osprey chicks on the island of Ireland in modern times. Conservation group Ulster Wildlife are keeping the nest site confidential to protect them.雏鸟的成功出生意味着它们是现今爱尔兰岛上第一对已知存在的野生鱼鹰雏鸟。动物保护机构 “阿尔斯特野生动物” 为了保护它们，对筑巢地点保密。Over their lifespan of 15 to 20 years, these migratory birds can rack up more than 160,000 miles of travel, but they always return to the same area every year.在鱼鹰 15 至 20 年的生命中，这些候鸟可飞行 16 万英里的距离，但它们每年都会返回同一地区进行繁殖。Giles Knight, the environmental farming scheme adviser who found them said it was a rub-your-eyes, once-in-a-lifetime moment.发现鱼鹰雏鸟的环境农业计划顾问贾尔斯·奈特说，能够亲眼看到它们是一个不可思议、千载难逢的时刻。Osprey populations were threatened in parts of North America in the 50s and 60s due to the use of pesticides and chemicals like DDT, which thin their eggshells and killed many birds.上世纪五六十年代，北美部分地区的鱼鹰种群的数量受到了威胁，原因是滴滴涕等杀虫剂和化学品的使用，使鱼鹰蛋的蛋壳变薄，并导致许多鱼鹰死亡。But after these substances were banned, most osprey populations were able to recover. The birds were thought to have become extinct as a breeding bird in Ireland in the late 18th Century due to human impacts.但在这些化学物质被禁用后，大多数鱼鹰种群得以恢复生机。人们普遍认为，由于人类活动的影响，早在18世纪末，鱼鹰作为一种繁殖鸟类就已经在爱尔兰灭绝了。Scientists say their return indicates a healthy wetland ecosystem with plenty of fish like pike, perch, and trout to sustain what could be a new dynasty of ospreys.科学家们表示，鱼鹰能回归此地表明了这里的湿地生态系统健康，并且有大量的梭子鱼、鲈鱼和鳟鱼等鱼类供鱼鹰在这里开启繁衍生息的新篇章。 sighting 看到（罕见的人或物）soaring 展翅翱翔的，飞翔的birds of prey 猛禽crowns 头顶stripes 条纹raptors 猛禽colony 种群聚集地breeding 繁殖chicks 雏鸟nest site 巢址migratory birds 候鸟rub-your-eyes “需要揉眼睛般” 不可思议的once-in-a-lifetime 千载难逢的eggshells 蛋壳wetland ecosystem 湿地生态系统

In a world that favours beauty, from aesthetically pleasing interior design to an attractive physical appearance, why are we suddenly fawning over goofy-looking pets, particularly dogs, with exaggerated features? There's been a pet paradigm shift – perfection is out, and droopy eyes are in. What's going on?在一个崇尚美的世界里，从美观的室内设计到有吸引力的外表，为什么我们突然对那些看起来傻乎乎的宠物，尤其是具有夸张特征的狗产生了奉承呢？ 宠物范式发生了转变——完美已经过时，下垂的眼睛开始流行。这是怎么回事？First, we must understand our attraction to cuteness. Human babies are pretty helpless, so there had to be an evolutionary adaptation to ensure we looked after them. According to Konrad Lorenz's "baby schema" theory, infantile features like big eyes, big heads and soft bodies trigger the instinct to protect our offspring. When animals have similar traits, we think they’re "in need of our companionship or care," causing "the rush of warm emotion that is the cuteness response," says Joshua Dale, co-editor of 'The Aesthetics and Affects of Cuteness'.首先，我们必须了解我们对可爱的吸引力。 人类婴儿非常无助，因此必须有一种进化适应来确保我们照顾他们。 根据康拉德·洛伦茨的“婴儿图式”理论，大眼睛、大头和柔软的身体等婴儿特征会触发保护后代的本能。 当动物具有相似的特征时，我们认为它们“需要我们的陪伴或照顾”，从而引发“一种温暖的情绪，这就是可爱的反应”，《可爱的美学和影响》的联合编辑约书亚·戴尔说 '。During the Victorian era, dog shows were all the rage, and with them came selective breeding for cuteness rather than health or functionality. This led to a rise in flat-faced breeds with squashed snouts and bulging eyes like bulldogs and pugs - a reminder that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. These breeds remain very popular today. The French Bulldog became the most popular dog in the US in 2022, according to the American Kennel Club. Rowena Parker, lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College in the UK, believes this is partly driven by social media influencers. "The ugly-cute thing is very fashionable," she says. Despite the growing love for these dogs, there are ethical concerns. Many flat-faced breeds suffer from breathing difficulties and skin infections. 在维多利亚时代，狗展风靡一时，随之而来的是为了可爱而不是健康或功能性而进行的选择性繁育。 这导致了像斗牛犬和哈巴狗这样鼻子扁平、眼睛凸出的扁平脸品种的增加——这提醒人们，情人眼里出西施。 这些品种至今仍然很受欢迎。 据美国养犬俱乐部称，法国斗牛犬于 2022 年成为美国最受欢迎的狗。 英国皇家兽医学院讲师罗威娜·帕克 (Rowena Parker) 认为，这在一定程度上是由社交媒体影响者推动的。 “丑陋又可爱的东西非常时尚，”她说。 尽管人们对这些狗的喜爱与日俱增，但仍存在道德问题。 许多扁脸品种都患有呼吸困难和皮肤感染。 A testament to the pet  paradigm shift is the World's Ugliest Dog Contest, held in California since the 1970s. In a line-up of pooches with lopsided ears, snaggled teeth and patchy fur, who will be the loveable underdog that tugs on our heartstrings this year?自 20 世纪 70 年代以来在加利福尼亚州举办的世界最丑狗大赛就是宠物范式转变的证明。 在耳朵不对称、牙齿参差不齐、皮毛斑驳的狗狗阵容中，谁会成为今年牵动我们心弦的可爱的失败者呢？aesthetically pleasing 审美上令人愉悦的fawn over 过度赞扬goofy-looking 看起来滑稽可笑的exaggerated features 夸张的五官paradigm shift 根本性的变化droopy 耷拉着的infantile 婴幼儿的cuteness response 对可爱事物的本能反应all the rage 风靡一时selective breeding 选择性繁育flat-faced 脸部扁平的squashed snouts 扁平的口鼻部位bulging 鼓起的，隆起的beauty is in the eye of the beholder 情人眼里出西施，对美的看法因人而异the "ugly-cute thing" “又丑又可爱的东西”lopsided 向一侧倾斜的snaggled tooth 不整齐的牙齿patchy （毛发）斑驳的underdog 不被看好的人，弱势者tug on the heartstrings 触动心弦，激发情感

Extremely small pieces of plastic called microplastics are in the ocean and the air, as well as in our food and water. Scientific study has discovered microplastics in human body tissues also, including the heart, liver and kidneys.  极其微小的塑料碎片，被称为微塑料，存在于海洋和空气中，以及我们的食物和水中。科学研究还发现，微塑料存在于人体组织中，包括心脏、肝脏和肾脏。Some researchers worry that microplastics harm human health, although they say that science has not found clear evidence of that. Still, they say questions remain about the possible health effects of microplastics.  一些研究人员担心微塑料会损害人类健康，尽管他们表示科学尚未找到明确的证据。尽管如此，他们认为微塑料对健康的潜在影响仍然存在疑问。Manufacturers mostly use oil or other petroleum products to make plastic. The material is used to make a huge number of different products: water bottles, car parts, children’s playthings, clothing, electronics and more. Heat, weather, and even animal digestion break down plastic into smaller and smaller pieces.  制造商主要使用石油或其他石油产品来制造塑料。塑料材料被用来制造大量不同的产品：水瓶、汽车零件、儿童玩具、衣物、电子产品等。热量、天气，甚至是动物的消化作用都会将塑料分解成越来越小的碎片。Microplastics can be 5 millimeters long at most or as small as one micrometer. A micrometer is one-one thousandth of a millimeter. Microplastics have been found in salt, sugar, honey, rice and seafood. They have also been found in milk, soil, and drinking water.  微塑料最大可以达到5毫米长，也可以小到1微米。1微米是千分之一毫米。人们在盐、糖、蜂蜜、大米和海鲜中都发现了微塑料。它们还被发现存在于牛奶、土壤和饮用水中。Researchers disagree about how much plastic people might be breathing in or taking in as food and drink. Still, many studies find evidence of plastics in body tissues.  研究人员对人们可能通过呼吸或食物和饮料摄入多少塑料存在分歧。尽管如此，许多研究发现了塑料存在于人体组织中的证据。Tracey Woodruff is a researcher at the University of California at San Francisco. She said, “Microplastics have been measured in pretty much all of the body tissues that have been evaluated.”  特蕾西·伍德拉夫是加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的研究员。她说：“几乎所有被评估的身体组织中都检测到了微塑料。”Scientists are still trying to answer the question of how harmful microplastics might be. In 2022, a World Health Organization report found no clear risk to human health, based on the available evidence.  科学家们仍在试图回答微塑料可能有多大危害的问题。2022年，世界卫生组织的一份报告基于现有证据发现，对人类健康没有明确的风险。There is also not clear evidence of widespread public health effects.  目前也没有明确证据表明微塑料对公共健康产生了广泛的影响。However, researchers only recently began to measure plastic levels in the human body and learn about their possible effects. Woodruff of U.C. San Francisco said it makes sense that microplastics are harmful because they contain poisonous chemicals. The researcher was part of an investigative team that examined nearly 2,000 studies about microplastics at the request of California state lawmakers.  然而，研究人员只是最近才开始测量人体内的塑料水平并了解其可能的影响。加州大学旧金山分校的伍德拉夫表示，微塑料是有害的，这是有道理的，因为它们含有有毒化学物质。这位研究员是一个调查小组的成员，该小组应加利福尼亚州立法者的要求，审查了近2000项关于微塑料的研究。Some evidence suggests plastics can increase inflammation and other changes in the body. Such changes could increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.  一些证据表明，塑料会增加体内炎症和其他变化。这些变化可能会增加心脏病发作和中风的风险。Researchers say there are ways to reduce possible contact with microplastics.  研究人员表示，有一些方法可以减少与微塑料的接触。Take off your shoes before you go into your home. This helps prevent the spread of microplastics inside. Eat foods — especially fresh fruits and vegetables — that you prepare at home. Do not heat foods in plastic containers, Woodruff said. And, she added, use metal or glass water bottles, instead of plastic.  在进入家中之前脱掉鞋子，这有助于防止微塑料在室内传播。吃自己在家准备的食物，尤其是新鲜水果和蔬菜。伍德拉夫说，不要在塑料容器中加热食物。此外，她还建议，使用金属或玻璃水瓶，而不是塑料的。

Twenty years ago on an Indonesian island, scientists discovered ancient bone remains of an early human species that stood about one meter tall.二十年前，在印度尼西亚的一个岛屿上，科学家们发现了一种早期人类物种的古老骨骼遗骸，这种人类身高约为一米。These early humans became popularly known as “hobbits.” The name comes for the small humanlike creatures that appear in books by English writer J.R.R Tolkien.这些早期人类被广泛称为“霍比特人”。这个名字来源于英国作家J.R.R.托尔金的书中出现的小型类人生物。Now a new study suggests ancestors of the “hobbits” were even shorter.现在，一项新的研究表明，“霍比特人”的祖先甚至比他们还要矮小。Yousuke Kaifu of the University of Tokyo was a co-writer of the study. Kaifu said in an email, “We did not expect that we would find smaller individuals from such an old site.”东京大学的海部阳介是这项研究的共同作者。海部在一封电子邮件中表示，“我们没有预料到会在如此古老的遗址中发现更小个体。”The discoverers of the first hobbit fossils named them after characters in the The Lord of the Rings books. The fossils date back to between 60,000 and 100,000 years ago.第一批霍比特人化石的发现者根据《指环王》书中的角色为其命名。这些化石可追溯到六万至十万年前。Researchers found the new fossils at a place called Mata Menge, about 70 kilometers from the cave where researchers found the first hobbit remains.研究人员在一个叫做Mata Menge的地方发现了新的化石，这里距离研究人员首次发现霍比特人遗骸的洞穴约70公里。In 2016, researchers suspected the earlier relatives could be shorter than the hobbits after studying a jawbone and teeth collected from the new site. Additional examination of a small arm bone piece and teeth suggests the ancestors were 6 centimeters shorter and existed 700,000 years ago.2016年，研究人员在研究从新遗址收集到的下颌骨和牙齿后，怀疑早期的亲属可能比霍比特人还要矮小。对一块小臂骨和牙齿的进一步检查表明，这些祖先比霍比特人矮6厘米，生活在70万年前。Dean Falk of Florida State University was not involved with the research. Falk said that the researchers in the study have “convincingly shown that these were very small individuals.”佛罗里达州立大学的迪恩·福克并未参与这项研究。福克表示，这项研究的研究人员“有说服力地证明了这些是非常小的个体。”The findings appeared recently in the publication Nature Communications.这些发现最近发表在《自然通讯》杂志上。Researchers have debated how the hobbits – named Homo floresiensis after the Indonesian island of Flores – developed to be so small and where they fall in the human evolutionary story. Homo floresiensis are thought to be among the last early human species to die off.研究人员一直在争论这些霍比特人——根据印度尼西亚弗洛勒斯岛命名为弗洛勒斯人——是如何变得如此矮小的，以及它们在人体进化史上的位置。弗洛勒斯人被认为是最后灭绝的早期人类物种之一。Scientists do not yet know whether the hobbits shrank from an earlier, taller human species called Homo erectus that lived in the area, or from an even more primitive human ancestor. Scientists need more study, and more fossils, to learn the hobbits’ place in human evolution, said Matt Tocheri of Canada’s Lakehead University.科学家们尚不清楚霍比特人是从早期的、更高大的人类物种——直立人——缩小而来的，还是从更原始的人类祖先演变而来。加拿大湖首大学的马特·托切里表示，科学家们需要更多的研究和化石来确定霍比特人在人体进化中的位置。In an email, Tocheri, who was not involved in the research, wrote, “This question remains unanswered and will continue to be a focus of research for some time to come.”在一封电子邮件中，未参与该研究的托切里写道，“这个问题仍然没有答案，并将在未来一段时间内继续成为研究的重点。”

A new study suggests that particles found in wildfire smoke could increase the risk of getting dementia.一项新的研究表明，野火烟雾中的颗粒可能会增加患痴呆症的风险。Dementia is a progressive brain condition that causes thinking problems and other health issues. There are several forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.痴呆是一种逐渐恶化的脑部疾病，会导致思维问题和其他健康问题。痴呆症有多种形式，包括阿尔茨海默病。Researchers reported the new findings about wildfire smoke at the recent Alzheimer’s Association International Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.研究人员在最近于宾夕法尼亚州费城举行的阿尔茨海默病协会国际会议上报告了有关野火烟雾的新发现。The study centered on a substance called PM2.5. The substance is known as particulate matter, a mixture of small, solid particles and water droplets found in the air.这项研究的重点是一种称为PM2.5的物质。该物质被称为颗粒物，是空气中存在的小固体颗粒和水滴的混合物。PM2.5 particles are about 30 times smaller than a human hair. They can be breathed into the lungs and then move on to the bloodstream. Existing evidence shows this kind of pollution – from traffic, factories and fires – can cause or worsen heart disease. The new study finds it could also raise dementia risks.PM2.5颗粒约为人类头发丝的30分之一。它们可以被吸入肺部，然后进入血液。现有证据表明，这种来自交通、工厂和火灾的污染可以导致或加剧心脏病。新的研究发现，它还可能增加患痴呆症的风险。Claire Sexton is the director of scientific programs for the Alzheimer’s Association. She said in a statement the study shows that increasing wildfires, especially in the American west, are “an increasing threat to brain health.” Sexton added that the findings demonstrate “the importance of enacting policies to prevent wildfires and investigating better methods to address them.”克莱尔·塞克斯顿是阿尔茨海默病协会科学项目的主任。她在一份声明中表示，这项研究表明，日益增加的野火，尤其是在美国西部，是“对脑部健康日益增加的威胁。”塞克斯顿补充说，这些发现证明了“制定防止野火政策和研究更好的应对方法的重要性。”Researchers from the University of Washington and the University of Pennsylvania carried out the study. They examined health records of 1.2 million older adults in Southern California between 2009 and 2019. The scientists used air quality monitoring and other data to estimate how much PM2.5 was released from wildfire smoke or other ways over three years.华盛顿大学和宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员进行了这项研究。他们检查了2009年至2019年间南加州120万老年人的健康记录。科学家们使用空气质量监测和其他数据来估算三年内野火烟雾或其他方式释放的PM2.5的量。The study found the risk of being diagnosed with dementia increased about 21 percent for every 1 microgram increase in the concentration of wildfire particles. That compared with a 3 percent increased risk for every 3 microgram increase in non-wildfire particles.研究发现，每增加1微克的野火颗粒浓度，诊断为痴呆症的风险增加约21%。相比之下，每增加3微克的非野火颗粒，风险仅增加3%。It is not clear why this difference exists. But with wildfires increasing, this issue needs more study, said Alzheimer’s Association chief science officer Maria Carrillo. She said it is especially important because the risk of Alzheimer’s – the most common form of dementia – is higher for lower-income populations who may have a harder time avoiding unhealthy air.目前尚不清楚为什么会存在这种差异。但随着野火的增加，这个问题需要进一步研究，阿尔茨海默病协会首席科学官玛丽亚·卡里略表示。她说，这一点尤为重要，因为阿尔茨海默病——最常见的痴呆症形式——的风险在低收入人群中更高，这些人可能更难以避免不健康的空气。Carrillo noted that health warnings urge staying indoors when air quality is poor. But she added, “there are a lot of people who don't have the option to stay home or they work outside.”卡里略指出，健康警告建议在空气质量差的时候待在室内。但她补充说，“有很多人没有选择留在家中，或者他们在室外工作。”

The findings suggest the blood tests may be more helpful for general care doctors. They see many more cases of people with memory problems than specialists do. However, general care doctors have fewer diagnostic tools.研究结果表明，血液检测对全科医生可能更有帮助。他们接触到的记忆问题患者比专家多得多。然而，全科医生的诊断工具较少。In the study, patients who visited either a general care doctor or a specialist for memory problems got an early diagnosis using traditional exams. They gave blood for testing and got confirmatory spinal taps or brain scans. 在这项研究中，前往全科医生或专家就记忆问题就诊的患者，通过传统检查获得了早期诊断。他们进行了血液测试，并接受了确认性的脊髓穿刺或脑部扫描。 Blood testing is far more accurate, Lund University researchers reported recently at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference in Philadelphia. They said that the primary care doctors’ first diagnosis was 61 percent accurate and the specialists’ first diagnosis 73 percent. However, the blood test was 91 percent accurate, their study showed. The Journal of the American Medical Association published the study. 隆德大学的研究人员最近在费城的阿尔茨海默病协会国际会议上报告说，血液检测的准确性远远更高。他们表示，全科医生的初次诊断准确率为61%，而专家的初次诊断准确率为73%。然而，血液检测的准确率为91%，他们的研究显示。《美国医学会杂志》发布了这项研究。 Dr. John Hsiao of the National Institute on Aging said the new tests measure different biomarkers in different ways. 国家衰老研究所的约翰·萧博士表示，新检测以不同的方式测量不同的生物标志物。Doctors and researchers should only use blood tests proven to have a greater than 90 percent accuracy rate, said Alzheimer’s Association chief science officer Maria Carrillo.阿尔茨海默病协会首席科学官玛丽亚·卡里略表示，医生和研究人员应该只使用准确率超过90%的血液检测。 Carrillo and Hsiao agreed that the blood tests most likely to provide that accuracy measure what is called p-tau217. Schindler helped lead an unusual direct comparison of several kinds of blood tests that came to the same finding. The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health financed the work. 卡里略和萧博士一致认为，最有可能提供这种准确性的血液检测是测量所谓的p-tau217。辛德勒帮助领导了一项不寻常的直接比较几种血液检测的工作，得出了相同的结论。国家卫生研究院基金会资助了这项工作。 That kind of test measures a form of tau that correlates with how much plaque buildup someone has, Schindler explained. A high level signals a strong likelihood the person has Alzheimer’s. A low level strongly suggests Alzheimer’s is not the cause of a patient’s thinking problems. 这种测试测量一种tau蛋白形式，这种形式与个人的淀粉样斑块积累量相关，辛德勒解释说。高水平表明该人患阿尔茨海默病的可能性很大。低水平则强烈暗示阿尔茨海默病不是导致患者思维问题的原因。 Several companies are developing p-tau217 tests. 几家公司正在开发p-tau217测试。 In the United States, only doctors can order the blood tests from labs. The Alzheimer’s Association is working on policy suggestions and several companies plan to seek FDA approval, which would clarify correct use. 在美国，只有医生可以从实验室订购血液检测。阿尔茨海默病协会正在制定政策建议，几家公司计划申请FDA批准，以明确正确使用方法。 For now, Carrillo said doctors should use blood testing only in people with memory problems, after checking the accuracy of the kind they order. 目前，卡里略表示，医生应仅在检查了所订购血液检测的准确性后，对记忆问题患者使用血液检测。 Especially for primary care physicians, “it really has great potential to help them in sorting out who to give a reassuring message and who to send on to memory specialists,” said Dr. Sebastian Palmqvist of Lund University. Palmqvist led the Swedish study with Lund’s Dr. Oskar Hansson. 隆德大学的塞巴斯蒂安·帕尔姆奎斯特博士表示，对于全科医生来说，“这确实有很大的潜力，帮助他们判断谁需要安抚性信息，谁需要转诊给记忆专家。”帕尔姆奎斯特博士与隆德大学的奥斯卡·汉松博士共同领导了这项瑞典研究。

New blood tests could help to identify, or diagnose, Alzheimer’s disease faster and with more accuracy, researchers reported recently. However, some of the tests for the brain-wasting disease appear to work better than others.新的血液检测可能有助于更快、更准确地识别或诊断阿尔茨海默病，研究人员最近报告说。然而，一些检测似乎比其他检测更有效。 Doctors can confirm Alzheimer’s in a patient if they find one of the disease’s main signs: the development, or buildup, of a sticky protein called beta-amyloid. Currently, doctors use brain imaging or a special test known as a spinal tap to look for beta-amyloid buildup. Brain imaging is hard to get and spinal taps are painful. 医生可以通过发现疾病的主要迹象之一来确认阿尔茨海默病：一种叫做β-淀粉样蛋白的粘性蛋白质的形成或积累。目前，医生使用脑部影像或称为脊髓穿刺的特殊检测来查找β-淀粉样蛋白的积累。脑部影像难以获取，而脊髓穿刺则很痛苦。 Instead, many patients are diagnosed based on their behavior and cognitive exams. 相反，许多患者是根据他们的行为和认知考试来诊断的。 Now, labs have begun offering blood tests that can show some signs of Alzheimer’s. Scientists are excited about the possibilities that the tests offer. 现在，实验室已经开始提供能够显示一些阿尔茨海默病迹象的血液检测。科学家们对这些检测提供的可能性感到兴奋。 But the tests are not widely used yet because there is little data to guide doctors about which kind to order and when. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not officially approved any of them, and few patients have insurance coverage for such tests. 但这些检测尚未被广泛使用，因为目前的数据很少，无法指导医生选择哪种检测以及何时进行。美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）尚未正式批准任何一种检测，且少有患者的保险覆盖这类检测。 “What tests can we trust?” asked Dr. Suzanne Schindler of Washington University in St. Louis. Schindler is part of a research project examining the tests. While some tests are very accurate, Schindler said, “other tests are not much better than a flip of a coin.” “我们可以信任哪些检测？”圣路易斯华盛顿大学的苏珊娜·辛德勒博士问道。辛德勒是一个研究检测的项目组成员。尽管一些检测非常准确，辛德勒表示，“其他测试的效果不比掷硬币好多少。” More than 6 million people in the United States and millions more around the world have Alzheimer’s, the most common form of dementia. Its usual signs, or “biomarkers,” are amyloid plaques and abnormal tau protein that leads to tangles that damage neurons. 美国有超过600万人，全球还有数百万人患有阿尔茨海默病，这是一种最常见的痴呆症形式。其常见的迹象或“生物标志物”是淀粉样斑块和异常的tau蛋白，这些蛋白质会形成缠结，损害神经元。 New drugs such as Leqembi and Kisunla can slow the disease a little. The medicines remove amyloid from the brain. But these drugs only work in the early part, or stage, of Alzheimer’s progression. Few patients get the costly brain scans and invasive spinal taps that could show early stage Alzheimer’s. 新药如Leqembi和Kisunla可以稍微减缓疾病的发展。这些药物能从大脑中去除淀粉样蛋白。但这些药物仅在阿尔茨海默病的早期阶段有效。很少有患者接受这些昂贵的脑部扫描和侵入性脊髓穿刺，以显示早期阿尔茨海默病。 Even specialists struggle to tell if Alzheimer’s or something else is to blame for a patient’s problems. 即使是专家也很难判断患者的问题是否由阿尔茨海默病或其他原因造成。 Schindler said she sometimes has patients “who I am convinced have Alzheimer’s disease and I do testing and it’s negative.” 辛德勒说，她有时会遇到一些患者，“我确信他们患有阿尔茨海默病，但测试结果是阴性。” A limited number of doctors have carried out blood tests for Alzheimer’s in carefully controlled research settings. However, a new study of about 1,200 patients in Sweden shows they also can work in doctors’ offices. 少数医生在严格控制的研究环境中进行了阿尔茨海默病的血液检测。然而，一项对瑞典约1200名患者的新研究表明，这些检测也可以在医生办公室进行。

The 4,000-character personal statement has been a part of university application for 30 years. But there's been growing concern it's not fit for purpose. While it's meant to be written by the student alone, research suggests middle class parents and schools influence them.30 年来，提交一份四千字的个人陈述一直是英国大学申请流程的一部分。但越来越多的人担心它能否继续适用于设计的初衷。虽然个人陈述须要学生本人独立完成，但研究显示许多中等收入的父母及学校也会介入或指导个人陈述的写作。So, instead, UCAS will replace this unstructured essay with asking applicants to answer three questions: Why do you want to study this course or subject? How have your studies helped you prepare? And what else have you done to prepare outside of education? Students will be expected to write no more than the current personal statement in total.所以，英国大学及学院招生服务将会用对申请人提出的三个问题来代替这篇非结构化的论文：你为什么想要学习这门课程或专业？你过去的学习经历如何帮你为之做好准备？你在学习之余为了准备这门课程或专业的学习还做了哪些事情？对学生答案的总字数要求将不会超过目前个人陈述的字数要求。Social mobility academics and charities have advocated for this change. In England, the application rate from students with the most disadvantaged backgrounds has fallen slightly to 25%, whereas for the wealthiest it's 60%. UCAS said it hoped this change would contribute to narrowing that gap.研究社会流动性的学者和慈善机构对这一变化提倡已久。在英格兰地区，来自最弱势背景的学生申请比例占全部申请的比例略微下降到了 25%，而来自最富裕家庭的申请比例则占比 60%。英国大学招生服务中心希望这项变化能有助于减少这一差距。 词汇表personal statement 个人陈述fit for purpose 适用于自身目的influence 对…施加影响unstructured essay 非结构化的论文social mobility 社会流动性advocated 提倡disadvantaged backgrounds 弱势背景gap 差距

You've heard of procrastination, putting off tasks you'd rather avoid doing until you have to, but what about precrastination? The name gives a clue. Pre- means before, so it's the opposite – completing tasks before you need to. So, why do we precrastinate, and is it a good thing, or not?你听说过拖延症，即把你宁愿避免做的任务推迟到必须做的时候，但是提前拖延又如何呢？ 这个名字给出了线索。 Pre- 意味着之前，所以它是相反的——在你需要之前完成任务。 那么，我们为什么要拖延，这是好事还是坏事呢？Precrastination is closely linked to anxiety and neuroticism. People want to finish tasks early so they don't have to worry about them any more. Ed Wasserman, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Iowa, said precrastination is "the inclination to complete tasks quickly just for the sake of getting things done sooner rather than later". This means you're doing something early at the expense of something else. That could be a physical, financial or mental expense. Imagine you submit an essay a week before the deadline. You feel a huge sense of relief that it's over, but also can't add the last-minute tips your teachers gave you. If your marks are then lower than they could be, will you feel better in the long run? Possibly not. Also, if tasks are rushed, they are more likely to be less carefully planned, so results could be incomplete or inaccurate.拖延与焦虑和神经质密切相关。 人们希望早点完成任务，这样就不用再担心了。 爱荷华大学实验心理学教授埃德·沃瑟曼（Ed Wasserman）表示，拖延是“为了尽快完成任务而快速完成任务的倾向”。 这意味着你过早地做某件事而牺牲了其他事情。 这可能是身体、财务或精神上的支出。 想象一下您在截止日期前一周提交了一篇论文。 一切都结束了，你感到如释重负，但也无法添加老师在最后一刻给你的提示。 如果你的分数低于应有的水平，从长远来看你会感觉更好吗？ 可能不是。 此外，如果任务仓促，则更有可能没有经过仔细计划，因此结果可能不完整或不准确。But we live in a fast-paced world, so it's hardly surprising that we want to tick off tasks as soon as we can. David Rosenbaum, a professor of psychology at the University of California, believes "It should be agreed in our society that it's OK to smell the flowers. To be deliberate, mindful and to be allowed to slow down. " 但我们生活在一个快节奏的世界，因此我们希望尽快完成任务也就不足为奇了。 加州大学心理学教授大卫·罗森鲍姆认为，“我们的社会应该一致认为闻花香是可以的。要深思熟虑、留心并允许放慢脚步。” If you think you are a precrastinator, what can you do to still feel productive? Prioritise and categorise tasks. What needs to be done straight away, and what can be put off? Recognise that some tasks need breathing room – they can even benefit from it.如果您认为自己是一个喜欢拖延的人，那么您可以做什么来保持高效呢？ 对任务进行优先级排序和分类。 哪些事情需要立即做，哪些事情可以推迟？ 认识到有些任务需要喘息空间——他们甚至可以从中受益。 词汇表procrastination 拖延put off 推迟precrastination 提前赶工，急于提前完成某事的行为neuroticism 神经质inclination 倾向for the sake of 为了…的目的sooner rather than later 宁早不晚at the expense of 以…为代价in the long run 从长期来看rushed 仓促而就的inaccurate 不准确的，不精确的fast-paced 快节奏的tick off 打记号表示完成smell the flowers 闻花香，指 “停下来欣赏周遭的美好景色”deliberate 从容的mindful 小心留意的productive 富有成效的prioritise 按照优先顺序排序categorise 分类straight away 马上，即刻breathing room 喘息的空间，指用于休息的时间

The area of Weda Bay is now one of the world’s largest nickel production centers. Smelters and coal-fired power plants burn to process nickel ore into material for batteries and steel.韦达湾地区现在是世界上最大的镍生产中心之一。熔炉和燃煤发电厂燃烧镍矿石，将其加工成电池和钢铁的材料。The village of Lelilef Sawai is now surrounded by the Weda Bay Industrial Park. There, the deforestation and its effects are clear. Local farmer Librek Loha remains in Lelilef Sawai, refusing to sell the land he has taken care of for forty years. Now orange dust often covers his plants and clean water is often lacking. The plants also grow more slowly, he said.Lelilef Sawai 村现在被韦达湾工业园区包围。在那里，森林砍伐及其影响显而易见。当地农民Librek Loha依然留在Lelilef Sawai，拒绝出售他照顾了四十年的土地。他说，现在橙色的灰尘经常覆盖他的植物，干净的水经常短缺。植物也生长得更慢了。From his land, he can hear building sounds and see bright orange material flow into the sea. Research shows landslides are far more likely in deforested areas.从他的土地上，他能听到建筑的声音，并看到明亮的橙色物质流入海中。研究表明，在森林砍伐地区，滑坡的可能性要大得多。Max Sigoro, 54, is a traditional hunter and farmer. Bright lights and noise from construction scare the deer he used to hunt at night. He says he has lost nearly all the means he had to earn a living since the industrial park’s growth.54岁的Max Sigoro是一名传统的猎人和农民。建筑施工的明亮灯光和噪音吓跑了他以前夜间狩猎的鹿。他说，自从工业园区发展以来，他几乎失去了所有的生计手段。PT Indonesia Weda Bay officials declined to speak to the Associated Press.PT Indonesia Weda Bay的官员拒绝与美联社对话。The company says it has planted more than 10 square kilometers of new trees. It says it plays an active part in supporting the living standards of local people, offering economic development. And, the industrial zone meets all environmental standards, PT Indonesia Weda Bay says.该公司表示，他们已经种植了超过10平方公里的新树木。它表示在支持当地人民的生活水平和提供经济发展方面发挥了积极作用。而且，PT Indonesia Weda Bay表示，该工业区符合所有环境标准。The company also says it works to protect water and has launched coral and mangrove planting programs.该公司还表示，他们致力于保护水资源，并启动了珊瑚和红树林种植项目。The Weda Bay project is just one of the industrial parks criticized by locals nearby. An industrial park on the island of Borneo and other projects in North Maluku are also under community protests.韦达湾项目只是附近居民批评的工业园区之一。婆罗洲岛上的一个工业园区和北马鲁古的其他项目也遭到社区抗议。Perhaps related to these public objections, European companies may be losing interest in nickel from Indonesia.这些公众反对可能与此有关，欧洲公司可能对印尼镍失去兴趣。In recent weeks, the French mining company Eramet and German chemical giant BASF announced they were canceling plans to build a $2.6 billion nickel plant in Indonesia.最近几周，法国矿业公司Eramet和德国化工巨头巴斯夫宣布取消在印尼建造26亿美元镍工厂的计划。Indonesia has been seeking to work more with Tesla, which uses twice as much metal in its total production of batteries than the next highest auto competitor. The amount of nickel Tesla used in 2023 was up a third over the year before. Only 13 percent came from Indonesia last year. But Tesla’s 2023 impact report noted Indonesia 18 times and warned the country’s nickel will be very important.印尼一直在寻求与特斯拉更多合作，特斯拉在其总电池生产中使用的金属量是第二大汽车竞争对手的两倍。2023年，特斯拉使用的镍量比前一年增加了三分之一。去年只有13%的镍来自印尼。但特斯拉2023年影响报告中提到了印尼18次，并警告该国的镍将非常重要。Tesla did not answer an AP email requesting information about its use of nickel from Indonesia and deforestation.特斯拉没有回复美联社关于其使用印尼镍和森林砍伐情况的电子邮件询问。Questions to Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Coordinating Ministry of Maritime and Investment Affairs and Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources also went unanswered.对印尼环境与林业部、海洋与投资事务协调部和能源与自然资源部的询问也没有得到答复。

As it moves across central Italy, an old train pulling carriages from the 1930s and 1950s crosses the forests of the Majella National Park and the Abruzzo highlands.当它穿越意大利中部时，一列拖着20世纪30年代和50年代车厢的老火车穿过了马耶拉国家公园的森林和阿布鲁佐高地。Across 100 kilometers, the Park Railway, also known as the Italian Transiberian, travels through valleys and tunnels and over old bridges called viaducts. It offers visitors a view of small, rural and hidden villages in the country.在100公里的路程中，这条被称为意大利西伯利亚铁路的公园铁路穿越山谷、隧道和被称为高架桥的旧桥梁。它为游客提供了乡村隐秘小村庄的景色。It was the first of some 1,000 kilometers of rail line to have re-opened under a project by Fondazione FS, part of the state-controlled national rail company. The project called "Timeless tracks" aims to take visitors to forgotten parts of Italy instead of the popular cities.这是国家铁路公司下属的FS基金会在一个项目中重新开放的约1000公里铁路中的第一条。该项目名为“永恒轨道”，旨在带领游客前往被遗忘的意大利地区，而非热门城市。"These are tracks that have lived through different eras, they have carried soldiers to the front, cows to pasture... they were mistakenly considered unproductive during the 1960s and 70s but are now once again of value," Luigi Cantamessa, who heads Fondazione FS, told Reuters.“这些轨道经历了不同的时代，曾运送士兵到前线，牛群到牧场……在20世纪60年代和70年代，它们被错误地认为是没有生产力的，但现在再次具有价值，”FS基金会负责人路易吉·坎塔梅萨告诉路透社。Inspired by train travel in Switzerland, the project now carries 45,000 visitors a year across its 13 lines. Fondazione FS expects to open two new ones by 2026, both in the southern area of Sicily.受瑞士火车旅行的启发，该项目现在每年通过其13条线路运送4.5万名游客。FS基金会预计在2026年前开放两条新线路，均位于西西里岛南部地区。"What were considered to be the dry branches of Italy's train network, have now proved to be the green shoots," Cantamessa added.“曾被认为是意大利铁路网络的枯枝，现在已被证明是新芽，”坎塔梅萨补充道。Norma Pagiotti is a 28-year-old from Florence, Italy traveling on the train with two friends.诺玛·帕吉奥蒂是一名28岁的意大利佛罗伦萨人，正与两位朋友乘坐这列火车旅行。Pagiotti said, "People are used to cities and places, like Florence, that everyone knows.. but then there are other areas that need to be discovered. (This) is the right kind of tourism that does not spoil the authenticity of places,"帕吉奥蒂说：“人们习惯了像佛罗伦萨这样人人皆知的城市和地方……但还有其他需要被发现的地区。（这）是不会破坏地方真实性的正确旅游方式。”Caterina Quaranta, from southern Italy, used the term “nostalgic," meaning a longing for a past time, to describe riding the train.来自意大利南部的卡特里娜·夸兰塔用“怀旧”一词来形容乘坐这列火车，意指对过去时光的渴望。“The train reminds me of my youth, I feel a bit nostalgic for the things of the past, which were simpler, now everything is fast, short-lived," Quaranta said.“火车让我想起了我的青春，我对过去简单的事物有些怀旧，现在一切都很快，转瞬即逝，”夸兰塔说。Laura Colaprete, a local guide, said the trains draw Italians and foreigners, families and children, younger people who get off to hike and ride bicycles, and older people "who have time to spare.”当地导游劳拉·科拉普雷特说，这些火车吸引了意大利人和外国人、家庭和儿童、下车徒步和骑自行车的年轻人以及“有时间闲逛”的老年人。After climbing up almost 1,000 meters in altitude, the Transiberian's first stop is in Palena, a hill-top town known for its beautiful views over the national park.在海拔上升近1000米后，西伯利亚铁路的第一站是帕莱纳，这个山顶小镇以其国家公园的美丽景色而闻名。Traditional folk music accompanies people getting off the train, with local foods such as lamb skewers and soft pancakes and products by local artisans awaiting them at the station.传统的民间音乐伴随着人们下车，当地的羊肉串、软煎饼和手工艺品在车站等待着他们。"The train helps several small towns around here. This line was a dead line before," said Gino Toppi, 60, as he helped his wife with the food stand in the small station.“这列火车帮助了这里的几个小镇。这条线路以前是死线，”60岁的吉诺·托皮在小站帮妻子料理食品摊时说。Milan's Bocconi University recently estimated that for every dollar spent by passengers on tickets, as much as three more are spent on food, tours and other purchases. The rail ticket costs between $32 and $76.米兰博科尼大学最近估计，乘客每花费一美元买票，就会在食物、旅游和其他购买上多花三美元。铁路票价在32美元到76美元之间。That helps to support the economy of villages that have long lost population due to the declining birth rate and younger people leaving for the bigger cities.这有助于支持由于出生率下降和年轻人前往大城市而长期人口减少的村庄经济。"There certainly are benefits, this is a way to show my products," said Annalisa Cantelmi, an herbalist, or herb grower. "These tourists are slowly discovering these new territories, their traditions and people," she added.“确实有好处，这是展示我产品的一种方式，”草药种植者安娜丽莎·坎特尔米说。“这些游客正在慢慢发现这些新领地、他们的传统和人们，”她补充道。

Indonesia aims to be the world’s top nickel supplier. But its efforts to produce nickel have seriously harmed the country’s forests, nonprofit groups say.印尼旨在成为全球最大的镍供应国。但非营利组织表示，其生产镍的努力严重破坏了该国的森林。Indonesia is the world’s third most rainforest-covered country, home to giant forest flowers and rare wild animals such as orangutans and elephants.印尼是全球第三大雨林覆盖国家，拥有巨大的森林花卉和罕见的野生动物，如猩猩和大象。Indonesia also has the largest reserves of nickel in the world. The metal lies in shallow deposits in the rain forest. Mining it is easy when the rainforest is cut down.印尼也拥有全球最大的镍储量。该金属位于雨林中的浅层矿床中。当雨林被砍伐时，开采它变得很容易。Until recently, Indonesia mostly sold its nickel deposits in untreated form. It did not have factories to process the metal. Unprocessed nickel sells for less than the processed product.直到最近，印尼大部分镍矿都以未经处理的形式出售。它没有加工金属的工厂。未经处理的镍的售价低于加工后的产品。Ten years ago, Indonesian officials decided the country should stop selling its resources at such a low cost. Instead, officials said Indonesia would process the metal so it would sell at a higher price. This would result in more job openings, also, officials said.十年前，印尼官员决定该国不应再以如此低的价格出售其资源。相反，官员们表示，印尼将加工这些金属，以便以更高的价格出售。这也将带来更多的就业机会，官员们表示。A large nickel-processing project began. Indonesian President Joko Widodo pushed the project further by building nickel factories, or smelters, near electric vehicle battery factories. In addition to the new nickel plants, coal power plants were built also to serve the new industrial sites.一个大型的镍加工项目开始了。印尼总统佐科·维多多进一步推动了该项目，在电动车电池工厂附近建造镍工厂或冶炼厂。除了新的镍工厂，还建造了燃煤电厂来为新的工业场地提供服务。More than 740,000 square kilometers of Indonesian rainforest have been logged, burned or degraded, since 1950, reports the non-profit research group Global Forest Watch.非营利研究组织Global Forest Watch报告称，自1950年以来，超过74万平方公里的印尼雨林被砍伐、焚烧或退化。But at the sites where developers are building these smelters, the surrounding forest disappears twice as fast, a new study by the Indonesian nonprofit Auriga says.但印尼非营利组织Auriga的一项新研究称，在开发商建造这些冶炼厂的地方，周围的森林消失速度是之前的两倍。The new study of rainforest loss, based on government data, shows deforestation rose from an average of 33 square kilometers around each nickel processing plant, or smelter, to 63 square kilometers.根据政府数据的新研究显示，森林砍伐从每个镍加工厂或冶炼厂周围的平均33平方公里增加到63平方公里。Indonesia plans to build as many as 22 new plants. If plans go through deforestation will likely greatly increase.印尼计划建造多达22个新工厂。如果这些计划得以实施，森林砍伐可能会大大增加。“The damage to the environment is devastating,” said Timer Manurung of Auriga. “…Rivers are polluted, mangroves are cut to develop smelter areas, coastal areas and coral are being damaged by the smelters.”Auriga的Timer Manurung说：“对环境的破坏是毁灭性的。……河流被污染，红树林被砍伐以开发冶炼区，沿海地区和珊瑚也被冶炼厂破坏。”The waste from coal power plants is another problem, he said. The Associated Press verified the methodology used in the Auriga report.他说，燃煤电厂的废物是另一个问题。美联社验证了Auriga报告中使用的方法。

Visitors to Paris for the Olympics can now send a smell of France home with their picture postcards and letters.参加奥运会的巴黎游客现在可以通过他们的明信片和信件将法国的气味带回家。The smell comes from a special stamp showing the country’s famous bread called baguette. The sweet smell, however, may remind you of a French bakery more than an actual baguette.这种气味来自一张特殊的邮票，上面展示了该国著名的面包——法棍。然而，这种甜美的气味可能会让你想起法国的面包店，而不是实际的法棍。The stamp was released in May for the day of Saint-Honoré, the saint of bakers. Postal worker Clarisse Briend said the baguette makes people think of France. And she hopes visitors will pick up the stamps along with other official Paris 2024 postcards and stamps. The stamp sells for more than $2 at area post offices.这张邮票是为五月的面包师守护神圣奥诺雷日发布的。邮政工人克拉丽斯·布里安德表示，法棍让人们想到法国。她希望游客们能够购买这些邮票以及其他巴黎2024官方明信片和邮票。这张邮票在当地邮局售价超过2美元。Pia Schöndienst is a German visitor coming from the Netherlands with her family. She bought the stamps and said she could not smell anything, but her son could smell a chocolate croissant.皮娅·申迪恩斯特是一位来自荷兰的德国游客，她和家人一起前来。她购买了这些邮票并表示自己闻不到任何气味，但她的儿子却闻到了巧克力羊角面包的味道。"You just have to rub the stamp here like this with your nails," Clarisse Briend said. "You can smell the bread, the baguette."“你只需要像这样用指甲在这里摩擦邮票，”克拉丽斯·布里安德说。“你可以闻到面包的味道，法棍的味道。”At the Léonie Bakery in Paris, baker Yasin Robin smelled the stamp and said, “It smells like flan,” a dessert but not the baguette itself. Chief baker Harlem Gbodialo said he could smell something sweet on the stamp while the shop manager Jeanne Barrère compared it to vanilla.在巴黎的莉奥妮面包店，面包师亚辛·罗宾闻了邮票后说：“闻起来像是焦糖布丁，”一种甜点，但不是法棍本身。首席面包师哈莱姆·格博迪亚洛说他闻到了邮票上的甜味，而店经理珍妮·巴雷则将其比作香草味。Regardless, Gbodialo added that the bakery expects to have many visitors at their shop near the Champs Élysées. “On top of that the Olympic Games are going to start next week, so it’ll boost our influence in terms of clients, and also the weather’s been nicer lately, so all the factors are coming together to have a great period of Olympic Games, a great party for everyone,” he added.尽管如此，格博迪亚洛补充说，面包店预计会有很多游客光顾他们位于香榭丽舍大街附近的店铺。“此外，奥运会将在下周开始，这将提升我们在客户方面的影响力，最近天气也变得更好了，所有因素都在一起，期待奥运会期间有一个美好的时光，为大家带来一个盛大的派对，”他补充道。Eating baguettes is not as popular as it once was, but France still makes around 16 million per day - or nearly 6 billion a year. One story explains that Napoleon Bonaparte's bakers created the long shape to make it easier for his troops to carry.吃法棍已经不像以前那样流行了，但法国每天仍然生产大约1600万个——每年近60亿个。有一个故事解释说，拿破仑·波拿巴的面包师创造了这种长形面包，使他的部队更容易携带。

A small space in Tokyo houses a container of fermenting sake.东京的一个小空间里存放着一个发酵清酒的容器。The bacteria in the 670-litre container will take more than two weeks to turn the rice and water inside into Japan's traditional alcoholic drink.670升的容器中的细菌需要两个多星期的时间，将其中的米和水转化为日本的传统酒精饮料。But the bacteria are not only alive, they are listening too, said brewer Yoshimi Terasawa.但这些细菌不仅是活的，它们还在“听”，酿酒师寺泽善美说道。He suggested the kind of music coming from a loudspeaker below the tank determines how the drink will taste.他建议说，从容器下方的扬声器传出的音乐类型决定了饮料的口感。"The micro-organisms inside are activated by the vibrations, and the taste changes," said the 63-year-old chief brewer of Tokyo Port Brewing.63岁的东京港酿酒厂首席酿酒师说：“内部的微生物因振动而被激活，口感也随之改变。”Music is among the unusual methods Terasawa is using at the only sake brewery in the heart of the capital city.音乐是寺泽在首都中心唯一一家清酒酿酒厂使用的非常规方法之一。Fit into a narrow building, the small operation employs methods that promise to help the environment.这个小型酿酒厂位于一栋狭窄的建筑内，采用了一些有助于环保的方法。The brewery employs special machinery and processes that use less energy and labor than a traditional brewery in the countryside.该酿酒厂使用特殊的机械和工艺，比乡村传统酿酒厂消耗更少的能源和劳动力。"Making sake on this kind of smaller scale makes it easier to keep the production environment constant," Terasawa said. He has 45 years of experience in the industry.寺泽说：“这种小规模酿酒更容易保持生产环境的稳定。”他在该行业已有45年的经验。The company produces about 30 kiloliters of sake each year. That is enough to fill almost 42,000 720-ml bottles.公司每年生产大约30千升清酒，足以装满近42,000个720毫升的瓶子。But changing tastes and Japan's aging population have reduced demand.但不断变化的口味和日本老龄化的人口减少了需求。The government says the number of sake breweries has decreased two-thirds from its high point in the 1970s to just over 1,100 now.政府表示，清酒酿酒厂的数量从1970年代的高峰期减少了三分之二，现在仅有1100多家。More than half of sake breweries are not making a profit.超过一半的清酒酿酒厂没有盈利。Other difficulties that sake breweries face include a shortage of workers as brewers retire, increased fuel costs and problems with the rice supply.清酒酿酒厂面临的其他困难包括酿酒师退休导致的工人短缺、燃料成本增加和大米供应问题。Terasawa said his small brewery offers an example of how to deal with those difficulties.寺泽表示，他的小酿酒厂为应对这些困难提供了一个范例。The process starts on the fourth floor, where he and an employee steam the rice for 70 minutes.这个过程从四楼开始，他和一名员工在那里蒸米70分钟。Then they let gravity move the rice through openings in the floors and ceilings to a mold-application room on the third floor. Fermentation, using tap water, takes place on the second level. Finally, the sake is put into bottles at ground level.然后，他们利用重力将米通过地板和天花板的开口移动到三楼的模具应用室。发酵过程在二楼使用自来水进行。最后，清酒在一楼装瓶。"In the future, small breweries like this will have a great deal of merit," Terasawa added.寺泽补充道：“未来，像这样的小酿酒厂将具有很大的优势。”

The expedition team is getting ready to leave Providence port in Rhode Island to spend twenty days exploring the Titanic. The wreck lies 3,800 metres beneath the waves. The team will study it using two underwater robots. They're fitted with an array of cameras to create a detailed 3D scan, and sensors including a magnetometer, which will reveal what lies beneath the sediment for the first time. The team will be focusing on the debris field where the contents of the ship are scattered across the sea floor.这次的勘察队伍将从罗德岛的普罗维登斯港出发，用 20 天来勘测 “泰坦尼克号” 。 “泰坦尼克号” 沉船位于水下 3,800 米，该勘察队使用两台水下机器人对其进行研究。两台机器人配有一系列摄像头进行详细的三维立体扫描，并安装了包括磁力计在内的各种传感器，这些设备会首次揭示 “泰坦尼克号” 下方沉积物的情况。本次的勘察小组会将重点放在海底的碎片区域，这片区域的海床上散落着沉船的内容物。The crew will also place a memorial to PH Nargeolet. The veteran underwater explorer was supposed to be leading this expedition, but was one of five people who died on board the Titan submersible, which imploded as it descended on a dive to the Titanic last year.参与这次勘察活动的人员将为保罗·亨利·纳尔热奥莱建立一座纪念碑。这位经验丰富的水下探险家本应领导这次探险，但他是 “泰坦” 潜水器上不幸遇难的五人之一，去年该潜水器在降落到 “泰坦尼克号” 沉船附近时发生了内爆。词汇表expedition 探险，远征wreck 沉船underwater 水下的array 一系列，大量3D scan 三维立体扫描magnetometer 磁力计sediment 沉积物debris 残骸，碎片scattered 散落在submersible 潜水器imploded 内爆

If you're a sports fan, you may be familiar with the emotional rollercoaster that comes with sports spectatorship. Whether you're part of a buzzing crowd in a stadium, or just watching at home on TV, it's easy to get caught up in the highs and the lows when you celebrate or commiserate with your favourite team or athlete. Those feelings are so strong, in fact, that a study from Croatia, published in PubMed, showed that the emotional stress during a football match increased the risk of a cardiovascular incident. But can watching sports be good for you too?如果您是一名体育迷，您可能会熟悉观看体育赛事所带来的情绪过山车。 无论您是体育场里熙熙攘攘的人群中的一员，还是只是在家看电视，当您庆祝或同情您最喜欢的球队或运动员时，很容易陷入高潮和低谷。 事实上，这种感觉是如此强烈，以至于克罗地亚发表在 PubMed 上的一项研究表明，足球比赛期间的情绪压力会增加心血管事件的风险。 但观看体育比赛对你也有好处吗？The evidence suggests that people who watch live sporting events experience greater wellbeing than those who don't. A study published in Frontiers in Public Health by the Anglia Ruskin University in the UK, found sports spectators felt less lonely and had higher scores for life satisfaction. Lead author Helen Keys said in a press release, "watching live sport of all types provides many opportunities for social interaction and this helps to forge group identity and belonging." She says this then reduces loneliness and boosts wellbeing.有证据表明，观看现场体育赛事的人比不观看体育赛事的人体验到更好的幸福感。 英国安格利亚鲁斯金大学在《公共卫生前沿》上发表的一项研究发现，体育观众感到不那么孤独，生活满意度得分更高。 主要作者海伦·凯斯在一份新闻稿中表示，“观看各种类型的现场体育比赛提供了许多社交互动的机会，这有助于形成群体认同和归属感。” 她说，这样可以减少孤独感并提高幸福感。But, if for any reason you aren't keen on going to live events, don't worry! Watching sports on TV or on the internet may also have positive effects, according to a 2021 study by Tsuji and colleagues. They found that older adults who watched sports were less likely to have depressive symptoms than those who didn't. On top of that, the sports spectators tended to have richer social networks than non-spectators. The authors suggest that the social networks you gain through watching sports may lower the risk of depressive symptoms.但是，如果出于某种原因您不热衷于参加现场活动，请不要担心！ Tsuji 及其同事 2021 年的一项研究表明，在电视或互联网上观看体育比赛也可能产生积极影响。 他们发现，观看体育比赛的老年人比不观看体育比赛的老年人出现抑郁症状的可能性更小。 最重要的是，体育观众往往比非观众拥有更丰富的社交网络。 作者认为，通过观看体育比赛获得的社交网络可能会降低出现抑郁症状的风险。So, the cheers at a live sports event or even casual chit-chat with friends about your favourite team can bring a sense of camaraderie and may reduce loneliness and depression. It seems the health benefits of sports are not limited to physical activity through participation in them, but that we can make gains in our general wellbeing through social bonding.因此，现场体育赛事中的欢呼声，甚至是与朋友随意闲聊你最喜欢的球队，都可以带来友情感，并可能减少孤独和抑郁。 体育运动对健康的好处似乎不仅限于通过参与体育活动，而且我们还可以通过社会联系来提高我们的整体福祉。

Paris is a popular place for visitors because of its food, art, and history. The city itself is likely to be central to the experience of the Olympic Games. 巴黎因其美食、艺术和历史而成为游客的热门之地。城市本身可能会成为奥运会体验的中心。 The athletes going to France have been making long lists of things they want to try, see and eat. 前往法国的运动员们已经列出了他们想尝试、参观和品尝的长长清单。 “I’m excited to just explore and just take in everything Paris has to offer, because me and my friends, we look at things and we get inspired,” said breaker Jeffrey Louis, also known as b-boy Jeffro. “我很兴奋能探索和体验巴黎所提供的一切，因为我和我的朋友们会从中获得灵感，”街舞选手Jeffrey Louis，也被称为b-boy Jeffro说道。 He added, “There’s a lot of things that we want to try and just explore.” 他补充道，“有很多事情我们想尝试和探索。” Some athletes want to ride to the top of Gustave Eiffel’s creation from the 1880s, the Eiffel Tower, maybe even dine at its restaurant. The Louvre Museum, with Leonardo da Vinci’s painting, the Mona Lisa, the famous Venus de Milo statue, and many other objects are high on many lists of things to see. 一些运动员想要登上1880年代由古斯塔夫·埃菲尔创造的埃菲尔铁塔，甚至在塔上的餐厅用餐。卢浮宫博物馆，拥有列奥纳多·达·芬奇的画作《蒙娜丽莎》、著名的维纳斯雕像和许多其他物品，是许多人参观清单上的重点。 Notre Dame Cathedral also is popular although repair work after a 2019 fire will not be completed until after the Summer Games. 尽管2019年的火灾修复工作要到夏季奥运会之后才能完成，巴黎圣母院也很受欢迎。 “Such a big city. A beautiful city,” diver Andrew Capobianco said. “如此大的城市，一个美丽的城市，”跳水选手Andrew Capobianco说道。 Athletes are also excited to try the food and drinks. 运动员们也很期待品尝美食和饮品。 “Eat as many crepes as you can if you’re in Paris,” track and field Paralympian Noelle Malkamaki said. “如果你在巴黎，就尽可能多地吃可丽饼，”田径残奥选手Noelle Malkamaki说道。 “Looking forward to macaroons, pastries, bread,” sitting volleyball Paralympian Nicky Nieves said. “期待马卡龙、糕点、面包，”坐式排球残奥选手Nicky Nieves说道。 Others are excited about coffee, meats, and sweet desserts such as crème brûlée. And some hope to drink the wines — from the Loire Valley, Bordeaux or Champagne. 其他人则对咖啡、肉类和甜点如焦糖布丁感到兴奋。有些人希望品尝卢瓦尔河谷、波尔多或香槟的葡萄酒。 There are those, such as breaker Sunny Choi or rower Michelle Sechser, who know they will need to wait to enjoy some of the food and drink. 例如街舞选手Sunny Choi或赛艇选手Michelle Sechser，他们知道需要等待才能享用一些美食和饮品。 “We do have weight-class restrictions; we have to weigh in two hours before a race,” Sechser said. “So, after racing’s done, I’m most excited to get out and explore the Parisian food and really enjoy some French meals.” “我们确实有体重级别限制；比赛前两小时要称重，”Sechser说道。“所以，比赛结束后，我最期待的是出去探索巴黎的美食，真正享受一些法国餐。”Canoe and kayak star Evy Leibfarth, the first American woman to qualify in three whitewater boating events at an Olympics, looks at the situation differently. 皮划艇明星Evy Leibfarth，是第一位在奥运会上获得三项激流赛艇项目资格的美国女性，对这种情况有不同的看法。 She makes sure to fill herself with foods that help with athletic performance. But she also does not want to deny herself too much. 她确保自己摄入有助于运动表现的食物。但她也不想对自己太过苛刻。 “If I’m going to be thinking about my croissant the whole time I’m paddling, I may as well just eat it, you know? So, it’s all about balance,” said Leibfarth, a 20-year-old from North Carolina. “It’s just making sure that I’m getting the right amount of protein and the right amount of carbs before a race, while also balancing in the things that I want to eat.” “如果我在划船时一直想着我的羊角面包，我不如直接吃了它，你知道吗？所以，这都是关于平衡，”来自北卡罗来纳州的20岁Leibfarth说道。“只要确保在比赛前摄入适量的蛋白质和碳水化合物，同时平衡我想吃的东西。” As she looked forward to her fifth trip to Paris, Leibfarth offered some words to Olympians headed for the first time to the City of Light — which is another name for Paris. 当她期待第五次前往巴黎时，Leibfarth向首次前往“光之城”——巴黎的奥运选手们提供了一些建议。 “Don’t be afraid to just drop the recommendations and everything and just walk around and find things to do because that’s the best I’ve done.” “不要害怕放下所有的推荐，只是四处走走，寻找事情去做，因为这是我做过的最好的事情。”

Heat in an oven or toaster oven set to 148 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit) for 10 to 15 minutes or until the leaves are completely dry. Brew immediately or cool and keep them in an airtight container for future use.将烤箱或烤面包机设置为148摄氏度（300华氏度），加热10到15分钟，或者直到叶子完全干燥。立即冲泡，或冷却并储存在密封容器中以备将来使用。For making oolong tea, put the leaves in one layer on a baking tray. Put the tray in a sunny outdoor spot to let the leaves wilt. After 30 to 60 minutes, move the tray into the shade and move the leaves every hour for 8 to 10 hours. Next, place the leaves in a wide pan and cook them over low heat for 15 minutes, moving gently as needed to prevent burning. Let the leaves cool. And roll each leaf individually to keep its oils and flavors. They should be completely dry before storing in an airtight container.制作乌龙茶时，将叶子放在烤盘上一层。将烤盘放在阳光明媚的户外，让叶子枯萎。30到60分钟后，将烤盘移到阴凉处，每小时移动叶子，持续8到10小时。接下来，将叶子放在宽锅中，用小火煮15分钟，根据需要轻轻移动以防止烧焦。让叶子冷却。将每片叶子单独卷起来，以保持其油脂和风味。叶子应完全干燥后再储存在密封容器中。To make black tea, place leaves on a baking sheet in the sun for 10 to 12 hours to remove only 50 to 75 percent of the water. Then, cut the leaves into long pieces and roll into small balls. Place the balls in a warm room between 25 and 26 degrees Celsius (78 to 80 degrees F) that is not too dry of a room until they turn reddish-black. Then, dry them in an oven at 93 degrees Celsius (200 degrees F) for 5 minutes. Lower heat to 60 degrees C (140 degrees F) and continue drying for an additional hour. Cool and store in an airtight container.制作红茶时，将叶子放在烤盘上晒10到12小时，仅去除50%到75%的水分。然后，将叶子切成长条并卷成小球。将小球放在25到26摄氏度（78到80华氏度）的温暖房间里，不要太干燥，直到它们变成红黑色。然后，在93摄氏度（200华氏度）的烤箱中干燥5分钟。降低温度至60摄氏度（140华氏度），继续干燥一个小时。冷却并储存在密封容器中。Native to China, camellia sinensis var. sinensis is cold-hardy. That means it can survive in cold weather. However, it may need some protection to survive cold winters.茶树（学名：山茶科茶属）原产于中国，耐寒。这意味着它可以在寒冷的天气中生存。然而，它在寒冷的冬季可能需要一些保护才能生存。The same is true for another variety of this flower, camelia sinensis var. assamica. Native to India, this kind is more like a tree.另一种茶树品种也是如此，即阿萨姆茶（学名：山茶科茶属）。这种茶树原产于印度，更像一棵树。You will have to research which kinds of camellia sinensis can grow in your area.你需要研究哪些品种的茶树可以在你所在的地区生长。On its website, the International Camellia Society gives you suggestions for how to protect these plants during a cold weather.在其网站上，国际山茶协会提供了在寒冷天气中保护这些植物的建议。Mulching: Apply a thick layer of mulch around the base to protect the roots.覆盖：在植物基部周围覆盖一层厚厚的覆盖物以保护根部。Covering: Use a cloth to cover the plant during extreme cold.覆盖：在极寒天气时用布覆盖植物。Watering: Water the plant well before the first freeze.浇水：在第一次结冰前给植物充分浇水。Location: Plant your camellia in a sheltered spot, such as near a building, to protect it from cold winds.位置：将茶树种植在避风处，如建筑物附近，以保护其免受寒风侵袭。Pruning: Avoid pruning late in the season. New growth may not survive colder weather.修剪：避免在季节晚期修剪。新长出的部分可能无法在更冷的天气中存活。

People who grow their own food are familiar with planting tomatoes, peppers, squash, herbs, berries and other common fruits and vegetables.种植自己食物的人熟悉种植西红柿、辣椒、南瓜、草药、浆果和其他常见的水果和蔬菜。However, they may not think of growing plants for drinks.然而，他们可能不会想到种植用于饮料的植物。Gardening expert Jessica Damiano recently wrote about plants you can grow to make tea. Damiano, who writes for the Associated Press, says that growing your own tea plants in the garden can provide enough leaves and flower buds to keep your tea pot filled year-round.园艺专家杰西卡·达米亚诺最近写了一篇关于可以种植来制作茶的植物的文章。为美联社写作的达米亚诺说，在花园里种植自己的茶树可以提供足够的叶子和花蕾，让你的茶壶全年充满。And the plant to grow, she says, is camellia sinensis (var. sinensis), also known as the “tea plant.”她说，应该种植的植物是茶树（学名：山茶科茶属），也称为“茶树”。These evergreen plants are easy to grow in any amount of sunlight, from deep shade to full sun. However, ideal growing conditions are part sun to light shade. They require well-draining soil with a slightly acidic pH.这些常绿植物在任何阳光条件下都容易生长，从深阴到全日照。然而，理想的生长条件是部分阳光到轻微遮荫。它们需要排水良好的略酸性土壤。Young plants will take about two years to produce enough leaves for tea. In five years, one plant should provide enough for an average tea drinker. If you need more tea, Damiano says to plant more camellia sinensis.幼苗大约需要两年时间才能生产出足够的茶叶。五年后，一株植物应该能为普通的茶饮者提供足够的茶叶。如果你需要更多的茶，达米亚诺建议种植更多的茶树。Camellia sinensis is called the “tea plant” because white, green, black, and oolong teas all come from this plant. Their differences come from harvesting practices and after-harvest treatments.茶树被称为“茶树”是因为白茶、绿茶、红茶和乌龙茶都来自这种植物。它们的差异来自采摘方式和采摘后的处理。For white tea, pick the flower buds before they fully open. Heat the buds in a pan over low heat, moving them often for about 10 minutes. Cool them and store in an airtight container.制作白茶时，在花蕾完全打开之前采摘。用小火在锅中加热花蕾，经常翻动，大约10分钟。冷却并储存在密封容器中。For green, black and oolong tea, pick two or three of the youngest leaves from each stem, along with the leaf bud from each stem tip. Do this every 10 to 12 days as new growth develops.对于绿茶、红茶和乌龙茶，每根茎采摘两到三片最嫩的叶子，以及每根茎尖的叶芽。每10到12天进行一次采摘，以适应新生长。Preparing green, oolong, or black tea all have different processes.制作绿茶、乌龙茶或红茶都有不同的过程。For making green tea, briefly steam leaves over boiling water. Then put the leaves on a clean towel and let them sit for five minutes. Roll up the leaves in the towel gently to remove extra water. Remove the leaves from the towel, separate them, and place them on a baking sheet.制作绿茶时，将叶子在沸水上蒸一下。然后将叶子放在干净的毛巾上，静置五分钟。轻轻地将叶子卷在毛巾中以去除多余的水分。将叶子从毛巾中取出，分开并放在烤盘上。

Japanese scientists have found a way to attach living skin tissue to robotic faces and make them "smile." This breakthrough could be helpful not only in robotics, but also in cosmetics and medicine.日本科学家找到了一种将活体皮肤组织附着在机器人面部并使其“微笑”的方法。这一突破不仅对机器人技术有帮助，还可以应用于化妆品和医学领域。Researchers at the University of Tokyo started the process by growing human skin cells in the shape of a face. Then, they used attachments that are similar to the ligaments in a human to pull the tissue into a wide smile.东京大学的研究人员首先将人类皮肤细胞培养成面部的形状。然后，他们使用类似于人类韧带的附件将组织拉成一个大大的微笑。Lead researcher Shoji Takeuchi is a professor at the University of Tokyo. He said the result is an important step towards building more life-like robots. Using the attachments, he said, “it became possible to manipulate living skin for the first time.”首席研究员竹内昌治是东京大学的教授。他表示，这一结果是朝着构建更逼真机器人迈出的重要一步。他说，通过使用这些附件，“首次能够操纵活体皮肤”。The study about the smiling robot appeared last month in Cell Reports Physical Science. It represents 10 years of research by Takeuchi and his lab on how to best combine biological and artificial machines.关于微笑机器人的研究上个月发表在《细胞报告物理科学》杂志上。这代表了竹内及其实验室十年来如何最好地结合生物和人工机器的研究。Living tissue is better for this application than metals and plastics, Takeuchi said. He noted that brains and muscles are more efficient in use of energy and the skin can repair itself.竹内说，活体组织比金属和塑料更适合这种应用。他指出，大脑和肌肉的能量利用效率更高，而皮肤可以自我修复。In the future, the researchers aim to add more elements to the lab-grown skin, including a circulatory system and nerves. That could lead to safer testing methods for cosmetics and drugs absorbed, or taken in, through the skin.未来，研究人员计划在实验室培育的皮肤中添加更多元素，包括循环系统和神经。这可能会导致化妆品和通过皮肤吸收或摄入的药物的更安全的测试方法。It could also produce more realistic and functional coverings for robots. The remaining issue is how people react to machines that appear almost lifelike, but do not look exactly like humans.它还可以为机器人提供更逼真和功能性的覆盖物。剩下的问题是人们如何应对看起来几乎栩栩如生但不完全像人类的机器。"There's still a bit of that creepiness to it," Takeuchi said about the robot.竹内在谈到机器人时说：“它仍然有点令人毛骨悚然。”He added, "I think that making robots out of the same materials as humans and having them show the same expressions might be one key to overcoming the uncanny valley."他补充说：“我认为，用与人类相同的材料制造机器人并让它们表现出相同的表情，可能是克服恐怖谷的关键之一。”The “uncanny valley” is an idea that relates to how humans react to robots or other machines that act like humans. “Uncanny” is an adjective that means “being beyond what is normal or expected.”“恐怖谷”是一个与人类对机器人或其他像人类一样行动的机器的反应有关的概念。“Uncanny”是一个形容词，意思是“超出正常或预期的范围”。Japanese robotics scientist Masahiro Mori published a work, Bukimi No Tani, or “Uncanny Valley” in 1970. It proposed how people would react to lifelike robots, or androids.日本机器人科学家森政弘在1970年发表了一部作品《不気味の谷》，即“恐怖谷”。它提出了人们将如何对栩栩如生的机器人或人形机器人作出反应。Mori thought that at first, people would have positive feelings about robots that look a little bit like humans. But as robots got closer to being realistic human models, he believed those feelings would become more negative.森政弘认为，起初，人们对看起来有点像人类的机器人会有积极的感觉。但随着机器人变得更接近真实的人类模型，他认为这些感觉会变得更加负面。Those negative feelings are the so-called low point, or “valley,” in a chart that represents the relationship between the human-like appearance of robots and humans’ feelings toward and acceptance of such robots.这些负面情绪就是所谓的低点或“谷底”，在一个表示机器人类人外观与人类对这些机器人的感觉和接受度之间关系的图表中表现出来。

The discovery is important because it pushes back the time that modern humans first showed the ability for creative thought.这幅壁画的发现意义重大，因为它提前了现代人类首次展现出创造性思维的时间点。The painting shows a pig standing with its mouth partly open with at least three other human-like figures interacting with it. The largest of them has both arms extended and appears to be holding a rod, possibly a spear. The second is immediately in front of the pig with its head next to its snout. It also seems to be holding a stick, one end of which may be in contact with the pig's throat. And the final figure seems to be upside down with its legs facing up and splayed outwards. It has one hand reaching towards and seemingly touching the pig's head.这幅画呈现了一头站立着、嘴部略有张开的野猪与三个类似人类的形象发生互动的场景。其中最大的那个形象张开双臂，看上去像是握着一根棍子，可能是长矛。第二个形象位于野猪的正前方，它的头挨着野猪的口鼻部。这个形象也似乎握着一根棍子，棍子的一端似乎碰到了野猪的喉咙。第三个形象看上去是倒过来的，它的双腿张开朝向上方。这个形象的一只手伸向野猪的头部，似乎已经摸到了猪的头。 Representational cave paintings have been found across the world. The big question is whether that ability first emerged in Africa, where modern humans evolved and spread when our species left the continent 60,000 years ago, or it emerged independently, later, as there became a greater social need for recorded communication.世界各地都曾发现过写实类型的洞穴壁画。但最重要的问题是：当 6 万年前我们的祖先进化成现代人类并且从非洲分散开来的时候，绘制这些壁画的能力就已经出现；还是说当书面交流成为一种广泛的的社会需要时，这项能力才分别在不同的人群中逐渐形成？

"I'm knackered - have you got any tips for a good night's sleep?" Not only is sleep a common feature of our small talk, we've also spent decades trying to understand and explain it. After all, we spend on average 26 years of our lives asleep. So, what do we know? Here are the highlights of the last decade of research.“我累坏了——你有什么能让我睡个好觉的秘诀吗？” 睡眠不仅是我们闲聊的一个常见特征，而且我们还花了几十年的时间试图理解和解释它。 毕竟，我们一生中平均有 26 年的时间都在睡眠中度过。 那么，我们知道什么？ 以下是过去十年研究的亮点。One of the most intriguing developments is in the study of lucid dreaming – it seems it's possible to communicate with people while they're sleeping. In a study called 'Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep', researchers asked questions to participants in a lucid dream. The dreamers signalled the answers using pre-agreed eye or facial movements. They were accurate, suggesting they could access their cognitive functions such as working memory while sleeping. This interaction between dreamworld and reality has brought excitement to the sleep science community.   最有趣的进展之一是对清醒梦的研究——似乎可以在人们睡觉时与他们交流。 在一项名为“快速眼动睡眠期间实验者和做梦者之间的实时对话”的研究中，研究人员向清醒梦中的参与者提出了问题。 做梦者使用预先商定的眼睛或面部动作来表示答案。 他们是准确的，表明他们可以在睡觉时访问他们的认知功能，例如工作记忆。 梦境与现实之间的这种相互作用给睡眠科学界带来了兴奋。   Sleep can also help our memory and problem-solving. A 2023 review of research by Denis and Cairney noted that brain regions that are used to learn new things, are reactivated during sleep. That means while we're sleeping, our brains replay our memories of what happened during the day, which is believed to be crucial for memory retention. And, if you've ever felt it was best to sleep on a tricky problem and solve it in the morning, you might have scientific backing! A 2019 study by Sanders and colleagues found that people were more likely to solve a tricky problem the next day if the problem had been activated in their brains during sleep. So, if you're stuck, rest up and return to it in the morning.睡眠还可以帮助我们的记忆力和解决问题的能力。 Denis 和 Cairney 2023 年的一项研究回顾指出，用于学习新事物的大脑区域会在睡眠期间重新激活。 这意味着当我们睡觉时，我们的大脑会重播白天发生的事情的记忆，这被认为对于记忆保留至关重要。 而且，如果您曾经觉得最好先睡一觉再解决一个棘手的问题，然后在早上解决它，那么您可能有科学依据！ 桑德斯及其同事在 2019 年进行的一项研究发现，如果人们在睡眠时大脑中激活了某个棘手问题，那么他们第二天更有可能解决该问题。 因此，如果您遇到困难，请休息一下并在早上继续进行。What if you're unlucky enough to suffer with sleep deprivation? Unfortunately, you may be at higher risk of negative moods and worse emotional regulation, according to a 2021 meta-analysis called 'The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation'. The good news is there are plenty of tips to help you with your sleep hygiene. The UK's National Health Service recommends having a set time to start winding down, meditation before bed, which they call 'beditation', and avoiding caffeine before bed.如果您不幸睡眠不足怎么办？ 不幸的是，根据 2021 年一项名为“睡眠剥夺和限制对情绪、情绪和情绪调节的影响”的荟萃分析，您可能面临更高的负面情绪和更差的情绪调节风险。  好消息是有很多技巧可以帮助您保持睡眠卫生。 英国国家卫生服务中心建议设定一个固定的时间开始放松，睡前冥想（他们称之为“beditation”），并避免在睡前摄入咖啡因。词汇表knackered 筋疲力尽的a good night's sleep 睡个好觉asleep 睡着的lucid dreaming 清醒梦，在做梦时保持思考和记忆能力dreamer 睡梦中的人REM sleep 快速动眼睡眠cognitive functions 认知功能working memory 工作记忆，一种持续时间较短的记忆dreamworld 梦中世界，梦境memory retention 记忆保持，在记忆中保留信息或经验sleep on something 把…留到下一天再作决定rest up 得到充分休息sleep deprivation 睡眠不足sleep hygiene 睡眠健康wind down 逐渐放松beditation 睡前冥想caffeine 咖啡因

Health workers in Ivory Coast have launched the country’s first child vaccination program against malaria.科特迪瓦的卫生工作者启动了该国首个针对疟疾的儿童疫苗接种项目。The effort aims to reduce cases of the mosquito-spread disease, which has become one of Africa’s biggest killers.这一努力旨在减少这种由蚊子传播的疾病的病例，这种疾病已经成为非洲最大的杀手之一。Officials in the West African nation said the program is designed to cover about 250,000 children under the age of two. The three-shot vaccine was developed by Britain’s Oxford University. The World Health Organization (WHO) approved the vaccine last October.西非国家的官员表示，该计划旨在覆盖大约25万名两岁以下的儿童。这种三针疫苗由英国牛津大学开发。世界卫生组织（WHO）于去年十月批准了该疫苗。Research has shown the vaccine to be more than 75 percent effective at preventing severe disease and death during the first year. A second shot, called a booster, aims to extend the protection for at least another year.研究表明，该疫苗在第一年内预防重症和死亡的有效率超过75%。第二针称为加强针，旨在将保护期至少延长一年。India’s Serum Institute has already made 25 million doses of the Oxford vaccine. It says it plans to make at least 100 million each year. The cost is $4 per dose.印度血清研究所已经生产了2500万剂牛津疫苗。该机构表示，计划每年生产至少1亿剂。每剂的成本为4美元。More than 95 percent of the world's estimated 249 million yearly malaria cases and 608,000 deaths happen in Africa. The disease most often affects children under the age of five, as well as pregnant women.全世界每年估计有2.49亿例疟疾病例和60.8万例死亡，其中超过95%发生在非洲。该疾病最常影响五岁以下的儿童以及孕妇。Pierre Demba is Ivory Coast's health minister. He told reporters the malaria vaccine launch demonstrates the government's desire to invest in the country's children. "They are the future of our country,” he said.皮埃尔·登巴是科特迪瓦的卫生部长。他告诉记者，疟疾疫苗的启动表明政府希望投资于该国的儿童。他说：“他们是我们国家的未来。”Adrian Hill of Oxford University said in a statement that the effort “marks the start of a new era in malaria control.” He added that he hopes the shot will soon be available to all countries in Africa who want to use it.牛津大学的阿德里安·希尔在声明中表示，这一努力“标志着疟疾控制新时代的开始。”他还补充说，他希望这种疫苗很快能在所有希望使用它的非洲国家推广。Ghana, Nigeria, Burkina Faso and the Central African Republic are among the nations that have already approved the vaccine. Other countries, including Cameroon, have begun widespread vaccination programs.加纳、尼日利亚、布基纳法索和中非共和国是已经批准该疫苗的国家之一。包括喀麦隆在内的其他国家也已开始大规模的疫苗接种项目。Alice Kanga was one of many mothers who brought children to get vaccinated. She told reporters from The Associated Press, “It’s really important for the children, for their health."爱丽丝·康加是许多带孩子来接种疫苗的母亲之一。她告诉美联社记者，“这对孩子们，对他们的健康真的很重要。”In one poor neighborhood in the city of Abidjan, many women waited with their babies for shots, the French news agency AFP reported.据法新社报道，在阿比让市的一个贫困社区，许多妇女带着她们的婴儿等待接种疫苗。One mother brought her eight-month-old daughter, Awa. Sitting on her mother's knees and held tightly between her arms, the child cried while preparing to receive her first dose. "I'm happy,” Awa's mother said with a smile. “I have seen all the mothers who have come to be vaccinated against malaria."一位母亲带着她八个月大的女儿阿瓦来接种疫苗。孩子坐在母亲的膝盖上，被紧紧抱在怀里，在准备接种第一针时哭了起来。“我很高兴，”阿瓦的母亲笑着说。“我看到了所有来接种疟疾疫苗的母亲。”Officials from the WHO have warned that even with the new vaccination campaign, other measures should continue to be taken to stop disease spread. These include spraying with chemical insect killers and using bed nets for protection.世界卫生组织的官员警告说，即使有了新的疫苗接种运动，仍应继续采取其他措施来阻止疾病传播。这些措施包括喷洒化学杀虫剂和使用蚊帐进行防护。 

Commander Haston, a biologist, was the first to speak during a ceremony to mark the mission's end. "Hello. It's actually so wonderful just to be able to say hello to you," she said with a laugh.生物学家哈斯顿指挥官在庆祝任务结束的仪式上首先发言。“你好。实际上，能够和你们打招呼真是太好了，”她笑着说。Jones – who works as an emergency room doctor – was overcome with emotion after leaving the habitat. "I really hope I don't cry standing up here in front of all of you," he said.琼斯是一名急诊室医生，在离开栖息地后情绪激动。“我真的希望我站在这里面对你们所有人时不要哭出来，”他说。Brockwell, a structural engineer, said the experience showed him the importance of living sustainably to help mankind on Earth. “I’m grateful for the chance to live the idea that we must utilize resources no faster than they can be replenished, and produce waste no faster than they can be processed back into resources," he said.结构工程师布罗克韦尔表示，这段经历让他意识到可持续生活对地球上人类的重要性。“我很感激有机会践行这一理念：我们必须以不超过资源补充速度的方式利用资源，并以不超过废物处理速度的方式产生废物，”他说。Selariu, a microbiologist, explained that she had been asked by people many times why humans like her would even want to go to Mars. “Because it’s possible,” she said. “Because space can unite and bring out the best in us.” She added, “Because it’s one defining step that Earthlings will take to light the way into the next centuries.”微生物学家塞拉留解释说，她多次被问到像她这样的人为什么想去火星。“因为这是可能的，”她说。“因为太空可以团结我们，并激发出我们最好的一面。”她补充道，“因为这是地球人迈向未来几个世纪的关键一步。”The NASA program is officially called the Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog (CHAPEA). The agency says the latest experiment was the first of three it plans to carry out. The target for the next one will be sometime in 2025.NASA的项目正式名称是“船员健康和表现探索模拟”（CHAPEA）。该机构表示，最新的实验是计划进行的三次实验中的第一次。下一次实验的目标时间是2025年。Steve Koerner is the deputy director of Johnson Space Center. He said most of the experiment centered on nutrition and how that affected the crew’s performance. The work was “crucial science as we prepare to send people on to the red planet.”史蒂夫·科纳是约翰逊航天中心的副主任。他说，大部分实验集中在营养及其对团队表现的影响。这项工作是“我们准备将人类送往红色星球时的关键科学”。Koerner added, “They've been separated from their families, placed on a carefully prescribed meal plan and undergone a lot of observation.” He noted that “Mars is our goal,” and called the project an important step in America’s ongoing efforts to be a leader in future world space exploration activities.科纳补充说，“他们与家人分离，接受了精心制定的饮食计划，并经历了大量观察。”他指出，“火星是我们的目标，”并称该项目是美国在未来世界太空探索活动中继续成为领导者的重要一步。Under its Artemis program, NASA plans to send humans back to the moon in order to learn how to live in space for long periods. After that, the goal is to send astronauts to Mars.在其阿耳忒弥斯计划下，NASA计划将人类送回月球，以学习如何在太空中长期生活。之后的目标是将宇航员送往火星。

Four scientists have left a model Mars environment where they lived in isolation for more than a year.四名科学家离开了一个模拟火星环境，他们在这个环境中隔离生活了超过一年。The crew took part in the experiment for the American space agency NASA. Team members included commander Kelly Haston, medical officer Nathan Jones, flight engineer Ross Brockwell and science officer Anca Selariu. They ended their stay after 378 days on July 6.该团队参加了美国航天局NASA的实验。团队成员包括指挥官凯利·哈斯顿、医疗官内森·琼斯、飞行工程师罗斯·布罗克韦尔和科学官安卡·塞拉留。他们在378天后于7月6日结束了停留。The simulated Mars environment is called a habitat. NASA said the project “was designed to help scientists, engineers, and mission planners better understand how living on another world could affect human health and performance.”模拟火星环境被称为“栖息地”。NASA表示，该项目“旨在帮助科学家、工程师和任务规划者更好地了解在另一个世界上生活如何影响人类健康和表现。”Officials said the habitat also aimed to recreate certain environmental pressures that future astronauts could face while living in places like the moon and Mars.官员们表示，该栖息地还旨在重现未来宇航员在月球和火星等地生活时可能面临的某些环境压力。The experiment took place inside a specially designed area at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The 160-square-meter environment where the crew members lived was built using 3D printing technology.实验在位于德克萨斯州休斯顿的NASA约翰逊航天中心的一个特别设计的区域内进行。团队成员生活的160平方米环境是使用3D打印技术建造的。The experiment involved the crew completing several research activities. These included taking part in robotic operations, looking after the habitat, doing physical exercise and growing crops. The members also took part in simulated “marswalks.”实验涉及团队完成多项研究活动。这些活动包括参与机器人操作、照顾栖息地、进行体育锻炼和种植农作物。成员们还参与了模拟的“火星漫步”。The crew members are not NASA astronauts. They left their normal jobs to take part in the experiment. After leaving the habitat, the group was to complete a series of “post-mission data collection activities” over two weeks before returning home.团队成员并不是NASA的宇航员。他们离开了正常工作来参加实验。离开栖息地后，团队将在两周内完成一系列“任务后数据收集活动”然后返回家中。While inside the environment, NASA said the crew was subject to “Mars-realistic time delays” during communications with the outside world. This meant there could be delays of up to 44 minutes roundtrip for communication data.在环境内，NASA表示，团队在与外界通信时受到“火星现实时间延迟”的影响。这意味着通信数据的往返可能会延迟长达44分钟。In addition, the members had to deal with a limited food system, similar to what astronauts use on the International Space Station (ISS) or during future space deployments.此外，成员们还必须应对有限的食物系统，这类似于宇航员在国际空间站（ISS）或未来太空部署期间使用的食物系统。

But cancer is the biggest reason for voice loss. The American Cancer Society estimates that more than 12,600 people will be found to have some form of laryngeal cancer this year.但是，癌症是导致失声的最大原因。美国癌症协会估计，今年将有超过12,600人被发现患有某种形式的喉癌。While today many undergo voice-preserving treatment, thousands of people have had their larynx completely removed. These people often breathe through what is called a tracheostomy tube in their neck. They can struggle to communicate.虽然今天许多人接受了保留声音的治疗，但仍有数千人的喉部被完全切除。这些人通常通过颈部的气管造口管呼吸。他们可能在交流上面临困难。Although the earlier U.S. recipients were able to reach near normal speech, doctors have not fully accepted these transplants. That is partly because people can survive without a larynx. At the same time, special drugs that limit the immune system could create new or reappearing tumors.尽管早期的美国受体能够达到接近正常的言语水平，但医生们尚未完全接受这些移植。这部分原因是因为人们可以在没有喉部的情况下生存。同时，限制免疫系统的特殊药物可能会导致新的或复发的肿瘤。“We want to be able to push those boundaries but do it as safely and ethically as we can,” Lott said.“我们希望能够突破这些界限，但要尽可能安全和道德地进行，”洛特说。Head-and-neck specialists say the Mayo trial is important to helping larynx transplants become a choice.头颈部专家表示，梅奥的试验对于帮助喉部移植成为一种选择非常重要。“It isn’t a ‘one-off,’” but an opportunity to finally learn from one patient before operating on the next, said Dr. Marshall Strome, who led the 1998 transplant in Cleveland.“这不是一次性的，”领导1998年克利夫兰移植的马歇尔·斯特罗姆博士说，“而是一个在为下一个病人进行手术前，最终从一个病人身上学习的机会。”This first attempt in a cancer patient “is the next important step,” he said.他说，在癌症患者身上进行的首次尝试“是下一个重要步骤。”Other possibilities are being studied, noted Dr. Peter Belafsky of UC Davis, who helped perform the 2010 transplant. His patients at high risk of larynx loss record their voice in hopes of using new speech devices that sound like them. Belafsky said larynx transplants might become more common. But he warned it likely will take years of additional research.帮助进行2010年移植的加州大学戴维斯分校的彼得·贝拉夫斯基博士指出，其他可能性正在研究中。他的高风险喉部丧失的病人录下他们的声音，希望使用听起来像他们的新语音设备。贝拉夫斯基说，喉部移植可能会变得更为普遍。但他警告说，这可能需要数年的额外研究。Doctors told Kedian he had a rare laryngeal cartilage cancer about 10 years ago. He had to retire with disability assistance.医生告诉克迪安，他大约在10年前患上了罕见的喉软骨癌。他不得不带着残疾辅助金退休。Kedian used to be known for long talks with strangers. He would not let doctors remove his entire larynx to cure the cancer. He wanted to read bedtime stories to his granddaughter, with his own voice rather than what he called robotic-sounding speech devices.克迪安以前以与陌生人长时间交谈而闻名。他不让医生为了治愈癌症而移除整个喉部。他想用自己的声音而不是他所说的机器人般的语音设备给孙女读睡前故事。“Every day it’s getting better,” said Kedian, who is expected to move back to Massachusetts soon. His tracheostomy will remain in place for at least a few more months. But, he said, “I’m pushing myself to make it go faster because I want these tubes out of me, to go back to a normal life.”“每天都在变好，”预计很快会搬回马萨诸塞州的克迪安说。他的气管造口至少还要保持几个月。但他说，“我在逼自己让它快点，因为我想让这些管子从我身体里移走回归正常生活。” 

A man in the Northeastern state of Massachusetts has regained his voice after a rare operation.美国东北部马萨诸塞州的一名男子在一次罕见的手术后重新获得了声音。Marty Kedian received a total transplant of his larynx, the organ responsible for speech, commonly called the “voice box.”马蒂·基迪安接受了一个完整的喉头移植手术，喉头是负责发声的器官，通常称为“声箱”。Transplants of the larynx are very unusual and normally are not available to people with active cancer. Kedian is only the third person in the United States to receive a total larynx transplant. Doctors removed Kedian’s cancerous larynx and replaced it with a donated one.喉头移植非常罕见，通常不适用于患有活动性癌症的人。基迪安是美国第三个接受完整喉头移植的人。医生移除了基迪安的癌变喉头，并用捐赠的喉头替换。Surgeons at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona offered Kedian the transplant as part of a new study. The study, known as a clinical trial, aims to open the operation to more patients, including some with cancer, the most common way to lose a larynx.亚利桑那州梅奥诊所的外科医生为基迪安提供了这次移植手术，作为一项新研究的一部分。该研究被称为临床试验，旨在向更多患者开放此手术，包括一些癌症患者，这是喉头最常见的丧失方式。“People need to keep their voice,” 59-year-old Kedian told the Associated Press four months after the transplant operation. His voice sounded rough, but he was able to keep up a discussion for an hour. He added, “I want people to know this can be done.”“人们需要保持他们的声音，”59岁的基迪安在移植手术四个月后告诉美联社。他的声音听起来粗糙，但他能够进行一个小时的讨论。他补充说：“我想让人们知道这是可以做到的。”Kedian became emotional when describing the first time he phoned his 82-year-old mother after the surgery, “and she could hear me…That was important to me, to talk to my mother.”基迪安在描述手术后第一次打电话给他82岁的母亲时变得情绪激动，“她能听见我……对我来说，能够与母亲交谈非常重要。”The study is small — just nine more people will take part. But it permits scientists to learn more about these complex transplants. One day, doctors might offer these operations to more people who cannot breathe, swallow or speak on their own because of a damaged or surgically removed larynx.该研究规模较小——只有另外九人将参与。但它允许科学家更多地了解这些复杂的移植手术。某一天，医生可能会为更多因喉头受损或手术移除而无法自行呼吸、吞咽或说话的人提供这些手术。Dr. David Lott is chair of Head and Neck Surgery at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona. He said he started the study because “my patients tell me, ‘Yeah, I may be alive but I’m not really living.’”大卫·洛特博士是亚利桑那州梅奥诊所头颈外科的主任。他说他开始这项研究是因为“我的病人告诉我，‘是的，我可能活着，但我并没有真正生活。’”Lott’s team reported early results of the surgery recently in the publication Mayo Clinic Proceedings.洛特的团队最近在《梅奥诊所学报》上报告了手术的早期结果。The larynx might be best known as the voice box. But the larynx is also important for breathing and swallowing. Muscular tissue flaps called vocal cords open to let air into the lungs, close to prevent food or drink from going the wrong way and move when air pushes past them to produce speech.喉头可能最为人所知的是作为声箱。但喉头对于呼吸和吞咽也很重要。被称为声带的肌肉组织瓣膜打开以让空气进入肺部，关闭以防止食物或饮料进入错误的通道，并在空气推过它们时移动以产生语音。The first two U.S. larynx transplants took place at the Cleveland Clinic in 1998 and the University of California, Davis, in 2010. The patients who received them had lost their voices to injuries.美国的前两例喉头移植分别于1998年在克利夫兰诊所和2010年在加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校进行。接受移植的患者因受伤失去了声音。 

Richard: Yes, not very nice.  理查德：是的，不太好。Jackie: Well, some are nicer than others but some are very unpleasant. Um… the laundry, Richard.  杰姬：嗯，有些比其他的好一些，但有些非常不愉快。那个……洗衣服，理查德。Richard: Yes, washing the clothes.  理查德：是的，洗衣服。Jackie: Not too bad.  杰姬：不算太糟。Richard: Very easy, we have a washing machine.  理查德：非常简单，我们有洗衣机。Jackie: So, actually we’re not really doing that, are we?  杰姬：所以，实际上我们并没有真正做那些，是吧？Richard: No [Jackie laughs] put it in the washing machine and then but then, drying.  理查德：没有（杰姬笑了），把衣服放进洗衣机里，然后，烘干。Jackie: Yes, we don’t have a tumble dryer so…  杰姬：是的，我们没有烘干机，所以……Richard: We have to hang the laundry out.  理查德：我们必须把衣服晾出去。Jackie: Yes  杰姬：是的Richard: Um… and then [laughs] ironing.  理查德：嗯……然后是（笑）熨衣服。Jackie: Well, we have an ironing board and we have an iron but in fact, Richard, neither of us do the ironing, do we?  杰姬：我们有熨衣板和熨斗，但实际上，理查德，我们俩都不熨衣服，是吧？Richard: No, now I don’t have an office job I don’t need to iron my shirts.  理查德：不，现在我没有办公室工作了，我不需要熨衬衫了。Jackie: Yes. Er… and another rather boring chore, Richard, is that’s the dusting, isn’t it?  杰姬：是的。还有一个相当无聊的家务，理查德，是掸灰尘，对吧？Richard: Yes, I don’t like the dusting.  理查德：是的，我不喜欢掸灰尘。Jackie: We have a nice feather duster. [both laugh] It’s just a bit boring. I think I do that more than you.  杰姬：我们有一个漂亮的鸡毛掸子。（两人都笑了）只是有点无聊。我觉得我比你做得更多。Richard: Yes, you do the dusting and I do the hoovering.  理查德：是的，你掸灰尘，我吸尘。Jackie: Yes, I don’t know why I don’t like the hoovering. I think it’s because of the noise.  杰姬：是的，我不知道为什么我不喜欢吸尘。我想是因为噪音。Richard: It’s very, very noisy. Yes, I don’t mind that. And the other thing I don’t really mind doing too much is the washing-up. As you do all the cooking I feel I have to do the washing-up.  理查德：非常，非常吵。是的，我不介意。还有一件我不太介意做的事是洗碗。因为你做所有的饭菜，我觉得我必须洗碗。Jackie: Yes, we um… we don’t have a dishwasher, do we?  杰姬：是的，我们没有洗碗机，对吧？Richard: No dishwasher.  理查德：没有洗碗机。Jackie: So you… you do it all by hand.  杰姬：所以你……你全都手洗。Richard: Exactly  理查德：没错。Jackie: But that’s not too bad.  杰姬：但那不算太糟。Richard: No, not at all. I don’t find it too bad, after a good meal.  理查德：不，一点也不。我觉得这不算太糟，在吃了一顿好饭之后。Jackie: [laughs] And then there actually… there are some things we have to do every day, some chores that we have to do every day, but actually are quite nice.  杰姬：（笑）然后其实……我们每天都有一些必须做的事情，一些必须做的家务，但实际上是挺好的。Richard: [laughs] With our animals.  理查德：（笑）和我们的动物。Jackie: Yes, one of those is taking the dog for a walk.  杰姬：是的，其中一件事是遛狗。Richard: I take the dog for a walk, er… well actually the dog takes me for a walk, um… and often I just throw the ball just to make sure she gets lots of exercise.  理查德：我带狗去散步，嗯……实际上是狗带我去散步，嗯……我经常扔球，以确保她得到足够的锻炼。Jackie: But you do that quite a few times during the day.  杰姬：但是你一天中会做几次。Richard: Yes, two or three times a day.  理查德：是的，一天两到三次。Jackie: Mmm, and the thing that I do um… usually, and that’s feeding the chickens.  杰姬：嗯，而我通常做的事情是喂鸡。Richard: [laughs] Yes, I do that occasionally as well. So, those are our daily chores and I think, Jackie, it’s your turn to get out and feed those chickens.  理查德：（笑）是的，我偶尔也会做。所以，那些是我们的日常家务，我想，杰姬，现在轮到你出去喂那些鸡了。

Emily: Hello艾米丽：你好Jackie: So Emily, tell me first of all um… how many credit cards do you have?杰姬：那么艾米丽，首先告诉我，你有多少张信用卡？Emily: Well, Jackie, I don’t actually have a credit card um… but I’ve got a debit card.艾米丽：嗯，杰姬，我其实没有信用卡，但我有一张借记卡。Jackie: Ah… ok, so it means that the money comes…杰姬：啊……好的，所以这意味着钱来自……Emily: Um… it just comes straight from my bank, really.艾米丽：嗯……其实就是直接从我的银行账户里出来的。Jackie: Ok. What do you usually use your debit card for?杰姬：好的。你通常用你的借记卡做什么？Emily: Um… I use it mostly um… just to get money out of a cash machine.艾米丽：嗯……我主要用它从自动取款机取钱。Jackie: From the bank.杰姬：从银行。Emily: From the bank exactly, exactly.艾米丽：从银行，没错，没错。 Um… it depends where I am though, sometimes I can use my debit card when I go shopping in the supermarket.嗯……不过，这取决于我在哪里，有时候我可以在超市购物时使用我的借记卡。Jackie: And in other shops as well?杰姬：在其他商店也可以吗？Emily: Yes. Um… some small shops don’t take debit cards. Um… but, nowadays, many do.艾米丽：是的。有些小店不接受借记卡，但现在，很多店都接受了。Jackie: Do you use it, Emily, do you use your debit card for buying things online?杰姬：你用它吗，艾米丽，你用借记卡在网上购物吗？Emily: Yes, sometimes. Um… I usually buy flights online: it’s much easier, I find, and much quicker…艾米丽：是的，有时会。我通常在网上购买机票：我觉得这样更容易，也更快……Jackie: …than going to travel agents.杰姬：……比去旅行社更方便。Emily: Exactly, exactly. Um… sometimes, I find books, some books online as well.艾米丽：没错，没错。有时候，我也会在网上买书。Jackie: Do you use Amazon?杰姬：你用亚马逊吗？Emily: Yes, I do.艾米丽：是的，我用。Jackie: Mmm. Do you buy clothes online?杰姬：嗯。你在网上买衣服吗？Emily: No, I don’t, I don’t.艾米丽：不，我不买，我不买。Jackie: But… but, ok, so you use your debit card online…杰姬：但是……但是，好吧，所以你在网上使用借记卡……Emily: Mmm艾米丽：嗯Jackie: …do you worry about that? Do you worry about the security?杰姬：……你担心吗？你担心安全吗？Emily: Um… yes, sometimes I do. Um… luckily, nothing has happened so far, but when I was a student, I had a problem er… with someone copying my debit card and they spent a lot of my money on first class train tickets around the UK.艾米丽：嗯……是的，有时我会担心。幸运的是，到目前为止还没有发生什么，但当我还是学生时，我遇到过一个问题……有人复制了我的借记卡，他们在英国各地用我的钱购买了一等火车票。Jackie: Oh, no.杰姬：哦，不。Emily: I know, it was awful.艾米丽：我知道，那真是太糟糕了。Jackie: Did you lose the money?杰姬：你损失了那些钱吗？Emily: I lost it for a bit. Um… but then the bank paid it back to me, thank goodness, but I felt very stressed at the time.艾米丽：我暂时失去了那些钱。不过后来银行把钱还给了我，谢天谢地，但当时我感到非常有压力。Jackie: Mmm… I can imagine. So, when was the last time you used your card?杰姬：嗯……我能想象。那么，你上次使用借记卡是什么时候？Emily: Actually, about two hours ago, in fact.艾米丽：其实，就在大约两个小时前。Jackie: Oh, really?杰姬：哦，真的吗？Emily: Yeah艾米丽：是的Jackie: What… what did you buy?杰姬：你……你买了什么？Emily: Um… I… I just took money out of my, out of the bank machine….艾米丽：嗯……我……我只是从银行自动取款机里取了钱……Jackie: Oh ok.杰姬：哦，好吧。Emily: …really.艾米丽：……真的。Jackie: Ok. Do you think, do you think Emily, that you buy more things because you have your debit card or not?杰姬：好的。你认为，艾米丽，你因为有借记卡而买更多东西吗？Emily: Um… it’s an interesting question Jackie. Um… I think everything is much easier with the debit card because you can… you always have money on you in the sense that you’ve always got plastic money on you.艾米丽：嗯……这是个有趣的问题，杰姬。我认为有了借记卡，所有事情都更容易了，因为你可以……你身上总是有钱，意思是你总是有电子支付货币在身上。Jackie: Have… have you, have you sometimes been in a shop or seen something online and you bought it because it’s… it’s been easier to use your card?杰姬：你有没有，有时在商店里或者在网上看到某些东西然后买了，因为……用卡更方便？Emily: Um…. yes, but I… I always… I think some people don’t see a card as money…艾米丽：嗯……是的，但我……我总是……我认为有些人不把卡看作是钱……Jackie: Mmm杰姬：嗯Emily: …and I think, I’ve always seen it as being real money. I think, may be that’s a good thing or else I would’ve spent all my money a long time ago. So, um… it is easier, but I still always know when I’m spending money.艾米丽：……而且我认为，我一直把它看作是真钱。我认为，也许这是件好事，否则我早就把所有的钱花光了。所以，嗯……这更容易，但我还是一直知道自己在花钱。Jackie: So, you’re a… you’re a careful user of a debit card.杰姬：所以，你是……你是个谨慎使用借记卡的人。Emily: Yes, yes. I think I am.艾米丽：是的，是的。我认为我是。Jackie: Very sensible, Emily. 杰姬：非常明智，艾米丽。

On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, scientists have discovered the world’s oldest known cave painting. The researchers used a laser to date the painting. They found it was created at least 51,200 years ago.在印度尼西亚的苏拉威西岛，科学家们发现了世界上已知最古老的洞穴绘画。研究人员使用激光对这幅画进行了年代测定，发现它至少是在51,200年前创作的。The painting is inside a cave called Leang Karampuang in an area of South Sulawesi province. The scientists used the laser to date crystal structures of the mineral calcium carbonate that formed naturally on top of the painting.这幅画位于南苏拉威西省的一个叫Leang Karampuang的洞穴内。科学家们使用激光对在绘画顶部自然形成的碳酸钙矿物晶体结构进行了年代测定。Maxime Aubert is an expert in archaeology at Griffith University in Australia. He was one of the leaders of the research published in the journal Nature. He said the new dating method is an improvement over other ways of dating rock paintings.马克西姆·奥贝尔是澳大利亚格里菲斯大学的考古学专家。他是发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究的领导者之一。他说，这种新的年代测定方法比其他测定岩画年代的方法有所改进。The painting is a dark red color. It shows a pig that is 92 centimeters by 38 centimeters. Three human-like images are near the pig.这幅画呈深红色，显示了一只长92厘米、宽38厘米的猪。猪的附近有三个类似人类的图像。The researchers think the painting is likely the oldest-known evidence of storytelling in art.研究人员认为，这幅画可能是已知最古老的讲故事艺术的证据。Griffith University archeologist Adam Brumm was another leader of the research team. He thinks the position of the human images near the pig gives the painting a feeling of action. “There is something happening between these figures. A story is being told,” he said.格里菲斯大学的考古学家亚当·布鲁姆是研究团队的另一位领导者。他认为，人类图像在猪附近的位置给这幅画带来了行动的感觉。他说：“这些人物之间正在发生一些事情，一个故事正在被讲述。”The researchers also used the laser to estimate the date from another cave painting on Sulawesi. That cave is called Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. The painting in it shows part-human, part-animal figures hunting pigs and small buffalo.研究人员还使用激光对苏拉威西岛上的另一幅洞穴绘画进行了年代估算。那个洞穴叫做Leang Bulu' Sipong 4。里面的画展示了部分人类、部分动物的图像正在捕猎猪和小型水牛。"We, as humans, define ourselves as a species that tells stories, and these are the oldest evidence of us doing that," Aubert said.奥贝尔说：“我们作为人类，将自己定义为一个讲故事的物种，而这些是我们这样做的最古老证据。”Little is known about the people who created the Sulawesi cave paintings. Aubert said the paintings might be older than the age found by the new testing. The paintings might date closer to the time humans first came to the area, around 65,000 years ago.关于创作苏拉威西洞穴绘画的人们知之甚少。奥贝尔说，这些绘画的年代可能比新测试发现的年代更久远。它们的年代可能更接近于人类第一次来到这个地区的时间，大约在65,000年前。Until now, the oldest-known cave painting was from another cave in Sulawesi, from at least 45,500 years ago.在此之前，已知最古老的洞穴绘画来自苏拉威西岛的另一个洞穴，至少有45,500年的历史。The researchers said the Leang Karampuang painting is older than the cave paintings of Europe. The oldest known painting found in Europe is at El Castillo in Spain, dating to about 40,800 years ago.研究人员说，Leang Karampuang的绘画比欧洲的洞穴绘画更古老。欧洲已知最古老的绘画是在西班牙的埃尔卡斯蒂略，年代约为40,800年前。Before the discovery of cave paintings in South Sulawesi in 2014, some experts thought humans first created art in Europe.在2014年发现南苏拉威西的洞穴绘画之前，一些专家认为人类最早在欧洲创造了艺术。"This discovery of very old cave art in Indonesia drives home the point that Europe was not the birthplace of cave art,” Brumm said.布鲁姆说：“这一在印度尼西亚发现的非常古老的洞穴艺术证明了欧洲并不是洞穴艺术的发源地。”"The earliest Sulawesi rock art is not 'simple,'" Aubert added. "It is quite advanced and shows the mental capacity of people at the time."奥贝尔补充说：“最早的苏拉威西岩画并不‘简单’。它相当高级，显示了当时人们的精神能力。”

American farmers are using an ancient tree from India to produce beans for making protein-rich foods and biofuels.美国农民正在使用一种来自印度的古老树木来生产用于制作富含蛋白质的食品和生物燃料的豆类。The tree is called pongamia. It is native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia. But farmers in the southern state of Florida have found the tree grows well there too.这种树叫做水黄皮。它原产于印度、东南亚和澳大利亚。但是佛罗里达州南部的农民发现这种树在他们那里也生长得很好。In some parts of Florida, pongamia trees have now replaced citrus trees, which have long faced major struggles with disease.在佛罗里达州的某些地区，水黄皮树现在已经取代了长期面临重大疾病困扰的柑橘树。Pongamia trees produce a small brown bean known as a legume. The legume can be used in the production of several products, including cooking oil and protein-rich foods. The beans can also be used to produce a biofuel, mostly for airplanes.水黄皮树产生一种被称为豆类的小棕色豆荚。这种豆类可以用于生产多种产品，包括食用油和富含蛋白质的食品。这些豆子还可以用来生产生物燃料，主要用于飞机。Pongamia do well in Florida because the trees like hot temperatures and can survive in dry or rainy conditions. They also do not require special additives, called fertilizers, or chemicals to kill insects and other life that might threaten growth.水黄皮在佛罗里达生长良好，因为这种树喜欢高温并且能在干燥或潮湿的条件下存活。它们也不需要被称为肥料的特殊添加剂，也不需要用化学品杀死昆虫和其他可能威胁生长的生物。And unlike fruits like oranges and grapefruit, the beans do not require teams of workers to pick. Instead, they can be easily collected with a machine that shakes the trees and makes the legumes fall to the ground.与橙子和葡萄柚等水果不同，这些豆子不需要工人团队来采摘。相反，它们可以通过一台摇动树木使豆荚掉到地上的机器轻松收集。A San Francisco-based company, called Terviva, has invented a process that removes substances from the bean that gives it a bad taste so it can be used for food production.一家位于旧金山的公司Terviva发明了一种去除豆子中导致其味道不佳的物质的工艺，使其可以用于食品生产。The company’s founder, Naveen Sikka, told The Associated Press that Terviva has been able to offer Florida farmers a new chance to replace their failed citrus crops. Pongamia, he said, “is the perfect fit” to help them rebuild their businesses.该公司的创始人纳文·西卡告诉美联社，Terviva能够为佛罗里达州的农民提供一个替代失败的柑橘作物的新机会。他说，水黄皮“是帮助他们重建业务的完美选择”。Ron Edwards is the chairman of Terviva's board of directors. He is also a long-time Florida citrus grower. He told the AP that turning this wild tree into an agricultural success story was not easy. “There are no books to read on it, either, because no one else has ever done it,” Edwards said.罗恩·爱德华兹是Terviva董事会主席。他也是一位长期的佛罗里达柑橘种植者。他告诉美联社，将这种野生树木变成农业成功的故事并不容易。“没有书可读，因为没有其他人做过这件事，”爱德华兹说。In addition, he said bees and other pollinators that feed on the tree’s flowers help support the local environment.此外，他说，以这种树的花为食的蜜蜂和其他传粉者有助于支持当地环境。Edwards added that an estimated one half hectare of the trees could provide the same amount of oil as about 1.6 hectares of soy beans. The pongamia bean also produces a high-quality protein that can be used to make many plant-based products. “There’s a lot of potential for the food industry and the oil and petroleum industry,” Edwards said.爱德华兹补充说，据估计，半公顷的这种树可以提供相当于大约1.6公顷大豆的油量。水黄皮豆还可以产生高质量的蛋白质，可用于制作许多植物性产品。“食品工业和油品工业有很大的潜力，”爱德华兹说。Experts say the problems linked to Florida’s citrus crops – disease and climate issues – have also affected most of the world’s top citrus-producing nations.专家们说，佛罗里达州柑橘作物面临的问题——疾病和气候问题——也影响了世界上大多数主要的柑橘生产国。For example, this year's harvest in Brazil – the world’s largest exporter of orange juice – is expected to be the worst in 36 years. The Brazilian citrus group Fundecitrus made that prediction after a period of major flooding and then extended dryness.例如，今年巴西——世界最大的橙汁出口国的——收成预计将是36年来最糟糕的。巴西柑橘集团Fundecitrus在一段时间的重大洪水和随后长期干旱之后做出了这一预测。But Edwards noted that climate and disease have little effect on pongamia trees. “It’s just tough, a jungle-tested tree” he said. “It stands up to a lot of abuse with very little caretaking."但爱德华兹指出，气候和疾病对水黄皮树的影响很小。“它很坚韧，是经过丛林考验的树，”他说。“它在很少照顾的情况下经受住了很多考验。”Pongamia also grows well in Hawaii, where it is now being used on land where sugarcane once grew.水黄皮在夏威夷也生长良好，现在它被用于曾经种植甘蔗的土地上。John Olson is a Florida farmer who replaced his grapefruit trees with 87 hectares of pongamia. He told the AP he felt he had little choice because, “For the most part, the citrus industry has died in Florida.” Olson said his grapefruit business was a profitable operation throughout the 1980s and 1990s, although the farm was not large.约翰·奥尔森是一位佛罗里达农民，他用87公顷的水黄皮取代了他的葡萄柚树。他告诉美联社，他觉得他别无选择，因为“在很大程度上，佛罗里达的柑橘产业已经消亡。”奥尔森说，他的葡萄柚业务在20世纪80年代和90年代是一个有利可图的操作，尽管农场不大。Edwards said he is happy that pongamia trees have replaced some citrus trees in Florida. And he said he likes that pongamia oil can replace some oils that are more environmentally damaging to produce.爱德华兹说，他很高兴水黄皮树取代了佛罗里达的一些柑橘树。他说他喜欢水黄皮油可以替代一些生产对环境破坏更大的油。

He was an unknown 23-year-old working at a Cambridge bookstore when Thomas Taylor got a commission for the cover of a children's book. The author JK Rowling was as little known as he was. 在接到委托为一本儿童书籍绘制封面画前，23 岁的托马斯·泰勒只是剑桥一家书店里名不见经传的店员。书的作者 J·K·罗琳和他同样鲜为人知。 As the illustrator, Mr Taylor read the manuscript, so he was one of the first people to get a glimpse of the world of Harry Potter and Hogwarts, where the world is magic and the rest are just muggles. It was up to him to visualise the young boy with round glasses and a lightning bolt scar. 作为插画师，泰勒先生是第一批阅读了书籍原稿的人，得以率先看到哈利·波特与霍格沃茨魔法学校这个区分了魔法与 “麻瓜（不会使用魔法的人）” 的世界。用自己的画笔呈现出那个戴圆框眼镜、有闪电形伤疤的年轻男孩成为了他的责任。 That watercolour has fetched 1.9 million dollars at a New York auction. 这幅水彩画在纽约市举行的一场拍卖会上以 190 万美元的价格成交。词汇表commission 委托cover 封面illustrator 插画师manuscript 原稿glimpse 看到muggles 麻瓜，不会魔法的人visualise 呈现出watercolour 水彩画fetched 以…价格成交/卖出auction 拍卖会

Did you know that in your gut you have a teeming colony of microorganisms? You have literally trillions of them in your body. They include bacteria, viruses and fungi, and are collectively known as your microbiome. And while some microorganisms cause disease, many are crucial to your health, helping your immune system, digestion and even your brain function.您是否知道您的肠道内有大量微生物菌落？你的体内实际上有数万亿个它们。它们包括细菌、病毒和真菌，统称为微生物组。虽然有些微生物会引起疾病，但许多微生物对您的健康至关重要，有助于您的免疫系统、消化甚至大脑功能。The more diverse our microbiome, the better our overall health. So, how can we improve our diversity? 'The single most important dietary factor we found for better gut health was the number of different plants we eat weekly, with 30 a week being the optimal number', says Dr Tim Spector of the British Gut Project. This is because there are different beneficial chemicals found in different kinds of plants. 30 plants might sound like a lot, but it turns out that unexpected foods, not just your 5-a-day, count as 'plants' too. For example, wholegrains like brown rice, oats, barley and quinoa, and legumes – that's food like lentils, chickpeas and beans, as well as nuts and seeds, will mean we get a whole host of microorganisms living inside our gut.我们的微生物组越多样化，我们的整体健康就越好。那么，我们怎样才能提高我们的多样性呢？英国肠道项目的蒂姆·斯佩克特博士说：“我们发现，对于改善肠道健康来说，最重要的饮食因素是我们每周吃的不同植物的数量，每周吃 30 种植物是最佳数量。” 这是因为不同种类的植物中含有不同的有益化学物质。30 种植物可能听起来很多，但事实证明，意想不到的食物（不仅仅是每天 5 种）也算作“植物”。例如，糙米、燕麦、大麦和藜麦等全谷物，以及扁豆、鹰嘴豆和蚕豆等豆类食物，以及坚果和种子，意味着我们的肠道内生活着大量微生物。In fact, Christopher Gardner, a professor of medicine and author of a Stanford Medicine study of identical twins found that "a vegan diet can confer additional benefits such as increased gut bacteria and the reduction of telomere loss, which slows ageing in the body". But you don't have to become completely plant-based. Probiotics help the microbiome too. These are live bacteria and yeasts that can be found in yoghurt and fermented food like sauerkraut. And food from animals can have health benefits. Meat is high in protein and nutrients like choline, which helps with memory, mood and muscle control.事实上，医学教授克里斯托弗·加德纳（Christopher Gardner）是斯坦福大学医学同卵双胞胎研究的作者，他发现“纯素饮食可以带来额外的好处，例如增加肠道细菌和减少端粒丢失，从而延缓身体衰老”。但你不必完全以植物为基础。益生菌也有助于微生物组。这些是活细菌和酵母，可以在酸奶和酸菜等发酵食品中找到。动物食品对健康有益。肉类富含蛋白质和胆碱等营养物质，有助于记忆、情绪和肌肉控制。So, for better physical and mental health, grab those plants and strengthen your microbiome.因此，为了更好的身心健康，请抓住这些植物并增强您的微生物组。 词汇表gut 肠道colony 生物群microorganism 微生物trillion 万亿，兆microbiome 微生物群immune system 免疫系统digestion 消化diverse 多种多样的optimal 最佳的5-a-day 每天要吃五份果蔬（世界卫生组织为增强健康饮食意识发起的每日至少食用 400g 水果或蔬菜的宣传活动）wholegrain 全谷物的（食品）legume 豆类，荚豆vegan 纯素食的，严格素食的telomere （染色体的）端粒ageing 衰老plant-based 基于植物的，植物性的probiotic 益生菌yeast 酵母菌fermented 已发酵的sauerkraut 泡菜

Experienced gardeners have likely learned to look out for poison ivy, a common plant found across North America, Europe and East Asia.经验丰富的园丁可能已经学会了留意毒藤，这是一种在北美、欧洲和东亚常见的植物。While this green, leafy plant is not life-threatening, it can cause severe skin reactions in many people.虽然这种绿色多叶植物不会危及生命，但它可能会导致许多人出现严重的皮肤反应。Associated Press gardening writer Jessica Damiano recently wrote that while she personally has not had any bad experiences with poison ivy, many gardeners she knows have.美联社园艺作家杰西卡·达米亚诺(Jessica Damiano)最近写道，虽然她个人没有遇到过毒藤的不良经历，但她认识的许多园丁都有过这种经历。So in an effort to help gardeners – or people who simply enjoy spending time outdoors – deal with this plant, Damiano has come up with some suggestions for how to find and safely get rid of it.因此，为了帮助园丁——或者只是喜欢在户外度过时光的人——处理这种植物，达米亚诺提出了一些关于如何找到并安全摆脱它的建议。The official name for poison ivy is Toxicodendron radicans. The plant contains oily chemical compounds, called urushiols, in its leaves, stems and roots.毒藤的正式名称是Toxicodendron radicans。 该植物的叶、茎和根中含有油性化合物，称为漆酚。The American Skin Association estimates about 85 percent of the U.S. population is allergic to urushiols. Of those, between 10 to 15 percent are considered “highly allergic.”美国皮肤协会估计大约 85% 的美国人对漆酚过敏。 其中 10% 至 15% 被认为是“高度过敏”。The group says this makes the plant concerning – and possibly dangerous – for about 50 million Americans affected each year.该组织表示，这使得该工厂每年影响约 5000 万美国人，而且可能是危险的。Damiano writes that this means poison ivy should be removed from gardens in most cases. But that can be tricky; touching the plant to remove it can harm those involved.达米亚诺写道，这意味着在大多数情况下应该从花园中清除毒藤。 但这可能很棘手； 触摸植物来移除它可能会伤害相关人员。Identifying poison ivy plants can be difficult. This is partly because the plant takes on different appearances at different times of the year.识别毒藤植物可能很困难。 部分原因是该植物在一年中的不同时间呈现不同的外观。Most often, however, its leaves are made up of three leaflets each. The middle stem is longer than the stems of the side leaflets. Young leaves usually appear shiny, while older leaves do not. Larger, older vines, especially those climbing up trees, are hairy. Leaf color can be green, red, pink-tinged, yellow or orange. Some leaf ends are smooth, while other have toothed edges.然而，最常见的是，它的叶子每片由三片小叶组成。 中间茎比侧小叶的茎长。 嫩叶通常显得有光泽，而老叶则没有。 较大、较老的藤蔓，尤其是那些爬在树上的藤蔓，都是毛茸茸的。 叶子的颜色可以是绿色、红色、粉红色、黄色或橙色。 有些叶端是光滑的，而另一些则有齿状边缘。Damiano admitted that even she has trouble spotting poison ivy. She has misidentified the plant in the past. She said some people might want to seek advice from a poison ivy expert or do research online. Local agriculture organizations can also be helpful in confirming a poison ivy identification.达米亚诺承认，即使是她也很难发现毒藤。 她过去曾错误地识别过这种植物。 她说，有些人可能想向毒藤专家寻求建议或在网上进行研究。 当地农业组织也可以帮助确认毒葛的鉴定。When dealing with poison ivy, people should wear protective clothing for their hands, arms, legs and eyes. Avoid touching anything in the process, especially the face. Remember the plant can pass on its poison through clothing or tools.在处理毒藤时，人们应该为手、手臂、腿和眼睛穿上防护服。 在此过程中避免触摸任何东西，尤其是脸部。 请记住，植物可以通过衣服或工具传播毒素。The best way to completely remove poison ivy is to pull it up by its roots. For gardeners living in a four-season area, the job will be easiest in early spring, when the ground is softer.彻底清除毒藤的最佳方法是将其连根拔起。 对于生活在四个季节地区的园丁来说，早春的工作最容易，因为那时的地面比较松软。The main roots of the plant can grow down about 30 centimeters and runner roots can spread outward in lengths up to six meters. Both of these root systems must be removed to avoid future growth.植物的主根可向下生长约 30 厘米，而匍匐根可向外伸展长达 6 米。 必须去除这两个根系以避免未来的生长。All parts of the poison ivy plant must be effectively removed. This material should be placed in a tightly sealed, heavy black plastic bag and set out for waste removal. Poison ivy should never be burned. That is because the smoke is known to contain harmful substances that could be deadly if breathed in.毒藤植物的所有部分都必须有效去除。 该材料应放入密封的重型黑色塑料袋中，并准备好进行废物清除。 毒藤永远不应该被焚烧。 这是因为众所周知，烟雾中含有有害物质，如果吸入可能会致命。After completing removal operations, do not touch anything. The plant’s poisons can remain. First, wash your hands with one of several specialty products made to completely remove all poisons from the plant. Avoid using your normal soap because these can spread the plant’s oils to other parts of the body. After removing all clothes, take a shower with the same specialty cleanser.完成移除操作后，请勿触摸任何东西。 植物的毒素可能会残留。 首先，用几种专门产品之一洗手，以彻底清除植物中的所有毒素。 避免使用普通肥皂，因为它们会将植物油扩散到身体的其他部位。 脱掉所有衣服后，用相同的专用清洁剂洗澡。 

Deep brain stimulation has been tried before to treat childhood epilepsy, but the device is usually placed in the chest with electrodes running up the neck. The hope is by putting a rechargeable neurostimulator in a patient's skull, it will reduce complications such as the leads breaking or eroding.虽然此前尝试过用脑深部刺激来治疗儿童癫痫，但这类设备通常被置于胸腔内，用于刺激脑部的电极需要穿过颈部进入颅内。医生们现在希望通过将一个可充电的神经刺激器放置到患者的颅内，减少导线断裂或腐蚀等不良情况的出现。Martin Tisdall, the surgeon who led the team at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, says the device might help a small subset of the 25,000 children in the UK who have epilepsy which is not controlled by medication. Oran also has autism and ADHD, but it's his epilepsy which has been by far the biggest issue in his development. Eight months since surgery, his mum Justine says he's making good progress.据在伦敦大奥蒙德街医院率领这个研究团队的外科医生马丁·提斯达尔说，这个设备可能会帮助2.5万名英国癫痫患儿中的一小部分，这部分患儿不能通过药物控制癫痫发作。虽然奥兰也患有自闭症和多动症，但癫痫才是他成长发育中一直以来最大的问题。手术进行后八个月，他的母亲贾斯婷说他目前康复进展良好。Oran is a case study of one. It will take more patients and several years of monitoring before doctors know if they have an effective new treatment for severe epilepsy.奥兰是一个单人的案例研究。医生们还需要更多的病例和数年的监测才能知道他们是否为重度癫痫找到了一个有效的新疗法。词汇表stimulation 刺激electrodes 电极neurostimulator 神经刺激器complication 使更复杂化、困难化的事物leads 导线subset 子集，分组controlled 得到控制的autism 自闭症，孤独症ADHD 注意缺陷障碍，多动症case study 案例研究，个案研究monitoring 监测

Almost all of us have them in our body, they accumulate throughout our lives and they may be causing serious health conditions. They've been called 'forever chemicals', but what are they, where do they come from, and what can we do about them?几乎我们所有人的体内都有它们，它们在我们的一生中不断积累，可能会导致严重的健康问题。 它们被称为“永远的化学物质”，但它们是什么，它们从哪里来，我们能对它们做些什么呢？'Forever chemicals' take their name from the fact that they contain fluorine-carbon bonds, and because they last, if not forever, for a very long time. These chemical bonds are incredibly difficult to break down, which means that contaminants from these chemicals build up over time in our environment. As well as in our bodies, they've been found in the soil and in drinking water.“永久化学品”之所以得名，是因为它们含有氟碳键，并且因为它们可以持续很长时间（即使不是永远）。 这些化学键极其难以分解，这意味着这些化学物质的污染物会随着时间的推移在我们的环境中积累。 除了我们的身体之外，它们还存在于土壤和饮用水中。While some have now been banned, these chemicals have been used in a wide range of consumer products. They have a repellent effect on oil and water and so have been used for stain-proofing furniture and carpets. Forever chemicals have been used to make non-stick pans and grease-proof food packaging. You can find them in waterproof clothing and bicycle lubricants. Particular concern has been raised about their use in cosmetics and other personal care products. These products are often used near mucous membranes, like those in our eyes and mouths, which could make it easier for chemicals to be absorbed into our bodies.虽然有些化学品现已被禁止，但这些化学品已广泛用于多种消费品中。 它们具有防油和防水作用，因此已用于防污家具和地毯。 Forever 化学品已用于制造不粘锅和防油食品包装。 您可以在防水衣服和自行车润滑油中找到它们。 人们特别关注它们在化妆品和其他个人护理产品中的使用。 这些产品通常在粘膜附近使用，例如我们眼睛和口腔中的粘膜，这可以使化学物质更容易被我们的身体吸收。The exact level of risk is uncertain, but studies have suggested links between these compounds and conditions such as cancer, reproduction problems, developmental problems in children, and reduced immunity to disease. However, the level of exposure at which people become at risk is not yet clear.确切的风险水平尚不确定，但研究表明这些化合物与癌症、生殖问题、儿童发育问题和疾病免疫力下降等疾病之间存在联系。 然而，人们面临风险的暴露水平尚不清楚。It may be impossible to completely avoid these chemicals, but people can take steps to reduce their exposure. Air and water filters, as well as reducing the amount of dust in our living spaces is one way to do this. Another way is to carefully check the ingredients of cosmetics as well as the materials in carpets and furniture before buying them.完全避免这些化学物质可能是不可能的，但人们可以采取措施减少接触。 空气和水过滤器以及减少生活空间中的灰尘量是实现这一目标的一种方法。 另一种方法是在购买前仔细检查化妆品的成分以及地毯和家具的材料。词汇表accumulate 积聚，堆积bond （化学）键break down 分解contaminant 污染物build up （逐渐）积累consumer product 消费品repellent effect 驱避作用stain-proof 作防污处理non-stick （厨具）不粘食物的grease-proof 防油的waterproof 防水的lubricant 润滑油，润滑剂cosmetics 化妆品personal care product 个人护理产品mucous membrane 黏膜absorb 吸收compound 化合物developmental problem 发育问题immunity 免疫，免疫力exposure 暴露，接触filter 过滤器

Such superbugs now kill more than a million people around the world each year.目前这种超级细菌每年导致全球一百多万人死亡。The test works in urinary tract infections. Put a sample in the machine and within 15 minutes, it says whether the infection is caused by bacteria. And within 45 minutes, it tells doctors the best treatment to use.该测试适用于泌尿道感染。把样本放入仪器中，15 分钟内即可判断感染是否由细菌引起。45 分钟之内，仪器会告诉医生最佳的治疗方法。It would stop antibiotics being wasted on viral infections which don't respond to such treatment, but still contribute to the rise of superbugs.它可以防止抗生素被浪费在治疗病毒感染上，因为病毒感染对抗生素治疗没有反应，但仍会导致超级细菌的增加。The original research was done at Sweden's Uppsala University and the test is now being manufactured by the company Sysmex Astrego. The winner was decided by a panel of 17 experts who scrutinised more than 250 entries. 这个科研项目最初是在瑞典的乌普萨拉大学进行的，测试仪器目前由 Sysmex Astrego 公司制造。获奖者是由 17 名专家组成的评审小组在仔细审查了 250 多个参赛作品后选出的。词汇表superbugs 超级细菌urinary tract infections 泌尿道感染sample 样本bacteria 细菌antibiotics 抗生素viral infections 病毒感染scrutinised 仔细审查

Have you ever wondered what your unique body odour says about you? Turns out, quite a lot! From your health to your genetics, we can learn a lot from taking a whiff of your odour. Your scent is a complex mix of information, and we humans are pretty good at reading it. So, what secrets are revealed from our scent, and why do we mostly choose to ignore them?您是否想知道您独特的体味代表着您的什么？ 事实证明，相当多！ 从你的健康状况到你的基因，我们可以通过闻一闻你的气味了解很多信息。 你的气味是一种复杂的信息组合，而我们人类非常善于解读它。 那么，我们的气味揭示了哪些秘密，为什么我们大多选择忽视它们呢？Researchers believe scent production is mostly determined by our genes. In a study published in Chem Senses by Craig Roberts and colleagues, participants had to match T-shirts that smelt the same after sniffing them. They matched the T-shirts of identical twins, meaning their scent was very similar, and those sniffing had quite an accurate sense of smell. Agnieszka Sorokowska, an expert in human olfaction, says this means "we might be able to detect genetic information about other people by smelling them."研究人员认为，气味的产生主要是由我们的基因决定的。 克雷格·罗伯茨 (Craig Roberts) 及其同事在《Chem Senses》上发表的一项研究中，参与者必须将闻过气味相同的 T 恤进行匹配。 他们的T恤是同卵双胞胎的，这意味着他们的气味非常相似，而且嗅觉的嗅觉也相当准确。 人类嗅觉专家阿格涅斯卡·索罗科斯卡（Agnieszka Sorokowska）表示，这意味着“我们或许能够通过闻其他人的气味来检测他们的遗传信息。”But it's not all about your genes. In another twin study called 'The Discrimination of Human Odour by the Dog', a dog could distinguish the odour of identical twins living apart. So, your environment can change how you smell, but it might take a dog’s sensitive nose to detect it. Even your health can change how you smell. In a study called 'The Scent of Disease', the BO of someone with diabetes was associated with rotten apples, while those with scurvy had sweat described as 'putrid'. Odour research has also helped to train dogs to detect illnesses such as cancer by scent alone.但这并不全与你的基因有关。 在另一项名为“狗对人类气味的辨别”的双胞胎研究中，狗可以区分生活在一起的同卵双胞胎的气味。 因此，你的环境可以改变你的气味，但狗可能需要敏感的鼻子才能察觉到它。 甚至您的健康状况也会改变您的气味。 在一项名为“疾病的气味”的研究中，糖尿病患者的 BO 与烂苹果有关，而坏血病患者的汗液被描述为“腐烂”。 气味研究还有助于训练狗仅通过气味来检测癌症等疾病。Do humans use any of this information? King Louis XIV of France was known to douse his palace in fragrance,perhaps to mask the stench of poor personal hygiene. This trend continues today – many of us cover our natural body odour with sweet or floral-smelling perfumes, and in the process, we may be losing the opportunity to learn more about each other and the world. Maybe it's time to drop the deodorants and pleasant aroma of your favourite perfume and let your natural scent waft around, sending the signals that your body wants to emit.  人类会使用这些信息吗？ 众所周知，法国国王路易十四在他的宫殿里洒满了香水，也许是为了掩盖不良个人卫生的恶臭。 这种趋势一直延续到今天——我们中的许多人用甜味或花香的香水来掩盖我们自然的体味，在这个过程中，我们可能会失去更多地了解彼此和世界的机会。 也许是时候丢掉你最喜欢的香水中的除臭剂和宜人香气，让你的自然气味四处飘荡，发送你的身体想要发出的信号。  词汇表body odour 体味，体臭take a whiff 闻一闻scent 气味sniff 闻，嗅sense of smell 嗅觉olfaction 嗅觉distinguish 分辨BO （“body odour” 的首字母缩写）体味，体臭putrid 腐烂的，腐坏的douse 向…泼洒（液体）fragrance 香水stench 恶臭personal hygiene 个人卫生perfume 香水deodorant 除臭剂，香体露aroma 香味waft （在空气中）飘荡emit 发出，散发

Han Seung-hoon is an assistant professor at the Academy of Korean Studies, a research center under the Ministry of Education. Han says that younger shamans who live in the city connect well with their younger followers. These people are facing economic difficulties and are looking for help.韩承勋是韩国学研究院的一名助理教授，这是一所隶属于教育部的研究中心。韩说，居住在城市的年轻巫师与他们的年轻追随者联系得很好。这些人正面临经济困难，正在寻求帮助。In 2022, a culture ministry agency estimated that there were between 300,000 and 400,000 shamans and fortune-tellers in South Korea.2022年，一家文化部机构估计，韩国有30万到40万名巫师和算命先生。The agency website calls shamanism an "important and powerful” part of Korean tradition. Its roots date back at least 2,000 years, said Han.该机构网站称巫术是韩国传统中“重要且强大的”一部分。韩说，它的根源可以追溯到至少2000年前。Han also noted that larger religions such as Christianity and Buddhism make up about 40 percent of South Korea’s population. He added that they are more influential in society and do not receive similar criticism.韩还指出，像基督教和佛教这样的大宗教占韩国人口的约40%。他补充说，它们在社会上更有影响力，不会受到类似的批评。However, Lee said that Christians also visit shamans in South Korea. "Even...churchgoers want to have their bad dreams read," she said.然而，李说，韩国的基督徒也会拜访巫师。“甚至...教会的信徒也希望让巫师解读他们的噩梦，”她说。"People used to hide that they live as a (shaman). There was a lot of stigma," said 51-year-old Eunmi Pang. She has been a shaman for almost 20 years. She said that modern shamans are more willing to publicize themselves than those of the past.“人们过去常常隐瞒自己是巫师的身份。那时有很多污名，”51岁的庞恩美说。她已经当了近20年的巫师。她说，现代巫师比过去更愿意宣传自己。The activities, or practices, of shamans may involve ringing bells and throwing rice. They may also sing and dance. Many worship local gods such as the Mountain God, Great Spirit Grandmother, and Dragon King.巫师的活动或实践可能包括摇铃和撒米。他们还可能唱歌和跳舞。许多人崇拜地方神如山神、大灵祖母和龙王。More recently, some shamans have found themselves in legal trouble. Local media in Seoul reported that a 66-year-old shaman was sentenced to four years' imprisonment in February. A court had found him guilty of cheating a follower out of $200,000.最近，一些巫师遇到了法律麻烦。首尔当地媒体报道，一名66岁的巫师在2月份被判处四年监禁。法院认定他欺骗了一名信徒20万美元。Some people in South Korea's influential communities have links to shamans.韩国一些有影响力的社区中有人与巫师有联系。Min Hee-jin is a top entertainment industry leader with a major K-pop music company. In April, she defended herself in a press conference against accusations that she used a shaman for business purposes. Min said she simply talked with a shaman to feel better: "Don’t you guys all do that too?" she asked reporters.闵熙珍是一家主要K-pop音乐公司的顶级娱乐业领导者。她在四月份的新闻发布会上为自己辩护，反驳了她利用巫师进行商业活动的指控。闵说，她只是与一位巫师交谈以感觉好些：“你们难道不也是这样吗？”她问记者们。A 2022 report in the journal BMC Psychiatry noted a "huge" space between South Koreans needing mental health treatment and getting it. The report partly blamed this on stigma.2022年《BMC精神病学》期刊的一份报告指出，韩国人在需要精神健康治疗和获得治疗之间存在“巨大”差距。报告部分归因于这种污名。"People have stigmatized shamanism as something dirty, suspicious, and scary," said Han, the assistant professor at the Academy of Korean Studies. He added that people were sometimes accused of visiting shamans in attempts to hurt their reputation.“人们把巫术污名化为肮脏、可疑和可怕的东西，”韩国学研究院的助理教授韩说。他补充说，有时人们被指责拜访巫师是为了损害他们的声誉。

In South Korea, the prayer table of Lee Kyoung-hyun looks similar to those of Korean shamans from hundreds of years ago. It has statues of Buddha and local gods, candles, and incense.在韩国，李京贤的祈祷桌看起来与几百年前韩国巫师的祈祷桌类似。桌上有佛像和地方神祇的雕像、蜡烛和香。The 29-year-old shaman may use traditional prayer objects, but Lee reaches her followers in a modern way: through social media. Hundreds of thousands of people follow her online.这位29岁的巫师可能使用传统的祈祷物品，但李以现代方式接触她的追随者：通过社交媒体。成千上万的人在网上关注她。And she’s not alone. Since starting her YouTube channel in 2019, she has noticed more South Korean shamans posting videos about the spiritual practice.她并不孤单。自2019年开设YouTube频道以来，她注意到越来越多的韩国巫师发布有关灵性实践的视频。Researcher Kim Dong-kyu is with the Academic Center for K-Religions at Sogang University, a private research university in Seoul. He said shamans used to publicize themselves in newspapers. He said it is "natural” for them to use social media.研究员金东奎隶属于首尔的一所私立研究型大学——西江大学的K宗教学术中心。他说，巫师过去常通过报纸宣传自己。他认为他们使用社交媒体是“自然的”。South Korea is among the world's most modern and high-tech economies. More than half its population of 51 million does not practice a religion, research shows. However, the appeal of shamanism remains popular and seems to be growing.韩国是世界上最现代化和高科技的经济体之一。研究显示，在其5100万人口中，超过一半不信奉宗教。然而，巫术的吸引力仍然很受欢迎，且似乎在增长。Google Trends tracks popular searches on YouTube. It shows that searches for "shaman" and "fortune-telling" in Korean have nearly doubled over the past five years.谷歌趋势追踪YouTube上的热门搜索。数据显示，过去五年中，韩语“巫师”和“算命”的搜索量几乎翻了一倍。A 2024 Korean film called Exhuma is about a shaman removing a curse on a family. The film has made at least $97 million dollars internationally and is raising interest in the religious tradition. The Korean Film Council says that one in five South Koreans has seen the film.2024年上映的一部韩国电影《Exhuma》讲述了一位巫师为一家人解除诅咒的故事。该电影在国际上至少赚取了9700万美元，并引起了人们对这种宗教传统的兴趣。韩国电影委员会表示，每五个韩国人中就有一个看过这部电影。Shamans are thought to have special powers, including the ability to know what will happen in the future. They offer followers relationship advice, guidance on job searches, and predictions, said Lee.人们认为巫师拥有特殊能力，包括预知未来的能力。李说，他们为追随者提供关系建议、求职指导和预测。Park Chea-bin is a 33-year-old Buddhist. In 2020, she visited Lee when she was struggling to find a job. She said she felt "peace of mind" after meeting with the shaman.朴彩斌是一名33岁的佛教徒。2020年，当她在找工作时遇到了困难，她拜访了李。她说，在见过巫师之后，她感到“心灵平静”。Park said, "I was very anxious at the time but I became a little relaxed after deciding to let things go and focus on what I need to do."朴说：“当时我非常焦虑，但决定放下并专注于自己需要做的事情后，我变得稍微放松了一些。”She found a job at about the same time as her visit with the shaman.她在拜访巫师的同时找到了一份工作。Shaman Lee posts videos on subjects such as Korea’s future for the rest of 2024. "The current state of South Korean society is a factor that can't be ignored," she said. She added that many people come to her with concerns about the costs of housing and raising children.巫师李发布了关于2024年余下时间韩国未来的视频。她说：“韩国社会的现状是一个不可忽视的因素。”她补充说，许多人来找她咨询住房和养育孩子的费用问题。In Seoul, where Lee works, the price of a home was more than 15 times the average wage in 2022. In 2017, a home in the Korean capital cost 8.8 times the average wage. These amounts come from a Korean government report. The country has also suffered from high inflation and interest rates.在李工作的首尔，2022年房价是平均工资的15倍以上。2017年，韩国首都的房价是平均工资的8.8倍。这些数据来自韩国政府的一份报告。该国还遭受了高通胀和高利率的困扰。

Researchers are seeking to learn why bird flu kills some animals quickly but causes only moderate illness in others.研究人员正在寻求了解为什么禽流感会迅速杀死某些动物，而对其他动物只造成轻度疾病。In recent years, bird flu is believed to have killed millions of wild and domestic birds worldwide. Other animals such as seals, cats, dogs, and cows have also been infected.近年来，据信禽流感已经在全球范围内杀死了数百万只野生和家禽。其他动物如海豹、猫、狗和牛也被感染。The virus is officially known as H5N1. It has largely stayed out of the human population. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that as of April 1, 2024, H5N1 had caused nearly 900 human infections and 463 deaths since 2003.该病毒正式名称为H5N1。它主要未进入人类群体。然而，世界卫生组织（WHO）报告称，截至2024年4月1日，自2003年以来，H5N1已导致近900例人类感染和463例死亡。Most of the human cases involved direct contact between people and infected birds. In cases of the virus spreading between humans, individuals involved were found to have had close and extended contact within households.大多数人类病例涉及人与感染鸟类之间的直接接触。在病毒在人类之间传播的情况下，涉及的个人被发现曾在家庭内有密切和长期接触。The currently spreading version of bird flu was first identified in 1959. But the illness did not start to cause concern among health officials until a bird flu outbreak hit Hong Kong in 1997. That outbreak caused severe sickness and deaths in some humans.目前传播的禽流感版本于1959年首次被发现。但直到1997年禽流感在香港爆发，卫生官员才开始关注这种疾病。那次爆发导致一些人类出现严重疾病和死亡。Scientists are still studying possible reasons the H5N1 virus has not heavily affected human populations. But some researchers fear the situation may change.科学家们仍在研究H5N1病毒尚未对人类群体造成重大影响的可能原因。但一些研究人员担心这种情况可能会改变。Like other viruses, H5N1 has mutated over time. During the last few years, one particular bird flu version has been spreading quickly and widely.像其他病毒一样，H5N1随着时间的推移发生了变异。在过去的几年里，一种特定的禽流感版本迅速广泛传播。Dr. Tom Frieden is a former director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He told The Associated Press about the ongoing outbreaks, “There's a lot we don't understand.”Tom Frieden博士是美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的前任主任。他在接受美联社采访时谈到持续的疫情时说：“还有很多我们不了解的情况。”Frieden also heads the non-profit group Resolve to Save Lives. He added, “I think we have to get over the 'hope for the best and bury our head in the sand' approach."Frieden还领导着非营利组织“决心拯救生命”。他补充说：“我认为我们必须克服‘希望最好并掩耳盗铃’的做法。”Some researchers have theorized flu viruses that started in birds caused severe human pandemics. For example, pandemics that took place in 1918 and 1957 quickly spread among animals and people.一些研究人员提出了理论，认为始于鸟类的流感病毒导致了严重的人类大流行。例如，1918年和1957年发生的大流行迅速在人类和动物之间传播。Many experts think it would be unlikely the currently spreading virus will become a deadly, worldwide pandemic.许多专家认为，目前传播的病毒不太可能成为致命的全球大流行。But to prepare for that possibility, U.S. health officials are developing vaccines that might be needed. At this time, they are not planning other measures. This is because the virus is not causing severe disease in humans and there is no strong evidence it is spreading from person to person.但为了应对这种可能性，美国卫生官员正在开发可能需要的疫苗。目前，他们没有计划采取其他措施。这是因为该病毒未在人类中引起严重疾病，并且没有强有力的证据表明它在人与人之间传播。The U.S. Department of Agriculture has said U.S. animal outbreaks have been reported at numerous dairy cow farms and among more than 1,000 groups of poultry. At least four human infections have been reported among hundreds of thousands of people working at U.S. poultry and dairy farms.美国农业部表示，美国的动物疫情已在众多奶牛场和1000多个家禽群体中报告。至少有四例人类感染报告涉及数十万在美国家禽和奶牛场工作的人员。Worldwide, doctors have so far identified 15 human infections caused by the current version. That count includes one death, a 38-year-old woman in southern China in 2022. But officials said most of the identified people had either no signs of disease or only mild ones.全球范围内，医生迄今已确认由当前版本引起的15例人类感染。这些病例中包括一例死亡病例，即2022年中国南方的一名38岁女性。但官员们表示，绝大多数被确认的感染者要么没有疾病迹象，要么只有轻微症状。Some experts have wondered whether humans have built up some level of immunity after being infected by other virus forms or because of vaccination. But a study involving human blood samples suggested there was little to no existing immunity to this version of the bird flu virus.一些专家怀疑人类是否在被其他病毒形式感染或因接种疫苗后建立了一定程度的免疫力。但一项涉及人类血液样本的研究表明，对这种禽流感病毒版本几乎没有现有的免疫力。