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The city of Denver built a total of 160 small structures. Denver’s mayor Mike Johnston told the Associated Press (AP) that it took about six months to complete them. Each unit costs $25,000, he said. One thousand converted hotel units cost about $100,000 each.丹佛市共建了160个小型结构。丹佛市市长迈克·约翰斯顿告诉美联社，这些建筑大约花了六个月时间完成。他说，每个单元花费25000美元。一千个改造后的酒店单元每个花费约100000美元。The Melody project in Atlanta took four months to build. Each unit costs about $125,000. Support workers and security operations cost about $900,000 a year.亚特兰大的梅洛迪项目用了四个月建成。每个单元花费约125000美元。支持人员和安保运营每年花费约90万美元。Andre Dickens is Atlanta’s mayor. He wants to supply 500 units of quickly built housing on city-owned land by December 2025.安德烈·狄更斯是亚特兰大的市长。他希望在2025年12月之前在市政土地上提供500个快速建造的住房单元。Few people in Atlanta expressed worry when The Melody was announced last year. However, as city officials look to expand rapid-housing areas, they know people might not support the idea.去年宣布梅洛迪项目时，亚特兰大很少有人表示担忧。然而，当市官员寻求扩大快速住房区域时，他们知道人们可能不会支持这个想法。In Denver, Johnston said he attended at least 60 meetings with residents in six months as the city tried to find places for the new communities. Local residents expressed worry about issues such as waste and safety.在丹佛，约翰斯顿说，在六个月内他参加了至少60次与居民的会议，因为城市试图为新社区找到合适的地方。当地居民表达了对废物和安全等问题的担忧。“What they are worried about is their current experience of unsheltered homelessness,” Johnston said. He said city officials needed to show residents that micro communities could be successful. With the existing projects, he now says he has some proof to reduce residents’ concerns.“他们担心的是他们目前无庇护的无家可归经历，”约翰斯顿说。他说，市官员需要向居民展示微社区的成功。通过现有的项目，他现在说他有一些证据可以减轻居民的担忧。As for Martinez, he keeps all his belongings ready in case he has to move although he says he feels secure in his small home with his cat, Appa.至于马丁内斯，他把所有的物品都准备好，以防他需要搬家，尽管他说他在和他的猫阿帕一起的小家里感到很安全。He is now preparing for the next steps in his path towards permanent housing. He has a date for a meeting about a new job. The next step for him is to receive a document showing he qualifies for financial support from the city to rent an apartment.他现在正在准备迈向永久住房的下一步。他有一个关于新工作的会议日期。下一步是收到一份文件，表明他有资格获得城市的财政支持来租赁公寓。“I’m always looking down on myself for some reason,” he said. But “I feel like I’ve been doing a pretty good job. Everyone is pretty proud of me,” he added.“因为某些原因，我总是看不起自己，”他说。但“我觉得我做得还不错。大家都为我感到骄傲，”他补充道。

Some U.S. cities are building housing, called “micro communities,” that is meant to combat increasing homelessness. The housing units in these communities are small and built quickly.一些美国城市正在建设名为“微社区”的住房，旨在应对日益严重的无家可归现象。这些社区的住房单元很小并且建造迅速。Unlike group shelters, micro communities give each homeless person his or her own living space. Officials say they believe the communities, when combined with other services, can put their residents on a path to permanent housing more effectively than other projects for the homeless.与集体庇护所不同，微社区为每个无家可归者提供自己的生活空间。官员们表示，他们相信这些社区结合其他服务时，可以比其他无家可归项目更有效地将居民引导到永久住房的道路上。The Melody is a micro community built on a former parking lot in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Officials built 40 small studio apartments from shipping containers. Each studio has many things needed for the home. These include a single bed, a heating and cooling system, a microwave oven, a TV, a desk, a sink and a bathroom. The area also has plants, green plastic ground covering, and a place to walk dogs.梅洛迪（The Melody）是乔治亚州亚特兰大市一个由旧停车场改建的微社区。官员们用集装箱建造了40个小型单间公寓。每个单间都有许多家庭所需的设施，包括单人床、供暖和制冷系统、微波炉、电视、书桌、水槽和浴室。该区域还有植物、绿色塑料地面覆盖物和一个遛狗的地方。Cynthia Diamond is a 61-year-old former cook who uses a wheelchair. She has been homeless for many years. Now she lives at The Melody. She told reporters that she is very thankful to live in the community and enjoys having her own living space. “I have my own door key…I’m going to stay here as long as the Lord allows me to stay here,” she said.辛西娅·戴蒙德（Cynthia Diamond）是一名61岁的前厨师，使用轮椅。她多年来一直无家可归。现在她住在梅洛迪社区。她告诉记者，她非常感激能够住在这个社区，并且享受拥有自己的生活空间。“我有自己的门钥匙……只要上帝允许我留下，我就会一直住在这里，”她说。The city of Denver, Colorado, has built three micro communities. It has also turned hotels into housing for the homeless. In Los Angeles, a 232-unit community has two buildings, each with three levels that are made from shipping containers.科罗拉多州丹佛市已经建成了三个微社区。它还将酒店改造成无家可归者的住房。在洛杉矶，一个有232个单元的社区有两栋建筑，每栋建筑有三层，都是用集装箱建造的。The latest information says over 1,500 people in Denver have joined its housing program. Over 80 percent of those who joined are still in the housing.最新消息称，丹佛市已有超过1500人加入了其住房项目。加入该项目的人中有80%以上仍然住在这些住房中。Both Atlanta’s and Denver’s programs act as steps to help people find jobs and permanent housing. Denver aims to move people from the micro communities into permanent housing within six months.亚特兰大和丹佛的项目都是帮助人们找到工作和永久住房的步骤。丹佛的目标是在六个月内将人们从微社区搬入永久住房。That includes Eric Martinez, aged 28, who has been homeless for much of his life. He said homelessness “…makes me feel less of a person. I had to get out of it.”这包括28岁的埃里克·马丁内斯（Eric Martinez），他一生中的大部分时间都是无家可归的。他说无家可归“……让我觉得自己不算是一个人。我必须摆脱这种状态。”The services in the micro communities are mostly centralized. They offer treatment for mental health, drug and alcohol abuse. They also provide advice, job training and other forms of help. Martinez said the community has been “very uplifting and supporting.”微社区的服务大多是集中化的。他们提供心理健康、药物和酒精滥用的治疗。他们还提供建议、工作培训和其他形式的帮助。马丁内斯说，这个社区“非常振奋人心和支持。”Peter Cumiskey works at The Melody in Atlanta. He said the micro community is able to serve every level of a person’s needs, “from security and shelter, all the way up to self-actualization and the sense of community.”彼得·卡米斯基（Peter Cumiskey）在亚特兰大的梅洛迪社区工作。他说，微社区能够满足一个人从安全和庇护到自我实现和社区感的每个层次的需求。

A species of wild cat in Europe that was almost extinct, or about to disappear, over 20 years ago has returned.  二十多年前，欧洲的一种几近灭绝或即将消失的野猫物种已经回归。Last week, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) declared that the Iberian lynx is no longer an endangered species. Native to Spain and Portugal, the wild cats are medium-sized with different shades of brown. They have pointed ears and facial hair that looks like a beard.  上周，国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）宣布，伊比利亚猞猁不再是濒危物种。这种原产于西班牙和葡萄牙的野猫体型中等，毛色有不同的棕色调。它们有尖尖的耳朵和看起来像胡须的面部毛发。In 2001, there were only 62 adult Iberian lynx. The low numbers led to emergency efforts to save the animals. Experts then helped bring males and females together for reproduction and started protection projects. Other efforts included restoring their natural environments, including dense forests and grasslands.  2001年，成年伊比利亚猞猁仅有62只。这一低数量引发了拯救这些动物的紧急努力。专家们帮助将雄性和雌性猞猁聚集在一起进行繁殖，并启动了保护项目。其他努力还包括恢复它们的自然环境，包括密林和草原。By 2023, the IUCN said its latest count shows more than 2,000 wild cats, including adults and younger ones.  到2023年，IUCN表示，其最新统计显示有超过2000只野猫，包括成年的和幼小的。“It’s really (a) huge success, an exponential increase in the population size,” Craig Hilton-Taylor told The Associated Press. He is head of the IUCN Red List. The Red List maintains information on animals and plants that face the risk of extinction.  克雷格·希尔顿-泰勒对美联社说：“这真的是一个巨大的成功，种群数量呈指数级增长。” 他是IUCN红色名录的负责人。红色名录收录了面临灭绝风险的动植物信息。The Iberian lynx’s disappearance was closely linked to that of its main food source -- the European rabbit. Other reasons are damage to its habitats and human activity.  伊比利亚猞猁的消失与其主要食物来源——欧洲兔密切相关。其他原因还包括栖息地的破坏和人类活动。One of the keys to their recovery has been the attention given to the rabbit population. The rabbits had been affected by changes in agricultural production. And their recovery has led to a continuous increase in the lynx population, Hilton-Taylor said.  它们恢复的关键之一是对兔子种群的关注。农业生产的变化影响了兔子种群。而兔子的恢复带来了猞猁种群的持续增长，希尔顿-泰勒说。Francisco Javier Salcedo Ortiz is with the European Union’s LIFE Lynx-Connect project.  弗朗西斯科·哈维尔·萨尔塞多·奥尔蒂斯隶属于欧盟的LIFE Lynx-Connect项目。He called it “the greatest recovery of a cat species ever achieved through conservation.” Ortiz said it was the result of partnerships among public bodies, scientific communities, non-profit organizations, businesses, and people, like local landowners, farmers, gamekeepers and hunters.  他称其为“通过保护实现的猫科动物最大恢复”。奥尔蒂斯说，这是公共机构、科学界、非营利组织、企业和人们（如当地土地所有者、农民、护林员和猎人）之间合作的结果。IUCN has also worked with local communities to teach people about the importance of the Iberian lynx in nature. This has helped to reduce animal deaths due to accidents or illegal hunting. In addition, Hilton-Taylor said, farmers receive money if a lynx kills any of their animals.  IUCN还与当地社区合作，教育人们了解伊比利亚猞猁在自然界的重要性。这有助于减少因事故或非法狩猎造成的动物死亡。此外，希尔顿-泰勒说，如果猞猁杀死了农民的任何动物，农民会得到赔偿。Since 2010, more than 400 Iberian lynx have been reintroduced to parts of Portugal and Spain. Now, their habitat includes at least 3,320 square kilometers. This is an increase from 449 square kilometers in 2005.  自2010年以来，已有超过400只伊比利亚猞猁被重新引入葡萄牙和西班牙的部分地区。现在，它们的栖息地至少包括3320平方公里。这比2005年的449平方公里有所增加。“We have to consider every single thing before releasing a lynx, and every four years or so we revise the protocols,” said Ramón Pérez de Ayala. He is the World Wildlife Fund’s Spain species project manager. WWF is one of the organizations involved in the project.  “在释放猞猁之前，我们必须考虑每一个细节，并且每四年左右我们会修订协议，”拉蒙·佩雷斯·德·阿亚拉说。他是世界野生动物基金会西班牙物种项目经理。WWF是参与该项目的组织之一。While the latest Red List update offers hope for other species in the same situation, Hilton-Taylor warns that the lynx is not out of danger just yet. The biggest uncertainty is what will happen to rabbits. They are often affected by viruses and other diseases.  尽管最新的红色名录更新为处于同样境地的其他物种带来了希望，希尔顿-泰勒警告说，猞猁尚未完全脱离危险。最大的未知是兔子的未来。它们常常受到病毒和其他疾病的影响。Hilton-Taylor said, “We also worried about issues with climate change, how the habitat will respond to climate change, especially the increasing impact of fires, as we’ve seen in the Mediterranean in the last year or two.”  希尔顿-泰勒说：“我们还担心气候变化问题，栖息地将如何应对气候变化，特别是火灾影响的增加，正如我们在过去一两年在地中海地区所见。”

A mysterious rising structure has been discovered in a rural desert area in the western American state of Nevada.在美国西部内华达州的一个农村沙漠地区发现了一个神秘的上升结构。The tall, pillar-shaped object is being described as a monolith. Images suggest it is made of metallic material and its surface is reflective.这个高大的柱状物体被描述为一块独石。从图片上看，它似乎是由金属材料制成，表面具有反光性。The object recently drew attention when the Las Vegas police department published a photo and message about the structure on the social media service X. It read: “We see a lot of weird things when people go hiking like not being prepared for the weather, not bringing enough water...but check this out!”最近，当拉斯维加斯警察局在社交媒体平台X上发布了一张关于该结构的照片和消息时，这个物体引起了人们的注意。消息中写道：“我们在徒步旅行时看到很多奇怪的事情，比如没有为天气做好准备，没带足够的水……但看看这个！”Officers recently saw the monolith while carrying out a search and rescue operation. The area is about one hour north of Las Vegas. It is popular with hikers.警官们最近在执行搜救任务时看到了这块独石。该地区位于拉斯维加斯以北约一小时的路程，非常受徒步旅行者的欢迎。The area is part of Nevada’s large Desert National Wildlife Refuge. Bighorn sheep and desert tortoises can be found there. The monolith was put in an area with mountain peaks up to 2,100 meters high.该地区是内华达州大型沙漠国家野生动物保护区的一部分，那里有大角羊和沙漠龟。这块独石被放置在海拔高达2100米的山峰区域。The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service told The Associated Press (AP) that its members were trying to learn more about the monolith.美国鱼类及野生动物管理局告诉美联社（AP），其成员正在努力了解更多关于这块独石的信息。Images included with the X message showed the structure standing tall against a bright blue sky, with distant views of the Las Vegas valley. Many observers noted on social media the monolith looked like an object that appeared in Stanley Kubrick’s famous science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey.X消息附带的图片显示，这个结构在明亮的蓝天背景下高高矗立，远处可以看到拉斯维加斯山谷的景色。许多观察者在社交媒体上指出，这块独石看起来像斯坦利·库布里克著名的科幻电影《2001太空漫游》中的一个物体。The mysterious structure is the latest object to appear in recent years in different places around the U.S. and Europe. The first one to receive wide media attention was discovered in the Utah desert in late 2020. Others have been discovered in California and in the nations of Canada, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Britain.近年来，这种神秘结构物体在美国和欧洲的不同地方不断出现。第一个受到广泛媒体关注的是在2020年末在犹他州沙漠中发现的。其他的则在加利福尼亚州以及加拿大、荷兰、波兰、罗马尼亚和英国等国家被发现。All the structures disappeared about as quickly as they appeared. Placing the objects is a violation of a U.S. law that protects federal lands.所有这些结构物体消失的速度几乎与它们出现的速度一样快。放置这些物体违反了美国保护联邦土地的法律。The monolith found in Utah in 2020 stood about 3.6 meters tall, the AP reported. It was placed in rock in an area so remote that local officials decided not to immediately inform the public. The officials feared people would get lost trying to find it.据美联社报道，2020年在犹他州发现的独石高约3.6米。它被放置在一个非常偏远的岩石区域，以至于当地官员决定不立即通知公众。官员们担心人们会在寻找它的过程中迷路。But many people were successful in finding it. Fish and Wildlife officials said that during the search, visitors to the area flattened plants with vehicles and left behind human waste. Two men known for doing extreme sports in Utah later said that kind of damage persuaded them to go to the area late at night and tear the structure down and remove it.但是许多人成功找到了它。鱼类及野生动物管理局官员说，在搜索过程中，游客用车辆压平了植物，并留下了人类的废弃物。后来，两名以在犹他州进行极限运动而闻名的男子表示，这种破坏促使他们在深夜前往该地区，将结构拆除并移走。This time, officials at the Fish and Wildlife Service are worried about similar harms from visitors. Nevada’s Desert National Wildlife Refuge is the largest wildlife refuge outside of Alaska.这次，鱼类及野生动物管理局的官员们担心游客会造成类似的伤害。内华达州的沙漠国家野生动物保护区是阿拉斯加以外最大的野生动物保护区。Christa Weise oversees refuge operations. She said, “People might come looking for it and be coming with inappropriate vehicles or driving where they shouldn't, trampling plants."Christa Weise 负责保护区的运营。她说：“人们可能会来寻找它，并驾驶不适当的车辆或在不该开的地方行驶，践踏植物。”The Nevada monolith has produced many different opinions by people on social media. One X user, publishing under the name @NWK1WAYS, simply declared: "Clearly Aliens!"内华达州的独石在社交媒体上引发了许多不同的意见。一位名为@NWK1WAYS的X用户简单地宣称：“显然是外星人！”Another user, @cdharris19, expressed disbelief that the mysterious placers had struck again. "Are we really gonna do this whole thing again?" the user asked. "Just remove the trash, find who dumped it, and fine them."另一位用户@cdharris19对神秘的放置者再次出现表示难以置信。这位用户问道：“我们真的要再做一次这个事情吗？把垃圾清理掉，找到谁扔的，然后罚款。”

Researchers have made what they call a “spectacular” finding at the Mount Vernon home of America’s first president: almost 30 bottles of preserved fruit.研究人员在美国第一任总统的家——弗农山庄发现了他们称之为“壮观”的发现：近30瓶保存完好的水果。The bottles of cherries and berries were preserved in storage areas in the cellar of George Washington’s home near the Potomac River.这些瓶装的樱桃和浆果被保存在乔治·华盛顿家靠近波托马克河的地窖储藏区。Researchers discovered the fruits during an archaeological dig connected to a restoration project.研究人员在与一个修复项目相关的考古挖掘中发现了这些水果。Jason Boroughs is Mount Vernon’s head archaeologist. He said the discovery of so much perfectly preserved food from more than 250 years ago is almost unequaled.杰森·博罗斯是弗农山庄的首席考古学家。他说，发现如此多保存完好的250多年前的食物几乎是前所未有的。“Finding… fresh fruit, 250 years later, is pretty spectacular,” Boroughs told the Associated Press. Whole pieces of fruit, recognizable as cherries, were found in some of the bottles. Other bottles held what appear to be gooseberries or currants, though testing is underway to confirm that.“找到……250年后的新鲜水果，确实是相当壮观的，”博罗斯告诉美联社。一些瓶子里发现了完整的水果，可以辨认出是樱桃。其他瓶子里装的似乎是醋栗或黑醋栗，不过正在进行测试以确认这一点。Mount Vernon is partnering with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which is doing DNA testing on the fruit. The USDA is also examining more than 50 cherry pits recovered from the bottles to see if any of them can be planted.弗农山庄正与美国农业部（USDA）合作，对这些水果进行DNA检测。美国农业部还在检查从这些瓶子中回收的50多个樱桃核，看看其中是否有可以种植的。Benjamin Gutierrez, a USDA plant scientist, said the chances of using a cherry pit to grow a tree are low. Seeds preserve best when they are dry, and most of the pits found at Mount Vernon were wet. A couple of pits tested at first were not able to be used as seeds.本杰明·古铁雷斯是美国农业部的一位植物科学家，他说，用樱桃核种树的几率很低。种子在干燥时保存最好，而在弗农山庄发现的大多数种子都是湿的。最初测试的几个樱桃核不能用作种子。Still, Gutierrez said the bottles are a remarkable find. In addition to DNA testing, he said chemical testing may be able to show if spices were used to preserve the fruits.尽管如此，古铁雷斯说，这些瓶子是一个非凡的发现。除了DNA检测，他说化学检测可能还会显示是否使用了香料来保存这些水果。Records at Mount Vernon show that George and Martha Washington enjoyed cherries, at least when mixed with the alcoholic drink known as brandy. Martha Washington’s recipe for a “cherry bounce” drink survives. And Washington wrote that he took some cherry bounce with him on a trip across the Alleghenies in 1784.弗农山庄的记录显示，乔治和玛莎·华盛顿喜欢樱桃，至少是在与一种叫白兰地的酒精饮料混合时。玛莎·华盛顿的“樱桃酒”饮料配方至今留存。华盛顿写道，他在1784年穿越阿巴拉契亚山脉的旅行中带了一些樱桃酒。These cherries, though, were most likely bottled to be eaten as food, Boroughs said.博罗斯说，这些樱桃很可能是为了食用而装瓶的。The quality of the preservation suggests skilled work. The kitchen was overseen by an enslaved woman named Doll, who came to Mount Vernon in 1758 with Martha Washington.保存的质量表明这是一项技艺高超的工作。厨房由一位名叫多尔的奴隶妇女负责，她于1758年与玛莎·华盛顿一同来到弗农山庄。Boroughs said the slaves were probably responsible for the preservation process and described the work as “highly skilled.” He added that if the work was poorly done it “wouldn’t have survived this way.”博罗斯说，这些保存工作很可能是由奴隶负责的，并将这项工作描述为“技艺高超”。他补充说，如果工作做得不好，它“就不会以这种方式保存下来”。The bottles were found only because Mount Vernon is doing a $40 million restoration project on the house. The work is expected to be finished by the nation’s 250th birthday in 2026.这些瓶子之所以被发现，是因为弗农山庄正在进行一个耗资4000万美元的房屋修复项目。预计这项工作将在2026年美国建国250周年前完成。Boroughs said the archaeological dig started because the ground was going to be affected during structural repairs to the house. “We didn’t expect to find all this,” he said.博罗斯说，考古挖掘之所以开始，是因为房屋的结构修复会影响到地面。他说：“我们没想到会发现这些。”Researchers know the bottles date to before 1775 because that is when a building project on the house led to the area being covered over with a brick floor.研究人员知道这些瓶子是在1775年之前，因为那时房屋的一个建筑项目将该区域用砖地覆盖了。Mount Vernon announced back in April, at the start of its archaeological work, that it had found two bottles.弗农山庄在四月份考古工作开始时宣布，已经发现了两个瓶子。As the dig continued, the number increased to 35 in six different storage pits. Six of the bottles were broken, with the other 29 in good condition. Twelve held cherries, 16 held the other berries believed to be currants and gooseberries, and one larger bottle held both cherries and other berries.随着挖掘的继续，数量增加到了六个不同储藏坑中的35个瓶子。其中六个瓶子破碎，另外29个完好无损。十二个瓶子装的是樱桃，十六个瓶子装的是被认为是黑醋栗和醋栗的其他浆果，还有一个较大的瓶子装有樱桃和其他浆果。Boroughs believes they have now uncovered all the cherries and berries that survived.博罗斯认为他们已经找到了所有幸存下来的樱桃和浆果。“There is a lot of information that we’re excited to get from these bottles,” he said.他说：“我们很高兴从这些瓶子中获取大量信息。”

A common subject for British mystery stories is a death at a seaside community.英国悬疑故事的一个常见主题是海滨社区的死亡事件。But in the northeastern state of Maine, mysterious, real deaths happened — although the victims were trees that blocked the view from a wealthy family’s summer home.但在美国东北部的缅因州，发生了一些神秘的真实死亡事件——不过受害者是一些挡住富人度假屋视线的树木。The story begins with a home kept by Amelia Bond, former chief of the St. Louis Foundation, and Arthur Bond III, an architect. Their summer home is on a hill that looks out onto Camden Harbor, part of Penobscot Bay, Maine.故事始于阿米莉亚·邦德，前圣路易斯基金会负责人，以及她的丈夫，建筑师亚瑟·邦德三世。他们的度假屋坐落在一座俯瞰缅因州卡姆登港的山丘上。Amelia Bond brought a powerful chemical that kills plants, an herbicide, from Missouri in 2021. She placed it near tall trees on the waterfront property of Lisa Gorman. Gorman’s home is downhill from the Bonds’ home.2021年，阿米莉亚·邦德从密苏里州带来了一种强力杀死植物的化学物质——一种除草剂。她把它放在了莉萨·戈尔曼的海滨房产附近的高大树木旁。戈尔曼的家在邦德家的山下。To make matters worse, the chemical began to spread into a neighboring park and the town's only public seaside beach. The highest level of law enforcement for the state is now investigating.更糟的是，这种化学物质开始蔓延到邻近的公园和镇上唯一的公共海滨沙滩。州最高级别的执法部门现在正在调查此事。Paul Hodgson is a resident of Camden who, like his neighbors, feels angry about the event. "Anybody dumb enough to poison trees right next to the ocean should be prosecuted, as far as I'm concerned," he said.保罗·霍奇森是卡姆登的居民，他和邻居们一样对这件事感到愤怒。他说：“在我看来，任何愚蠢到在海边毒害树木的人都应该被起诉。”When the trees and other plant life began dying, Amelia Bond told Gorman in June 2022 that the trees did not look good and offered to share the cost of removing them, Gorman's lawyer wrote in a document.当树木和其他植物开始死亡时，阿米莉亚·邦德在2022年6月告诉戈尔曼这些树看起来不太好，并提议分担清除它们的费用，戈尔曼的律师在一份文件中写道。Instead, Gorman had the trees tested. Soon, she called on lawyers to take action.相反，戈尔曼对树木进行了检测。很快，她请律师采取了行动。The Bonds have paid more than $1.7 million in fines and payments to the town and neighbors. The trees are now gone and the harbor view from the Bonds’ home is improved.邦德夫妇已支付了超过170万美元的罚款和赔偿金给镇上和邻居。树木现在已经被移除，邦德家可以看到更好的港口景色。Bond used a chemical named Tebuthiuron. It stays in the soil for a long time where it continues to kill plants.邦德使用了一种名为特布硫磺隆的化学物质。它会在土壤中停留很长时间，并持续杀死植物。Scott McElroy is an Auburn University professor specializing in weed science and herbicide chemistry. He said it could take six months to two years for rain to dilute the chemical, so it no longer endangers plants.斯科特·麦克尔罗伊是奥本大学专门研究杂草科学和除草剂化学的教授。他说，可能需要六个月到两年的时间，雨水才能稀释这种化学物质，使其不再危及植物。Tom Hedstrom is a local government leader in Maine.汤姆·赫德斯特罗姆是缅因州的一位地方政府领导人。"Wealth and power don't always go hand in hand with intelligence, education and morals," he said. "This was atrocious and gross and any other word you want to use to describe abhorrent behavior."他说：“财富和权力并不总是与智慧、教育和道德齐头并进。这种行为是可怕的、恶劣的，任何用来描述可憎行为的词语都不过分。”The Bonds have paid a price for their actions, which they admitted in legal agreements.邦德夫妇为他们的行为付出了代价，他们在法律协议中承认了这些行为。The money they paid included fees for testing damage to the environment and for using an herbicide illegally. They also paid more than $1.5 million to Gorman in a legal settlement.他们支付的款项包括环境损害检测费和非法使用除草剂的费用。他们还向戈尔曼支付了超过150万美元的法律和解金。Hodgson said it is not just wealthy summer visitors who break the rules. He said some residents in the community have been known to cut down trees, knowing that it is illegal.霍奇森说，不仅仅是富有的夏季访客会违反规定。据他说，该社区的一些居民在明知这是非法的情况下砍伐树木。"They just pay the fine because they have plenty of money," Hodgson said. "That's the town we live in."霍奇森说：“他们只是支付罚款，因为他们有的是钱。这就是我们生活的镇子。”

The American space agency NASA says a huge star explosion is expected to light up the night sky later this year. NASA describes it as a “once-in-a-lifetime” event.美国航天局NASA表示，预计今年晚些时候会有一次巨大的恒星爆炸，将照亮夜空。NASA将其描述为“一生一次”的事件。The event is known as a nova. It happens when changes to a star cause it to release a large amount of energy and it becomes very bright. This activity is only temporary and such stars usually return to their normal state after experiencing a nova event.这一事件被称为新星。当恒星发生变化导致其释放大量能量并变得非常明亮时，就会出现新星。这种活动只是暂时的，经历新星事件后，这些恒星通常会恢复到正常状态。Astronomers have predicted the nova is likely to happen by September 2024. The expected event will involve a two-star system – called a binary system – in the constellation Corona Borealis, also known as the Northern Crown. This constellation is about 3,000 light years from Earth. A light year is the distance light travels in a year – about 9.5 trillion kilometers.天文学家预测，这次新星事件可能会在2024年9月之前发生。预计的事件将涉及一个由两颗恒星组成的双星系统，位于被称为北冕座的星座中。这个星座距离地球大约3000光年。一光年是光在一年内行进的距离，大约为9.5万亿公里。The binary system is called T Coronae Borealis. It contains two gravitationally linked stars – a white dwarf and a red giant.这个双星系统被称为T Coronae Borealis。它包含两颗通过引力连接的恒星——一颗白矮星和一颗红巨星。NASA describes a white dwarf as the remains of an Earth-sized star that died. A white dwarf is formed when the star burns off all its central nuclear fuel and loses its outer layers.NASA将白矮星描述为一颗死亡的地球大小的恒星残骸。当恒星燃尽所有核心核燃料并失去其外层时，就会形成白矮星。A red giant forms when a star releases large amounts of hydrogen at its center. This loss of energy causes the star to begin to collapse. But the process also increases the red giant’s temperature and pressure, leading to new releases of energy that can affect nearby objects.当恒星在其中心释放大量氢气时，就会形成红巨星。这种能量的损失导致恒星开始塌缩。但这一过程也会增加红巨星的温度和压力，导致新的能量释放，从而影响附近的天体。Astronomers say a red giant’s release of hydrogen in a binary system causes a heavy buildup of pressure and heat on the white dwarf. Over time, such buildup can cause a “thermonuclear explosion” large enough to blast away the material the white dwarf had collected.天文学家表示，双星系统中红巨星释放的氢气会在白矮星上造成巨大的压力和热量积聚。随着时间的推移，这种积聚可能导致“热核爆炸”，足以炸飞白矮星积聚的物质。This process differs from a supernova. NASA describes a supernova as an “extremely bright, super-powerful explosion of a star.” The main difference is that a supernova is the final destruction that happens at the end of a particular star’s life. In a nova, the white dwarf remains active after the event.这一过程与超新星不同。NASA将超新星描述为“极其明亮、超强力的恒星爆炸”。主要区别在于，超新星是特定恒星生命终结时的最终毁灭。而在新星中，白矮星在事件后仍然活跃。Scientists believe novas appear to repeat, on average, about every 80 years. NASA notes that nova events can keep happening “for tens of hundreds or thousands of years.” That is why the space agency called the upcoming nova a “once-in-a-lifetime event.”科学家认为，新星平均大约每80年重复一次。NASA指出，新星事件可能会持续“数百年甚至数千年”。这就是为什么航天局将即将到来的新星称为“一生一次”的事件。Scientists say the nova explosion will be so bright, people should be able to see the resulting light without telescopes or other special equipment. The bright light can make it appear as though a new star has formed in the sky.科学家表示，新星爆炸将非常明亮，人们不需要望远镜或其他特殊设备就能看到产生的光亮。这道亮光会让人感觉天空中好像形成了一颗新星。It will be at least the third time humans have witnessed a nova, the French news agency AFP reports. The event was first discovered by Irish astronomer John Birmingham in 1866 and then reappeared in 1946.据法国新闻社AFP报道，这将是人类至少第三次目睹新星事件。1866年，爱尔兰天文学家约翰·伯明翰首次发现了这一事件，然后在1946年再次出现。Sumner Starrfield is a professor of astrophysics at Arizona State University. He told AFP he was very excited to see the nova event. He has studied the T Coronae Borealis star system at different times since the 1960s.萨姆纳·斯塔菲尔德是亚利桑那州立大学的天体物理学教授。他告诉AFP，他对看到这次新星事件感到非常兴奋。自20世纪60年代以来，他在不同时间研究了T Coronae Borealis星系。Starrfield is currently working on a scientific paper to predict what astronomers will learn about the repeating nova, whenever it shows up. "It could be today... but I hope it's not," he joked.斯塔菲尔德目前正在撰写一篇科学论文，预测天文学家将在重复新星事件中学到什么。他打趣道：“可能是今天……但我希望不是今天。”Rebekah Hounsell is a research scientist specializing in nova events at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. She said that interest in the event may “create a lot of ... astronomers out there.” She hopes this can give young people “a cosmic event they can observe for themselves, ask their own questions, and collect their own data.”丽贝卡·豪塞尔是NASA位于马里兰州的戈达德太空飞行中心研究新星事件的科学家。她说，对这次事件的兴趣可能会“培养出很多……天文学家”。她希望这能给年轻人“一个他们可以自己观察、提出问题并收集数据的宇宙事件”。She added that the nova event might even be helpful to “fuel the next generation of scientists.”她补充说，这次新星事件甚至可能有助于“激发下一代科学家”。

The profile and popularity of women's football has soared in recent years. But most products are still predominantly designed for men. This even includes football boots.近年来，女子足球的受关注程度和人气都大幅上升。但大多数足球产品仍主要为男性设计，其中还包括足球靴。Women's feet are not the same shape as men's – they also move differently on the pitch – so wearing boots designed for men makes blisters, stress fractures and injuries more likely.女性的脚和男性的脚的形状不一样。其次，女球员在场上的移动方式也不一样。因此，让女性穿专为男性设计的球靴更易导致脚起水疱、应力性骨折和受伤。But the authors acknowledge there has been progress, and it's hoped many of the major manufacturers will develop boots specifically for women for the World Cup next year.但文章作者们承认，缺乏为女球员专门设计的装备的现象已经得到了一定的改善，同时，他们希望大型球靴制造商能为参加明年女足世界杯的女球员专门设计球靴。词汇表profile 受（公众）关注度，知名度soared 飙升，猛增predominantly 主要地，占绝大多数地blisters 水疱stress fractures 应力性骨折injuries 受伤，损伤acknowledge 承认

Today we continue our series of expert suggestions for academic writing. Our guest is Jennifer Ahern-Dodson, assistant professor of the Practice in Writing Studies at Duke University in North Carolina.今天我们继续我们的学术写作专家建议系列。今天的嘉宾是来自北卡罗来纳州杜克大学的写作研究实践助理教授珍妮弗·埃亨-多德森。Ms. Ahern-Dodson starts a conversation with both students and professors planning to write a paper or essay. She asks about their earlier writing experiences. Were they negative or positive?埃亨-多德森女士与计划写论文或文章的学生和教授们展开对话。她询问他们早期的写作经历，是积极的还是消极的？She advises that you are not alone if you have had problems with your writing. She says everyone struggles with writing.她建议，如果你在写作中遇到问题，你并不孤单。她说每个人都会在写作中挣扎。“Writing is hard. All writers struggle at some point. And even if writing has come easily for you, at some point in your work as a student, that eventually you’re going to hit a roadblock. And so part of what I like to get folks thinking about is -- besides writing’s hard for everybody – is to really take a moment to think about their past writing experiences. And when the writing is going well, what was happening? When the writing wasn’t going well, what was happening?”“写作是困难的。所有作家都会在某个时刻挣扎。即使写作对你来说一直很容易，但在你作为学生的某个时刻，你最终会遇到障碍。因此，我希望大家思考的不仅仅是写作对每个人都很难，还要真正花点时间思考一下他们过去的写作经历。当写作顺利时，发生了什么？当写作不顺利时，又发生了什么？”She says most people’s negative writing experiences happened because a very specific formula is required for a paper including an exact length.她说，大多数人的消极写作经历是因为论文需要一个非常具体的格式，包括确切的长度。“And so they primarily focus on, and worry about, what the final product has to look like, like how many pages for a research essay? Or if it is in the second or third language, you know, punctuation and grammar, like whether it gets communicated in the right language.“所以他们主要关注并担心最终的成品应该是什么样子，比如研究论文要多少页？或者如果是用第二或第三语言写作，你知道的，标点和语法，比如是否用正确的语言表达。“And so focusing on the end makes it really hard to get started.”“因此，专注于最终结果会让人很难开始写作。”Another problem can arise when the need to do well on a paper is extremely important.当论文表现好与否变得极其重要时，可能会出现另一个问题。“…like a timed essay exam, or a college application essay, or a research paper that is at the end of the semester, and it’s tied to the entire grade for the class. So worrying about what will happen if they don’t do well – get bad grades, don’t get into college -- creates, of course, significant anxiety. And that can make it harder to get the writing done.”“…比如计时作文考试，或大学申请文章，或学期末的研究论文，这些都与整个课程的成绩挂钩。所以担心如果表现不好会发生什么——成绩差，不能上大学——当然会产生很大的焦虑。而这会让写作变得更加困难。”Then she and the people she’s helping move to more positive projects. She says usually when writing comes easily, the writers feel they have something important to say.然后，她和她帮助的人转向更积极的项目。她说，通常当写作变得容易时，作者会觉得他们有重要的事情要说。The teacher advises asking yourself questions. What personal understanding of the subject can you bring to your paper? Why is this subject important? For whom is it meaningful? Who will be reading it?老师建议问自己一些问题。你对这个主题有什么个人理解可以带到论文中？为什么这个主题很重要？对谁有意义？谁会阅读它？“…Think about who your audience is, and what it is that you really want to say to them. And what that can do is help you switch from the final product and what it can look like (to) really more on what you have to offer, your particular perspective.”“…思考一下你的读者是谁，你真正想对他们说什么。这样做可以帮助你从关注最终成品及其外观转变为更关注你能提供的内容和你独特的视角。”

When voters go to the polls in Brighton, England on July 4, they will get the chance to elect what some people are calling the first artificial intelligence (AI) lawmaker.当英国布莱顿的选民在7月4日去投票时，他们将有机会选举出被一些人称为首位人工智能（AI）议员的人。Businessman Steve Endacott is running to represent his area as a member of Britain’s Parliament. During his campaign, he has used AI tools to present voters with an electronic version of himself called “AI Steve.” The electronic image is known as an avatar.商人史蒂夫·恩达科特正在竞选代表他的地区成为英国议会的一员。在他的竞选过程中，他使用了AI工具向选民展示了一个名为“AI史蒂夫”的电子版自己。这个电子形象被称为化身。Voters can communicate with AI Steve through a website powered by Neural Voice, an AI company. Endacott is the company’s chairman.选民可以通过由AI公司Neural Voice提供支持的网站与AI史蒂夫进行交流。恩达科特是该公司的主席。Endacott, aged 59, said his idea for the AI avatar came after he became unhappy with the way "standard politics" in his area operate. So he decided to run for office in a different way. The AI system permits people to ask questions and offer ideas to AI Steve. The real Endacott can look at these ideas and show them to experts and, if elected, to other members of Parliament.59岁的恩达科特说，他想要创建AI化身的想法源于他对他所在地区“标准政治”运作方式的不满。因此，他决定以不同的方式竞选公职。AI系统允许人们向AI史蒂夫提问并提出想法。真正的恩达科特可以查看这些想法并将其展示给专家，如果当选，还可以展示给其他议会议员。Some of the issues brought to the attention of AI Steve so far include waste collection, immigration, housing, and LGBTQ rights.到目前为止，提交给AI史蒂夫关注的问题包括垃圾收集、移民、住房和LGBTQ权利。Endacott bases the process on a research method called crowdsourcing. That means collecting ideas from large numbers of people to reach better solutions to problems.恩达科特将这一过程基于一种称为众包的研究方法。众包是指从大量人群中收集想法，以找到更好的问题解决方案。Endacott told Reuters news agency he thinks using AI to gather more ideas from people supports democracy. He thinks this will help politicians know more about what people want and need. He added that he hopes to get more politicians to use AI in the same way.恩达科特告诉路透社，他认为使用AI收集更多人的想法有助于支持民主。他认为这将有助于政治家更好地了解人们的需求和愿望。他补充说，他希望能让更多的政治家以同样的方式使用AI。"We're launching a party, we're going to be recruiting more AI candidates across the country after this election,” Endacott said. “We see this as the…building block for something big and something democratic," he added.“我们正在创立一个政党，在这次选举之后，我们将在全国范围内招募更多的AI候选人，”恩达科特说。“我们认为这是……大事和民主事物的基石，”他补充说。Aid worker Eona Johnston, aged 23, agreed with Endacott after meeting him. "We're using AI in so many (areas), at work, social interactions, why don't we put it in politics? It might change the way we live,” she said.23岁的援助工作者艾奥娜·约翰斯顿在见到恩达科特后同意他的观点。“我们在很多领域都使用AI，在工作中，社交互动中，为什么不把它用于政治呢？这可能会改变我们的生活方式，”她说。However, not all locals think using AI will improve government policies. "AI and politicians have one thing in common," local resident Andy Clawson, aged 42, said. "They can’t be trusted."然而，并非所有当地人都认为使用AI会改善政府政策。42岁的当地居民安迪·克劳森说：“AI和政治家有一个共同点，他们都不可信。”Endacott is a member of the political party Smarter U.K. But he decided to run as an independent candidate. That means his name will not be connected with any political party on the ballot. The Labour Party and the Conservative Party are the two most influential political groups in Britain.恩达科特是政治党派“更聪明的英国”的成员。但他决定以独立候选人的身份参选。这意味着他的名字不会与任何政党联系在选票上。工党和保守党是英国最有影响力的两个政治团体。AI Steve is the name that will appear on the ballot. But Electoral Commission officials have made clear that if AI Steve wins, Endacott would win the seat in parliament, not any AI version of the politician.AI史蒂夫是将出现在选票上的名字。但选举委员会官员已明确表示，如果AI史蒂夫获胜，将由恩达科特赢得议会席位，而不是任何AI版本的政治家。

Childhood cancer survivor Hayley Arceneaux and three other American civilians went to space in 2021. They travelled in a mission called Inspiration4 for the private company SpaceX.童年癌症幸存者海莉·阿尔塞诺和另外三名美国平民于2021年进入太空。他们参加了私人公司SpaceX的名为Inspiration4的任务。The four-member crew made history as the first all-civilian team to orbit Earth. But they also provided the most detailed data ever on the effects of space travel on the human body.这四人组成的团队创造了历史，成为首个全平民绕地球轨道飞行的团队。但他们还提供了迄今为止最详细的太空旅行对人体影响的数据。New research based on this data details changes in the brain, heart, muscles, kidneys, skin, immune system and stress levels. The research also provides information on the activity of cell structures called mitochondria in zero-gravity, increased radiation, and other changes experienced in space travel.基于这些数据的新研究详细描述了大脑、心脏、肌肉、肾脏、皮肤、免疫系统和压力水平的变化。研究还提供了有关在零重力状态下细胞结构线粒体活动、增加的辐射以及太空旅行中经历的其他变化的信息。More than 95 percent of the health changes, or biomarkers, returned to normal levels in the months after the crew returned to Earth. But some abnormalities, including in the mitochondria continued, the researchers said. But the data suggested that spaceflights - at least short-term trips – are not big health risks.研究人员表示，在船员返回地球后的几个月里，超过95%的健康变化或生物标志物恢复到了正常水平。但一些异常情况，包括线粒体的异常仍然存在。但数据显示，太空飞行——至少是短期旅行——并不是很大的健康风险。"We did not see anything that was worrisome, thankfully," said Chris Mason. He is a professor of physiology and biophysics at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York who helped lead the research. The studies were published Tuesday in Nature and other journals.“幸运的是，我们没有发现任何令人担忧的事情，”克里斯·梅森说。他是纽约威尔康奈尔医学院的生理学和生物物理学教授，帮助领导了这项研究。这些研究于周二发表在《自然》和其他期刊上。Mason added that there was evidence of brain stress during the mission, which has also been found in previous studies.梅森补充说，在任务期间有证据表明大脑受到了压力，这在以前的研究中也有发现。Mason said this might be explained by findings in experimental mice flown to space. The mice experienced disruptions in the blood-brain barrier, a layer of cells protecting the brain.梅森说，这可能通过飞往太空的实验鼠中的发现来解释。这些小鼠经历了血脑屏障的破坏，血脑屏障是一层保护大脑的细胞。Brain function was not affected, Mason noted.梅森指出，大脑功能没有受到影响。Arceneaux is a doctor’s assistant at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, and the mission's medical officer. Her three crewmates, two men and one woman, were monitored before, during and after the flight. They went through extensive testing and provided blood, saliva and other bodily materials.阿尔塞诺是田纳西州孟菲斯圣犹达儿童研究医院的医生助理，也是这次任务的医疗官。她的三名队友，两男一女，在飞行前、飞行中和飞行后都进行了监测。他们进行了广泛的测试，提供了血液、唾液和其他身体材料。The research also included information from 64 astronauts who had longer stays on the International Space Station (ISS) and other missions. Inspiration4 flew at about 590 kilometers above Earth, higher than the ISS. That means the crew faced higher radiation levels.研究还包括来自64名在国际空间站（ISS）和其他任务中长期逗留的宇航员的信息。Inspiration4在距地球约590公里的高度飞行，比国际空间站更高。这意味着船员面临更高的辐射水平。The beginning of a "second Space Age" led by private space travel companies has increased the demand to understand health risks, says Afshin Beheshti. He is with the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science in Seattle, Washington, and helped lead the research.华盛顿州西雅图蓝色大理石太空科学研究所的Afshin Beheshti说，私人太空旅行公司引领的“第二个太空时代”的开始增加了了解健康风险的需求。他帮助领导了这项研究。Researchers consider the amount of time in space to be an important factor in the health effects.研究人员认为，太空中的时间长度是健康影响的一个重要因素。The longer the time in space, “the greater the increase in health risks observed," Beheshti said.Beheshti说，太空时间越长，“观察到的健康风险增加越大”。Beheshti added the data detailed the major effect of spaceflight on mitochondrial and immune function.Beheshti补充说，数据详细描述了太空飞行对线粒体和免疫功能的主要影响。The “new findings indicate that microgravity and space radiation systematically affect the body, leading to dysfunction at the cellular level that impacts multiple organs, including muscles, kidneys, heart, skin, and (central nervous system) tissues," Beheshti said.Beheshti说，“新发现表明，微重力和太空辐射系统性地影响身体，导致细胞层面的功能障碍，影响多个器官，包括肌肉、肾脏、心脏、皮肤和（中枢神经系统）组织”。He added that spaceflight is known to quicken aging and many diseases. But, he said, the research is identifying major health risks that can be targeted for preventative treatment.他补充说，众所周知，太空飞行会加速衰老和许多疾病。但他说，研究正在识别可以针对性预防的主要健康风险。The scientists are looking forward in their work.科学家们对他们的工作充满期待。"If humans are going to be living and working in space, or living on the moon and Mars,” scientists need a basic understanding of how the body responds to space, Mason said.梅森说：“如果人类要在太空生活和工作，或者在月球和火星上生活，科学家们需要基本了解身体对太空的反应。”

A new study suggests that people infected with COVID-19 in the past may receive protection against some kinds of common colds.一项新的研究表明，以前感染过COVID-19的人可能会对某些类型的普通感冒产生保护作用。COVID-19 is one of several coronaviruses known to affect humans. The new research found that past COVID-19 infections can lower the risk of getting colds caused by other coronaviruses. Studies have shown coronaviruses account for about one in five colds.COVID-19是已知会影响人类的几种冠状病毒之一。新的研究发现，过去感染过COVID-19的人患其他冠状病毒引起的感冒的风险较低。研究表明，冠状病毒占了大约五分之一的感冒病例。Researchers involved in the study say their results could support future efforts to improve COVID-19 vaccines or develop new ones.参与这项研究的研究人员表示，他们的结果可能会支持未来改进COVID-19疫苗或开发新疫苗的努力。The study examined COVID-19 tests from more than 4,900 people who sought medical care between November 2020 and October 2021.这项研究检查了2020年11月至2021年10月期间寻求医疗护理的超过4900人的COVID-19检测结果。It showed that people previously infected with COVID-19 had a 50 percent lower chance of having a coronavirus-caused cold than those who were fully vaccinated and had not gotten COVID-19.研究显示，以前感染过COVID-19的人患冠状病毒引起的感冒的几率比那些完全接种疫苗但没有感染过COVID-19的人低50%。The research recently appeared in the publication Science Translational Medicine. The lead writer of the study was Dr. Manish Sagar. He is an infectious disease specialist at Boston Medical Center and a professor at Boston University in Massachusetts.这项研究最近发表在《科学转化医学》杂志上。研究的主要作者是马尼什·萨加尔博士。他是波士顿医疗中心的传染病专家，也是马萨诸塞州波士顿大学的教授。Sagar told the Associated Press, “We think there’s going to be a future outbreak of a coronavirus.” He said current coronavirus vaccines might be improved if researchers could copy some of the immune reactions “provided by natural infection.”萨加尔告诉美联社，“我们认为未来会爆发另一种冠状病毒。”他说，如果研究人员能够复制“自然感染提供的”某些免疫反应，目前的冠状病毒疫苗可能会得到改进。Researchers linked the protection against coronavirus-caused colds to virus-killing cell reactions for two viral proteins. These proteins are not currently used in most vaccines. But the researchers have proposed adding them in the future.研究人员将对冠状病毒引起的感冒的保护作用与两种病毒蛋白的杀病毒细胞反应联系起来。目前大多数疫苗中并未使用这些蛋白质。但研究人员提出将来可以添加这些蛋白质。Sagar said this development may lead to future vaccines that could target not only current coronaviruses, but also new ones that might appear.萨加尔表示，这一发展可能会导致未来的疫苗不仅能针对当前的冠状病毒，还能针对可能出现的新冠状病毒。Dr. Wesley Long is a pathologist at Houston Methodist in Texas. He was not involved in the study. Long noted that the findings should not be seen as a weakness of current vaccines. These vaccines target a so-called “spike protein” contained in the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.韦斯利·朗博士是德克萨斯州休斯顿卫理公会医院的一名病理学家。他没有参与这项研究。朗指出，这些发现不应被视为当前疫苗的弱点。这些疫苗针对的是导致COVID-19的SARS-CoV-2病毒中所谓的“刺突蛋白”。Long said those vaccines are “still your best defense against severe COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and death.”朗说，这些疫苗“仍然是防止严重COVID-19感染、住院和死亡的最佳防御措施。”But Long added that new targets could be added to existing vaccines in an effort to “cross-protect against multiple viruses.” This process, he said, could result in wider immunity from a single vaccine.但朗补充说，可以在现有疫苗中添加新的目标，以“交叉保护多种病毒”。他说，这一过程可能会使单一疫苗产生更广泛的免疫力。

Millions of years ago, a huge and powerful hunter flew in the skies above a former sea in what is now Australia. Its large mouth and long, pointed teeth captured fish and other sea life.几百万年前，一种巨大的强大猎手在如今的澳大利亚上空的一个古老海洋上空飞行。它的大嘴和长而尖的牙齿捕捉鱼类和其他海洋生物。Scientists in Australia recently announced the discovery of fossil remains of the animal, named Haliskia peterseni. They said the fossils are the most complete remains of any pterosaur ever unearthed in Australia. The creature lived alongside dinosaurs during the Cretaceous Period, the researchers said.澳大利亚的科学家最近宣布发现了这种被命名为Haliskia peterseni的动物的化石遗骸。他们表示，这些化石是澳大利亚迄今为止发现的最完整的翼龙遗骸。研究人员说，这种生物生活在白垩纪时期，与恐龙共存。Haliskia means "sea phantom." The researchers said Haliskia’s wings measured 4.6 meters across from end to end. The animal lived about 100 million years ago.Haliskia的意思是“海洋幽灵”。研究人员表示，Haliskia的翅膀从一端到另一端长4.6米。这种动物生活在大约一亿年前。"The Eromanga Sea was a massive inland sea covering large parts of Australia when this pterosaur was alive," said Adele Pentland, a doctoral student in paleontology at Curtin University in Australia. Pentland was the lead writer of a study, which appeared recently in the publication Scientific Reports.“埃罗曼加海是一个覆盖澳大利亚大部分地区的巨大内陆海洋，当时这种翼龙生活在这个海洋上空，”澳大利亚科廷大学古生物学博士生阿黛尔·彭特兰德说。彭特兰德是最近在《科学报告》期刊上发表的一项研究的主要作者。The thin bones of pterosaurs do not easily turn into fossils. For Haliskia, only 22 percent of the skeleton was unearthed. The bones included complete lower jaws, part of the upper jaw, throat bones, 43 teeth, vertebrae, ribs, bones from both wings and part of one leg.翼龙的薄骨头不容易变成化石。对于Haliskia，只挖掘出了22%的骨架。这些骨头包括完整的下颌骨、部分上颌骨、喉骨、43颗牙齿、椎骨、肋骨、两翼的骨头和一条腿的部分骨头。Pentland said the researchers believe the muscle in the animal’s mouth, called the tongue, was very strong, based on the length of its throat bones.彭特兰德说，研究人员根据其喉骨的长度认为这种动物嘴里的肌肉，也就是舌头，非常强壮。"In many other pterosaurs, the throat bones are 30 percent or 60 percent the length of the lower jaw, whereas in Haliskia the throat bones are 70 percent the length of the lower jaw,” Pentland said.“在许多其他翼龙中，喉骨的长度是下颌骨长度的30%或60%，而在Haliskia中，喉骨长度是下颌骨长度的70%。”彭特兰德说。Haliskia is a little larger and older, by about 5 million years, than the closely related Australian pterosaur Ferrodraco. Scientists announced its discovery in 2019. Haliskia's remains are more complete than those of Ferrodraco.Haliskia比密切相关的澳大利亚翼龙Ferrodraco大一些，年龄也大了大约500万年。科学家们在2019年宣布了Ferrodraco的发现。Haliskia的遗骸比Ferrodraco的更完整。Both animals belong to a pterosaur group called anhanguerians known from remains found in China, the United States, Brazil, Britain, Spain and Morocco. The three other named Australian pterosaurs are known only from partial jaw bones, Pentland said.这两种动物都属于一种叫做anhanguerians的翼龙类群，已在中国、美国、巴西、英国、西班牙和摩洛哥发现了它们的遗骸。彭特兰德说，另外三种命名的澳大利亚翼龙仅从部分颌骨中得知。The Haliskia individual's body ended up buried under sediment at the bottom of the Eromanga Sea.这只Haliskia的身体最终被埋在埃罗曼加海底的沉积物下。Pterosaurs were the first of three vertebrate groups to fly, appearing about 230 million years ago. Birds appeared about 150 million years ago and bats appeared around 50 million years ago.翼龙是三大飞行脊椎动物群中最早出现的，出现在大约2.3亿年前。鸟类出现在大约1.5亿年前，而蝙蝠则出现在大约5000万年前。Pentland said the Haliskia discovery is also important because for many years experts believed Australia had very few fossils from the age of dinosaurs.彭特兰德说，Haliskia的发现也很重要，因为多年来专家们认为澳大利亚的恐龙时代化石非常少。

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease. One part of the immune system, called macrophages, is highly implicated. 克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎是最常见的炎症性肠病。人体免疫系统中巨噬细胞与病因密切相关。The researchers at the Francis Crick Institute discovered the macrophages master regulator of inflammation is a section of DNA that controls the whole suite of inflammatory chemicals that the cells release, and some people are born with a version that makes their body respond excessively.弗朗西斯·克里克研究所的研究人员发现，巨噬细胞作为炎症的主调节器，也是一段脱氧核糖核酸（DNA），该段 DNA 控制着细胞释放的一整套炎症化学物质，而有些人天生就有一种不同的 DNA “版本”，会让身体反应过度。The researchers use this knowledge to test drugs that are already approved for other conditions. These could calm inflammation in samples of bowel tissue from IBD patients.研究人员利用这些知识来测试已获批用于治疗其它疾病的药物。这些药物应该可以缓解在炎症性肠病患者肠道组织样本中已发现的炎症。词汇表ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎inflammatory bowel disease 炎症性肠病immune system 免疫系统macrophages 巨噬细胞implicated 密切相关的，有关联的regulator 调节器，管理者DNA 脱氧核糖核酸suite 一套、一整套inflammatory 引起炎症的，发炎的excessively 过度的tissue （细胞）组织IBD 炎症性肠病

If you could time travel, would you visit the past or the future? You could find your ancestors, descendants, or experience life when dinosaurs roamed your back garden. It sounds otherworldly, but scientists have looked into whether time travel is actually possible.如果你可以穿越，你会去过去还是未来？ 您可以找到您的祖先、后代，或者体验恐龙在您的后花园漫步时的生活。 这听起来很超凡脱俗，但科学家们已经研究了时间旅行是否真的可能。Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionised understanding of space, time, mass and gravity. The key element of this theory is that time and space are linked together, and time doesn't flow at a constant rate, meaning it speeds up or slows down, depending on where you are. For example, when you travel at high speeds, time decreases, which means, according to NASA, astronauts in space age more slowly than those on Earth! So, if you wanted to travel to the future, you would need to move close to the speed of light. Then, while centuries pass on Earth, you'd experience a relatively short amount of time and could hypothetically return home, where it would be the future!阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的相对论彻底改变了对空间、时间、质量和重力的理解。 该理论的关键要素是时间和空间是联系在一起的，并且时间不会以恒定的速度流动，这意味着它会加速或减慢，具体取决于您所在的位置。 例如，当你高速旅行时，时间会减少，这意味着，根据美国宇航局的说法，太空中的宇航员比地球上的宇航员更慢！ 所以，如果你想旅行到未来，你需要接近光速。 然后，当地球上几个世纪过去时，你会经历相对较短的时间，并且假设可以返回家园，那里将是未来！Travelling backwards in time seems much more difficult. Theoretically, one way of going back is via a wormhole. That means, if space and time can be folded like paper, we could create a tunnel – a shortcut between points in time. The problem is that there is no evidence that wormholes exist. "It's been shown mathematically that they can exist, but whether they exist physically is something else," says Emma Osborne, an astrophysicist at the University of York. Also, theories show that wormholes would be so small that a person definitely couldn't fit through one, and they would have such an intense gravitational field that they would collapse very quickly.时光倒流似乎要困难得多。 从理论上讲，返回的一种方法是通过虫洞。 这意味着，如果空间和时间可以像纸一样折叠，我们就可以创建一条隧道——时间点之间的捷径。 问题是没有证据表明虫洞存在。 约克大学天体物理学家艾玛·奥斯本 (Emma Osborne) 表示：“数学上证明它们可以存在，但它们在物理上是否存在则是另一回事。” 此外，理论表明，虫洞非常小，人绝对无法穿过，而且虫洞的引力场非常强，很快就会塌陷。For now, it seems we'll have to be content with science fiction and using telescopes to look back in time rather than travelling through it.目前，我们似乎只能满足于科幻小说和使用望远镜回顾过去，而不是穿越过去。词汇表ancestor 祖先descendant 后代otherworldly 超脱尘俗的，非现实世界的theory of relativity 相对论mass 质量gravity 重力，引力flow （时间）流动，流逝speed up 加速slow down 减速age 变老the speed of light 光速century 一百年，世纪wormhole 蠕虫洞shortcut 捷径，近路astrophysicist 天体物理学家gravitational field 引力场collapse 崩塌，坍塌science fiction 科幻小说telescope 望远镜

Once a year, millions of Muslims from all over the world travel to Saudi Arabia, to complete an important religious duty called Hajj. The travelers gather in the city of Mecca, carrying out holy acts over several days.每年一次，数百万穆斯林从世界各地前往沙特阿拉伯，完成一种称为哈吉的重要宗教义务。朝圣者们聚集在麦加市，进行数天的神圣活动。Hajj is one of the five pillars, or bases, of Islamic belief.哈吉是伊斯兰信仰的五大支柱之一。Here is a look at the religious event and its meaning to Muslims: Every Muslim who is financially and physically able is expected to complete at least one Hajj. Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The others are declaration of belief, daily prayers, giving to those in need, and fasting. These acts are required.以下是关于这一宗教活动及其对穆斯林意义的介绍：每个在经济和身体上有能力的穆斯林都应完成至少一次哈吉。哈吉是伊斯兰五大支柱之一。其他支柱是信仰宣言、每日祷告、施舍和斋戒。这些行为是必需的。The Hajj takes place once a year during the Islamic lunar month of Dhul-Hijja. It is the 12th and final month of the Islamic year. The Hajj begins on June 14 this year and ends on June 19.哈吉每年在伊斯兰阴历月的杜尔·哈吉月举行。它是伊斯兰年历的第十二个月也是最后一个月。今年的哈吉从6月14日开始，6月19日结束。Performing Hajj meets a religious requirement for Muslims. The pilgrims are to seek God’s forgiveness for their wrongdoings. They believe the act brings them closer to God.进行哈吉满足了穆斯林的宗教要求。朝圣者们寻求上帝的宽恕，赦免他们的过错。他们相信这一行为能使他们更接近上帝。Many pilgrims bring with them prayer requests from family and friends that they would like to be said for them.许多朝圣者会带着来自家人和朋友的祈祷请求，希望在哈吉期间为他们祈祷。Some Muslims spend years saving money and making preparations to make the pilgrimage. And other barriers can get in the way.有些穆斯林花费数年时间储蓄资金并做准备来进行朝圣。而其他障碍也可能阻碍他们。In 2019, almost 2.5 million Muslims traveled to Mecca for Hajj. But the next year saw worldwide pandemic restrictions. Saudi officials restricted the event in 2020 to Muslims who lived in the country. Last year’s Hajj was the first to be held without COVID-19 restrictions since 2020. Close to 1.9 million people took part.2019年，近250万穆斯林前往麦加进行哈吉。但次年由于全球疫情限制，沙特官员将2020年的哈吉限制在境内的穆斯林。今年的哈吉是自2020年以来首次没有COVID-19限制的哈吉，约有190万人参与。Pilgrims declare the will to perform Hajj and they enter a state of “ihram.” Rules of ihram include the wearing of special clothes by men. The aim is to prepare oneself to be humble and a follower of God.朝圣者们宣告进行哈吉的意愿，并进入“戒律”状态。戒律规则包括男性穿戴特殊服装。其目的是使自己准备好谦卑并成为上帝的追随者。A spiritual high point of Hajj for many is to stand on the plain of Arafat. Pilgrims pray at the site, praising God and asking for God’s forgiveness.对许多人来说，哈吉的精神高潮是站在阿拉法特平原上。朝圣者们在此祈祷，赞美上帝并请求上帝的宽恕。Other religious acts include performing “tawaf” or circling the Kaaba structure in Mecca seven times.其他宗教行为包括进行“绕行”，即围绕麦加的克尔白结构绕行七圈。The Kaaba is a structure that represents the house of God. Muslims pray toward the Kaaba wherever they are in the world.克尔白是一座象征上帝之家的建筑。无论身处世界何地，穆斯林都向克尔白祈祷。Pilgrims also follow the path of Hagar, or Hajar. She is the wife of the Prophet Ibrahim, or Abraham to Jews and Christians. Muslims believe she ran between two hills seven times searching for water for her son.朝圣者们还会沿着哈杰尔的路径前进。她是先知易卜拉欣的妻子，即犹太人和基督徒所称的亚伯拉罕。穆斯林相信她曾在两座山之间奔跑七次，为她的儿子寻找水源。Among other religious acts, pilgrims throw small stones at structures that represent evil.在其他宗教行为中，朝圣者们向象征邪恶的结构投掷小石子。Eid al-Adha, or the “Feast of Sacrifice,” is a holiday that begins on the 10th day of Dhul-Hijja, during Hajj.宰牲节或“牺牲节”是在哈吉期间从杜尔·哈吉月的第十天开始的节日。It is celebrated by Muslims around the world. It marks Prophet Ibrahim’s demonstration of religious belief by offering his son’s life to honor God. During the holiday, Muslims kill animals like sheep or cattle and give some meat to the poor.全球的穆斯林都会庆祝这个节日。它标志着先知易卜拉欣通过奉献自己儿子的生命来尊敬上帝的宗教信仰。在节日期间，穆斯林会宰杀羊或牛等动物，并将部分肉分给贫困的人。

Cameroon has one of the world's lowest amounts of health care workers per capita. About a third of trained doctors who completed medical school last year left the West African country. Many doctors and nurses are leaving for more well-paying jobs in Europe and North America, including Canada.喀麦隆是世界上人均医疗工作者数量最低的国家之一。去年完成医学院学业的受训医生中约有三分之一离开了这个西非国家。许多医生和护士前往欧洲和北美洲（包括加拿大）寻找薪资更高的工作。Canada, like Cameroon, has official languages of English and French.加拿大和喀麦隆一样，官方语言是英语和法语。After training as a nurse, Nevielle Leinyuy spent almost 10 years in Cameroon working as a front desk worker. He was unable to find a well-paying job in the medical field. Last year, he applied for a nursing program in Canada. He now lives there with his wife and children.经过护士培训后，内维尔·莱尼尤在喀麦隆做了近十年的前台工作人员。他无法在医疗领域找到一份高薪工作。去年，他申请了加拿大的一个护理项目。现在他和妻子及孩子们住在加拿大。“They are stealing us from Cameroon. We want to work in Cameroon but there is no pay,” the 39-year-old Leinyuy said.39岁的莱尼尤说：“他们在从喀麦隆抢走我们。我们想在喀麦隆工作，但没有报酬。”He said he would have earned less than $100 a month working as a nurse in Cameroon.他说，如果在喀麦隆当护士，他每月的收入不会超过100美元。Cameroon is not the only sub-Saharan African country where low pay is causing health workers to leave.喀麦隆并不是唯一一个因低薪导致医务人员离开的撒哈拉以南非洲国家。The number of health workers increased in several countries after the COVID-19 pandemic. But almost 75 percent of African nations still experience medical worker shortages and high rates of healthcare workers leaving to work overseas. That information comes from a 2023 report from the World Health Organization (WHO).在新冠疫情之后，几个国家的医务人员数量有所增加。但近75%的非洲国家仍面临医务人员短缺和高比例的医务人员外流。这些信息来自世界卫生组织（WHO）2023年的报告。The lack of health workers makes it difficult to deal with infant mortality and infectious diseases. It also makes it hard to provide services like vaccinations, said Matshidiso Moeti. He is the WHO regional director for Africa.WHO非洲区域主任玛茜迪索·莫伊提表示，医务人员的缺乏使得处理婴儿死亡率和传染病变得困难，也使得提供疫苗接种等服务变得困难。Cameroon has fewer than seven nurses per 10,000 people, the latest WHO data found. Neighboring Nigeria has more than double that amount. Canada has more than 14 times that number.最新的WHO数据显示，喀麦隆每一万人中不到七名护士。邻国尼日利亚的护士数量是喀麦隆的两倍多。加拿大的护士数量是喀麦隆的十四倍以上。Marie-Pier Burelle is a spokesperson for Health Canada. She told The Associated Press that Canada is facing its own health workforce shortages. The country has 30,000 nursing positions it needs to fill, says Statistics Canada.加拿大卫生部发言人玛丽·皮尔·布雷尔告诉美联社，加拿大也面临着医疗工作者短缺的问题。据加拿大统计局称，加拿大有3万个护理岗位需要填补。Burelle said Canada follows the WHO’s code of practice to make sure its recruitment of workers internationally is ethical. Ethical recruitment includes strengthening the health systems of developing countries dealing with medical worker shortages.布雷尔表示，加拿大遵循WHO的行为准则，确保其国际招聘符合伦理。伦理招聘包括加强应对医务人员短缺的发展中国家的卫生系统。Late last year, the Canadian government donated around $2.2 million to Cameroon's health ministry. It also delivered medical and monitoring equipment as part of Canada's Global Initiative for Vaccine Equity.去年年底，加拿大政府向喀麦隆卫生部捐赠了约220万美元，并作为加拿大全球疫苗公平倡议的一部分，提供了医疗和监测设备。But such support falls short of Cameroon’s needs.但这种支持无法满足喀麦隆的需求。Cameroon’s government employs around 100 doctors each year for a population of around 28 million people, said Dr. Peter Louis Ndifor. He is the vice president of the Cameroon Medical Council, a doctors association.喀麦隆医学会（一个医生协会）的副主席彼得·路易斯·恩迪福尔博士表示，喀麦隆政府每年雇佣大约100名医生，而喀麦隆的人口约为2800万。The Canadian province of Nova Scotia, by comparison, has a population of under a million people. It recruited around 155 doctors last year, health officials say.相比之下，加拿大的新斯科舍省人口不到一百万。据卫生官员称，该省去年招募了大约155名医生。The shortage of health workers is just part of Cameroon's current health crisis.医务人员短缺只是喀麦隆当前健康危机的一部分。More than 210 health centers closed because of destruction or abandonment during a conflict in the country's west, the United Nations says. The conflict has killed thousands of people over the past several years.联合国表示，西部冲突期间，由于破坏或遗弃，超过210个卫生中心关闭。该冲突在过去几年中导致了数千人死亡。Tumenta Kennedy is a Cameroon-based migration expert. He says Canada has become an attractive place because Canadian agencies target local doctors and nurses. Family ties overseas also play a part.图门塔·肯尼迪是一位驻喀麦隆的移民专家。他说，加拿大成为一个有吸引力的地方，因为加拿大的机构针对当地的医生和护士。海外的家庭联系也起到了一定作用。Canadian government immigration programs like the Federal Skilled Worker Program or Express Entry are gaining in popularity. Cameroonians are among the top nationalities applying for Express Entry, the program's latest report found.加拿大政府的移民项目，如联邦技术工人计划或快速通道，越来越受欢迎。该项目的最新报告发现，喀麦隆人是申请快速通道的主要国籍之一。

African elephants call each other by and answer to individual names, a new study finds. Such communication is rare in the animal world.一项新的研究发现，非洲象会用名字互相呼唤，并对名字作出回应。这种交流在动物界非常罕见。African elephants are among the largest animals that live on land.非洲象是陆地上最大的动物之一。The names are one part of the low sounds, or rumbles, elephants make. They can hear these sounds over long distances where they live in the savannah – large grassy areas of land mixed with woodlands.名字是大象发出的低沉声音或轰鸣的一部分。它们可以在居住的稀树草原上听到这些声音，这些地方是大片草地和林地的混合区域。Scientists believe that animals with complex social structures may be more likely to use individual names.科学家认为，具有复杂社会结构的动物更有可能使用个人名字。Stuart Pimm of Duke University is an ecologist who was not involved with the study. He said, “If you’re looking after a large family, you’ve got to be able to say, ‘Hey, Virginia, get over here!’”杜克大学的生态学家斯图尔特·皮姆没有参与这项研究。他说：“如果你在照顾一个大家庭，你必须能够说，‘嘿，弗吉尼亚，过来！’”It is extremely rare for animals to call each other by individual names. Humans have names, of course, and dogs and cats may react when their names are called.动物用名字互相称呼是极其罕见的。人类当然有名字，狗和猫在听到名字时也可能会有反应。Some ocean animals, including the dolphin, invent their own names when they are very young. And the birds called parrots may also use names.一些海洋动物，包括海豚，在很小的时候就会创造自己的名字。被称为鹦鹉的鸟类也可能使用名字。Each of these naming animals also have the ability to learn and say individual new sounds throughout their lives, as does the African elephant, the research shows.研究表明，这些起名字的动物也有能力在其一生中学习和发出新的独特声音，非洲象也是如此。The study was released in the publication Nature Ecology & Evolution. In the study, biologists used machine learning to find the use of names in recordings of savanna elephant sounds. The sounds were recorded at Kenya’s Samburu National Reserve and Amboseli National Park.这项研究发表在《自然生态与进化》杂志上。在研究中，生物学家使用机器学习在记录的稀树草原象的声音中找到名字的使用。这些声音是在肯尼亚的桑布鲁国家保护区和安博塞利国家公园录制的。The researchers followed the elephants as they traveled to observe which one called out and which one appeared to answer.研究人员在跟踪大象旅行时观察哪只大象在呼唤，哪只大象似乎在回应。By examining only the audio data, the computer model predicted which elephant was being called 28 percent of the time, likely due to the inclusion of its name. When fed meaningless data, the model only correctly predicted eight percent of calls.通过仅检查音频数据，计算机模型在28%的时间内预测出了哪只大象被叫到，这很可能是由于包含了它的名字。当输入无意义的数据时，模型只正确预测了8%的呼叫。Biologist Mickey Pardo of Cornell University wrote the study. He said, “Just like humans, elephants use names, but probably don’t use names in the majority” of their communications.康奈尔大学的生物学家米奇·帕尔多撰写了这项研究。他说，“就像人类一样，大象使用名字，但可能在大多数交流中并不使用名字。”The low rumbles elephants make also may include sounds that are below the range of human hearing. The scientists still do not know which sounds make up a name.大象发出的低沉轰鸣声也可能包括低于人类听觉范围的声音。科学家们仍然不知道哪些声音组成了名字。Researchers tested their results by playing recordings to individual elephants. The elephants reacted more energetically, moving their ears and lifting their trunks, to recordings that contained their names. Sometimes elephants did not react in any way to the sounds of elephant names other than their own.研究人员通过播放录音给单独的大象来测试他们的结果。大象对包含它们名字的录音反应更加积极，移动耳朵并抬起象鼻。有时大象对除了自己名字以外的大象名字的声音没有任何反应。Ecologist George Wittemyer of Colorado State University helped write the study. He also is a scientific adviser for the nonprofit Save the Elephants, which aims to protect the animal.科罗拉多州立大学的生态学家乔治·威特马尔帮助撰写了这项研究。他还是旨在保护大象的非营利组织“拯救大象”的科学顾问。He said, “Elephants are incredibly social, always talking and touching each other — this naming is probably one of the things that underpins their ability to communicate to individuals.”他说：“大象是非常社会化的动物，总是在交流和触摸彼此——这种命名可能是支持它们与个体交流能力的因素之一。”Wittemyer added, “We just cracked open the door a bit to the elephant mind.”威特马尔补充道：“我们只是稍微打开了一扇了解大象思维的门。”

A team of international researchers says that climate change made recent flooding in southern Brazil twice as likely to happen.一个国际研究团队表示，气候变化使巴西南部最近发生的洪水发生的可能性增加了一倍。It also said that the El Niño Pacific Ocean current made the rains in Brazil more severe.他们还表示，厄尔尼诺太平洋洋流使巴西的降雨更加严重。Last month, flooding killed more than 170 people and displaced nearly 580,000 in Brazil's southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Local officials said it was the worst disaster in the area's history.上个月，洪水在巴西南部的南大河州造成170多人死亡，近58万人流离失所。当地官员称这是该地区历史上最严重的灾难。A network of experts called World Weather Attribution said that the heavy rainfall in Rio Grande do Sul was an “extremely rare” event. The group said it expects such an event to happen only once every 100 to 250 years. However, the group added, it would have been even rarer without the effects of burning fossil fuel.一个名为世界天气归因的专家网络表示，南大河州的强降雨是一个“极其罕见”的事件。该组织称，这种事件预计每100到250年才会发生一次。然而，该组织补充说，如果没有燃烧化石燃料的影响，这种事件会更为罕见。The experts at World Weather Attribution also said the flooding was six to nine percent more severe than it would have been without climate change. The experts combined weather observations with results from climate models to make their estimates.世界天气归因的专家还表示，洪水比没有气候变化的情况下严重了六到九个百分点。专家们结合天气观测和气候模型的结果进行了估算。Lincoln Alves is with Brazil’s space research center INPE. Alves said, "The climate in Brazil has already changed." He said that the study "confirms that human activities have contributed to more intense and frequent extreme events…” He added that the flooding showed Brazil's vulnerability to climate change.林肯·阿尔维斯（Lincoln Alves）在巴西空间研究中心（INPE）工作。阿尔维斯说，“巴西的气候已经发生了变化。”他表示，这项研究“证实了人类活动对更强烈和更频繁的极端事件有所贡献……”他补充说，这次洪水显示了巴西对气候变化的脆弱性。The researchers said that the El Niño Pacific Ocean current also played a part in the flooding in Brazil. Experts say the El Niño phenomenon contributes to higher temperatures in many parts of the world. It also brings increased rainfall and flood risk to parts of the Americas.研究人员表示，厄尔尼诺太平洋洋流也在巴西的洪水中起了作用。专家说，厄尔尼诺现象导致世界许多地方气温升高，还给美洲部分地区带来了更多的降雨和洪水风险。The scientists added that failure of important infrastructure, deforestation, and the fast growth of cities helped to increase the effects of the disaster. The flooding affected Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is home to 1.3 million people.科学家们补充说，重要基础设施的失效、森林砍伐和城市的快速增长加剧了灾害的影响。洪水影响了南大河州的首府阿雷格里港。该市有130万人口。Regina Rodrigues is a researcher at the Federal University of Santa Catarina. She said that good flood protection infrastructure and the right urban planning are needed to reduce the effect of "such extreme events.”雷吉娜·罗德里格斯（Regina Rodrigues）是圣卡塔琳娜联邦大学的研究员。她表示，需要良好的防洪基础设施和正确的城市规划来减少“此类极端事件”的影响。

Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda and Morrisons are now offering members of their loyalty schemes bonus points if they hit spending targets.特易购（Tesco）、桑斯伯里（Sainsbury's）、阿斯达（Asda）和莫里斯（Morrisons）目前为其顾客忠诚计划的会员提供奖励积分，只要会员达到消费目标即可。The challenges vary between supermarkets, but some involve shopping more frequently, while others are about hitting a spending target on specific products before a deadline. 不同超市对会员提出的挑战各不相同，有些需要会员更频繁地购物，而另外一些则需要会员在某个截止日期之前完成消费特定商品。Supermarkets say these schemes offer better value and more personalised savings, but the consumer group Which? and the debt charity StepChange have warned that setting shopping challenges could encourage people to spend more than they can afford.超市说这些会员项目为会员提供更物有所值的产品和更具个性化的省钱方案。但英国消费者组织 Which? 和债务慈善机构 StepChange 则警告称，给顾客设置购物挑战可能会鼓励公众超过自己的消费能力购物。Retail experts have told the BBC personalised prices and challenges are simply a way for supermarkets to get customers to spend more with them instead of their rivals. New data from the research firm Kantar suggest the average person has loyalty cards for three different supermarkets.一些零售业专家告诉 BBC，个性化价格和消费挑战只不过是超市想让顾客在自家多消费而不在竞争对手那里消费的一个方法。市场调研公司 Kantar（凯度）的新数据显示，一个普通顾客会拥有三家不同超市的忠诚会员卡。词汇表loyalty schemes 顾客忠诚计划spending targets 消费目标deadline 截止日期value 价值、物有所值debt 债务afford 能消费得起retail experts 零售业专家rivals 竞争对手loyalty cards 忠诚会员卡

Devastating floods are becoming more and more common around the world. The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but could the way that cities are growing be making things worse? Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding?毁灭性的洪水在世界各地变得越来越普遍。 气候变暖导致降雨量增加，但城市的发展方式是否会让情况变得更糟？ 我们能否以不同的方式设计城市来降低洪水风险？As cities expand, and more and more land is underneath concrete or paving, less water is absorbed and more needs to be channelled away by storm drains and sewerage systems. As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water, the risk of flash flooding increases.随着城市的扩张，越来越多的土地被混凝土或路面覆盖，吸收的水越来越少，更多的水需要通过雨水渠和污水处理系统排出。 当它们被大量的水淹没时，山洪爆发的风险就会增加。Could it be that we've been taking the wrong approach? Chinese landscape architect Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so. In 2013, he proposed the concept of 'sponge cities', which are designed to soak up water – like a sponge – reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater. Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world. Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has replaced the concrete culverts around the Oakley creek stream with green banks and connected parks. This has reduced flooding in the nearby residential areas as well as the amount of associated contamination which used to be washed into the sea.难道我们一直采取了错误的方法吗？ 中国景观设计师俞孔坚当然这么认为。 2013年，他提出了“海绵城市”的概念，其设计目的是像海绵一样吸水，从而降低突发洪水的风险。 鼓励自然解决方案，利用河滨公园和池塘吸收洪水。 世界各地的城市都采取了受此启发的方法。 新西兰奥克兰在一项研究中被评为海绵最丰富的城市。 它用绿色河岸和相连的公园取代了奥克利溪流周围的混凝土涵洞。 这减少了附近居民区的洪水以及过去被冲入大海的相关污染物的数量。Auckland has taken a natural approach, but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam. The Dutch city has installed blue-green roofs on a number of buildings. These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside, and then layers underneath which collect and store rainwater. This water can be used by people in the building below to water plants or flush toilets. Sophisticated software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to maximise the system's ability to soak up rainwater. It can even identify which areas of the city are at most risk and tailor the response accordingly.奥克兰采取了一种自然的方法，但在阿姆斯特丹可以看到一种更加高科技的方法。 荷兰城市在许多建筑物上安装了蓝绿色屋顶。 这些屋顶外面有一层植物，下面有一层收集和储存雨水的植物。 楼下的人们可以用这些水来浇灌植物或冲厕所。 复杂的软件甚至可以告诉屋顶在即将到来的暴风雨之前释放水，以最大限度地提高系统吸收雨水的能力。 它甚至可以识别城市的哪些区域风险最大，并相应地调整应对措施。Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city approach as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing. Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding.俞孔坚将海绵城市的做法描述为用自然太极而不是拳击。 有人质疑，面对全球降雨量增加，自然方法是否足够。 还有待观察的是，扩大规模并与现代技术相结合是否可以帮助自然方法拯救更多人免遭洪水之害。词汇表concrete 混凝土paving 铺路的材料channel away 疏导，排出storm drain 雨水渠sewerage system 下水道系统overwhelmed 被淹没的flash flooding 突发性洪水landscape architect 景观设计师soak up 吸收，吸掉（液体）absorb （逐渐）吸收floodwater 内涝积水，洪水culvert 地下排水管道bank 堤岸wash into 冲入blue-green roof 种有绿色植物、有助于管理雨水的 “蓝绿色屋顶”

The 2024 Olympic Games open in Paris late next month and experts say especially hot summer weather is likely to return. Temperatures set record highs in Europe last summer and France’s national weather agency says it expects warmer than normal conditions this year.2024年奥运会将于下个月末在巴黎开幕，专家们表示，炎热的夏季天气可能会再次到来。去年夏天欧洲的气温创下了历史新高，法国国家气象局表示，今年预计气温将高于正常水平。Such weather brings additional difficulty to the already punishing climate of physical competition. The Olympic athletes will have to pay more attention to their body temperatures as they train, recover and compete.这种天气给本已严酷的体能竞争环境带来了额外的难度。奥运选手在训练、恢复和比赛时必须更加注意自己的体温。And the buildings in which athletes will stay during the event will not be equipped with air conditioning.运动员在比赛期间居住的建筑物将不配备空调。Craig Heller of Stanford University is an expert in body temperature regulation. Heller told the Reuters news agency, "It can be very hot and miserable (in Paris), as it was in Tokyo during the last Olympics...And that increase in environmental temperature has lots of effects on performance."斯坦福大学的Craig Heller是体温调节方面的专家。Heller告诉路透社：“巴黎可能会非常炎热和难受，就像上届奥运会的东京一样……环境温度的上升对表现有很大的影响。”Stanford University, in California's Bay Area, is well known for Olympic athletes. At least one medalist at every Games since 1912 has been linked with the school.位于加州湾区的斯坦福大学以奥运选手闻名。自1912年以来，每届奥运会都有至少一名与该校有关的奖牌得主。Stanford-connected athletes won 26 Olympic medals in the 2020 games in Tokyo and 27 in Rio de Janeiro in 2016.在2020年东京奥运会上，与斯坦福大学有关的选手赢得了26枚奥运奖牌，而在2016年里约热内卢奥运会上则赢得了27枚奖牌。As a result, Heller and other researchers at the school have had the chance to study body temperature regulation. And the school's closeness to Silicon Valley helped the tech industry enter the playing field.因此，Heller和该校的其他研究人员有机会研究体温调节。该校靠近硅谷也帮助了科技行业进入竞技场。Heller co-invented CoolMitt, a device worn like a glove on the hand. The device helps take out heat while cooling the blood. The cooled blood is sent back to the heart and to the athlete's muscles.Heller共同发明了CoolMitt，这是一种像手套一样戴在手上的装置。该装置帮助散热并冷却血液。冷却的血液被送回心脏并传送到运动员的肌肉。It is designed to be used during timeouts in games, in between sets and reps in the gym, or any short break in training or competition.它设计用于比赛暂停期间、健身房中间组和重复之间，或训练或比赛中的任何短暂休息期间。"If you take heat out of the core of the body, that prevents heat from building up in the active muscles, and they keep on working," Heller said.Heller说：“如果你把热量从身体核心带走，就能防止热量在活跃的肌肉中积聚，它们就能继续工作。”"So what CoolMitt does is prevents hyperthermia, rise in body temperature to a dangerous level. And therefore it enables you to have a higher work volume. And if you have a higher work volume, you get a bigger conditioning effect."“CoolMitt的作用是防止体温过高，防止体温上升到危险水平。因此，它使你能够进行更高的工作量。而如果你有更高的工作量，你会得到更大的调节效果。”The CoolMitt targets the non-hairy parts of the skin that "contain specialized vascular structures” that ease heat loss, a study says.研究表明，CoolMitt针对皮肤上不长毛的部位，这些部位“含有专门的血管结构”有助于散热。Once inside the glove, the palm rests on a special pad set to 10 to 12 degrees Celsius.手掌一旦进入手套，就会放在一个设定为10到12摄氏度的特殊垫子上。The pad draws the heat out while cooling the athlete's blood before it reaches the level of vasoconstriction, slowing the blood flow.垫子在血管收缩减缓血流之前将热量抽出，同时冷却运动员的血液。Tyler Friedrich of Stanford University works with athletes there, including some who went to Tokyo and are likely to go to Paris.斯坦福大学的Tyler Friedrich与那里的运动员合作，包括一些参加了东京奥运会并可能前往巴黎的运动员。"We know if we are overheating, we will not be performing at the level that we want or that we should be. And so regulating heat and regulating core temperature in some instances can be critical” to performance, Friedrich said.Friedrich说：“我们知道，如果我们过热，我们就无法达到我们想要或应该达到的水平。因此，在某些情况下，调节热量和核心温度对表现至关重要。”He said ice baths and cold cloths are often used by athletes but are not necessarily effective.他说，运动员经常使用冰浴和冷毛巾，但不一定有效。A recent study suggested further research was required to prove the efficacy of cold-water immersion practices.最近的一项研究表明，需要进一步研究来证明冷水浸泡实践的效果。Friedrich said the CoolMitt had made a difference.Friedrich说，CoolMitt确实产生了效果。"They (the athletes) notice themselves feeling like at the end of the game they have as much juice or jump in their legs as they did at the beginning," he said.他说：“他们（运动员）注意到自己在比赛结束时感觉腿部的力量和弹跳力与开始时一样多。”

Once a year, millions of Muslims from all over the world travel to Saudi Arabia, to complete an important religious duty called Hajj. The travelers gather in the city of Mecca, carrying out holy acts over several days.每年一次，数百万来自世界各地的穆斯林前往沙特阿拉伯，完成一个重要的宗教义务，称为朝觐。朝圣者聚集在麦加市，进行数天的神圣仪式。Hajj is one of the five pillars, or bases, of Islamic belief.朝觐是伊斯兰信仰的五大支柱之一。Here is a look at the religious event and its meaning to Muslims: Every Muslim who is financially and physically able is expected to complete at least one Hajj. Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The others are declaration of belief, daily prayers, giving to those in need, and fasting. These acts are required.以下是关于这一宗教活动及其对穆斯林意义的介绍：每个在经济上和身体上有能力的穆斯林都应该至少完成一次朝觐。朝觐是伊斯兰五大支柱之一。其他的支柱是信仰宣言、每日祈祷、施舍穷人和斋戒。这些行为都是必须的。The Hajj takes place once a year during the Islamic lunar month of Dhul-Hijja. It is the 12th and final month of the Islamic year. The Hajj begins on June 14 this year and ends on June 19.朝觐每年在伊斯兰阴历的月末月——祖·哈志月举行。这是伊斯兰年历的第十二个月，也是最后一个月。今年的朝觐从6月14日开始，到6月19日结束。Performing Hajj meets a religious requirement for Muslims. The pilgrims are to seek God’s forgiveness for their wrongdoings. They believe the act brings them closer to God.完成朝觐符合穆斯林的宗教要求。朝圣者会寻求上帝的宽恕，以赦免他们的过错。他们相信这一行为能使他们更接近上帝。Many pilgrims bring with them prayer requests from family and friends that they would like to be said for them.许多朝圣者带着家人和朋友的祈祷请求，希望能为他们祈祷。Some Muslims spend years saving money and making preparations to make the pilgrimage. And other barriers can get in the way.一些穆斯林花费多年时间积攒钱财和做准备来完成朝觐。还有其他障碍可能会阻碍他们。In 2019, almost 2.5 million Muslims traveled to Mecca for Hajj. But the next year saw worldwide pandemic restrictions. Saudi officials restricted the event in 2020 to Muslims who lived in the country. Last year’s Hajj was the first to be held without COVID-19 restrictions since 2020. Close to 1.9 million people took part.2019年，几乎有250万穆斯林前往麦加进行朝觐。但次年因全球疫情限制，沙特官员在2020年限制了只允许居住在该国的穆斯林参加朝觐。去年的朝觐是自2020年以来首次没有COVID-19限制的朝觐。约有190万人参加。Pilgrims declare the will to perform Hajj and they enter a state of “ihram.” Rules of ihram include the wearing of special clothes by men. The aim is to prepare oneself to be humble and a follower of God.朝圣者宣告愿意进行朝觐，并进入一种称为“戒礼”的状态。戒礼的规则包括男性穿着特定的衣服。目的是使自己准备好谦卑并成为上帝的追随者。A spiritual high point of Hajj for many is to stand on the plain of Arafat. Pilgrims pray at the site, praising God and asking for God’s forgiveness.对许多人来说，朝觐的精神高潮是在阿拉法特平原上站立。朝圣者在此地祈祷，赞美上帝并请求上帝的宽恕。Other religious acts include performing “tawaf” or circling the Kaaba structure in Mecca seven times.其他宗教活动包括进行“塔瓦夫”或在麦加围绕卡巴结构七圈。The Kaaba is a structure that represents the house of God. Muslims pray toward the Kaaba wherever they are in the world.卡巴是一种代表上帝之家的结构。穆斯林无论身处世界何处都朝向卡巴祈祷。Pilgrims also follow the path of Hagar, or Hajar. She is the wife of the Prophet Ibrahim, or Abraham to Jews and Christians. Muslims believe she ran between two hills seven times searching for water for her son.朝圣者还遵循哈加尔（Hajar）的道路。她是先知易卜拉欣（Ibrahim）的妻子，对犹太人和基督徒来说，她是亚伯拉罕的妻子。穆斯林相信她曾在两座山之间跑了七次，为她的儿子寻找水源。Among other religious acts, pilgrims throw small stones at structures that represent evil.在其他宗教行为中，朝圣者向代表邪恶的结构投掷小石子。Eid al-Adha, or the “Feast of Sacrifice,” is a holiday that begins on the 10th day of Dhul-Hijja, during Hajj.古尔邦节，也叫“宰牲节”，是在祖·哈志月第10天的朝觐期间开始的节日。It is celebrated by Muslims around the world. It marks Prophet Ibrahim’s demonstration of religious belief by offering his son’s life to honor God. During the holiday, Muslims kill animals like sheep or cattle and give some meat to the poor.全球的穆斯林都庆祝这个节日。它标志着先知易卜拉欣通过献祭儿子来表达宗教信仰。在节日期间，穆斯林屠宰绵羊或牛等动物，并将部分肉分给穷人。

Hafsa Omer wears the red, white, and green flag of Somaliland while playing basketball.哈芙萨·奥马在打篮球时穿着索马里兰的红白绿三色旗。The 21-year-old is the captain of the team. Her dream is to one day play for her nation. But there is a problem: Somaliland is not a recognized country.这位21岁的女孩是球队的队长。她的梦想是有一天能为她的国家效力。但有一个问题：索马里兰并不是一个被承认的国家。The breakaway territory in the Horn of Africa has struggled to gain international recognition from any foreign government. The territory has been governing itself and enjoying comparative peace and stability since declaring independence in 1991.位于非洲之角的这个分离地区一直在努力获得任何外国政府的国际承认。自1991年宣布独立以来，这个地区一直在自我治理，并享有相对的和平与稳定。Omer and her two sisters play for Hargeisa Girls Basketball. It is the first all-girls team in the territory. She and her sisters aim to put Somaliland on the map. They plan on doing so by using their more than 10,000 followers on social media.奥马和她的两个姐妹为哈尔格萨女子篮球队效力。这是该地区的第一支全女子球队。她和她的姐妹们的目标是让索马里兰出现在地图上。她们计划通过利用她们在社交媒体上超过一万的粉丝来实现这一目标。She said, “Somaliland is looking for their recognition and we believe that we could be part of bringing the recognition...”她说：“索马里兰正在寻求认可，我们相信我们可以成为带来认可的一部分……”She said they could do that “by wearing the flags, by talking about our country, by promoting it through the short video TikToks or Instagram pictures,” she said. TikTok and Instagram are two popular social media sites.她说，她们可以通过“穿着国旗、谈论我们的国家、通过抖音短视频或Instagram图片来推广它”来做到这一点。抖音和Instagram是两个流行的社交媒体平台。Somaliland’s sovereignty came into question in January. That was when local officials said they would give landlocked neighboring country Ethiopia access to the Red Sea.索马里兰的主权在一月份受到质疑。当地官员当时表示，他们将允许内陆邻国埃塞俄比亚通往红海。The territory said it would do that in return for recognition as an independent country. That caused diplomatic conflict with Somalia’s federal government.该地区表示，他们这样做是为了换取对其作为独立国家的承认。这引起了与索马里联邦政府的外交冲突。Somalia considers Somaliland part of its territory. It rejected the deal permitting Ethiopia to lease 20 kilometers around the port of Berbera. It would have given Ethiopia access to the Red Sea for 50 years for its navy and large shipping boats.索马里认为索马里兰是其领土的一部分。它拒绝了允许埃塞俄比亚租赁贝尔贝拉港周围20公里的协议。该协议本可以让埃塞俄比亚在50年内通过该港口进入红海，用于其海军和大型货船。Somaliland officials say they have a strong case to become Africa’s 55th nation.索马里兰官员表示，他们有充分的理由成为非洲的第55个国家。Once under British control, the territory now has its own police force, coast guard, passports, and money. It also has a government and a working democratic political system.曾经在英国统治下的这个地区现在有自己的警察部队、海岸警卫队、护照和货币。它还有一个政府和一个运作良好的民主政治系统。That record is very different than the situation in Somalia. In Somalia, government forces have been fighting the militant group al Shabaab. The group has links to the terrorist group al Qaeda.这种记录与索马里的情况截然不同。在索马里，政府军一直在与激进组织青年党作战。该组织与恐怖组织基地组织有联系。Omer sees her support of Somaliland’s independence as part of her father and uncles’ armed struggle in the 1980s against the dictator Siad Barre.奥马将她对索马里兰独立的支持视为她父亲和叔叔们在1980年代反对独裁者西亚德·巴雷的武装斗争的一部分。"My dad talks about it every day, what he and his friends had been through, while he watched his cousins dying in front of him," she said.“我爸爸每天都在谈论这件事，他和他的朋友们经历了什么，同时他看着他的堂兄弟们在他面前死去，”她说。While the territory of around 3.5 million people may not gain international recognition soon, Omer has made progress in supporting women’s rights in the conservative territory.尽管这个约350万人口的地区可能不会很快获得国际承认，但奥马在支持这个保守地区的女性权利方面已经取得了进展。Since she founded Hargeisa Girls Basketball in 2018, other female teams have come together for an all-girls league.自从她在2018年创办了哈尔格萨女子篮球队以来，其他女子球队也组成了一个全女子联赛。For her sister Fatima Omer, basketball serves both goals.对她的妹妹法蒂玛·奥马来说，篮球实现了两个目标。She said, “We just want the world to see us.”她说：“我们只想让世界看到我们。”

The East African country of Uganda has begun a nationwide yellow fever vaccination campaign.东非国家乌干达已开始全国范围的黄热病疫苗接种活动。The aim is for the country to protect its population against the viral disease. Yellow fever is spread by insects called mosquitoes.该国的目标是保护其人口免受这种病毒性疾病的侵害。黄热病通过一种叫蚊子的昆虫传播。Dr. Michael Baganizi is an official in charge of immunization at the health ministry. By the end of April, Ugandan officials had vaccinated 12.2 of the 14 million people targeted, he said.Michael Baganizi博士是卫生部负责免疫接种的官员。他说，截至四月底，乌干达官员已为1400万人中的1220万人接种了疫苗。Baganizi added that Uganda will now require everyone traveling to and from the country to have a yellow fever vaccination card.Baganizi补充说，乌干达现在要求所有往返该国的人员持有黄热病疫苗接种卡。Ugandan officials hope the requirement will push more people to get the yellow fever shot. Many people in Uganda have concerns about getting the vaccine. That worries health care providers.乌干达官员希望这一要求能推动更多人接种黄热病疫苗。乌干达的许多人对接种疫苗存在担忧，这让医疗保健提供者感到担忧。The vaccine involves one injection. It is available at no cost to Ugandans between the ages of one and 60. There are vaccination centers in the capital, Kampala. Places offering the vaccine include schools, universities, hospitals, and local government buildings.这种疫苗只需注射一次。对年龄在1到60岁之间的乌干达人免费提供。首都坎帕拉设有疫苗接种中心。提供疫苗的地方包括学校、大学、医院和地方政府大楼。The Associated Press (AP) reports that, before the current campaign, Ugandans usually paid $27 to get the yellow fever vaccination at private health centers.美联社（AP）报道说，在目前的活动之前，乌干达人通常在私人医疗中心接种黄热病疫苗需支付27美元。Uganda has more than 45 million people. It is one of 27 countries in Africa that is considered at “high risk” for yellow fever outbreaks. The World Health Organization (WHO) says there are about 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths around the world from the disease.乌干达人口超过4500万。乌干达是非洲27个被认为黄热病爆发“高风险”的国家之一。世界卫生组织（WHO）表示，全球每年约有20万例黄热病病例和3万例死亡。Uganda’s most recent outbreak was reported earlier this year in the central areas of Buikwe and Buvuma.乌干达最近一次的黄热病爆发是在今年早些时候在Buikwe和Buvuma中部地区报告的。Yellow fever is caused by a virus spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Most infections do not have symptoms. The WHO says symptoms can include a high body temperature, muscle pain, head pain, loss of willingness to eat, upset stomach, and vomiting.黄热病是由病毒引起的，通过被感染蚊子的叮咬传播。大多数感染没有症状。世卫组织表示，症状可能包括高烧、肌肉疼痛、头痛、食欲不振、胃部不适和呕吐。Uganda’s vaccination program is part of a worldwide effort launched in 2017 to eliminate yellow fever by 2026. That goal was set by the WHO and its partners such as the U.N. children’s agency. The aim is to protect almost one billion people in Africa and in North and South America.乌干达的疫苗接种计划是2017年启动的全球努力的一部分，目标是在2026年前消除黄热病。这个目标是由世卫组织及其合作伙伴如联合国儿童基金会设定的。目的是保护非洲和南北美洲近10亿人。Last year, a study said that 185 million people in high-risk African countries had been vaccinated by August 2022.去年，一项研究指出，到2022年8月，非洲高风险国家的1.85亿人已接种了疫苗。In Uganda, most people get the yellow fever vaccination when they are traveling to countries such as South Africa. South Africa requires proof of vaccination upon arrival in the country.在乌干达，大多数人是在前往南非等国家时接种黄热病疫苗的。南非要求入境时提供接种证明。James Odite is a nurse working at a private hospital, which also is a vaccination center in an area of Kampala. He told the AP that hundreds of shots remained unused after the yellow fever vaccination campaign closed. They might be used in a future mass campaign.James Odite是一名在私立医院工作的护士，该医院也是坎帕拉地区的疫苗接种中心。他告诉美联社，在黄热病疫苗接种活动结束后，数百支疫苗仍未使用。这些疫苗可能会在未来的大规模接种活动中使用。Some people wonder if “the government wants to give them expired vaccines,” Odite said.Odite说，有些人怀疑“政府是否想给他们注射过期疫苗”。Baganizi said Uganda’s government has spent money on community “sensitization” programs. In these programs, officials tell people that vaccines save lives.Baganizi说，乌干达政府在社区“宣传”项目上花了钱。在这些项目中，官员们告诉人们疫苗可以拯救生命。

Agriculture companies are using new methods to change the genes of plants to produce more productive crops.农业公司正在使用新方法改变植物的基因，以生产出更高产的作物。The process of gene-editing is gaining attention from people interested in agriculture. It makes changes to the existing genes of a plant, such as wheat. That is different from genetic modification, which produces what are known as genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. That process introduces completely new DNA to a plant’s genetic information.基因编辑过程正在引起对农业感兴趣的人的关注。它对植物现有基因进行改变，例如小麦。这与基因改造不同，基因改造会产生所谓的转基因生物（GMOs）。基因改造是将全新的DNA引入植物的基因信息中。Regulators and scientists believe gene-editing is less risky than genetic modification. They say it is closer to traditional methods of plant breeding. The process permits scientists to target several genes for editing.监管机构和科学家认为基因编辑比基因改造风险更小。他们表示，基因编辑更接近传统的植物育种方法。这个过程允许科学家针对多个基因进行编辑。A state-run company in Australia is preparing for a major trial of gene-edited wheat. Australian seed breeder InterGrain recently imported thousands of wheat seeds created by the American agricultural technology company Inari.澳大利亚的一家国营公司正在准备一项基因编辑小麦的重大试验。澳大利亚种子育种公司InterGrain最近从美国农业技术公司Inari进口了数千粒小麦种子。InterGrain chief Tress Walmsely said the wheat imports included hundreds of new genetic variations. Walmsley said the seeds are growing in a testing greenhouse in the state of Queensland. The plan is to create more seeds which can be planted across Australia in 2025.InterGrain的主管Tress Walmsely表示，这些进口的小麦包含数百种新的基因变异。Walmsley说，这些种子正在昆士兰州的一个测试温室中生长。计划是到2025年生产出更多可以在澳大利亚各地种植的种子。"Our job is to work out which gene combination gives the best results. Our goal is at least 10 percent yield improvement. These seeds have the potential to achieve that," she said.“我们的工作是找出哪种基因组合能带来最佳结果。我们的目标是至少提高10%的产量。这些种子有潜力实现这一目标，”她说。The company believes it could be selling seeds to Australian farmers starting in 2028.该公司认为，到2028年可以开始向澳大利亚农民出售种子。Inari uses artificial intelligence (AI) to consider a huge number of possible edits and then uses the CRISPR gene-editing tool to change more than one gene at a time.Inari使用人工智能（AI）考虑大量可能的编辑，然后使用CRISPR基因编辑工具一次性改变多个基因。InterGrain and Inari believe the program could result in stronger wheat and bigger crops with a process 10 to 15 times faster than traditional plant breeding. Plant breeding happens when scientists mate two plants with desirable characteristics. It can take years for the best version of a plant to arrive.InterGrain和Inari相信，这个项目可以产生更强壮的小麦和更大的作物，其过程比传统植物育种快10到15倍。植物育种是指科学家将两株具有理想特性的植物交配，可能需要多年才能培育出最佳版本的植物。Some gene-edited crops already exist. Most of them offer small nutritional improvements or have an increased ability to resist disease. The new wheat plants in Australia will have many of those qualities.一些基因编辑作物已经存在。它们大多数提供了小幅的营养改善或增强了抗病能力。澳大利亚的新小麦将具备这些特性中的许多。"We want to solve food security, climate change and farm profitability at the same time," said Inari’s chief Ponsi Trivisvavet.Inari的主管Ponsi Trivisvavet说：“我们希望同时解决食品安全、气候变化和农场盈利问题。”Australia is working to ensure that it can export the gene-edited wheat. Some countries, such as the U.S. and Japan, have already said they believe gene-editing is not very different from plant breeding. Officials in those countries will be more likely to approve the Australian wheat.澳大利亚正在努力确保能够出口基因编辑小麦。一些国家，如美国和日本，已经表示他们认为基因编辑与植物育种没有太大区别。这些国家的官员更有可能批准澳大利亚的小麦。The European Union is expected to make a similar decision and China approved a gene-edited wheat plant in May.预计欧盟也会作出类似的决定，中国在五月批准了一种基因编辑小麦。Inari said it is working with agriculture companies in the U.S. on a gene-edited soybean that will produce larger crop yields.Inari表示，它正在与美国的农业公司合作开发一种基因编辑大豆，这种大豆将带来更高的作物产量。Many countries have already accepted genetically modified soybeans because they are mostly used to feed animals. Officials, however, have been slower to approve the modification of wheat because much of it is used in products made for humans.许多国家已经接受了转基因大豆，因为它们主要用于喂养动物。然而，官员们在批准小麦的改造方面一直较慢，因为小麦大多用于生产人类食用的产品。

Reduced treatment for three kinds of cancer can make life easier for patients without hurting results, doctors reported recently at the world’s largest cancer conference.减少三种癌症的治疗可以让患者的生活更轻松，而不影响治疗效果，医生们最近在世界上最大的癌症会议上报告。The findings are part of a long-term move toward studying whether doing less surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation can help patients live longer and feel better. The latest studies involved ovarian and esophageal cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma.这些发现是长期研究的一部分，研究是否减少手术、化疗或放疗可以帮助患者活得更久，感觉更好。最新的研究涉及卵巢癌、食道癌和霍奇金淋巴瘤。Thirty years ago, cancer research was about doing more, not less. In one example, women with advanced breast cancer were pushed to the edge of death with large doses of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants. The treatment did not work any better than chemotherapy and patients suffered.三十年前，癌症研究注重的是多做而不是少做。举一个例子，患有晚期乳腺癌的女性被大剂量的化疗和骨髓移植推到了死亡的边缘。结果这种治疗效果并不比单纯化疗好，患者也承受了更多痛苦。Now, in an effort to improve cancer care, researchers are asking: “Do we need all that treatment that we have used in the past?”现在，为了改善癌症护理，研究人员在问：“我们是否需要过去使用的所有治疗？”It is a question, “that should be asked over and over again,” said Dr. Tatjana Kolevska of the Kaiser Permanente National Cancer Excellence Program. Kolevska was not involved in the new research.这是一个“应该一遍又一遍地问”的问题，凯撒永久国家癌症卓越项目的Tatjana Kolevska博士说。Kolevska并未参与新的研究。Often, doing less works because of improved drugs.通常，减少治疗有效是因为药物的改进。Dr. William G. Nelson of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine was also not involved in the new research. He said, “The good news is that cancer treatment is not only becoming more effective, it’s becoming easier to tolerate and associated with less short-term and long-term complications.”约翰霍普金斯医学院的William G. Nelson博士也没有参与新的研究。他说：“好消息是，癌症治疗不仅变得更有效，而且更容易耐受，并且与更少的短期和长期并发症相关。”The term complications means to make a medical problem worse or to cause new medical problems to appear.并发症一词意味着使医疗问题恶化或导致出现新的医疗问题。Studies showing the effects of reduced treatments were discussed recently at an American Society of Clinical Oncology conference in Chicago.显示减少治疗效果的研究最近在芝加哥的美国临床肿瘤学会会议上进行了讨论。Here are a few key points:以下是一些要点：French researchers found that it is safe to avoid removing lymph nodes that appear healthy during surgery for advanced ovarian cancer. The study compared the results for 379 patients.法国研究人员发现，在晚期卵巢癌手术中避免切除看起来健康的淋巴结是安全的。该研究比较了379名患者的结果。Half had their lymph nodes removed and half did not. After nine years, there was no difference in how long the patients lived.一半患者切除了淋巴结，一半没有。九年后，患者的生存时间没有差异。Those with less-extreme surgery had fewer complications, such as the need for blood transfusions. The research was financed by the National Institute of Cancer in France.那些接受较少激烈手术的患者并发症更少，比如需要输血的情况。该研究由法国国家癌症研究所资助。A German study looked at 438 people with a kind of cancer of the esophagus that can be treated with surgery. Half received a common treatment plan that included chemotherapy and surgery on the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. Half got another treatment that includes radiation, too. Both techniques are considered standard. Which one patients get can depends on where they get treatment.一项德国研究调查了438名患有一种可以通过手术治疗的食道癌患者。一半患者接受了一种包括化疗和食道手术的常规治疗方案，食道是从喉咙到胃的食物通道。另一半患者接受了包括放疗在内的另一种治疗。这两种技术都被认为是标准的。患者接受哪种治疗取决于他们在哪里接受治疗。After three years, 57 percent of those who got chemo and surgery were alive, compared to 51 percent of those who got chemo, surgery and radiation. The German Research Foundation financed the study.三年后，接受化疗和手术的患者中有57%存活，相比之下，接受化疗、手术和放疗的患者中有51%存活。该研究由德国研究基金会资助。A comparison of two chemotherapy treatments for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma found the gentler treatment was more effective for the blood cancer and caused fewer side effects.对两种晚期霍奇金淋巴瘤化疗治疗的比较发现，较温和的治疗对这种血癌更有效，并且引起的副作用更少。After four years, the gentler chemo kept the disease in control in 94 percent of people, compared to 91 percent of those who had the more powerful treatment. The trial included 1,482 people in nine countries — Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Australia and New Zealand.四年后，较温和的化疗在94%的人群中控制了疾病，而更强的治疗在91%的人群中控制了疾病。该试验包括了来自九个国家的1482人——德国、奥地利、瑞士、荷兰、丹麦、瑞典、挪威、澳大利亚和新西兰。The study was financed by Takeda Oncology, the maker of one of the drugs used in the gentler chemo that was studied.该研究由武田肿瘤公司资助，武田肿瘤公司是研究中使用的较温和化疗药物之一的制造商。 

The huge solar storm that hit Earth this month was described as the biggest in two decades. The Sun blasted intense radiation, billions of tonnes of matter and strong magnetic fields at our planet. 本月袭击地球的大型太阳风暴堪称近二十年来最大的一次。太阳向地球发射出强烈的辐射，释放出数十亿吨的物质和强磁场。The coloured lights in the sky were spectacular, but the effects could've been much worse. Such storms can interrupt radio communications and even damage power grids, which is why the UK has been pushing its partners in the European Space Agency to build a new satellite to give earlier warnings.这让天空中的色彩看上去十分壮观，但后果可能比想象的更严重。这种规模的太阳风暴可能会中断无线电通信，甚至会破坏电网。这就是为什么英国一直在敦促其在欧洲航天局的合作伙伴建造一颗新卫星以发出早期预警。This spacecraft called 'Vigil' has now been ordered from Airbus UK. It'll be sent millions of miles away so it can see the side of the Sun that's about to rotate into view of the Earth. This'll give forecasters a further three to four days' notice of trouble that could be coming our way.这艘名为 “Vigil（警戒）” 的航天器现已由空中客车英国公司接单制造。它将被送往数百万英里之外，以便能够看到太阳即将旋转面对地球的那一面。这将使天文预报人员能提前三到四天预知可能要发生的麻烦。词汇表solar storm 太阳风暴blasted （爆炸）发射出radiation 辐射matter 物质magnetic fields 磁场interrupt 中断、干扰power grids 电网spacecraft 航天器rotate 旋转forecasters 预报人员

"Take your brolly, it's chucking it down!" The UK is famous for its rainy weather, and Brits LOVE to complain about it – particularly when the arrival of spring teases us with warmth and light, but with them come the 'April showers', lovingly shared by Britain, Ireland and some of coastal northern Europe. What exactly are they, and why do they insist on coming every year?“拿起你的雨伞，它正在把它扔下来！” 英国以多雨的天气而闻名，英国人喜欢抱怨它——尤其是当春天的到来给我们带来温暖和光明的时候，但随之而来的是“四月阵雨”，英国、爱尔兰和一些沿海国家都喜欢分享这种天气。 北欧。 他们到底是什么人，为什么每年都坚持要来？Meteorologists differentiate between rain and showers. The UK's national weather service, the Met Office, says that rain is precipitation brought by a weather front, is usually long-lasting, and stretches over large areas, whereas showers fall from individual clouds and are characterised by intermittent patterns. So, it can be sunny one minute, and the next you're getting caught in a large downpour, but then ten minutes later, you can put away your waterproof jacket and get your sunnies out!气象学家区分雨和阵雨。 英国国家气象局英国气象局表示，降雨是锋面带来的降水，通常持续时间较长，覆盖大片区域，而阵雨则是从个别云层中落下，具有间歇性模式。 所以，可能前一分钟还是阳光明媚，下一分钟就下起了倾盆大雨，但十分钟后，你就可以收起你的防水外套，拿出你的太阳镜了！So, what's responsible? Rob Thompson, meteorologist at the University of Reading, says that as the hot air rises, it forms the cumulus clouds that produce showers. These are then driven by the jet stream – strong winds that move northwards during spring – creating rather unsettled and unpredictable weather. Besides the drizzle, we're just as likely to experience snow as we are to feel sun as strong as that in late August!那么，责任是什么？ 雷丁大学气象学家罗布·汤普森表示，随着热空气上升，它会形成积云，从而产生阵雨。 然后，它们受到急流（春季期间向北移动的强风）的驱动，造成相当不稳定和不可预测的天气。 除了毛毛雨之外，我们也可能会遇到雪，就像八月底那样强烈的阳光一样！With all this in mind, would it surprise you to hear that April is actually one of the driest months of the whole year? In 2021, data company Statista recorded 137.6mm of rainfall in January, compared to just 20.1mm in April, with similar results for the last four years. That's because while there are lots of rainy days in April, the showers are scattered, and there aren't as many of the long downpours we see in the winter months. But, this is likely to change as the world warms up. Weather that causes flash floods is predicted to be four times as frequent in Britain by the 2070s, according to a study by Elizabeth Kendon and colleagues, published in Nature Communications.考虑到这一切，当您听到四月实际上是全年最干燥的月份之一时，您会感到惊讶吗？ 2021 年，数据公司 Statista 记录的 1 月份降雨量为 137.6 毫米，而 4 月份仅为 20.1 毫米，过去四年的结果相似。 这是因为虽然四月有很多雨天，但阵雨分散，而且没有冬季那样多的长时间倾盆大雨。 但是，随着世界变暖，这种情况可能会发生变化。 根据伊丽莎白·肯登 (Elizabeth Kendon) 及其同事在《自然通讯》(Nature Communications) 上发表的一项研究，预计到 2070 年代，英国引发山洪的天气频率将增加四倍。There is a British proverb that goes "March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers". It is a reminder that, despite our complaints, April showers can be a symbol for renewal and new beginnings. So Brits, instead of complaining about the drizzly days, why not romanticise that pitter-patter sound that brings us the colourful spring bloom?英国有句谚语：“三月风，四月雨，生五月花”。 这提醒我们，尽管我们有抱怨，四月的阵雨仍然可以成为更新和新开始的象征。 那么英国人，与其抱怨毛毛细雨，不如将那为我们带来色彩缤纷的春天花朵的淅淅沥沥的声音浪漫化呢？词汇表brolly 雨伞chuck it down 下瓢泼大雨shower 阵雨meteorologist 气象学家precipitation 降水weather front 气象 “锋”intermittent 断断续续的downpour 暴雨，骤雨waterproof 防水的sunnies 太阳镜，墨镜cumulus 积云jet stream 急流，喷射气流unsettled 变幻莫测的drizzle 毛毛雨rainfall 降雨（量）scattered 分散的，疏疏落落的flash flood 突发性洪水drizzly 下毛毛雨的pitter-patter （下雨的）啪嗒啪嗒声

Boeing launched astronauts into space with its delayed Starliner spacecraft for the first time Wednesday. 波音公司于周三首次使用其延迟的星际线飞船将宇航员送入太空。The launch marked the company’s entry into competition with SpaceX to provide service for the American space agency NASA. 此次发射标志着该公司进入与SpaceX竞争，为美国航天局NASA提供服务。NASA test pilots Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams lifted off in the Starliner spacecraft for the International Space Station (ISS) from Cape Canaveral in Florida. It was powered by an Atlas V rocket from the United Launch Alliance of Boeing and Lockheed Martin. NASA测试飞行员Butch Wilmore和Suni Williams乘坐星际线飞船从佛罗里达州的卡纳维拉尔角起飞前往国际空间站（ISS）。该飞船由波音和洛克希德·马丁公司的联合发射联盟的Atlas V火箭提供动力。Boeing designed Starliner to fly without human assistance. But the astronauts can take control of the spacecraft if necessary. The test flight calls for Wilmore and Williams to take control of the vehicle on the way to the space station. The trip to the ISS is expected to last 25 hours, with arrival on Thursday. The two astronauts will spend just one week at the orbiting laboratory before heading back to Earth to land in the western United States on June 14. 波音设计的星际线飞船可以在没有人为干预的情况下飞行。但如果有必要，宇航员可以控制飞船。测试飞行要求Wilmore和Williams在前往空间站的途中控制飞行器。预计到达ISS的时间为25小时，预计将在周四到达。两名宇航员将在轨道实验室停留一周，然后于6月14日返回地球，降落在美国西部。Wilmore and Williams are former Navy pilots and long-time astronauts. The two have spent a combined 500 days in space over two ISS missions each. Both said repeatedly before the launch that they had full confidence in Boeing for this flight after so many delays. Wilmore和Williams都是前海军飞行员和长期的宇航员。两人分别在两次ISS任务中共度过了500天的太空时光。两人在发射前反复表示，在经历了这么多次的延误后，他们对这次飞行充满信心。The launch came two years after Starliner completed its first test flight to the ISS without astronauts on board. Last-minute problems had delayed the Starliner's first two launch attempts with humans. 此次发射是在星际线完成首次无宇航员的ISS测试飞行两年后进行的。最后时刻的问题导致星际线的前两次载人发射尝试被推迟。NASA halted a planned May 6 launch two hours before liftoff because of a problem with a rocket. Another attempt last Saturday was halted less than four minutes before liftoff because of a problem with a launchpad computer. 由于火箭问题，NASA在计划于5月6日的发射前两小时叫停了发射。上周六的另一次尝试则在发射前不到四分钟因发射台计算机问题而被叫停。“I know it’s been a long road to get here,” NASA’s commercial crew program leader Steve Stich said before the weekend delay. “我知道到达这里的道路很漫长，”NASA商业载人计划负责人Steve Stich在周末推迟前说道。Boeing and SpaceX are both paid to carry NASA’s astronauts to and from the space station. The space agency wanted two competing U.S. companies after ending the space shuttle program. 波音和SpaceX都获得了运送NASA宇航员往返空间站的报酬。在结束航天飞机计划后，NASA希望有两家竞争的美国公司。In 2020, SpaceX became the first private business to launch astronauts into orbit. Only three countries, Russia, the U.S., and China have launched humans into space using their own systems. Since then, SpaceX has taken nine crews to the space station for NASA and three private groups for a Houston company. 2020年，SpaceX成为首个将宇航员送入轨道的私人企业。只有俄罗斯、美国和中国三个国家使用自己的系统将人类送入太空。从那时起，SpaceX已经为NASA送了九个航班到空间站，并为休斯顿的一家公司送了三个私人团体。If the Starliner mission goes well, NASA will use both SpaceX and Boeing for flights, beginning next year. 如果星际线任务顺利，NASA将从明年开始同时使用SpaceX和波音进行飞行。

NASA's Lucy spacecraft visited a little asteroid called Dinkinesh last November. The visit, scientists say, unlocks a surprisingly interesting history of the asteroid along with its companion, Selam.NASA的露西号航天器去年十一月拜访了一个名为Dinkinesh的小行星。科学家们表示，这次拜访揭示了该小行星及其伴侣Selam的一个令人惊讶的有趣历史。Asteroids are ancient objects from the beginning of the solar system. They offer clues about how Earth and other planets formed about 4.5 billion years ago.小行星是太阳系形成初期的古老天体。它们提供了关于地球和其他行星在大约45亿年前如何形成的线索。The U.S. space agency launched Lucy in 2021 on a 12-year mission to study asteroids. The mission is especially interested in Jupiter's Trojan asteroids, two groups of space rocks that lead and follow the giant planet as it orbits the sun.美国航天局在2021年发射了露西号，执行一个为期12年的小行星研究任务。该任务特别关注木星的特洛伊小行星，这两组空间岩石在木星绕太阳运行时分别位于其前后。On the way, Lucy flew past Dinkinesh and Selam in the inner edge of the main asteroid belt. The spacecraft observed ridges, trough structures and other features on Dinkinesh.在途中，露西号飞过了主小行星带内缘的Dinkinesh和Selam。航天器观察到了Dinkinesh上的山脊、槽状结构和其他特征。Dinkinesh has a diameter of nearly 720 meters. Selam is made up of two similarly sized lobes, one about 230 meters wide and the other about 210 meters. Selam orbits Dinkinesh once about every 53 hours at a distance of about 3.1 kilometers.Dinkinesh的直径接近720米。Selam由两个大小相似的叶状体组成，一个约230米宽，另一个约210米宽。Selam以大约每53小时绕Dinkinesh一圈，距离约3.1公里。It appears, the researchers said, that a big piece of rock broke free sometime in the past from Dinkinesh. The rock was about a quarter its total size, creating a trough on its surface and sending debris into space. Some of this debris, they said, fell back onto Dinkinesh's surface to form a ridge structure.研究人员表示，过去某个时候，一大块岩石从Dinkinesh上脱落下来。该岩石约占其总大小的四分之一，形成了一个槽，并将碎片送入太空。他们说，其中一些碎片重新落回Dinkinesh的表面，形成了一个山脊结构。Other materials came together to form Selam, becoming what is called a contact-binary moonlet.其他材料聚集在一起形成了Selam，成为了所谓的接触双星小卫星。Katherine Kretke, from the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado, is a co-writer of the study published in Nature. She said that “a contact-binary is when it appears that a single body is composed of two objects that collided gently enough not to become disrupted.”来自科罗拉多州西南研究所的Katherine Kretke是发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究的共同作者。她说，“接触双星是指看起来由两个相互碰撞且碰撞力度足够轻不会破碎的天体组成的单一天体。”Kretke said they are common in the solar system, but Selam was “the first time a contact-binary has been observed orbiting another asteroid.”Kretke表示，它们在太阳系中很常见，但Selam是“第一次观测到的绕着另一颗小行星运行的接触双星。”Simone Marchi is another co-writer of the study. He said, "A planet like Earth formed by the accumulation of countless small bodies. Understanding the properties of small asteroids such as Dinkinesh and Selam helps us to have a better picture of the earliest phases of planet formation.”Simone Marchi是该研究的另一位共同作者。他说：“像地球这样的行星是由无数小天体聚集形成的。了解像Dinkinesh和Selam这样的小行星的性质，有助于我们更好地了解行星形成的最初阶段。”NASA's spacecraft was named for the Ethiopian fossil of the extinct human relative Australopithecus called “Lucy.” That fossil has provided information about early human beings, much like asteroids provide knowledge of planetary formation.NASA的航天器以埃塞俄比亚发现的已灭绝人类亲属——南方古猿的化石“露西”命名。那块化石提供了关于早期人类的信息，正如小行星提供了行星形成的知识。Dinkinesh is the Ethiopian name for the Lucy fossil, meaning "you are marvelous" in the Amharic language. Selam, the Ethiopian name for another Australopithecus fossil, means "peace" in Amharic.Dinkinesh是露西化石的埃塞俄比亚名称，在阿姆哈拉语中意为“你真了不起”。Selam是另一个南方古猿化石的埃塞俄比亚名称，在阿姆哈拉语中意为“和平”。Lucy will next visit the asteroid Donaldjohanson in 2025 in the main asteroid belt. The spacecraft is expected to visit 11 asteroids in total.露西号下一次将在2025年拜访主小行星带中的小行星Donaldjohanson。预计该航天器将总共拜访11颗小行星。

Robert: Well, there is another opportunity that might be more appealing… Robert: 嗯，还有一个可能更吸引人的机会……Jessica: Ookaay, I’m listening…Jessica: 好吧，我在听……Robert: So that’s the classic hedge fund. High risk, high reward. But I wonder if you’d be interested in a newer product… a different kind of hedge fund. More distributed risk. Longer play. Robert: 那就是经典的对冲基金。高风险，高回报。但我想知道你是否会对一种新的产品感兴趣……一种不同类型的对冲基金。风险更分散，周期更长。Jessica: But still… I’d need at least 250K? Jessica: 但我还是需要至少25万美元吗？Robert: Not with this one. It’s just twenty-five thousand. And this is like a fund of hedge funds. It’s more of a long-term strategy that beats the stock market over time. Much lower risk than a classic hedge fund, and registered with the SEC. And get this: it’s a 1% management fee, with no performance incentive. Robert: 不是这个。只需要两万五千美元。而且这就像是一个对冲基金的基金。这是一种长期策略，随着时间的推移能够击败股票市场。风险比经典对冲基金低得多，并且在美国证券交易委员会注册。而且你看：管理费只有1%，没有业绩激励。Jessica: That’s… interesting. In a few different ways. But… I wanted to ask about something else I’ve been reading about: corporate bonds. I’ve seen some pretty good numbers… like returns of over 10%. That sounds pretty good to me. Jessica: 这……很有趣。从几个不同的方面来说。但……我想问一下我最近读到的另一件事：公司债券。我看到了相当不错的数字……比如超过10%的回报。听起来很不错。Robert: Yeah, corporate bonds… there’s a ton of stuff online about those. But not everything is 100% reliable, just as a note of caution. Kind of depends on the source.Robert: 是的，公司债券……网上有很多关于它们的信息。但并不是所有的信息都100%可靠，这只是一个提醒。这有点取决于来源。Jessica: Sure… I get that. I looked at several sites that touted the benefits. So I was just curious if that was part of the strategy? Jessica: 当然……我明白。我看了几个宣传其好处的网站。所以我只是好奇这是否是策略的一部分？Robert: Well here’s the thing about corporate bonds: it’s a big investment in a single entity. Which is pretty much the same risk as a classic hedge fund, if you see what I’m saying. Robert: 关于公司债券的问题是：这是对单一实体的大笔投资。如果你明白我的意思，这和经典对冲基金的风险差不多。Jessica: Hmm. Will have to think that through some more. Jessica: 嗯。我还得再仔细考虑一下。Robert: You know, rather than corporate bonds, you might consider REITs. Or Real Estate Investment Trusts. Basically a company with diverse real estate holdings that pays dividends on a regular basis. Pretty stable, and pretty attractive returns. Robert: 你知道，与其考虑公司债券，你可能更应该考虑房地产投资信托基金。基本上就是一家拥有多样化房地产持有的公司，定期支付股息。相当稳定，而且回报也相当吸引人。Jessica: Stability and returns… something to think about. So…that different kind of hedge fund you mentioned. The one with the low fees. “Fund of funds”didyou say? That might be appealing too. Jessica: 稳定性和回报……值得考虑。那么……你提到的那种不同类型的对冲基金。低费用的那种。你说的是“基金的基金”吗？那也可能很吸引人。Robert: You know, there’s absolutely no need to rush on this. Your investments are doing fine for the time being. Just looking for some ways to dial up earnings without taking on too much risk. Anyway I’ll send you some things to read and we can circle back on it later. Robert: 你知道，完全不需要急于决定。你目前的投资情况很好。只是寻找一些在不承担太多风险的情况下提高收益的方法。不管怎样，我会给你发一些资料，我们可以稍后再讨论。Jessica: Great, I’d appreciate that. I need to give it some thought. Jessica: 太好了，非常感谢。我需要仔细考虑一下。

Michael: The news isn’t great I’m afraid. I know all of us had very high expectations for the launch, but we’re going to have to come to grips with the situation. Michael: 恐怕消息不太好。我知道我们大家对这次发布都抱有很高的期望，但我们需要面对现实。Rachel: Sorry, but I don’t quite see what you mean. What are you getting at? Rachel: 对不起，但我不太明白你的意思。你在说什么？Michael: Well, Rachel, what I’m saying is... we’ve had a closer look at the numbers, and it isn’t pretty. Michael: 嗯，Rachel，我的意思是……我们仔细看了一下数据，情况不容乐观。Ryan: I see. So in other words, you’re saying it’s been a complete failure? Is that right?Ryan: 我明白了。换句话说，你是说这完全是个失败？对吗？Michael: That would be one way of looking at it. I prefer to see it as a challenge. But to salvage this situation, we really have our work cut out for us. Michael: 这是一种看法。我更愿意把它看作是一个挑战。但要挽救这种情况，我们确实需要付出很多努力。Rachel: What exactly do you mean by “salvage?” Do you think we are going to have to scrap the whole product line? Rachel: 你说的“挽救”究竟是什么意思？你认为我们需要废弃整个产品线吗？Michael: I’m afraid so. Actually, I’m thinking about how to salvage the company. It’s going to take everything we have just to keep this company afloat. Michael: 恐怕是的。事实上，我在想如何挽救公司。我们需要竭尽全力才能让公司维持下去。Ryan: Is it really that bad? I mean, we do have strong investor support don’t we? Ryan: 真的这么糟糕吗？我的意思是，我们有强大的投资者支持，不是吗？Michael: Let me make sure I understand what you mean. You’re asking if our investors will stay with us through this, is that right? Michael: 让我确认一下你的意思。你是在问我们的投资者是否会在这期间继续支持我们，对吗？Ryan: Yeah, that’s right. I mean, they’ve been very enthusiastic from the beginning. There’s always going to be a few problems along the way. Ryan: 是的，没错。我的意思是，他们从一开始就非常热情。一路上总会有一些问题。Michael: Well, unfortunately, it’s not that simple. They want to know who is going to take responsibility for this mess. They want to see some major adjustments, you see.Michael: 不幸的是，事情没那么简单。他们想知道谁会为这场混乱负责。他们希望看到一些重大调整，你明白吗？Rachel: Wait a second. What do you mean by “adjustment”? We’re not talking about redundancies here, are we? Rachel: 等一下。你说的“调整”是什么意思？我们不是在谈论裁员吧？Michael: Actually, it’s funny you should mention that, Rachel. You know, no one has contributed more to this project than you have. And we all really appreciate that...Michael: 实际上，Rachel，你提到这个真的很有意思。你知道，没有人比你对这个项目的贡献更多。我们都非常感谢你……

The fox was about the size of a German shepherd dog and lived across much of South America, only going extinct a few hundred years ago. A near-complete skeleton of the animal was found in a human grave dating back to 1,500 years ago.这种狐狸和德国牧羊犬差不多大，曾生活在南美洲的大部分地区，直到几百年前才灭绝。考古人员在一座距今 1500 年前的人类坟墓中发现了一副近乎完整的该动物骨架。The study, by researchers at the University of Oxford, shows the fox ate a similar diet to ancient hunter gatherers, suggesting it lived alongside them and might have been a highly valued pet or companion animal.牛津大学的研究人员进行的这项研究表明，这种狐狸的饮食跟古代狩猎采集者的相似。这说明该动物曾跟人类一起居住，可能是一种受高度重视的宠物或伴侣动物。There have been other finds of fox teeth in the area, which adds to the evidence that foxes were highly revered by our ancestors and may have formed a strong bond with humans long before domestic dogs came along.在这个地区还有其它有关狐狸牙齿的考古发现，这进一步证明了狐狸在当时受到我们祖先的高度尊重与喜爱，并且可能早在家犬出现以前就已经与人类结成了牢固的纽带。词汇表German shepherd 德国牧羊犬extinct 灭绝的，绝种的dating back 追溯到，距今（时间）hunter gatherers 狩猎采集者highly valued 高度重视，认为非常有价值的finds 发现，考古发现revered 受尊重的，可敬的ancestors 祖先strong bond 牢固的纽带domestic 家养的，家庭的

Imagine a future where we can tuck into meat, but no animals have been sacrificed in the process. 16% of the UK population enjoy a meat-free diet, according to statistics website Finder.com. It seems there is an appeal in lab-grown meat as an alternative to traditional meat consumption. But, despite years of anticipation, this futuristic food is still not on our plates. Why?想象一下，未来我们可以吃肉，但在此过程中不会牺牲任何动物。 根据统计网站 Finder.com 的数据，16% 的英国人口享受无肉饮食。 实验室培育的肉类作为传统肉类消费的替代品似乎很有吸引力。 但是，尽管人们期待了多年，这种未来派食物仍然没有出现在我们的餐桌上。 为什么？One of the biggest reasons is cost. The first ever lab-grown hamburger was unveiled in 2013 by Dutch scientist Mark Post. It was created from beef cells and cost more than $300,000. Lab-grown meat production stretches from thousands to hundreds of thousands of US dollars per ounce – that's the weight of about two chicken nuggets. This expense is partly due to the cost of raw materials that 'feed' the cells – a combination of sugar, proteins and other nutrients are added to the cells.最大的原因之一是成本。 荷兰科学家马克·波斯特 (Mark Post) 于 2013 年推出了第一个实验室培育的汉堡包。 它是用牛肉细胞制成的，成本超过 30 万美元。 实验室培育的肉类产量从每盎司数千美元到数十万美元不等——大约相当于两个鸡块的重量。 这笔费用部分归因于“喂养”细胞的原材料成本——添加到细胞中的糖、蛋白质和其他营养物质的组合。In 2023, US-based company Upside Foods received approval from the US Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration to start selling lab-grown meat. In order to do this, the company has had to take on significant economic losses so that they can price it fairly compared to traditional meat. An investor in Upside Food, Lisa Feria, told Forbes magazine "Profitability is very much years off because the biggest challenge ahead of them is can we make it at millions of tons a year and ultimately remotely compete with conventional meat".2023 年，美国公司 Upside Foods 获得美国农业部和食品药品管理局的批准，开始销售实验室培育的肉类。 为了做到这一点，该公司不得不承担巨大的经济损失，以便与传统肉类相比能够公平定价。 Upside Food 的投资者丽莎·费里亚 (Lisa Feria) 告诉《福布斯》杂志，“盈利还需要很多年的时间，因为他们面临的最大挑战是我们能否每年生产数百万吨，并最终与传统肉类进行远程竞争”。There are also environmental costs. A 2023 study by the University of California found that the process of producing lab-grown meat could have a four to 25 times higher impact on global warming than beef, which is generally the highest-polluting meat. This is mostly because of the emissions needed to create 'feed'.还有环境成本。 加州大学 2023 年的一项研究发现，实验室培育肉类的生产过程对全球变暖的影响可能比牛肉高 4 到 25 倍，而牛肉通常是污染最严重的肉类。 这主要是因为制造“饲料”所需的排放。So, it seems unlikely that we'll be eating lab-grown meat just yet, and we possibly never will. 因此，我们似乎还不太可能吃实验室培育的肉，而且可能永远不会。 词汇表tuck into 尽情吃meat-free 无肉的diet （日常）饮食lab-grown 实验室培育的traditional 传统的consumption 食用，消耗plate 餐盘hamburger 汉堡包beef cell 牛肉细胞production 生产ounce （重量单位）盎司；1盎司约等于28克chicken nugget 炸鸡肉raw material 原材料feed 给…提供养分conventional 普通的highest-polluting 最毁坏环境的

Most recent cars have an electronic key that lets the owner get into and start the car. 最近的汽车都配有电子钥匙，可以让车主进入并启动汽车。 The electronic key is called a “fob” to those who know about the technology. The fob sends a short-range signal to the car. As the owner gets close, the fob unlocks the door. 对于了解该技术的人来说，电子钥匙被称为“遥控钥匙”。 遥控钥匙向汽车发送短程信号。 当主人靠近时，遥控钥匙就会打开门。 But the new technology also makes it easier for criminals to open the car without the key. 但新技术也让犯罪分子更容易在没有钥匙的情况下打开汽车。 When you lock your car and take the key with you inside your home, the fob does not stop sending its signal. 当您锁上汽车并随身携带钥匙进入家中时，遥控钥匙不会停止发送信号。 Thieves, who have special equipment known as scanners, will pass by streets with a lot of cars. If the scanner shows that a fob is sending a signal, the thieves use a device that clones the signal and opens the car doors. 拥有被称为扫描仪的特殊设备的窃贼会经过有很多汽车的街道。 如果扫描仪显示密钥正在发送信号，窃贼就会使用克隆信号的设备并打开车门。 Government officials around the world have asked carmakers to warn car buyers of the risks of the new technology. They also have asked them to make the fobs more secure. 世界各地的政府官员已要求汽车制造商警告汽车购买者新技术的风险。 他们还要求他们让密钥更加安全。 Until then, what can you do to prevent your car from being stolen? 在那之前，您可以采取什么措施来防止您的汽车被盗？ Steve Launchbury has some suggestions he shared with the Associated Press. He is the head engineer of automotive security company Thatcham Research based in Britain. 史蒂夫·朗伯里 (Steve Launchbury) 向美联社分享了一些建议。 他是英国汽车安全公司 Thatcham Research 的首席工程师。“It’s relatively easy for drivers to protect themselves,” he said. “司机保护自己相对容易，”他说。 The first tip is to put your key into a protective container or bag when you get home. One kind is called a Faraday bag. They are not very costly. The bag is made from a special metal material called mesh that blocks the signal from the fob. Just do not forget to put any extra keys you have into that bag, too. 第一个建议是回家后将钥匙放入保护容器或袋子中。 一种称为法拉第袋。 它们的成本不是很高。 该包由一种称为网状的特殊金属材料制成，可阻挡来自遥控钥匙的信号。 只是不要忘记将多余的钥匙也放入包中。 Some advice that is easy to find online says people should put their keys into the microwave or freezer to prevent their signal from being stolen. Launchbury said that does not work and it could harm your key. 一些很容易在网上找到的建议称，人们应该将钥匙放入微波炉或冰箱中，以防止信号被盗。 Launchbury 表示这不起作用，而且可能会损坏您的密钥。You may have seen large locks that go across the steering wheel in television advertisements many years ago. It turns out they are still useful. They may be considered “old school,” but the presence of big locks that are easy to see makes car thieves turn away. The only problem is that you must take extra time to unlock the device and put it away before you can drive away. 许多年前，您可能在电视广告中看到过横跨方向盘的大锁。 事实证明它们仍然有用。 它们可能被认为是“老派”，但很容易看到的大锁的存在让偷车贼望而却步。 唯一的问题是，你必须花费额外的时间来解锁设备并将其收起来，然后才能开车离开。Some car makers permit owners to deactivate the signal sent out by the fob. For Ford, Honda and Audi, owners can use their car’s touchscreen system to find the correct way to turn off the signal. For Toyota, you can turn off the signal by pressing a combination of buttons on the fob. 一些汽车制造商允许车主停用遥控钥匙发出的信号。 对于福特、本田和奥迪，车主可以使用汽车的触摸屏系统找到关闭信号的正确方法。 对于丰田，您可以通过按遥控钥匙上的按钮组合来关闭信号。Read your car’s owner’s manual to be sure how to do this. 请阅读您汽车的用户手册，以确定如何执行此操作。 Some car makers include motion sensors on their key fobs. If the fob has not been moved in a while, the fob turns off. 一些汽车制造商在其钥匙扣上安装了运动传感器。 如果密钥卡在一段时间内没有移动，密钥卡就会关闭。 If you buy a used car, some experts suggest that you get your keys reprogrammed in case the earlier owner still has a key. 如果您购买二手车，一些专家建议您重新编程钥匙，以防旧车主仍然拥有钥匙。Launchbury said some cars have a new system called a controller area network, or CAN. The network permits different parts, or components, of the car to communicate with each other. He said some thieves are trying to join the CAN through some physical electronic connection to unlock the car. They can do this by removing a headlight and plugging in a device that lets them in the car’s network. Launchbury表示，一些汽车有一个称为控制器局域网（CAN）的新系统。 该网络允许汽车的不同部件或组件相互通信。 他说，一些窃贼试图通过一些物理电子连接加入 CAN 来解锁汽车。 他们可以通过拆下车头灯并插入一个允许他们进入汽车网络的设备来做到这一点。 The device can send a signal, such as “unlock” or “start” to the central system. 该设备可以向中央系统发送“解锁”或“启动”等信号。 Launchbury said this is where the physical lock can cause thieves to change their mind and force them to move on. Owners can also consider electronic immobilizers. These devices prevent a car from moving even if a thief gets into the internal system. However, immobilizers can be costly. Launchbury 表示，这就是物理锁可能导致窃贼改变主意并迫使他们继续前进的地方。 车主还可以考虑电子防盗器。 即使小偷进入内部系统，这些设备也能阻止汽车移动。 然而，防盗装置的成本可能很高。 

They are six-legged, hairy home invaders that will not die, no matter how hard you try. 它们是六足、毛茸茸的家庭入侵者，无论你多么努力，它们都不会死。 Cockroaches are experts at surviving indoors. But they did not start out that way. 蟑螂是室内生存的专家。 但他们一开始并不是这样的。 A recent study uses genetics to examine cockroaches’ spread across the world, from beginnings in southeast Asia to Europe and beyond. The findings cover thousands of years of cockroach history and suggest the pests may have spread across the world by getting a ride with another species: people. 最近的一项研究利用遗传学来研究蟑螂在世界范围内的传播情况，从最初的东南亚到欧洲及其他地区。 这些发现涵盖了蟑螂数千年的历史，并表明这种害虫可能是通过与另一个物种（人类）搭便车而传播到世界各地的。 “It’s not just an insect story...It’s an insect and humanity story,” said Stephen Richards of Baylor College of Medicine. Richards was not involved with the study.“这不仅仅是一个昆虫的故事......这是一个昆虫和人类的故事，”贝勒医学院的斯蒂芬·理查兹说。 理查兹没有参与这项研究。 Researchers studied the genes of over 280 cockroaches from 17 countries and six continents. They confirmed that the German cockroach — a species found worldwide — has its beginnings in southeast Asia. The creature likely evolved from the Asian cockroach around 2,100 years ago. Scientists have long suspected the German cockroach’s Asian beginnings since similar species still live there. 研究人员研究了来自六大洲 17 个国家的 280 多种蟑螂的基因。 他们证实德国小蠊——一种在世界范围内发现的物种——起源于东南亚。 这种生物很可能是在大约 2100 年前从亚洲蟑螂进化而来的。 科学家们长期以来一直怀疑德国小蠊起源于亚洲，因为类似的物种仍然生活在那里。The research appeared recently in the publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 这项研究最近发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。 The cockroaches then spread around the world on two major paths. They traveled west to the Middle East about 1,200 years ago, perhaps living in soldiers’ food storage containers. And they may have gotten on Dutch and British East India Company trade ships to get to Europe about 270 years ago, the scientists’ findings suggest. 然后蟑螂通过两条主要路径传播到世界各地。 大约 1200 年前，他们向西来到中东，可能住在士兵的食物储存容器里。 科学家的研究结果表明，他们可能在大约 270 年前搭乘荷兰和英国东印度公司的商船到达欧洲。 Once the creatures arrived in Europe, inventions like the steam engine and indoor plumbing likely helped the insects travel further and get used to living indoors, where they are most commonly found today. 这些生物抵达欧洲后，蒸汽机和室内管道等发明很可能帮助这些昆虫走得更远，并习惯了室内生活，而如今它们最常见的地方就是室内。 Researchers said exploring how cockroaches conquered past environments may lead to better pest control. 研究人员表示，探索蟑螂如何征服过去的环境可能会有助于更好地控制害虫。 Modern-day cockroaches are tough to keep away because they evolve quickly to resist pesticides, said the study’s writer Qian Tang of Harvard University. 该研究的作者、哈佛大学的唐钱表示，现代蟑螂很难被赶走，因为它们进化得很快，能够抵抗杀虫剂。 

Researchers in Australia recently announced the launch of a new device that, they say, absorbs water from air to produce drinkable water.澳大利亚的研究人员最近宣布推出一种新设备，他们称该设备可以从空气中吸收水来生产饮用水。 Researchers at the University of Newcastle call the device the Hydro Harvester. They said it can produce up to 1,000 liters of drinkable water a day, adding that it could be “lifesaving during drought or emergencies.” 纽卡斯尔大学的研究人员将该设备称为“水力收割机”。 他们表示，它每天可以生产多达 1,000 升饮用水，并补充说，它可以“在干旱或紧急情况下挽救生命”。 The Australian team said that unlike other atmospheric water generators, their invention works by heating air instead of cooling it. 澳大利亚团队表示，与其他大气水发生器不同，他们的发明通过加热空气而不是冷却空气来工作。 The device absorbs water from the atmosphere. Solar energy or heat from other industrial processes can be used to produce hot, wet air. After heating, the air cools, producing water for drinking or watering crops. 该装置从大气中吸收水分。 太阳能或其他工业过程产生的热量可用于生产热湿空气。 加热后，空气冷却，产生用于饮用或浇灌农作物的水。 Behdad Moghtaderi of the University of Newcastle’s Centre for Innovative Energy Technologies told VOA how the technology operates. 纽卡斯尔大学创新能源技术中心的贝达德·莫塔德里 (Behdad Moghtaderi) 向美国之音介绍了该技术的运作方式。 “Hydro Harvester uses an absorbing material to absorb and dissolve moisture from air. So…we use renewable energy..." Moghtaderi said. He added, "When you condense water contained in that air you would have the drinking water at your disposal.” “水力收割机使用吸收材料来吸收和溶解空气中的水分。 所以……我们使用可再生能源……”莫格塔德里说。他补充说，“当你冷凝空气中的水时，你就可以使用饮用水了。” The researchers say the device can produce enough drinking water each day for a small rural town of up to 400 people. It could also help farmers keep livestock alive during droughts.研究人员表示，该设备每天可以为一个最多 400 人的乡村小镇生产足够的饮用水。 它还可以帮助农民在干旱期间保持牲畜的生存。 Moghtaderi said the technology could be used in parts of the world where water is limited. 莫格塔德里表示，这项技术可用于世界上水资源有限的地区。Researchers thought their device would be useful because Australia’s climate is dry. 研究人员认为他们的设备会很有用，因为澳大利亚气候干燥。 "More than 2 billion people around the world, they are in a similar situation where they do not have access to…high-quality water and they deal with water scarcity,” Moghtaderi said “全世界有超过 20 亿人面临着类似的情况，他们无法获得……高质量的水，并且面临着水资源短缺的问题，”Moghtaderi 说 Studies of the technology will be done in several Australian communities this year. 今年将在澳大利亚的几个社区进行这项技术的研究。 The World Economic Forum (WEF), a nonprofit group based in Switzerland, says water scarcity continues to be a problem worldwide 总部位于瑞士的非营利组织世界经济论坛 (WEF) 表示，水资源短缺仍然是世界范围内的一个问题 The WEF said getting water from the atmosphere is a “promising emergency solution that can immediately generate drinkable water using moisture in the air.” 世界经济论坛表示，从大气中获取水是一种“有前景的应急解决方案，可以利用空气中的水分立即生成饮用水。” However, the group warns that the technology is costly. It estimates that one mid-sized device could cost between $30,000 and $50,000. 然而，该组织警告说，该技术成本高昂。 据估计，一台中型设备的成本可能在 30,000 美元到 50,000 美元之间。 

The baobab tree is a special thing to see. During the dry season, its leafless branches look like roots coming from a thick trunk. It appears as if someone took a tree from the ground, flipped it on its head and put it back into the earth. 猴面包树是一处特别值得一看的东西。 在旱季，它光秃秃的树枝看起来就像从粗大的树干上长出来的根。 看起来就像有人从地上取下一棵树，将其翻转，然后将其放回土中。 That is why the tree is sometimes called the "upside down tree." 这就是为什么这棵树有时被称为“颠倒树”。 Baobab trees grow in Madagascar, mainland Africa and Australia. The origins and history of the baobab have been something of a mystery. But a new study that looked at all eight recognized species helps tell the baobab's story. 猴面包树生长在马达加斯加、非洲大陆和澳大利亚。 猴面包树的起源和历史一直是个谜。 但一项针对所有八种已识别物种的新研究有助于讲述猴面包树的故事。 The baobab originated in Madagascar about 21 million years ago. It reached the African continent and Australia sometime in the past 12 million years, researchers found. Madagascar, an island off Africa's southeastern coast, has a large ecosystem. It is home to many kinds of plants. 猴面包树起源于大约 2100 万年前的马达加斯加。 研究人员发现，它在过去 1200 万年的某个时候到达了非洲大陆和澳大利亚。 马达加斯加是非洲东南沿海的一个岛屿，拥有庞大的生态系统。 它是多种植物的家园。 Two baobab lineages went extinct in Madagascar. But the lineages established themselves elsewhere, one in mainland Africa and one in Australia, the study showed. 马达加斯加的两个猴面包树谱系灭绝了。 但研究显示，这些谱系在其他地方建立起来，一个在非洲大陆，一个在澳大利亚。 It appears that baobab seed pods floated from Madagascar to mainland Africa, located about 400 kilometers to the west. The seeds also traveled to Australia, nearly 7,000 kilometers to the east. 看来，猴面包树的种子荚是从马达加斯加飘到了以西约 400 公里处的非洲大陆。 这些种子还到达了以东近7000公里的澳大利亚。"The plants almost certainly got to Africa and Australia floating on or with vegetation rafts," said plant expert Tao Wan of the Wuhan Botanical Garden in China. He is one of the writers of the study, which appeared recently in the publication Nature. 中国武汉植物园的植物专家陶万说：“这些植物几乎肯定是漂浮在植被筏上或随植筏一起到达非洲和澳大利亚的。” 他是该研究的作者之一，该研究最近发表在《自然》杂志上。Wan added that the seeds were able to travel to Australia because of the Indian Ocean gyre, an oceanic current. 万补充说，由于印度洋环流（一种洋流），这些种子能够传播到澳大利亚。 Baobab trees provide food, shelter and nesting places for wildlife, including bees, birds and various mammals. Their fruits also provide important nutrients and medicines for people. Baobab leaves can be eaten, too. 猴面包树为蜜蜂、鸟类和各种哺乳动物等野生动物提供食物、庇护所和筑巢地。 它们的果实还为人们提供重要的营养物质和药物。 猴面包树的叶子也可以吃。The trees produce large, sweet-smelling flowers. Their sugary nectar appeals to nighttime pollinators like fruit bats and hawk moths. Their flowers also attract two kinds of primates -- lemurs in Madagascar and bush babies in Africa. 这些树会开出大而芳香的花朵。 它们含糖的花蜜吸引了果蝠和天蛾等夜间传粉者。 它们的花还吸引了两种灵长类动物——马达加斯加的狐猴和非洲的丛林宝宝。 Ilia Leitch is a plant geneticist at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew in London. He is also a study co-writer. He said baobabs can grow to be very large and live for thousands of years. 伊利亚·雷奇 (Ilia Leitch) 是伦敦皇家植物园邱园的植物遗传学家。 他也是一名研究合著者。 他说猴面包树可以长得很大并且可以存活数千年。 Their very large root systems “play an important ecological role, helping to slow down soil erosion and enabling nutrient recycling,” he said. 他说，它们非常大的根系“发挥着重要的生态作用，有助于减缓土壤侵蚀并实现养分循环利用”。 Baobabs are a water source for local people during the dry season. But Africa's baobabs are at risk from elephant damage. The animals sometimes cut the tree trunks with their tusks to get water. 猴面包树是当地人旱季的水源。 但非洲的猴面包树面临着大象破坏的风险。 这些动物有时会用獠牙砍断树干来取水。 

Huge teeth like daggers and positively demonic, that's how one researcher describes the giant sea lizard that lived alongside dinosaurs about 66 million years ago, just before they went extinct. 长有匕首大小的巨大牙齿，犹如恶魔。这是一位研究人员对这种巨型海蜥蜴的描述，大约 6600 万年前，就在恐龙灭绝之前，这种海蜥蜴曾与恐龙生活在一起。The creature was some eight metres long with powerful jaws able to swallow and rip apart even enormous prey. The lizard was the top predator of the ocean in warm seas full of food, and was an ancient relative of today's komodo dragons and anacondas. The findings are based on a skull and skeletal remains uncovered at a phosphate mine southeast of Casablanca in Morocco. 这种巨型海蜥蜴长约八米，长有强大的颚部，能够吞下并撕裂巨大的猎物。在食物丰盈的温暖海域，它们是海洋中的顶级掠食者，也是生活在今日的科莫多巨蜥和水蚺的远古亲戚。上述发现是基于从摩洛哥卡萨布兰卡东南部磷酸盐矿区出土的一个头骨和骨骼残骸。 词汇表daggers 匕首demonic 恶魔般的extinct 灭绝jaws 颚，鄂部rip apart 撕裂prey 猎物predator 捕食者，掠食者uncovered 被发现， 出土的

150 minutes of exercise a week: that's how much we should all be doing. Does this mean that gyms are the best ways to guarantee our health? Maybe, but they are not without their own health risks. 每周锻炼 150 分钟：这是我们都应该做的量。 这是否意味着健身房是保证我们健康的最佳方式？ 也许吧，但它们并非没有健康风险。 Recent studies have suggested that some gym-goers' hygiene standards leave much to be desired. Bacteria that can cause serious illness, such as food poisoning or pneumonia, was found on the surface of gym equipment. Sweat and the increased temperature caused by exercise can help dangerous bacteria grow on the skin, which can be transferred to our clothing. 最近的研究表明，一些健身爱好者的卫生标准还有很多不足之处。 在健身器材的表面发现了可导致食物中毒或肺炎等严重疾病的细菌。 出汗和运动引起的体温升高会帮助危险细菌在皮肤上生长，这些细菌可能会转移到我们的衣服上。 It might not just be the microbes at a gym that could be toxic. Toxic gym culture may be leading people to feel judged or intimidated. In a 2019 US study, over half those surveyed felt anxious when going to the gym. 有毒的可能不仅仅是健身房里的微生物。 有毒的健身房文化可能会让人们感到受到评判或受到恐吓。 2019 年美国的一项研究显示，超过一半的受访者在去健身房时感到焦虑。 This feeling of being judged, and an overly competitive atmosphere, could create pressure to over-exercise. The Cleveland Clinic distinguishes between overreaching and over-training. The first is the result of a single instance of over-exertion, which leads to little more than muscle soreness, while the latter is more long-term and can have more serious consequences. Over-training has been linked to injuries, fatigue, reduced appetite and problems with sleep or weight gain. 这种被评判的感觉以及过度竞争的氛围可能会产生过度锻炼的压力。 克利夫兰诊所区分了过度伸手和过度训练。 第一种是单次过度劳累的结果，只会导致肌肉酸痛，而后者则是长期的，可能会产生更严重的后果。 过度训练与受伤、疲劳、食欲下降以及睡眠或体重增加问题有关。 When exercise becomes a compulsion, it can also be dangerous for our mental health. Writing for CNET, wellness writer Taylor Leamey warns that feeling guilt at missed gym sessions or trying to use exercise as a way to control our bodies could be signs that exercise dependency is a problem. This can be linked with having a negative body image. 当运动成为一种强迫行为时，它也会对我们的心理健康造成危险。 健康作家泰勒·利米 (Taylor Leamey) 为 CNET 撰文警告说，因错过健身课程而感到内疚或试图通过锻炼来控制身体可能表明锻炼依赖是一个问题。 这可能与负面的身体形象有关。 Of course, we shouldn't forget that exercise can really help our physical and mental health, as long as we can maintain a healthy relationship with it. 当然，我们不应该忘记，运动确实可以帮助我们的身心健康，只要我们能够与它保持健康的关系。词汇表health risk 健康风险，危及健康的因素gym-goer 常去健身房锻炼的人，健身房常客sweat 汗，汗水judged 被评头论足intimidated 发怵的，胆怯的anxious 焦虑的competitive 好竞争的over-exercise 过度运动overreaching （短时期内）训练过度over-training 训练过度muscle soreness 肌肉酸痛injury 受伤fatigue 疲劳weight gain 体重增加compulsion 强烈冲动exercise dependency 运动依赖negative body image 消极体象，消极地看待自己的身体

The American artificial intelligence company OpenAI has removed one of its ChatGPT voices. The move came after actor Scarlett Johansson said the voice sounded “eerily similar” to her voice in the movie Her. 美国人工智能公司 OpenAI 已删除其 ChatGPT 语音之一。 此举是在演员斯嘉丽约翰逊表示这个声音听起来与她在电影《她》中的声音“出奇地相似”之后做出的。 In a post Monday on the social media service X, OpenAI said it is “working to pause” Sky. That is the name of one of five voices that ChatGPT users can choose to speak with in its artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. OpenAI 周一在社交媒体服务 X 上发帖称，它正在“努力暂停”Sky。 这是 ChatGPT 用户可以在其人工智能 (AI) 聊天机器人中选择的五种声音之一的名称。 In a statement, Johansson said that OpenAI CEO Sam Altman had asked her last September if she would lend her voice to the ChatGPT system. Johansson said she declined the offer.Johansson 在一份声明中表示，OpenAI 首席执行官 Sam Altman 去年 9 月曾询问她是否愿意为 ChatGPT 系统发声。 约翰逊表示她拒绝了这一提议。 Johansson said, “When I heard the released demo, I was shocked, angered and in disbelief that Mr. Altman would pursue a voice that sounded so eerily similar to mine.” She added that her close friends and even the news media “could not tell the difference” between her voice and the voice of Sky. 约翰逊说：“当我听到发布的演示时，我感到震惊、愤怒，难以置信奥特曼先生会追求一个听起来与我如此惊人相似的声音。” 她补充说，她的亲密朋友甚至新闻媒体都“无法区分”她的声音和天空电视台的声音。 Johansson said OpenAI agreed to take down the Sky voice after her lawyers asked about the process by which the company came up with the voice. 约翰逊表示，在她的律师询问 OpenAI 提出声音的过程后，OpenAI 同意撤下 Sky 声音。 OpenAI said in an online post that the voice of Sky belongs to a “different professional actress.” But it added that it could not share the name of that actress for privacy reasons. OpenAI 在网上发帖称，Sky 的声音属于“不同的专业女演员”。 但它补充说，出于隐私原因，它不能透露该女演员的名字。 In an email sent to The Associated Press following Johansson’s statement Monday, Altman said that OpenAI selected the voice actor behind Sky “before any outreach” to Johansson. “The voice of Sky is not Scarlett Johansson’s, and it was never intended to resemble hers,” Altman added. 在约翰逊周一发表声明后发给美联社的一封电子邮件中，奥尔特曼表示，OpenAI 在“与约翰逊进行任何接触之前”选择了 Sky 背后的配音演员。 “天空的声音不是斯嘉丽·约翰逊的，也从来没有打算与她的声音相似，”奥特曼补充道。OpenAI added voice capabilities to ChatGPT last September. The feature is called “Voice Mode.” It permits users to have a conversation with the AI assistant. In November, OpenAI announced that the feature would become free for all users with the mobile app. OpenAI 去年 9 月为 ChatGPT 添加了语音功能。 该功能称为“语音模式”。 它允许用户与人工智能助手进行对话。 11 月，OpenAI 宣布该功能将免费向所有使用移动应用程序的用户开放。 Last week, OpenAI showed off its latest AI model, called ChatGPT-4o. The program lets users speak to the chatbot and get real-time answers. The chatbot now has emotion in its voice and even tries to understand a person’s emotional state by looking at a selfie video of their face. 上周，OpenAI 展示了其最新的人工智能模型，名为 ChatGPT-4o。 该程序允许用户与聊天机器人对话并获得实时答案。 现在，聊天机器人的声音中充满了情感，甚至试图通过观看人脸的自拍视频来了解他们的情绪状态。 The capabilities have brought comparisons to the 2013 movie Her. The film follows a man who falls in love with an AI assistant, which is voiced by Johansson. 这些功能与 2013 年的电影《她》进行了比较。 这部电影讲述了一个男人爱上了由约翰逊配音的人工智能助手的故事。 Altman appeared to make the same comparison. He wrote the word “her” on the social media service X on the day of GPT-4o’s release. 奥特曼似乎也做出了同样的比较。 GPT-4o 发布当天，他在社交媒体服务 X 上写下了“她”这个词。

The American space travel company Blue Origin announced that it sent 90-year-old Ed Dwight into space, making him the oldest space traveler. 美国太空旅行公司蓝色起源宣布将90岁的埃德·德怀特送入太空，使他成为最年长的太空旅行者。 The company said Dwight was the first Black astronaut candidate and was picked personally by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. But it said Dwight was not chosen to be among the next group of astronauts. 该公司表示，德怀特是第一位黑人宇航员候选人，于 1961 年由约翰·F·肯尼迪总统亲自挑选。但该公司表示，德怀特并未被选为下一批宇航员之一。 Dwight spent a few minutes of weightlessness with five other passengers on the Blue Origin spacecraft. It reached the edge of space for about 10 minutes. Dwight called the flight “a life changing experience.” 德怀特和其他五名乘客在蓝色起源飞船上度过了几分钟的失重状态。 它到达太空边缘大约10分钟。 德怀特称这次飞行是“一次改变人生的经历”。 With the flight, Dwight passed Star Trek actor William Shatner as the oldest person to reach space. Shatner’s flight took place in 2021. 通过这次飞行，德怀特超越了《星际迷航》演员威廉·夏特纳，成为到达太空最年长的人。 沙特纳的飞行发生在 2021 年。 Dwight joined four businessmen from the U.S. and France. The cost of the trip for each was not released. Blue Origin said Dwight’s flight was paid for by Space for Humanity, a nonprofit group based in Denver, Colorado. The group aims to send people of many different backgrounds into space as “citizen astronauts.” 德怀特和四位来自美国和法国的商人一起。 每人的旅行费用并未公布。 蓝色起源表示，德怀特的飞行费用是由总部位于科罗拉多州丹佛市的非营利组织“人类空间”支付的。 该组织的目标是将许多不同背景的人作为“公民宇航员”送入太空。 Dwight was in a test pilot program at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The program called “The Right Stuff” was the training ground for early astronauts. After being passed over, he retired from the military in 1966. 德怀特正在加利福尼亚州爱德华兹空军基地参加试飞员计划。 这个名为“The Right Stuff”的计划是早期宇航员的训练场。 被淘汰后，他于1966年从军队退役。 He later became a sculptor who made statues of Civil Rights leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr., Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman and others. 后来他成为一名雕塑家，为马丁·路德·金、弗雷德里克·道格拉斯、哈里特·塔布曼等民权领袖制作雕像。 The U.S. space agency NASA announced Guion Bluford as the first Black astronaut in 1978, Bluford first reached space in 1983. The former Soviet Union placed the first person with African and Cuban ancestry, Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez, into orbit in 1980. 美国宇航局于 1978 年宣布吉安·布卢福德 (Guion Bluford) 为第一位黑人宇航员，布卢福德于 1983 年首次进入太空。1980 年，前苏联将第一位具有非洲和古巴血统的人阿纳尔多·塔马约·门德斯 (Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez) 送入轨道。The stories of Dwight and Bluford are among those told in the documentary movie from National Geographic called The Space Race. It is about Black astronauts. 国家地理纪录片《太空竞赛》讲述了德怀特和布卢福德的故事。 这是关于黑人宇航员的。 Dwight’s flight on May 19 was the first launch with a crew for Blue Origin in nearly two years. All flights were grounded after an accident in 2022. Flights without a crew restarted last December. Sunday’s flight was the seventh to carry space tourists. 德怀特 5 月 19 日的飞行是蓝色起源近两年来首次载人发射。 2022 年发生事故后，所有航班均停飞。去年 12 月，没有机组人员的航班重新启动。 周日的航班是第七次搭载太空游客的航班。 Businessman and founder of Amazon Jeff Bezos also started started Blue Origin, a company that seeks to make space tourism popular. 商人兼亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝佐斯还创办了蓝色起源公司，该公司致力于让太空旅游变得流行。 After completing his flight on Blue Origin’s spacecraft, Dwight said, “I thought I really didn’t need this in my life,” but added, “But now, I need it in my life…I am ecstatic.” 在完成蓝色起源飞船的飞行后，德怀特说：“我以为我的生活中真的不需要这个，”但补充道，“但现在，我的生活中需要它......我欣喜若狂。” 

The World Health Organization recently authorized a second dengue vaccine. The move could provide protection for millions of people worldwide against the mosquito-borne disease. 世界卫生组织最近批准了第二种登革热疫苗。此举可以为全世界数百万人提供保护，使其免受蚊媒疾病的侵害。 This year, several dengue outbreaks have happened in places across the Americas. 今年，美洲各地爆发了多起登革热疫情。 In a statement on May 15, the U.N. health agency said it approved the dengue vaccine made by the Japanese drugmaker Takeda. 联合国卫生机构在5月15日的一份声明中表示，批准了日本制药商武田公司生产的登革热疫苗。 Takeda’s dengue vaccine is known as Qdenga. It was previously approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2022. The two-dose vaccine is given three months apart. It protects against the four kinds of dengue. The WHO recommends its use in children between the ages of 6 and 16 who live in areas with high rates of dengue. 武田的登革热疫苗被称为 Qdenga。此前该疫苗已于 2022 年获得欧洲药品管理局批准。两剂疫苗间隔三个月接种。它可以预防四种登革热。世界卫生组织建议居住在登革热高发地区的 6 至 16 岁儿童使用该药物。 Approval by the WHO now means that donors and other U.N. agencies can purchase the vaccine for poorer countries. 世界卫生组织的批准现在意味着捐助者和其他联合国机构可以为较贫穷的国家购买疫苗。 Studies have shown Takeda’s vaccine is about 84 percent effective in preventing people from being hospitalized and about 61 percent effective in stopping symptoms. 研究表明，武田的疫苗在预防人们住院方面的有效性约为 84%，在阻止症状方面的有效性约为 61%。 WHO’s Rogerio Gaspar is director for the agency’s approvals of medicines and vaccines. He said it was “an important step in the expansion of global access to dengue vaccines.” 世卫组织的罗杰里奥·加斯帕 (Rogerio Gaspar) 是该机构药品和疫苗审批主管。他表示，这是“扩大全球登革热疫苗获取范围的重要一步”。The first dengue vaccine that the WHO approved was made by the drugmaker Sanofi Pasteur. The vaccine was later found to increase the risk of severe dengue in people who had not been infected with the disease before. 世界卫生组织批准的第一种登革热疫苗是由制药商赛诺菲巴斯德生产的。后来发现该疫苗会增加以前未感染过这种疾病的人患严重登革热的风险。 There is no exact treatment for dengue. It is a leading cause of serious illness and death in about 120 Latin American and Asian countries. About 80 percent of infections are mild. But severe cases of dengue can lead to internal bleeding, organ failure, and death. 登革热没有确切的治疗方法。它是大约 120 个拉丁美洲和亚洲国家严重疾病和死亡的主要原因。大约 80% 的感染是轻微的。但严重的登革热病例会导致内出血、器官衰竭和死亡。 Last week, the WHO reported there were 6.7 million suspected cases of dengue in the Americas. That is an increase of 206 percent compared with the same period last year. In March of this year, officials in Rio de Janeiro declared a public health emergency over its dengue epidemic. Brazilian health officials began giving out the Takeda vaccine with the goal of protecting at least 3 million people. 上周，世界卫生组织报告美洲有 670 万疑似登革热病例。与去年同期相比增长了 206%。今年3月，里约热内卢官员宣布登革热疫情进入公共卫生紧急状态。巴西卫生官员开始分发武田疫苗，目标是保护至少 300 万人。 Infectious disease experts say climate change and the increased range of mosquitoes that carry dengue are partly to blame for the spread of the disease. 传染病专家表示，气候变化和携带登革热的蚊子数量的增加是造成这种疾病传播的部分原因。

Scientists in Thailand have released a group of endangered sea turtles in an effort to save the wild population. 泰国科学家释放了一群濒临灭绝的海龟，以拯救野生种群。 A total of 11 baby leatherback sea turtles were recently released into the Indian Ocean from Thailand’s vacation island of Phuket. The researchers are hoping the one-year-old turtles will get strong in the wild and return in 20 years to reproduce. 最近，共有 11 只小棱皮龟从泰国度假岛普吉岛被释放到印度洋。研究人员希望一岁大的海龟能够在野外变得强壮，并在 20 年后返回繁殖。 The release follows an intense conservation effort in recent years that centered on improving longtime survival rates for the sea creatures. In 2018, scientists discovered that leatherback sea turtles had returned to lay eggs in southern Thailand. 此次释放是在近年来大力开展的保护工作之后进行的，重点是提高海洋生物的长期生存率。2018年，科学家发现棱皮海龟返回泰国南部产卵。 Some stronger members of that group successfully entered the ocean, but others died after hatching. So, a program was launched to help the weak baby leatherbacks grow, said Pinsak Suraswadi. He is the Director-General of Thailand's Department of Marine and Coastal Resources. 该群体中一些更强壮的成员成功进入海洋，但其他成员在孵化后死亡。平萨克·苏拉斯瓦迪 (Pinsak Suraswadi) 表示，因此启动了一项计划来帮助体弱的小棱皮龟成长。他是泰国海洋和沿海资源部部长。 Thailand is one of five countries – including Sri Lanka and Canada – that has been able to keep leatherback turtles in good health through their first year. Usually, a leatherback will lay eggs after 20 to 25 years. 泰国是能够让棱皮龟在第一年保持健康的五个国家之一，其中包括斯里兰卡和加拿大。通常，棱皮龟会在 20 至 25 年后产卵。The baby sea turtles, released last month, have satellite devices attached to them to follow their progress. The release was part of an international effort by the nonprofit conservation organization Upwell Turtles. 上个月释放的小海龟身上装有卫星设备，可以追踪它们的进展情况。这次释放是非营利保护组织 Upwell Turtles 的国际努力的一部分。Pinsak told Reuters news agency that it is necessary for researchers to study the animals’ travel path in order "to understand where they are going.” This helps the group know which measures to launch to protect the turtles’ hatching process. 平萨克告诉路透社，研究人员有必要研究这些动物的旅行路径，以便“了解它们要去哪里”。这有助于该小组了解采取哪些措施来保护海龟的孵化过程。 Leatherback sea turtles are believed to have developed more than 150 million years ago. But the animals are now extremely endangered in the Pacific area. The World Wildlife Fund estimates the current population in the Pacific to be fewer than 2,300 adult females. 据信棱皮龟是在 1.5 亿多年前就已经形成的。但这些动物现在在太平洋地区极度濒危。世界自然基金会估计太平洋地区目前的成年女性数量不足 2,300 名。 While in the ocean, the turtles face dangers from fishing equipment, eating plastic waste and coming in contact with poisonous substances. 在海洋中，海龟面临着捕鱼设备、吃塑料垃圾和接触有毒物质的危险。 "I'm happy to know whether our effort in nurturing the leatherback sea turtles for a year proves fruitful or not," said Hirun Kanghae. He is with Thailand’s Phuket Marine Biological Center. “我很高兴知道我们一年来培育棱皮龟的努力是否取得成果，”Hirun Kanghae 说。他在泰国普吉岛海洋生物中心工作。"If they survive it answers everything about the conservation and population restoration of the leatherback sea turtles in the best way possible," Hirun added. Hirun 补充道：“如果它们能够幸存下来，就能够以最好的方式解决有关棱皮海龟保护和种群恢复的所有问题。”

Mexico City’s Tacos El Califa de León recently became the first Mexican taco stand to get a Michelin star – an award presented by the famous French restaurant guide. 墨西哥城的 Tacos El Califa de León 最近成为第一家获得米其林星级的墨西哥玉米卷摊位，该奖项由著名的法国餐厅指南颁发。 Chef Arturo Rivera Martínez recently stood over a very hot grill when Michelin representatives came to present him with one of the company’s heavy white chef’s coats. But Rivera Martinez did not put the jacket on. 最近，厨师阿图罗·里维拉·马丁内斯 (Arturo Rivera Martínez) 站在一个非常热的烤架上，当时米其林代表向他赠送了一件公司厚重的白色厨师外套。但里维拉·马丁内斯没有穿上夹克。 In this very small, 3-meter by 3-meter business space, the heat makes the meat. And the heat is strong. 在这个很小的、3米×3米的营业空间里，热气使肉质。而且热量很强。 At El Califa de León there are only four things on the menu -- all of them tacos. The food business has been doing the same four things since opening in 1968. El Califa de León 的菜单上只有四道菜——全是炸玉米饼。自 1968 年开业以来，食品行业一直在做同样的四件事。“The secret is the simplicity of our taco. It has only a tortilla, red or green sauce, and that’s it. That, and the quality of the meat,” said Rivera Martínez. He is also probably the only Michelin-starred chef who, when asked what drink should go with his food, answers “I like a Coke.” “秘密就在于我们的炸玉米饼的简单性。它只有一个玉米饼，红色或绿色的酱汁，仅此而已。那，还有肉的质量，”里维拉·马丁内斯说。他也可能是唯一一位当被问及他的食物应该搭配什么饮料时回答“我喜欢可乐”的米其林星级厨师。Other than perhaps one street food stand in Bangkok, Thailand, El Califa de León is probably the smallest restaurant ever to get a Michelin star. And half of the small space is taken up by a solid steel plate grill that is hotter than the salsa. 除了泰国曼谷的一家街头小吃摊外，El Califa de León 可能是有史以来获得米其林星级的最小餐厅。一半的小空间被一个比莎莎酱还要热的实心钢板烤架占据了。Thousands of times a day, Rivera Martínez gets a fresh, thinly sliced piece of beef and puts it on the hot steel grill. 里维拉·马丁内斯（Rivera Martínez）每天数千次拿到一块新鲜的切成薄片的牛肉，然后将其放在热钢烤架上。 The heat is one of the few secrets Rivera Martínez would share. The steel grill has to be heated to 360 Celsius. 炎热是里维拉·马丁内斯愿意分享的少数秘密之一。钢烤架必须加热到 360 摄氏度。 Asked how it felt to get a Michelin star, he said in classic Mexico City slang, “it’s neat, it’s cool.” 当被问及获得米其林星的感觉如何时，他用经典的墨西哥城俚语说：“这很整洁，很酷。”The prices at his stand are quite high by Mexican standards. A single taco costs nearly $5. But many customers are sure it is the best in the city. 按照墨西哥的标准，他摊位上的价格相当高。一个炸玉米饼的价格接近 5 美元。但许多顾客确信它是城里最好的。 “It’s the quality of the meat,” said Alberto Muñoz, who has been coming to the place for about eight years. “I have never been disappointed. And now I’ll recommend it with even more reason, now that it has a star.” “这就是肉的质量，”来这个地方大约八年的阿尔贝托·穆尼奥斯 (Alberto Muñoz) 说。“我从来没有失望过。现在我会更有理由推荐它，因为它已经有了一颗星星。” His son, Alan, who was waiting for a beef taco alongside his father, noted “this is a historic day for Mexican cuisine, and we’re witnesses to it.” 他的儿子艾伦正在和父亲一起等待牛肉炸玉米饼，他说：“这是墨西哥美食历史性的一天，我们是这一天的见证者。” It really is about not changing anything — the freshness of the tortillas, the menu, the design of the restaurant. Owner Mario Hernández Alonso will not even tell where he buys the stand’s meat. 它实际上是不改变任何东西——玉米饼的新鲜度、菜单、餐厅的设计。店主马里奥·埃尔南德斯·阿隆索甚至不愿透露他在哪里购买摊位上的肉。By law, following the coronavirus pandemic, Mexico City restaurants have been permitted to open up street-side seating areas. But El Califa de León does not even have a sidewalk where customers could eat because of all the street vendors. 根据法律，在冠状病毒大流行后，墨西哥城的餐馆被允许开放街边座位区。但莱昂加州甚至没有一条可供顾客就餐的人行道，因为街头小贩林立。 Asked if he would like them to make room for a street-side seating area, Hernández Alonso said pointing to the street vendors, “As the saying goes, why fix or change something that’s alright? You shouldn’t fix anything... It’s the way God ordered things, and you have to deal with it.” 当被问及是否希望他们为街边休息区腾出空间时，埃尔南德斯·阿隆索指着街头小贩说：“俗话说，为什么要修理或改变一些好的东西？你不应该修复任何事情……这是上帝命令事情的方式，你必须处理它。”

The ozone layer is healing, but it'll take until about the end of the century to restore completely. In Antarctica, the ozone layer is broken down by chemical reactions in very cold, high atmospheric clouds. 臭氧层正在 “愈合”，但大约要到本世纪末才能完全恢复到之前的水平。在南极地区上空非常寒冷的高空大气云层的作用下，臭氧层被消耗，导致 “破洞”。 That loss of protective gas and resulting hole used to peak in September or October when plants and animals are tucked under winter snow and marine animals are protected by sea ice. But it's now lingering well into the Antarctic summer. 保护气体的流失和由此产生的 “破洞” 曾在9月或10月期间最为严重，不过那时动植物被冬雪覆盖，海洋动物也有海冰遮盖受到保护。但现在，臭氧层出现最大面积空洞这一现象已经持续到了南极的夏季。 Researchers say that's been driven in part by smoke from the Australian wildfires in 2019 and 2020, which were themselves fuelled by climate change. 研究人员们说，这在一定程度上是由 2019 年和 2020 年澳大利亚野火产生的烟雾造成的，而这两场野火本身就是气候变化的产物。 They found evidence of Antarctic plants putting more effort into synthesising protective sunscreen compounds and krill, marine crustaceans that are the foundation of the food chain in Antarctica, moving deeper into the ocean to avoid ultraviolet rays. While seals and penguins are covered by protective fur and feathers, the scientists say exposure to harmful rays could damage their eyesight. 他们发现有证据表明，南极植物正在把更多的能量用于合成起保护作用的防晒化合物，而磷虾，即南极洲食物链基层的海洋甲壳类动物，正在向海洋深处移动，以躲避紫外线照射。虽然海豹和企鹅的身上覆盖着起保护作用的皮毛和羽毛，但科学家们表示，阳光中的紫外线可能会损害它们的视力。 词汇表peak 达到峰值，达到最高水平tucked under 藏在…之下lingering 迟迟不去的，停留well into 直到…很久synthesising 合成krill 磷虾crustaceans 甲壳动物ultraviolet rays 紫外线

Imagine for a moment you've travelled 2,000 years into the future. Which human foods do you think would stand the test of time, and would any of it still be edible? To find out, we first need to understand what makes food go off. 想象一下您穿越到 2000 年后的未来。您认为哪些人类食物能够经受住时间的考验，其中有哪些仍然可以食用？为了找到答案，我们首先需要了解食物变质的原因。 Food preservation's main opponent is microbial growth. An expert in food chemistry, Michael Sulu, says most foods spoil for that reason. When things like bacteria, mould and yeast grow on your food, it can become pathogenic, and food causing disease is best avoided! So, how can we limit their growth? 食品保鲜的主要对手是微生物的生长。食品化学专家迈克尔·苏鲁表示，大多数食物都会因为这个原因而变质。当细菌、霉菌和酵母等物质在食物上生长时，就会变得致病，最好避免食用引起疾病的食物！那么，我们怎样才能限制它们的增长呢？ Microbes love oxygen and water, so the key is to starve them of it. We can do this by drying, salting, chilling, or storing the food in airtight containers. According to Sulu, drying is the most effective because without water, microbes can't multiply. Freezing works in the short-term, but explorers who have found ancient frozen animals initially thought the meat looked edible, but once defrosted, it immediately became putrid, which doesn't sound at all palatable! 微生物喜欢氧气和水，所以关键是让它们挨饿。我们可以通过干燥、腌制、冷藏或将食物储存在密封容器中来做到这一点。苏鲁表示，干燥是最有效的，因为没有水，微生物就无法繁殖。冷冻在短期内是有效的，但发现古代冷冻动物的探险家最初认为这些肉看起来可以吃，但一旦解冻，它立即变得腐烂，听起来一点也不好吃！ But how can we make our favourite foods longer-lasting if we don't want to dry, salt or freeze them? That's where additives and preservatives come in. These chemicals help to improve the shelf life of our supermarket items, but it means the food becomes ultra-processed. High consumption of ultra-processed food is linked to problems like depression and obesity, according to a review of the research by Pagliai and colleagues in the British Journal of Nutrition. 但是，如果我们不想干燥、加盐或冷冻我们最喜欢的食物，如何才能让它们保存得更长久呢？这就是添加剂和防腐剂的用武之地。这些化学物质有助于延长超市商品的保质期，但这意味着食品会被过度加工。根据 Pagliai 及其同事在《英国营养学杂志》上发表的一项研究综述，大量食用超加工食品与抑郁和肥胖等问题有关。 So, what's going to be safe for us to eat in our hypothetical time travel scenario? "I would start off with anything that is vacuum-packed or dried as well," says Sulu. If you can't find any of that, you could go to the Global Seed Vault in Svalbard, Norway, where there are almost one million samples of seeds from all over the world. They're in vaults designed to last forever, buried beneath the Arctic permafrost, so either eat the seeds, or start repopulating the plant world! 那么，在假设的时间旅行场景中，我们吃什么是安全的呢？“我会从任何真空包装或干燥的东西开始，”苏鲁说。如果你找不到这些，你可以去挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的全球种子库，那里有来自世界各地的近一百万个种子样本。它们位于北极永久冻土层下的永久冻土库中，所以要么吃掉种子，要么开始重新繁衍植物世界！词汇表stand the test of time 经得起时间的考验edible 可食用的go off （食物）变坏food preservation 食品保存microbial growth 微生物生长spoil （食物）变坏，变质bacteria 细菌mould 霉菌yeast 酵母菌pathogenic 可致病的salting 用食盐腌制airtight 密封的defrost 解冻putrid 腐烂的，腐坏的palatable 美味的，可口的long-lasting 持久的，长期的additives 添加剂preservatives 防腐剂shelf life 保质期ultra-processed 超加工的vacuum-packed 真空包装的permafrost 永冻层，永久冻土

People greet each other in many ways. They might say “hello” in different languages. They might physically do something like shaking hands, giving hugs, or exchanging kisses. 人们以多种方式互相问候。他们可能会用不同的语言说“你好”。他们可能会做一些身体上的事情，比如握手、拥抱或交换亲吻。 Elephants seem to have many greetings too. A recent study gives new information about these greetings, including how greetings differ depending on the animals’ sex and whether they are looking at each other. 大象似乎也有很多问候。最近的一项研究提供了有关这些问候语的新信息，包括问候语如何根据动物的性别以及它们是否互相看着对方而有所不同。 The study was based on observations of African savannah elephants in the Jafuta Reserve in Zimbabwe. 这项研究基于对津巴布韦贾富塔保护区的非洲草原象的观察。 Vesta Eleuteri of the University of Vienna in Austria was the lead writer of the study that appeared recently in Communications Biology. 奥地利维也纳大学的 Vesta Eleuteri 是最近发表在《通讯生物学》杂志上的这项研究的主要作者。 "Elephants live in a so-called 'fission-fusion' society, where they often separate and reunite, meeting after hours, days or months apart," Eleuteri said. “大象生活在一个所谓的‘裂变融合’社会中，它们经常分开又团聚，相隔数小时、数天或数月后见面，”埃留特里说。 Elephants are Earth's largest land animals. They are highly intelligent, with strong memories and problem-solving skills, and complex communication. 大象是地球上最大的陆地动物。他们非常聪明，具有很强的记忆力和解决问题的能力，以及复杂的沟通能力。 Female elephants of different family groups might have strong social bonds with each other, forming "bond groups." Earlier studies in the wild have reported that when these groups meet, the elephants perform special greeting ceremonies to announce and strengthen their social bonds, Eleuteri said. 不同家族群体的雌象之间可能有很强的社会联系，形成“债券群体”。埃留特里说，早期的野外研究表明，当这些群体相遇时，大象会举行特殊的问候仪式，以宣布并加强他们的社会联系。Male elephants have different social bonds from females. Male greetings may serve to ease possible hostility. Male elephants greet mainly by smelling each other, reaching with their trunks, Eleuteri added. 雄性大象与雌性大象有着不同的社会纽带。男性的问候可能有助于缓解可能的敌意。埃留特里补充说，雄性大象主要通过闻对方的气味、伸出鼻子来打招呼。 The recent study gives details on around 20 movements tied to greetings. It showed that elephants mix these movements in exact ways with sounds. The different sounds are described as rumbles, roars and trumpets. 最近的研究详细介绍了大约 20 个与问候相关的动作。它表明大象以精确的方式将这些动作与声音结合起来。不同的声音被描述为隆隆声、咆哮声和喇叭声。 The study also showed how smell plays an important part in greetings. Elephant greetings include behaviors unusual for humans, including releasing body waste. Elephants can also release secretions from a special gland. 该研究还表明气味在问候中发挥着重要作用。大象的问候包括人类不寻常的行为，包括释放身体废物。大象还可以从特殊的腺体中释放分泌物。 Elephants may greet each other by making gestures meant to be seen, like spreading their ears or showing their behinds. The creatures also use movements producing special sounds, or they may use movements that involve touching other elephants. Movements involving touching are known as tactile gestures. 大象可能会通过做出让人看到的手势来打招呼，比如张开耳朵或露出屁股。这些生物还使用发出特殊声音的动作，或者可能使用涉及触摸其他大象的动作。涉及触摸的动作称为触觉手势。 Eleuteri suggested that elephants appeared to know what other elephants can see. "They preferred using visual gestures when their partner was looking at them, while tactile ones when they were not," Eleuteri explained. 埃柳特里认为，大象似乎知道其他大象能看到什么。“当伴侣看着他们时，他们更喜欢使用视觉手势，而当伴侣不看他们时，他们更喜欢使用触觉手势，”Eleuteri 解释道。 Greeting behavior has been studied in a number of animals. 人们对许多动物的问候行为进行了研究。 "Many other species greet, including different primates, hyenas and dogs," Eleuteri said. “许多其他物种都会打招呼，包括不同的灵长类动物、鬣狗和狗，”埃留特里说。 These animal greetings help guide social situations by reducing tension or confirming social bonds, Eleuteri added. 埃留特里补充说，这些动物问候可以通过减少紧张或确认社会纽带来引导社交场合。 The new research builds on earlier studies of elephant greeting behavior. The nine observed elephants - four females and five males - were "semi-captive." That means they freely moved around their natural environment during daytime and stayed in structures at night. 这项新研究建立在早期对大象问候行为的研究基础上。观察到的九头大象——四头雌性和五头雄性——处于“半圈养”状态。这意味着它们白天在自然环境中自由活动，晚上则留在建筑物中。 Greetings used by the female elephants closely matched the behavior of wild elephants. The greeting behavior of the male elephants appeared to be different from wild male elephants. 雌象的问候语与野象的行为非常相似。 雄性大象的问候行为似乎与野生雄性大象不同。 Wild male elephants are often alone, forming loose connections with other elephants. 野生雄性大象通常独处，与其他大象形成松散的联系。 The temporal gland is midway between the eye and the ear. That gland plays a part in elephant greeting by releasing a substance called temporin. Temporin contains chemical information about an elephant's condition. Elephants often use their trunks to touch the temporal glands of others. 颞腺位于眼睛和耳朵之间的中间。该腺体在大象问候中发挥着重要作用，它会释放一种叫做temporin的物质。Temporin 含有有关大象状况的化学信息。大象经常用鼻子接触其他大象的颞腺。 Eleuteri said elephant body wastes “contain chemical information important for elephants, like the identity of the individual, their reproductive state or even their emotional state." 埃莱尤特里说，大象的排泄物“含有对大象很重要的化学信息，比如个体的身份、它们的繁殖状态，甚至它们的情绪状

A miniature poodle named Sage won the top prize Tuesday night at the 148th Westminster Kennel Club dog show. 周二晚上，一只名叫 Sage 的迷你贵宾犬在第 148 届威斯敏斯特养犬俱乐部狗展上获得了最高奖项。That is the 11th victory for poodles at the famous dog competition in New York City – only wire fox terriers have won more times. 这是贵宾犬在纽约市著名的狗狗比赛中第 11 次获胜，只有刚毛猎狐犬赢得的次数更多。 Kaz Hosaka is the handler for Sage. “No words,” he said about Sage’s win and added, “So happy — exciting.” He also was the handler of Spice, when that miniature poodle won the 2002 Westminster. Kaz Hosaka 是 Sage 的管理员。“无话可说，”他谈到塞奇的胜利并补充道，“太高兴了——令人兴奋。” 他还是 Spice 的饲养员，当时这只迷你贵宾犬赢得了 2002 年威斯敏斯特赛冠军。 But Hosaka said this latest victory would be his final competition after 45 years. 但保坂表示，最新的胜利将是他 45 年后的最后一场比赛。Hosaka said Sage “gave a great performance for me.” The black poodle won over six other dogs to take the “best in show.” Second place went to Mercedes, a German shepherd. 保坂表示 Sage“为我带来了精彩的表演”。黑色贵宾犬击败了其他六只狗，获得了“最佳表演奖”。第二名是德国牧羊犬梅赛德斯。 Others in the final round included Comet, a shih tzu, Monty, a giant schnauzer, Louis, an Afghan hound, Micah, a black cocker spaniel, and Frankie, a colored bull terrier. 最后一轮的其他选手包括西施犬彗星、巨型雪纳瑞犬蒙蒂、阿富汗猎犬路易斯、黑色可卡犬迈卡和彩色斗牛梗弗兰基。 While Sage was going around the competition ring, a protester interfered in the event. The protester carried a sign urging people to “boycott breeders” and tried to enter the ring. Security guards seized the activist. Police and the animal rights group, PETA, said three demonstrators were arrested. 当塞奇在赛场周围走动时，一名抗议者干扰了比赛。抗议者举着敦促人们“抵制饲养员”的标语，并试图进入拳击场。保安人员抓住了这名活动人士。警方和动物权利组织 PETA 表示，三名示威者被捕。 Rosalind Kramer, a judge at the event, called the final lineup “excellent, glorious.” Monty’s handler and co-owner, Katie Bernardin added, “just to be in the ring with everyone else is an honor.” 赛事评委罗莎琳德·克莱默 (Rosalind Kramer) 称最终阵容“出色、光荣”。蒙蒂的经纪人兼共同所有人凯蒂·伯纳丁补充道，“能和其他人一起参加拳击比赛就是一种荣幸。”Dogs first compete against others of their breed. Then the winner of each breed goes up against others in its “group.” The seven group winners meet in the final round. 狗首先要与同品种的其他狗竞争。然后，每个品种的获胜者将与该“群体”中的其他品种进行竞争。七个小组的获胜者将在最后一轮相遇。 The “best in show” winner gets a trophy and a place in dog-world history, but the prize does not include money. “最佳表演奖”获胜者将获得一座奖杯，并在狗界历史上占有一席之地，但奖金不包括金钱。 Besides the winners, other dogs were also popular with the crowd. A lagotto Romagnolo named Harry made people laugh by sitting up and begging for a treat from his handler; and a vizsla named Fletcher appealed to the crowd by jumping up on its handler after finishing a turn around the ring. 除了获胜者之外，其他狗也受到人群的欢迎。一只名叫哈利（Harry）的拉戈托·罗马尼奥洛（lagotto Romagnolo）会坐起来向它的驯养员乞求款待，这让人们开怀大笑。一只名叫弗莱彻（Fletcher）的维兹拉犬在绕圈转了一圈后，跳到驯兽师身上，吸引了观众。 There were also some very big dogs at the event. One was Ralphie, a great Dane weighing 80 kilograms. His much smaller handler, Shane Jichetti, said it takes a lot of experience to show an animal so big. But she added, “If you have a bond with your dog, and you just go with it, it works out.” 活动中还有一些非常大的狗。其中一个是拉尔菲，一只体重 80 公斤的大丹麦犬。他的小饲养员肖恩·吉凯蒂 (Shane Jichetti) 表示，展示这么大的动物需要丰富的经验。但她补充道，“如果你和你的狗有感情，而且你就跟着它走，那就会成功。”The Westminster show dates to 1877 and centers on the traditional purebred judging that leads to the “best in show” prize. But over the last few years, the club has added agility and obedience events open to mixed-breed dogs. 威斯敏斯特马赛的历史可以追溯到 1877 年，以传统的纯种马评审为中心，颁发“最佳马赛”奖项。但在过去的几年里，俱乐部增加了对混种狗开放的敏捷和服从活动。 This year, a border collie-papillon mix named Nimble became the first non-purebred winner of the agility competition. 今年，一只名叫“Nimble”的边境牧羊犬与蝴蝶犬的混种成为敏捷比赛中第一个非纯种的获胜者。 Kramer, the best in show judge, made a point of thanking “every dog, whether it’s a house dog or a show dog." 克莱默是最好的表演评委，他特别感谢“每只狗，无论是家犬还是表演犬”。 “Because," she said, "you make our lives whole.” “因为，”她说，“你让我们的生活变得完整。”