英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

Benmou Suzuki is a religious worker at a 420-year-old temple that is not in very good condition. 铃木本谋 (Benmou Suzuki) 是一座拥有 420 年历史、状况不佳的寺庙的宗教工作者。 It is deep in the forest near a small Japanese mountain village. It does not look like a valuable property. 它位于日本小山村附近的森林深处。它看起来不像是有价值的财产。 Yet two men recently asked Suzuki if he was interested in selling. He said he thinks they did not want the old, ornate building next to a mountain that is considered holy. Instead, they wanted the special tax status that comes with running a religious property. 然而最近有两名男子询问铃木是否有兴趣出售。他说，他认为他们不想要这座位于被视为圣山旁边的古老、华丽的建筑。相反，他们想要经营宗教财产所带来的特殊税收地位。 "There are people out there who want a temple, even a mountain temple like this," said 52-year-old Suzuki. “有人想要一座寺庙，甚至是像这样的山寺，”52 岁的铃木说。 Japan's population is decreasing and interest in religion is less intense. There are fewer people to support the country's many temples and shrines. 日本的人口正在减少，人们对宗教的兴趣也逐渐减弱。供养该国众多寺庙和神社的人越来越少。Suzuki's Mikaboyama temple, for example, is in a small town, which also has three other Buddhist temples, one Shinto shrine and a Christian church. 例如，铃木的御香房山寺位于一个小镇上，该镇还有另外三座佛教寺庙、一座神社和一座基督教教堂。 Japanese officials say they are seeing more sales of religious properties to buyers who do not continue to run them as religious centers. Officials fear many are buying them to avoid paying taxes or possibly even to hide criminal activity. 日本官员表示，他们看到越来越多的宗教财产出售给不再继续将其作为宗教中心经营的买家。官员们担心许多人购买它们是为了逃税，甚至可能是为了隐藏犯罪活动。 Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs oversees religious places. An official from the agency said, "It's already a sense of crisis for us and the religious community." 日本文化厅负责监管宗教场所。该机构的一位官员表示：“这对我们和宗教界来说已经是一种危机感。” The public is unhappy about the sales, too. In Osaka, a temple sold in 2020 was later torn down for a property development. In Kyoto, news reports said a temple was destroyed to make a parking lot. 公众对销售也不满意。在大阪，一座于 2020 年出售的寺庙后来被拆除用于房地产开发。在京都，新闻报道称，一座寺庙被毁坏，改建为停车场。 The owner of an active religious center in Japan is a corporation that pays no taxes. Even non-religious businesses on the property enjoy lower tax rates. The law permits many different activities like restaurants, hair salons and hotels. 日本活跃的宗教中心的所有者是一家不纳税的公司。即使是该地产上的非宗教企业也享受较低的税率。法律允许许多不同的活动，如餐馆、发廊和酒店。 The cultural affairs agency said it has increased its efforts to end the legal status of inactive religious corporations to stop sales to non-religious owners. Where there has been damage to a religious place, agency officials visit, warning the religious leaders about selling to such buyers. 文化局表示，已加大力度终止不活跃的宗教企业的法律地位，以停止向非宗教所有者销售产品。在宗教场所遭到破坏的地方，机构官员会前往警告宗教领袖不要向此类买家出售商品。 It might seem easier for Japan to change its laws for purchasing religious properties. But the agency said the government does not like to change laws related to religion. They do not want to limit religious freedom, which Japan's constitution protects. 对于日本来说，改变购买宗教财产的法律似乎更容易。但该机构表示，政府不喜欢改变与宗教有关的法律。他们不想限制日本宪法保护的宗教自由。 Osaka-based property dealer Takao Yamamoto said interest is rising quickly. He said a religious corporation license can sell for $210,000. Some religious properties, especially those where burials take place, are advertised for millions of dollars. 大阪房地产经销商 Takao Yamamoto 表示，兴趣正在迅速上升。他说宗教公司执照可以卖到 21 万美元。一些宗教财产，尤其是那些埋葬的宗教财产，在广告上标价数百万美元。 "Anyone can buy independent sites as long as you have money...even foreigners can buy them. Recently, a lot of Chinese people are trying to buy them," Yamamoto said. “只要有钱，任何人都可以购买独立网站……甚至外国人也可以购买。最近，很多中国人都在尝试购买它们，”山本说。 For his part, Suzuki says he does not plan to sell Mikaboyama temple and is working on ideas to raise money to keep it up. "Temples are places for local people to gather and forge connections. We just can't get rid of them," he said. 铃木则表示，他不打算出售御花园山寺，并且正在想办法筹集资金以维持其维持。“寺庙是当地人聚集和建立联系的地方。我们就是无法摆脱它们，”他说。 

Spanish scientist Pilar Bosch has found a way to use bacteria to repair 18th-century paintings. 西班牙科学家皮拉尔·博斯 (Pilar Bosch) 找到了一种利用细菌修复 18 世纪绘画的方法。 Bosch, a microbiologist, tells Reuters she got the idea for the method while considering possibilities for a paper toward her doctoral degree. During this process, she discovered someone else’s paper that suggested bacteria can be used to restore artworks. 微生物学家博斯告诉路透社，她在考虑撰写博士学位论文的可能性时想到了这种方法。在此过程中，她发现了别人的论文，建议可以使用细菌来修复艺术品。 At around the same time, Bosch learned that her mother was struggling to find a good method for restoring 18th-century paintings. The paintings, by Spanish artist Antonio Palomino, sat in Santos Juanes – one of the oldest churches in the city of Valencia. 大约在同一时间，博斯得知她的母亲正在努力寻找修复 18 世纪绘画的好方法。这些画作由西班牙艺术家安东尼奥·帕洛米诺 (Antonio Palomino) 创.Bosch said her mother, Pilar Roig, noted how difficult the restoration process at the church was. One reason was the glue used to remove the paintings from the walls in the 1960s. The substance was nearly impossible to remove completely. 博斯说，她的母亲皮拉尔·罗伊格注意到教堂的修复过程是多么困难。原因之一是 20 世纪 60 年代用于去除墙上画作的胶水。该物质几乎不可能完全去除。 "My mother had a very difficult problem to solve and I found a paper about bacteria used to clean frescoes in Italy," Bosch said. A fresco is a kind of painting that often appears across a large wall. “我母亲有一个非常棘手的问题需要解决，我发现了一篇关于意大利用于清洁壁画的细菌的论文，”博斯说。壁画是一种经常出现在大墙上的绘画。Bosch added she decided to write her doctoral paper on the same subject. That was more than ten years ago. Today, she gets to work with her mother on the church restoration. They are using the bacteria method to remove glue from artworks. The $4.46 million project is being financed by local organizations. 博斯补充说，她决定就同一主题撰写博士论文。那是十多年前的事了。今天，她开始和母亲一起修复教堂。他们正在使用细菌方法去除艺术品上的胶水。该项目耗资 446 万美元，由当地组织资助。The process involves feeding small amounts of the glue – made from animal collagen – to the bacteria. After a time, the bacteria begins to naturally produce enzymes to break down the glue. 该过程涉及将少量由动物胶原蛋白制成的胶水喂给细菌。一段时间后，细菌开始自然产生酶来分解胶水。 The mother-daughter team then mixes the bacteria with a natural algae-based substance, called a gel, and places it onto the paintings. They say that after about three hours, the gel mixture is removed, leaving the paintings glue-free. 然后，母女团队将细菌与一种称为凝胶的天然藻类物质混合，并将其放在画作上。他们说，大约三个小时后，凝胶混合物被去除，画作不再有胶水。Bosch’s mother, now 75, noted that in the past, restorers of artworks had to use traditional cleaning methods that "took hours and damaged the painting." She noted that several other relatives in the family also work in art restoration. Bosch agreed, saying the work "certainly runs in the family." 博斯现年 75 岁的母亲指出，过去艺术品修复者必须使用传统的清洁方法，“需要几个小时，而且会损坏画作”。她指出，家里的其他几位亲戚也从事艺术品修复工作。博斯对此表示同意，并表示这项工作“当然是家族传承的”。 Bosch has also used her bacteria removal process in other restoration projects in Italy and Spain. And, she is now training other scientists to use a different kind of bacteria to clear walls of painted graffiti. 博世还在意大利和西班牙的其他修复项目中使用了她的除菌工艺。而且，她现在正在培训其他科学家使用不同种类的细菌来清除墙壁上的涂鸦。 

"A classic example is in Scandinavia, where the land is still rising in response to the melting of thick ice sheets that covered the region during the last Ice Age. This process continues today, affecting coastlines and landscapes, thousands of years after the ice retreated," Dai said.“一个典型的例子是斯堪的纳维亚半岛，由于上一个冰河时期覆盖该地区的厚冰盖融化，该地区的土地仍在上升。在冰消退数千年之后，这一过程仍在继续，影响着海岸线和景观。 ，”戴说。Study co-writer Adam Smith, a University College London doctoral student, said GPS measurements show the continued rising of Everest and the rest of the Himalayas.研究合著者、伦敦大学学院博士生亚当·史密斯表示，GPS 测量显示珠穆朗玛峰和喜马拉雅山其他地区的海拔持续上升。This uplift is faster than the continued surface erosion caused by wind, rain and river flow. As this erosion continues, Everest's uplift rate from isostatic rebound may increase, Smith said.这种抬升速度比风、雨和河水造成的持续地表侵蚀还要快。 史密斯说，随着这种侵蚀的继续，珠穆朗玛峰因均衡回弹而上升的速度可能会增加。Neighboring mountains, including Lhotse, the world's fourth highest, and Makalu, the fifth highest, also get a boost from the same process. Lhotse is experiencing an uplift rate similar to Everest. Makalu has a slightly higher uplift rate.邻近的山脉，包括世界第四高的洛子峰和第五高的马卡鲁峰，也从同一过程中得到了推动。 洛子峰的上升速度与珠穆朗玛峰类似。 马卡鲁的抬升率略高。Dai said that the research shows our planet's changing nature. Even a seemingly unchanging element like Mount Everest is "subject to ongoing geological processes, reminding us that Earth is constantly changing, often in ways imperceptible in our daily lives."戴说，这项研究表明我们星球的性质正在发生变化。 即使像珠穆朗玛峰这样看似不变的元素也“受到持续的地质过程的影响，提醒我们地球正在不断变化，而且通常以我们日常生活中难以察觉的方式变化。”Earth's rigid outer part is divided into large plates that move slowly over time. The Himalayas rose following a collision between two plates.地球坚硬的外部被分成许多大板块，这些板块随着时间的推移缓慢移动。 喜马拉雅山是在两个板块碰撞后升起的。Everest is located on the border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It was named for George Everest, a 19th century British surveyor in India.珠穆朗玛峰位于尼泊尔和中国西藏自治区之间的边界。 它以 19 世纪英国驻印度测量员乔治·珠穆朗玛峰的名字命名。"Mount Everest occupies a unique place in human consciousness," Dai said.“珠穆朗玛峰在人类意识中占有独特的地位，”戴说。"Physically, it represents Earth's highest point," giving it a lot of importance simply because of its size, Dai explained.戴解释说，“从物理上来说，它代表了地球的最高点”，仅仅因为它的大小就赋予了它很大的重要性。He added that Everest has cultural importance to local Sherpa and Tibetan communities. Worldwide, Dai said, the mountain represents a big test for human endurance.他补充说，珠穆朗玛峰对当地夏尔巴人和西藏社区具有文化重要性。 戴秉国说，在世界范围内，这座山是对人类耐力的一次巨大考验。

Fields of tall corn plants are a common thing to see in the Midwest United States in late summer. They are as much a part of rural America as big red barns and cows.夏末，在美国中西部地区，高大的玉米田很常见。 它们就像红色的大谷仓和奶牛一样，是美国乡村的一部分。But soon, tall corn plants might become shorter, replaced by plants only half as tall.但很快，高大的玉米植株可能会变得更矮，取而代之的是只有一半高的植物。Cameron Sorgenfrey is a farmer in the Midwestern state of Iowa. He has been growing newly developed short corn for several years. His neighbors sometimes have questions about his smaller corn plants.卡梅伦·索根弗雷 (Cameron Sorgenfrey) 是中西部爱荷华州的一名农民。 多年来，他一直在种植新开发的短玉米。 他的邻居有时会对他的小型玉米植株产生疑问。"As you drive across the Midwest, maybe in the next seven, eight, 10 years, you're going to see a lot of this out there," Sorgenfrey said. “I think this is going to change agriculture in the Midwest," he added.“当你开车穿过中西部时，也许在接下来的七年、八年、十年内，你会看到很多这样的东西，”索根弗雷说。 “我认为这将改变中西部的农业，”他补充道。Bayer Crop Science developed the short corn and tested it on 12,141 hectares in the Midwest. One promise the company made to farmers was a kind of corn that could survive powerful windstorms. The corn is not only shorter, but it also has a larger base. It can withstand winds of up to 80 kilometers per hour.拜耳作物科学公司开发了短粒玉米，并在中西部 12,141 公顷的土地上进行了测试。 该公司向农民做出的一个承诺是生产一种能够抵御强风暴的玉米。 玉米不仅较短，而且基部较大。 它可以承受高达每小时80公里的风。The smaller plants can grow closer together than taller kinds. That means farmers can grow more corn on the same amount of land, which increases their profits. This will help farmers facing lower corn prices in recent years. The smaller plants could also lead to less water use.较小的植物比较高的植物可以生长得更紧密。 这意味着农民可以在相同的土地上种植更多的玉米，从而增加他们的利润。 这将有助于农民应对近年来玉米价格较低的情况。 较小的工厂也可能导致用水量减少。Dior Kelley is an assistant professor at Iowa State University. She is researching different possibilities for growing shorter corn. She said that because corn is the largest crop in the United States, more widespread use of the small kind will have a large effect.迪奥·凯利是爱荷华州立大学的助理教授。 她正在研究种植较短玉米的不同可能性。 她说，由于玉米是美国最大的农作物，更广泛地使用这种小品种将产生很大的影响。"It is huge. It's a big, fundamental shift," Kelley said.Last year, American farmers grew more than 363 million metric tons of corn. Most was used for animal feed, the fuel additive ethanol, or exported to other countries.去年，美国农民种植了超过 3.63 亿吨玉米。 大部分用于动物饲料、燃料添加剂乙醇，或出口到其他国家。Scientists have long tried to develop better kinds of corn plants. But it has become more important for corn to grow even in very hot weather or when there is a lack of rain. Strong winds are another danger. In August 2020, a strong windstorm in the Midwest caused $11 billion in damage. It flattened both trees and corn plants only weeks before harvest time.长期以来，科学家们一直在尝试培育更好的玉米品种。 但即使在非常炎热的天气或缺雨的情况下，玉米的生长也变得更加重要。 强风是另一个危险。 2020 年 8 月，中西部地区的一场强风暴造成了 110 亿美元的损失。 仅在收获季节前几周，树木和玉米植株就被夷为平地。Kelley said she likes the idea of short corn. But she warns that short plants have their own problems to consider. For example, corn cobs that grow closer to the soil could be more at risk to diseases or mold.凯利说她喜欢短玉米的主意。 但她警告说，矮小的植物也有自己的问题需要考虑。 例如，靠近土壤生长的玉米芯可能更容易受到疾病或霉菌的影响。Brian Leake is a Bayer spokesperson. He said the company has been developing short corn for more than 20 years. In a few years, he hopes farmers will be growing short corn everywhere.布莱恩·利克 (Brian Leake) 是拜耳发言人。 他说，该公司开发短玉米已有20多年了。 几年后，他希望各地农民都能种植矮玉米。

Mount Everest, standing 8.85 kilometers above sea level, is Earth's tallest mountain.珠穆朗玛峰海拔8.85公里，是地球上最高的山峰。And Mount Everest is still growing.珠穆朗玛峰仍在增长。Mount Everest and the rest of the Himalayas are continuing on an upward movement that began at their birth around 50 million years ago. The mountains are a product of a collision between Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent.珠穆朗玛峰和喜马拉雅山的其他山峰自大约 5000 万年前诞生以来，一直在继续向上运动。 这些山脉是欧亚大陆和印度次大陆碰撞的产物。But Everest is growing more than expected. And, scientists now think they know the reason why.但珠穆朗玛峰的增长速度超出了预期。 而且，科学家们现在认为他们知道其中的原因。Everest's growth has to do with the major joining, or merger, of two nearby river systems. The Kosi river joined with the Arun river around 89,000 years ago, the researchers estimated.珠穆朗玛峰的增长与附近两个河流系统的主要连接或合并有关。 研究人员估计，科西河在大约 89,000 年前与阿伦河汇合。This change in the area's river system has led to Everest gaining around 15-50 meters in height.该地区河流系统的变化导致珠穆朗玛峰高度增加了约 15-50 米。That suggests an upward movement rate of about 0.2-0.5 millimeters per year.这表明每年向上移动的速度约为 0.2-0.5 毫米。The geological process at work, researchers said, is called isostatic rebound.研究人员表示，起作用的地质过程称为等静压回弹。Isostatic rebound involves the rise of land masses on Earth's crust when the weight of the surface declines. The crust, Earth's outermost part, floats atop hot, semi-liquid rock.等静压回弹涉及当地表重量下降时地壳上陆地质量的上升。 地壳是地球的最外层部分，漂浮在炽热的半液态岩石之上。In this case, the joining of the rivers resulted in increased erosion which carried off large amounts of rock and soil. This reduced the weight of the area near Everest.在这种情况下，河流的交汇导致侵蚀加剧，带走了大量的岩石和土壤。 这减轻了珠穆朗玛峰附近地区的重量。"Isostatic rebound can be likened to a floating object adjusting its position when weight is removed," said Jin-Gen Dai of China University of Geosciences in Beijing.北京中国地质大学的戴金根表示：“等静压回弹可以比喻为当重量被移除时漂浮物体调整其位置。”Dai is one of the leaders of the study published recently in Nature Geoscience.戴是最近发表在《自然地球科学》上的这项研究的领导者之一。"When a heavy load, such as ice or eroded rock, is removed from the Earth's crust, the land beneath slowly rises in response, much like a boat rising in water when cargo is unloaded," Dai added.戴补充说：“当冰或被侵蚀的岩石等重物从地壳上移走时，下面的土地会相应地缓慢上升，就像卸载货物时船在水中上升一样。”The researchers, who used numerical models to study the development of the river system, estimated that isostatic rebound accounts for about 10 percent of Everest's yearly upward movement, or uplift rate.研究人员使用数值模型研究河流系统的发展，估计珠穆朗玛峰每年向上移动或抬升率的 10% 左右是由均衡回弹造成的。This geological process is seen in other places around the world.这种地质过程在世界其他地方也有发生。

The Argentine town of Hilario Ascasubi near the country’s Atlantic coast has a problem not many places have ever had. 阿根廷大西洋海岸附近的希拉里奥·阿斯卡苏比镇面临着许多地方都没有遇到过的问题。 It has too many parrots. 它的鹦鹉太多了。 Biologists say thousands of the green-yellow-and-red birds have invaded the town. These experts say deforestation has driven the birds’ migration. 生物学家表示，数千只绿、黄、红相间的鸟类已经入侵该镇。这些专家表示，森林砍伐推动了鸟类的迁徙。 The problem is that the birds bite the town’s electric cables. This is causing electricity outages. People living in the town are also unhappy about the birds’ noise making and the birds' droppings, or waste that is getting everywhere. 问题是鸟儿咬了镇上的电缆。这导致停电。镇上的居民也对鸟儿发出的噪音和鸟粪或随处可见的废物感到不满。 Daiana Lera is a biologist. She said much of Argentina’s forestland has been lost over the years. As a result, the parrots are going into the cities. 戴安娜·莱拉 (Daiana Lera) 是一位生物学家。她说，阿根廷的大部分林地多年来已经消失。结果，鹦鹉正在进入城市。 “The hillsides are disappearing, and this is causing them to come closer to the cities to find food, shelter and water,” Lera said. “山坡正在消失，这导致他们更加接近城市寻找食物、住所和水，”莱拉说。 In the past few years, the parrots have started to arrive in the autumn and winter to seek refuge. Local people say, at times, there are up to 10 parrots for each of the town’s 5,000 human inhabitants. Only during the summer do the birds migrate south to the cliffs of Patagonia for breeding season. 近几年，鹦鹉开始在秋冬季节前来避难。当地人称，有时该镇 5,000 名居民每人就有多达 10 只鹦鹉。只有在夏季，鸟类才会向南迁徙到巴塔哥尼亚的悬崖上进行繁殖季节。 Images show hundreds of birds perched on electric cables, buildings and churches. 图片显示数百只鸟栖息在电缆、建筑物和教堂上。Ramón Alvarez is a local reporter for Radio Taxi Fm. About the parrots, he said, “They bite and damage the cables, water can get into the wires when it rains….” 拉蒙·阿尔瓦雷斯 (Ramón Alvarez) 是 Radio Taxi Fm 的当地记者。关于鹦鹉，他说，“它们会咬住并损坏电缆，下雨时水会进入电线......” That affects Alvarez directly. “It goes without saying that when the power goes out, there is no radio,” he said. 这直接影响到阿尔瓦雷斯。“不用说，当停电时，就没有收音机了，”他说。 The locals have tried different methods to scare away the birds, such as noise and even laser light. But nothing has worked. 当地人尝试了不同的方法来吓跑鸟类，例如噪音甚至激光。但没有任何效果。 “We need to start to restore our natural environments,” Lera said. “But until that happens, we have to think of strategies that allow us to live together in the most harmonious way possible in our towns.” “我们需要开始恢复我们的自然环境，”莱拉说。“但在那之前，我们必须想出一些策略，让我们能够在我们的城镇中以最和谐的方式共同生活。” 

Britain's miles of coastline are home to globally important seabird colonies, with more than 20 different species breeding on cliff tops or foraging out at sea. But many populations are in trouble, hit by multiple pressures from climate change to overfishing. 在英国数千英里的海岸线上分布着许多在世界范围内都有着显著意义的海鸟群落，这里有超过 20 种海鸟在悬崖上筑巢繁衍或在海中觅食。但由于气候变化和过度捕捞等因素带来的生存压力，其中不少鸟类种群的生存都陷入了困境。 In the latest health check of seabirds, conservation groups have added five more species to the red list of British birds facing the highest level of conservation concern. The new additions are the Arctic tern, the giant skua, the little-known Leach's storm petrel and two types of gull – the common gull and great black-backed gull. 在最新的一项对海鸟的生态健康检查过后，动物保护团体将五种鸟类添加到了英国鸟类红色名单中。新添加的鸟类包括北极燕鸥、大贼鸥、较少为人所知的白腰叉尾海燕，以及两种鸥属鸟类——普通海鸥和大黑背鸥。 

A can of soft drink and two large eggs may have a similar number of calories, but the eggs will provide us with protein, vitamins and other nutrients, and satisfy our hunger, while a fizzy drink provides little more than tooth decay and calories. The important concept here is nutrient density. This is the number of nutrients we take in for each calorie consumed. No one would suggest replacing sweet drinks with eggs, but what can we do to increase nutrient density in our diet? 一罐软饮料和两个大鸡蛋可能含有相似的热量，但鸡蛋将为我们提供蛋白质、维生素和其他营养物质，并满足我们的饥饿感，而碳酸饮料只提供蛀牙和热量。这里重要的概念是营养密度。这是我们消耗的每一卡路里摄入的营养物质的数量。没有人会建议用鸡蛋代替甜饮料，但我们能做些什么来增加饮食中的营养密度呢？ "Have you had your five a day?" that's the message on British supermarket shelves, and it's asking about fruit and vegetables. Many countries have launched similar campaigns to encourage people to eat more healthily. Fresh, natural produce is usually very dense in nutrients. Eating a wide range of fruits and vegetables is important, so some advice focuses on including different colours of food in our diets. 'Eating a rainbow' could be one way to get more nutrients. “你一天吃五颗了吗？” 这是英国超市货架上的信息，询问有关水果和蔬菜的信息。许多国家发起了类似的活动，鼓励人们吃得更健康。新鲜的天然农产品通常营养丰富。吃多种水果和蔬菜很重要，因此一些建议侧重于在我们的饮食中加入不同颜色的食物。“吃彩虹”可能是获取更多营养的一种方法。 Other advice recommends that we are more adventurous in what we eat. Cooking food that we haven't eaten before can lead us to use ingredients that we don't usually consume. This can give us a wider range of nutrients. It's not just about fruit and vegetables. Even using different seasoning can offer health benefits. Nutrition academic Hazel Flight highlights that flavourings such as garlic, ginger or turmeric can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while also leading people to use less salt. Dairy products such as milk and cheese, are high in calcium, while in limited amounts, meat can be a good source of protein. 其他建议建议我们在饮食上更具冒险精神。烹饪我们以前没有吃过的食物可能会导致我们使用我们通常不食用的食材。这可以为我们提供更广泛的营养。这不仅仅是水果和蔬菜的问题。即使使用不同的调味料也能带来健康益处。营养学者 Hazel Flight 强调，大蒜、生姜或姜黄等调味品具有抗氧化和抗炎特性，同时还能引导人们减少盐的使用。牛奶和奶酪等乳制品富含钙，而少量的肉类可以成为蛋白质的良好来源。 If you're not feeling that adventurous, then swapping individual food items can be beneficial. Choosing wholegrain bread or rice instead of white bread or rice can increase fibre intake. Unsalted nuts provide more nutrients than snacks such as crisps. Possibly surprisingly, popcorn is a wholegrain snack that is high in fibre. 如果您不喜欢冒险，那么交换个别食物可能会有所帮助。选择全麦面包或米饭代替白面包或米饭可以增加纤维摄入量。无盐坚果比薯片等零食提供更多营养。可能令人惊讶的是，爆米花是一种富含纤维的全麦零食。 So, fresh fruit and vegetables, swapping the worst things, and just a little bit more adventure could be the secret to a more nutritious diet. 因此，新鲜的水果和蔬菜、更换最糟糕的东西以及多一点冒险可能是更有营养的饮食的秘诀。词汇表calorie 卡路里protein 蛋白质vitamin 维生素nutrient 营养物，养分nutrient density 营养素密度consume 吃，食用diet 日常饮食fruit 水果vegetable 蔬菜fresh 新鲜的natural 天然的produce 农产品dense in 富含ingredient 食材seasoning 调味品，作料antioxidant 抗氧化的anti-inflammatory 抗炎症的dairy 乳制品的calcium 钙beneficial 有益的wholegrain 全麦的white （用于食品名称中）白的fibre 纤维unsalted 未加盐的

They found that the sources of water and hydroxyl are believed to be contained in minerals on or just below the moon’s surface. 他们发现水和羟基的来源被认为包含在月球表面或正下方的矿物质中。 Scientists involved in the research recently reported their results in a study published in the Planetary Science Journal. 参与这项研究的科学家最近在《行星科学杂志》上发表的一项研究中报告了他们的结果。 The research was led by Roger Clark, a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute. 这项研究由行星科学研究所的高级科学家罗杰·克拉克领导。 In a press release announcing the findings, the researchers noted their discovery was made possible by data that the M3 instrument collected. They explained the instrument provides highly detailed data using imaging and infrared technologies. 在宣布这一发现的新闻稿中，研究人员指出，他们的发现是通过 M3 仪器收集的数据实现的。他们解释说，该仪器利用成像和红外技术提供非常详细的数据。 The M3 instrument, for example, can identify 85 different colors in its examinations of mineral compositions. This compares to normal digital cameras, which generally only record three colors. 例如，M3 仪器在检查矿物成分时可以识别 85 种不同的颜色。与普通数码相机相比，普通数码相机通常只记录三种颜色。 The researchers said, “Just like we see different colors from different materials, the infrared spectrometer can see many (infrared) colors to better determine the composition, including the water and hydroxyl." 研究人员说：“就像我们看到不同材料的不同颜色一样，红外光谱仪可以看到许多（红外）颜色，以更好地确定成分，包括水和羟基。” The team noted the water might have resulted from heating of rocks and soil or from chemical reactions that combined different hydroxyls to produce water, as well as oxygen. 研究小组指出，这些水可能是由岩石和土壤加热产生的，或者是由不同羟基结合产生水和氧气的化学反应产生的。 Clark, from the Planetary Science Institute, said both cratering and volcanic activity can bring water-rich materials to the surface. He noted that both are observed in the newly examined data. “We see a lunar surface with complex geology with significant water in the sub-surface and a surface layer of hydroxyl.” 行星科学研究所的克拉克表示，陨石坑和火山活动都会将富含水的物质带到地表。他指出，在新检查的数据中观察到了这两种情况。“我们看到月球表面地质复杂，地下有大量水，表面有羟基。” The discovery, Clark said, can be helpful to future exploration efforts on the moon. “Future astronauts may be able to find water even near the equator by exploiting these water-rich areas.” 克拉克说，这一发现可能有助于未来的月球探索工作。“未来的宇航员甚至可以通过开发这些水资源丰富的地区来找到水，甚至在赤道附近。” He added, “Knowing where water is located not only helps to understand lunar geologic history, but also where astronauts may find water in the future.”他补充说：“了解水的位置不仅有助于了解月球地质历史，而且有助于宇航员将来可能在哪里找到水。” 

A new study suggests sources of water on the moon are more widespread than previously thought. 一项新的研究表明，月球上的水源比之前想象的更为广泛。 The study was based on new examinations of data collected by India’s Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft. It launched in October 2008 and collected data while orbiting the moon for about a year. 这项研究基于对印度月船一号航天器收集的数据的新检查。它于 2008 年 10 月发射，并在绕月飞行约一年的时间里收集数据。 Chandrayaan-1 has already provided evidence of water on the moon. In September 2009, scientists published a study based on data from the Indian space mission. The data showed the presence of molecules linked to water, as well as the substance hydroxyl. Chandrayaan-1 已经提供了月球上有水的证据。2009 年 9 月，科学家发表了一项基于印度太空任务数据的研究。数据显示存在与水相连的分子以及羟基物质。 The American space agency NASA describes hydroxyl (OH) as “a molecule made up of one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom with a free (unpaired) electron.” It notes it is “one of the most reactive gases in the atmosphere” and can help break down other gases in the air. 美国航天局 NASA 将羟基 (OH) 描述为“由一个氢原子和一个氧原子组成的分子，带有一个自由（不成对）电子”。它指出它是“大气中最具反应性的气体之一”，可以帮助分解空气中的其他气体。 The 2009 study suggested the water molecules identified by Chandrayaan-1 data were mainly found in the moon’s extreme northern and southern areas, known as the poles. Scientists said the data from that study showed most of the water probably existed in large craters near the poles where sunlight is blocked. 2009年的研究表明，月船一号数据识别出的水分子主要存在于月球的极北和极南区域，即两极。科学家表示，该研究的数据显示，大部分水可能存在于两极附近阳光被阻挡的大陨石坑中。 But new examinations of the data show that water and hydroxyl molecules likely exist over much wider areas of the moon. In addition, the research suggests water is even present in areas of the moon receiving direct sunlight. 但对数据的新检查表明，水和羟基分子可能存在于月球更广泛的区域。此外，研究表明，月球上接受阳光直射的区域甚至也存在水。 The instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 that captured the molecule data is called the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3). NASA built and operated the instrument. The space agency describes M3 as an “imaging spectrometer.” A spectrometer is an instrument used to study the chemical composition and structures of substances. Chandrayaan-1 上捕获分子数据的仪器称为月球矿物学绘图仪 (M3)。美国宇航局建造并操作了该仪器。该航天局将 M3 描述为“成像光谱仪”。光谱仪是用于研究物质的化学成分和结构的仪器。On the Chandrayaan-1 mission, the spectrometer aimed to map the mineral composition of materials on the moon’s surface. Researchers examined this data and centered their search on areas outside the lunar poles. 在月船一号任务中，光谱仪的目的是绘制月球表面材料的矿物成分图。研究人员检查了这些数据，并将搜索集中在月极以外的区域。 

The Japanese video game company Nintendo is opening a museum that will teach visitors about its history. 日本视频游戏公司任天堂正在开设一家博物馆，向游客介绍其历史。 At the museum, fans of Super Mario, The Legend of Zelda and the Game Boy and Switch devices can learn more about one of the world's most famous game makers. 在博物馆，《超级马里奥》、《塞尔达传说》以及 Game Boy 和 Switch 设备的粉丝可以更多地了解世界上最著名的游戏制造商之一。 The museum is in Uji near the company's Kyoto headquarters. 该博物馆位于宇治，靠近公司京都总部。 It will show the many developments of Nintendo, which was founded in 1889. The company began as a maker of "hanafuda" playing cards and has since grown to offer many kinds of electronic games. 它将展示任天堂的诸多发展，该公司成立于 1889 年。该公司最初是一家“hanafuda”扑克牌制造商，后来发展到提供多种电子游戏。Shigeru Miyamoto is an executive fellow at Nintendo and the creator of Super Mario. Miyamoto said the museum was meant to deepen understanding of the company. 宫本茂是任天堂的执行研究员，也是超级马里奥的创造者。宫本表示，博物馆的目的是加深对公司的了解。 "If making products while protecting concepts such as family, fun and ease of understanding is rooted in our employees then the new Nintendo will continue to grow," he told reporters recently. 他最近对记者表示：“如果在生产产品的同时保护家庭、乐趣和易于理解等理念根植于我们的员工之中，那么新任天堂将继续发展。” The museum, which opens to the public October 2, is in the place where the company used to make playing cards and was a center for product repairs. On its website, tickets to the museum are sold out for two months after the opening. 该博物馆于 10 月 2 日向公众开放，位于该公司过去制造扑克牌的地方，也是产品维修中心。在其网站上，博物馆的门票在开馆后两个月内就已售空。 In addition to showing famous devices such as the Wii console and the handheld Game Boy, visitors will be able to see lesser-known products. These include the Mamaberica baby stroller and the Copilas printer. 除了展示 Wii 游戏机和手持式 Game Boy 等著名设备外，参观者还将能够看到不太知名的产品。其中包括 Mamaberica 婴儿车和 Copilas 打印机。The museum also offers special experiences. Visitors, for example, will be able to work together to play the video game Super Mario Bros. on an oversized Family Computer controller. 博物馆还提供特殊体验。例如，参观者将能够在超大的家庭电脑控制器上一起玩视频游戏“超级马里奥兄弟”。The company’s push into mobile gaming has dropped off. But other efforts by Nintendo to grow beyond its main, or core, gaming business have made progress. The company has been opening stores and employing its characters in theme parks and movies. 该公司进军移动游戏的力度已经减弱。但任天堂在其主要或核心游戏业务之外的其他努力已取得进展。该公司一直在开设商店并在主题公园和电影中使用其角色。 The Switch console has been a major success with over 140 million devices in use. But, with sales slowing, investor attention is now on the possibility for a new device. Switch 控制台取得了巨大成功，已有超过 1.4 亿台设备在使用。但是，随着销售放缓，投资者的注意力现在集中在新设备的可能性上。 Nintendo aims to announce details of a possible new device in the current financial year, which ends in March. 任天堂计划在三月份结束的本财年中公布可能推出的新设备的详细信息。 

In South Africa, a former passenger train now serves as a traveling medical center to provide health services to people in need. 在南非，一列以前的旅客列车现在充当旅行医疗中心，为有需要的人提供医疗服务。 The train is known as Phelophepa. In the Sesotho language, this means “good, clean, health.” It travels across South Africa to provide medical care to a mix of patients for whom usual heath care is unavailable or rare. 这列火车被称为Phelophepa。在塞索托语中，这意味着“良好、干净、健康”。它穿越南非，为无法获得或很少获得常规医疗护理的患者提供医疗服务。 The train has been operating since South Africa’s government ended its racist system of apartheid in the early 1990s. The train carries medical professionals around the country, even to the most rural villages. Officials say the service helps at least 375,000 South Africans each year. 自南非政府于 20 世纪 90 年代初结束种族主义种族隔离制度以来，这列火车一直在运营。火车载着医疗专业人员前往全国各地，甚至到最偏远的村庄。官员们表示，这项服务每年至少为 375,000 名南非人提供帮助。 The care patients receive is separate from the government’s main public health care system. That system serves an estimated 84 percent of the population. But government insurance plans are too costly for many people to pay for. South Africa is also dealing with an unemployment rate of more than 32 percent. 患者接受的护理独立于政府的主要公共医疗保健系统。该系统为估计 84% 的人口提供服务。但政府保险计划的成本太高，许多人无法支付。南非的失业率也超过 32%。The government has taken some steps to help get more of the nation’s population covered by public health insurance plans. 政府已采取一些措施来帮助更多的全国人口享受公共健康保险计划。 One of those came in May, when South African President Cyril Ramaphosa signed a law creating the country’s National Health Insurance Act. The law aims to provide financial assistance to millions of South Africans who do not currently have health insurance. The program gets support from private insurers. 其中之一是在五月份，当时南非总统西里尔·拉马福萨签署了一项制定该国《国民健康保险法》的法律。该法律旨在为目前没有医疗保险的数百万南非人提供经济援助。该计划得到了私人保险公司的支持。 However, the National Health Insurance Act has been hotly debated. Critics have said government officials have not yet said how much the program will cost or where that money will come from. Economists have predicted the government will have to raise taxes to finance the law. Critics have urged the government to instead fix the country’s public healthcare system. 然而，国民健康保险法却引发了激烈的争论。批评人士表示，政府官员尚未透露该计划的成本或资金从何而来。经济学家预测政府将不得不提高税收来为该法律提供资金。批评者敦促政府修复该国的公共医疗保健系统。Thethiwe Mahlangu has used the health train and recently spoke to The Associated Press about her experiences. She said local health clinics in her area – in the township of Tembisa, east of Johannesburg – cannot effectively serve her needs.Thethiwe Mahlangu 曾乘坐过健康列车，最近向美联社讲述了她的经历。她说，她所在地区（约翰内斯堡东部的坦比萨镇）的当地卫生诊所无法有效满足她的需求。 “There we are not treated well,” Mahlangu said. “We are made to sit in the sun for long periods. You can sit there from 7 a.m. until around 4 p.m. when the clinic closes.” She noted that when people ask about such issues, the medical workers say they simply need bigger hospitals. “我们在那里没有得到很好的待遇，”马兰古说。“我们生来就必须长时间坐在阳光下。你可以从早上 7 点坐到下午 4 点左右。当诊所关门的时候。” 她指出，当人们问及此类问题时，医务人员说他们只是需要更大的医院。 When the train began in 1994, many Black people in South Africa still lived in rural villages with little availability to health centers. The time was a period of great change in South Africa. Today, the trains assist the growing populations of the capital, Pretoria, as well as Johannesburg, the country's economic center. 当火车于 1994 年开通时，南非的许多黑人仍然居住在乡村，几乎没有医疗中心。当时正是南非发生巨变的时期。如今，火车为首都比勒陀利亚以及该国经济中心约翰内斯堡不断增长的人口提供帮助。Shemona Kendiah is the train's manager. She told the AP trains can remain in one place for multiple days to see as many people as possible. Those going to major population centers – like Tembisa, for example – can end up staying up to two weeks. “The major metros are really struggling,” Kendiah said. 谢莫娜·肯迪亚 (Shemona Kendiah) 是列车经理。她告诉美联社的火车可以在一个地方停留多天，以便见到尽可能多的人。那些前往主要人口中心（例如坦比萨）的人最终可能会停留长达两周。“主要的地铁确实在苦苦挣扎，”肯迪亚说。 Mahlangu’s trip resulted in her getting a new pair of glasses. She was among hundreds of people who received health services from the train on its latest stop. 马兰古的旅行让她得到了一副新眼镜。她是在最新一站火车上接受医疗服务的数百人之一。 Another patient, Jane Mabuza, got a full health examination as well as services for her teeth. She said she hopes the train will be able to reach many more people in other areas. “Here on the train you never hear that anything has been finished,” Mabuza added. 另一位患者 Jane Mabuza 接受了全面的健康检查以及牙齿治疗。她说，她希望火车能够到达其他地区的更多人。“在火车上，你永远不会听到任何事情已经完成，”马布扎补充道。 

Layers of rock can be thought of as pages of a history book – with each layer containing details of the Earth's condition in the distant past. But the critical period leading up to Snowball Earth was thought to be missing because the rock layers were eroded in the big freeze.不同的岩石层可以被认为是一本历史书的不同页，每一层都包含了在遥远的过去地球状况的细节。但是 “雪球地球” 形成的关键时期的记录曾被认为是缺失的，因为岩石层曾在冰川期中受到侵蚀。 Now, a new study by researchers at University College London, has revealed that the Garvellachs somehow escaped unscathed and may be the only place on Earth to have a detailed record of how the Earth entered one of the most catastrophic periods in its history, as well as what happened when the first animal life emerged when the snowball thawed.现在，由伦敦大学学院的研究人员进行的一项新研究表明，加韦勒赫群岛不知为何毫发无损地度过了冰川期，成为了可能是地球上唯一一个详细记录了地球是如何进入其历史上最具灾难性的时期之一的地方，它也记录了当 “雪球地球” 融化、第一个动物生命出现时地球上发生了什么。The discovery could mean that the islands may be awarded one of the biggest accolades in science: a golden spike, which is an actual spike hammered into a location that catalogues big transitions in the planet's geological history.这一发现意味着加韦勒赫群岛有可能被授予科学界的最高荣誉之一——“金钉子”，这是一个真正的钉子，它将会被钉在加韦勒赫群岛上记载着地球的地质历史发生重大转变的位置。词汇表layers 层critical period 关键时期eroded 被侵蚀unscathed 毫发无损地catastrophic 灾难性的emerged 出现thawed 融化，解冻accolades 荣誉，嘉奖catalogues 记载，编入目录

Imagine sitting down for dinner in ancient Babylon. What would be on the menu? Thanks to clay tablets discovered over a century ago, we're starting to find out. These tablets, written around 4,000 years ago, were originally thought to be about medicine. But in the 1980s, scholars realised that these texts were actually recipes. "Out of hundreds of thousands of cuneiform documents, they are the only food recipes that exist" says Agnete Lassen, associate curator of the Yale Babylonian collection. This means they offer a rare glimpse into the culinary world of this ancient region of Mesopotamia, now modern-day Iraq.想象一下在古巴比伦坐下来吃晚饭。 菜单上会有什么？ 多亏了一个多世纪前发现的粘土片，我们才开始找到答案。 这些泥板写于大约 4,000 年前，最初被认为是关于医学的。 但到了 20 世纪 80 年代，学者们意识到这些文本实际上是食谱。 耶鲁大学巴比伦馆藏副馆长阿格尼特·拉森 (Agnete Lassen) 表示：“在数十万份楔形文字文献中，它们是唯一现存的食物食谱。” 这意味着它们为人们提供了难得一睹这个古老的美索不达米亚地区（现在的伊拉克）的烹饪世界的机会。It seems the cooks of that time were expected to know what they were doing – the instructions are straight to the point, and the amounts of the ingredients are not specified. Despite this, modern researchers have been recreating and taste-testing the ancient dishes. One recipe that has been successfully recreated is a stew called 'tuh'u'. The dish starts with water and seared lamb. Then, in go salt, beer, some vegetables, and for a fiery taste, garlic and coriander. It's a favourite among researchers: "It's pungent and it's very nicely spiced" says Agnete Lassen, "It has good flavours." Another dish turned out so unbearably bitter that none of the other seasonings could be detected, so either the translation was incorrect, or people's tastes were very different back then.看起来当时的厨师应该知道自己在做什么——说明是开门见山的，并且没有具体说明配料的数量。 尽管如此，现代研究人员一直在重新创造和测试这些古老的菜肴。 一种已成功重现的食谱是一种名为“tuh'u”的炖菜。 这道菜以水和烤羊肉开始。 然后加入盐、啤酒、一些蔬菜，为了获得火辣的味道，可以加入大蒜和香菜。 它是研究人员的最爱：“它很辛辣，而且味道很好”，阿格尼特·拉森 (Agnete Lassen) 说，“味道很好。” 还有一道菜，苦得难以忍受，其他的调味料都检测不到，所以要么是翻译错误，要么是当时人们的口味不同。Interestingly, all the recipes discovered are for making stews and broths, observes Iraqi food historian, Nawal Nasrallah. Stew remained a tradition in medieval Iraq and continues to be a staple of modern Iraqi food. On the other hand, other ancient flavours have disappeared. For example, a Roman fish sauce called 'garam' was a potent, fermented sauce with an umami flavour. It was once popular but is now not a common feature of modern Italian cuisine.有趣的是，伊拉克食品历史学家纳瓦尔·纳斯拉拉 (Nawal Nasrallah) 观察到，所有发现的食谱都是用来制作炖菜和肉汤的。 炖菜仍然是中世纪伊拉克的传统，并且仍然是现代伊拉克食物的主食。 另一方面，其他古老的风味已经消失。 例如，一种名为“garam”的罗马鱼露是一种具有鲜味的强效发酵酱汁。 它曾经很流行，但现在已不再是现代意大利美食的常见特征。How many of our own culinary traditions will survive years from now? Will future generations taste what we taste today, or will our favourite dishes become forgotten?我们自己的烹饪传统有多少能够在多年后幸存下来？ 子孙后代会尝到我们今天尝到的味道，还是我们最喜欢的菜肴会被遗忘？词汇表recipe 食谱cuneiform 楔形文字的culinary 烹饪的straight to the point 直截了当的ingredient 材料，食材taste-test 试吃，尝试…的味道stew 炖菜seared 高温速煎的fiery （食物味道）辣的coriander 芫荽，香菜pungent （味道）浓郁的，强烈的spiced 经过调味的flavour 口味，味道bitter 苦的seasoning 调味料broth 肉汤staple 主食potent （味道）强烈的fermented 发酵的umami 鲜味cuisine 菜肴

Another device from the Massachusetts company Epicore Biosystems uses sweat to find out if a worker is overheating.马萨诸塞州 Epicore Biosystems 公司的另一款设备利用汗水来判断工人是否过热。 Experts say the effectiveness of some devices remains unproven although research has shown that some successfully predict body temperature. A 2022 study said age, sex, and the amount of water in the air make it difficult to measure body temperature. 专家表示，尽管研究表明某些设备可以成功预测体温，但某些设备的有效性尚未得到证实。2022 年的一项研究称，年龄、性别和空气中的水含量使测量体温变得困难。However, some groups worry that employers will use the technology to punish people for taking needed breaks. 然而，一些团体担心雇主会利用这项技术来惩罚那些需要休息的人。 Travis Parsons is with the Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, a labor rights group. Parsons said, “Any time you put a device on a worker, they’re very concerned about tracking, privacy, and how are you going to use this against me.” 特拉维斯·帕森斯 (Travis Parsons) 是劳工权利组织北美劳工健康与安全基金会的成员。帕森斯说：“任何时候你给员工戴上设备，他们都会非常担心跟踪、隐私，以及你将如何利用它来对付我。”United Cleanup Oak Ridge is the partnership that is responsible for cleaning up the nuclear reactor in Tennessee. The company says it uses medical examinations to make work decisions. Miller, the health supervisor said the company sent a few employees to see their personal doctors who found out they had heart problems. United Cleanup Oak Ridge 是负责清理田纳西州核反应堆的合作伙伴。该公司表示，它使用体检来做出工作决策。健康主管米勒表示，公司派了几名员工去看他们的私人医生，医生发现他们患有心脏病。 At Perrigo, safety official Rob Somers said supervisors look at information on people with several alerts and speak to them to see if there is “a reason why they’re not able to work in the environment.” Perrigo 的安全官员罗布·萨默斯 (Rob Somers) 表示，主管人员会查看多次发出警报的人员的信息，并与他们交谈，看看是否有“他们无法在该环境中工作的原因”。 Adam Schwartz is with the Electronic Frontiers Foundation, a civil liberties group based in San Francisco. He said the idea that companies could keep years of medical information on employees raises privacy concerns. He said the information could be used to withhold health plans or dismiss workers. 亚当·施瓦茨 (Adam Schwartz) 就职于电子前沿基金会，这是一个总部位于旧金山的公民自由组织。他表示，公司可以保留员工多年的医疗信息的想法引起了隐私方面的担忧。他说，这些信息可能会被用来扣留健康计划或解雇工人。 Schwartz said, “The device could hurt…because you could raise your hand and say, ‘I need a break,’ and the boss could say, ‘No, your heart rate is not elevated, go back to work.’” 施瓦茨说：“该设备可能会造成伤害……因为你可以举起手说，‘我需要休息一下’，而老板可能会说，‘不，你的心率没有升高，回去工作吧。’” To reduce such risks, employers should permit workers to accept or reject using the devices. They could process only necessary information and delete the information in 24 hours, Schwartz said. 为了降低此类风险，雇主应允许员工接受或拒绝使用这些设备。施瓦茨说，他们只能处理必要的信息，并在 24 小时内删除这些信息。 Ikusei Misaka, a professor at Tokyo’s Musashino University, raised another concern. Misaka noted that information gathered from wearing such devices could result in workers getting unwanted marketing for goods or services. 东京武藏野大学教授御坂郁生提出了另一个担忧。御坂指出，通过佩戴此类设备收集的信息可能会导致员工收到不必要的商品或服务营销信息。 

On a hot summer day, workers recently worked to remove asbestos and hazardous waste at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. It is a former nuclear center that the government wants to tear down. 在炎热的夏日，工人们最近在田纳西州橡树岭国家实验室清除石棉和危险废物。这是政府想要拆除的前核中心。 The men wore full-body protective clothing and used respirators to clean the air they breathe. But the clothing does not protect them from high temperatures inside the building and inside their heavy clothing. On their arms, they wear devices that record their heart rates, movements and levels of exertion. The aim is to look for heat stress. 这些人穿着全身防护服，并使用呼吸器来清洁呼吸的空气。但这些衣服并不能保护他们免受建筑物内和厚重衣服内的高温影响。他们的手臂上佩戴着记录心率、运动和运动水平的设备。目的是寻找热应激。 Stephanie Miller oversees safety and health for the company responsible for the cleanup. She watches a computer to observe each worker’s data looking for danger of overheating. 斯蒂芬妮·米勒负责监督负责清理工作的公司的安全和健康。她通过电脑观察每个工人的数据，寻找过热的危险。 Miller said, “Heat is one of the greatest risks that we have in this work, even though we deal with high radiation, hazardous chemicals and heavy metals.” 米勒说：“尽管我们要处理高辐射、危险化学品和重金属，但高温是我们这项工作面临的最大风险之一。”The issue of heat in the workplace has been getting more attention since a 2021 report from the research organization Atlantic Council. The group said the United States loses an average of $100 billion each year from “heat-induced” reductions in productivity. 自研究组织大西洋理事会 2021 年发布报告以来，工作场所的高温问题受到越来越多的关注。该组织表示，美国每年因“高温”导致的生产力下降平均损失 1000 亿美元。 The Environmental Protection Agency said from 1992 to 2022, 986 people died from heat-related causes in U.S. workplaces. 美国环境保护局表示，从 1992 年到 2022 年，美国工作场所有 986 人死于与高温相关的原因。 Employers have measured heat-related stress by checking employees’ temperatures with thermometers. More recently, firefighters and military members have swallowed thermometer capsules. 雇主通过使用温度计检查员工的体温来测量与热相关的压力。最近，消防员和军人吞下了温度计胶囊。 As the world experiences record-high temperatures, employers are exploring wearable technologies, like sensors and armbands, to help keep workers safe. They collect body temperature and warn workers to take breaks when they get too hot. 随着世界各地经历创纪录的高温，雇主正在探索传感器和臂带等可穿戴技术，以帮助确保工人的安全。他们收集体温并警告工人在太热时休息。 Perrigo, a drug company, gave SlateSafety armbands to more than 100 employees at its baby food factory. The devices estimate the wearer’s body temperature. A reading of 101.3 results in an alert, or a warning. 制药公司 Perrigo 为其婴儿食品工厂的 100 多名员工发放了 SlateSafety 臂章。这些设备可以估计佩戴者的体温。读数为 101.3 会产生警报或警告。 

These kinds of “gravity assists” are expected to provide the needed push to get the spacecraft to Jupiter by 2030. 这些“重力辅助”预计将为 2030 年航天器抵达木星提供所需的推动力。After reaching Jupiter, Europa Clipper will then spend about one year preparing for the flybys of Europa. 到达木星后，欧罗巴快艇将花费大约一年的时间为飞越木星做准备。NASA says the spacecraft is equipped with nine different scientific instruments. They are designed to collect data from all areas of the moon. None of the instruments themselves were built with the ability to confirm the existence of life forms. But they are designed to investigate Europa’s icy surface and the composition of the moon’s underground ocean for signs of possible life. 美国宇航局表示，该航天器配备了九种不同的科学仪器。它们旨在收集月球所有区域的数据。这些仪器本身都没有能够确认生命形式存在的能力。但它们的目的是调查木卫二的冰冷表面和月球地下海洋的成分，以寻找可能存在生命的迹象。 Team leaders say Europa Clipper will also use several cameras – including two using infrared technology – to map the moon in greater detail than in the past. Radar technology will also be used to collect data on the moon’s interior and to measure gravity. Together, the instruments and cameras will seek information about Europa’s current and past chemistry and geology. 团队负责人表示，Europa Clipper 还将使用多个相机（其中两个使用红外技术）来比过去更详细地绘制月球地图。雷达技术还将用于收集月球内部的数据并测量重力。这些仪器和相机将共同寻找有关木卫二当前和过去的化学和地质的信息。 Gina DiBraccio is the acting director of NASA’s planetary science division in Washington. She told the press briefing the agency is pleased to finally be moving the mission forward after years of planning and preparation. “As an ocean world, Europa is very intriguing. And this mission is going to help us to understand a complex piece of our solar system.” 吉娜·迪布拉西奥 (Gina DiBraccio) 是美国宇航局华盛顿行星科学部门的代理主任。她在新闻发布会上表示，经过多年的规划和准备，该机构很高兴终于能够推进任务。“作为一个海洋世界，木卫二非常有趣。这项任务将帮助我们了解太阳系的复杂部分。” Jordan Evans is Europa Clipper’s project manager. He said the last part of the preparation process involved testing of electronic transistors widely used on the spacecraft. His team wanted to make sure the transistors could survive the large amounts of radiation Europa Clipper is expected to be hit with in space. 乔丹·埃文斯 (Jordan Evans) 是 Europa Clipper 的项目经理。他说，准备过程的最后一部分涉及测试航天器上广泛使用的电子晶体管。他的团队希望确保晶体管能够承受欧罗巴快艇预计在太空中遭受的大量辐射。 After the tests, Evans said mission leaders were persuaded that the transistors could recover from the effects of heavy radiation during breaks from flybys of the moon. He said this meant all elements of the mission should be able to be carried out as planned.测试结束后，埃文斯表示，任务领导者相信，在飞越月球期间，晶体管可以从重辐射的影响中恢复过来。他说，这意味着任务的所有部分都应该能够按计划进行。 Evans added, “We are ready for Jupiter.” 埃文斯补充道：“我们已经准备好前往木星了。” 

The American space agency NASA has cleared a spacecraft to launch next month to look for possible signs of life on Jupiter’s moon Europa. 美国宇航局已批准下个月发射一艘宇宙飞船，在木星的卫星欧罗巴上寻找可能的生命迹象。 Agency officials announced plans for the Europa Clipper spacecraft at a press briefing last week. The launch window for the mission will open October 10. The spacecraft is to launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It will be carried to space aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket built by SpaceX. 该机构官员在上周的新闻发布会上宣布了欧罗巴快船飞船的计划。该任务的发射窗口将于 10 月 10 日开放。该航天器将从美国宇航局位于佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心发射。它将由 SpaceX 制造的猎鹰重型火箭运送到太空。 The main goal of the mission is for the spacecraft to collect data on whether Jupiter’s icy moon could possibly support life. Scientists have identified Europa as a good candidate for holding the right conditions to support life. Several studies have suggested it likely contains a very large ocean beneath its icy surface. 该任务的主要目标是让航天器收集有关木星冰冷的卫星是否可能支持生命的数据。科学家们认为木卫二是拥有支持生命的适当条件的良好候选者。几项研究表明，它的冰冷表面下可能有一个非常大的海洋。 In an online description, NASA says liquid water is necessary for planets or moons to support the “complex chemistry” processes that can make life possible. A huge, salty ocean likely lies beneath Europa’s surface and could hold “more water than Earth’s oceans combined,” the space agency added. 美国宇航局在网上的描述中表示，液态水对于行星或卫星来说是必要的，以支持使生命成为可能的“复杂化学”过程。该航天局补充说，木卫二表面下方可能存在一个巨大的咸水海洋，其容纳的水量“比地球海洋的总和还要多”。 Scientists have also discovered evidence of chemical compounds and energy forces – including very strong gravity – that could provide the right conditions to support life. 科学家还发现了化合物和能量力量（包括非常强的重力）的证据，可以为支持生命提供合适的条件。 Europa is a little smaller than Earth’s moon but is still one of the largest moons in our solar system. It is one of many moons orbiting Jupiter. Astronomers announced in 2023 they had discovered 12 additional moons orbiting Jupiter. NASA says the planet now has a total of 95 confirmed moons. 木卫二比地球的月球小一点，但仍然是太阳系中最大的卫星之一。它是绕木星运行的众多卫星之一。天文学家于 2023 年宣布，他们又发现了 12 颗绕木星运行的卫星。NASA 表示，目前地球上共有 95 颗已确认的卫星。 It is estimated to take six years for the robotic, solar-powered spacecraft to reach Europa. The orbiter is the largest spacecraft built by NASA to investigate another planet. It reaches about 30 meters when fully open. The orbiter is expected to perform many flybys of Europa. Some may get as close as 25 kilometers away from the moon. 据估计，这艘太阳能机器人航天器需要六年时间才能到达木卫二。轨道飞行器是美国宇航局为调查另一个行星而建造的最大的航天器。完全打开时可达约30米。轨道飞行器预计将多次飞越木卫二。有些可能距离月球近25公里。After launching, NASA says Europa Clipper will fly past Mars, then back toward Earth, “using the gravity of each planet to increase its momentum.” 美国宇航局表示，欧罗巴快艇发射后将飞越火星，然后返回地球，“利用每颗行星的引力来增加其动量”。

The United States Congress has honored four women known as the “hidden figures” of the space race with its highest civilian award. 美国国会向四位被称为太空竞赛“隐藏人物”的女性颁发了最高平民奖。 The Congressional Gold Medal was presented Wednesday to the families of Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, Mary Jackson and Christine Darden at the U.S. Capitol. Only Darden is still living. The 82-year-old watched the ceremony from her Connecticut home. 周三，国会金质奖章在美国国会大厦颁发给了凯瑟琳·约翰逊、多萝西·沃恩、玛丽·杰克逊和克里斯汀·达登的家人。只有达顿还活着。这位 82 岁的老人在康涅狄格州的家中观看了仪式。Lawmakers recognized the four Black mathematicians for their critical work early in the space program. 立法者认可了四位黑人数学家在太空计划早期所做的关键工作。 They also presented a medal to all the women who worked as mathematicians, engineers and "human computers" in the American space program from the 1930s to 1970s. 他们还向 20 世纪 30 年代至 1970 年代在美国太空计划中担任数学家、工程师和“人类计算机”的所有女性颁发了一枚奖章。 Margot Lee Shetterly wrote the 2016 book Hidden Figures about the Black women mathematicians who supported the space program in the 1960s. It was made into a movie of the same name in 2017. 玛格特·李·谢特利 (Margot Lee Shetterly) 于 2016 年撰写了《隐藏人物》一书，讲述了 20 世纪 60 年代支持太空计划的黑人女数学家的故事。2017年被拍成同名电影。 "By honoring them, we honor the very best of our country's spirit," Shetterly said at the ceremony. 谢特利在仪式上说：“通过向他们致敬，我们就是向我们国家最优秀的精神致敬。”The early space program employed hundreds of women to work as mathematicians at what is now NASA's Langley Research Center in Virginia. But, the Black mathematicians were not permitted to work with the white mathematicians because of racial separation policies at the time. The Black researchers’ work went unrecognized for years. 早期的太空计划雇用了数百名女性在现在的弗吉尼亚州美国宇航局兰利研究中心担任数学家。但是，由于当时的种族隔离政策，黑人数学家不被允许与白人数学家一起工作。黑人研究人员的工作多年来一直没有得到认可。 The team used pencils, slide rulers and mechanical calculating machines to calculate the paths of rockets and orbiters in the atmosphere and in space. The path is called the trajectory. 该团队使用铅笔、滑尺和机械计算机来计算火箭和轨道飞行器在大气层和太空中的路径。该路径称为轨迹。 “Our office computed all the trajectories,” Katherine Johnson told The Virginian-Pilot newspaper in 2012. “You tell me when and where you want it to come down, and I will tell you where and when and how to launch it,” she explained. “我们的办公室计算了所有的轨迹，”凯瑟琳·约翰逊在 2012 年告诉《弗吉尼亚飞行员报》。“你告诉我你希望它在何时何地降落，我会告诉你在哪里、何时以及如何发射它，”她 解释道。In 1961, Johnson did trajectory research for the Freedom 7 Mission, the first to carry an American into space. The next year, she checked the calculations made by a new NASA computer for astronaut John Glenn’s planned orbits around the planet. 1961 年，约翰逊为自由 7 号任务进行了轨迹研究，这是第一次将美国人送入太空。第二年，她检查了美国宇航局一台新计算机对宇航员约翰·格伦计划绕地球轨道进行的计算。 John Glenn did not trust the new computer. Days before the launch, he told NASA, “Get the girl to check the numbers.” John Glenn become the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962. 约翰·格伦不信任这台新计算机。发射前几天，他告诉美国宇航局，“让女孩检查一下数字。” 1962 年，约翰·格伦 (John Glenn) 成为第一个绕地球轨道飞行的美国人。 Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015 – the nation's highest civilian honor. Her work at NASA helped open doors for many other women to take part in the space program. 约翰逊于 2015 年被授予总统自由勋章——美国公民的最高荣誉。她在美国宇航局的工作为许多其他女性参与太空计划打开了大门。 Dorothy Vaughan rose to become NASA's first Black female supervisor. Mary Jackson was NASA's first Black female engineer. And Christine Darden is best known for her sonic boom research. 多萝西·沃恩 (Dorothy Vaughan) 成为美国宇航局第一位黑人女主管。玛丽·杰克逊是美国宇航局第一位黑人女工程师。克里斯汀·达顿 (Christine Darden) 因其音爆研究而闻名。 

However, its common name is a dead giveaway that it is dangerous. It is called devil’s tomato. It is also known as devil’s potato to add to the confusion. 然而，它的俗名已经充分表明它是危险的。它被称为魔鬼番茄。它也被称为魔鬼土豆，以增加混乱。 Other members of the nightshade family are poisonous in different ways. For example, a plant named deadly nightshade, or belladonna, is so toxic that it was used as a murder weapon in Europe during the Middle Ages, a time more than 500 years ago. Its berries, however, could be mistaken for blueberries. 茄科植物的其他成员也有不同程度的毒性。例如，一种名为茄属植物或颠茄的植物毒性很大，以至于在中世纪（500 多年前）的欧洲，它被用作谋杀武器。然而，它的浆果可能会被误认为是蓝莓。 Pokeweed and Virginia creeper fruits also look like blueberries, and both can be deadly if eaten. 美洲商陆和弗吉尼亚爬山虎的果实也看起来像蓝莓，如果食用它们都可能致命。 Lilies are toxic, but they look like edible wild onion or garlic grasses, especially when they first come out of the ground. 百合有毒，但它们看起来像可食用的野葱或蒜草，尤其是当它们刚从地里长出来的时候。Edible wild onion and garlic grasses have other toxic lookalikes, too -- including a plant sometimes called death camas. These plants grow in lawns and wild areas in the spring, and they are a common cause of livestock poisoning. They are dangerous for humans, too. 可食用的野洋葱和大蒜草也有其他类似的有毒植物，包括一种有时被称为“死亡卡马斯”的植物。这些植物在春季生长在草坪和野外，是导致牲畜中毒的常见原因。它们对人类也很危险。 Toxic carrot and parsley lookalikes can also make you sick. Wild parsnip has flowers like a carrot and leaves like parsley. Simply touching it can cause a skin problem called photodermatitis. It causes sun sensitivity that can last for a year. Poison hemlock looks similar but is much larger. Eating that plant can lead to breathing problems. 有毒的胡萝卜和欧芹类似物也会让你生病。野生欧洲防风草的花朵像胡萝卜，叶子像欧芹。仅仅触摸它就会导致称为光照性皮炎的皮肤问题。它会导致阳光敏感，可持续一年。毒铁杉看起来很相似，但体型要大得多。吃这种植物会导致呼吸问题。Creeping buttercup looks like flat-leaf parsley. It is an invasive plant that can cause severe stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and heart problems. 匍匐毛茛看起来像平叶欧芹。它是一种入侵植物，会导致严重的胃痛、呕吐、腹泻和心脏问题。And the deadly Canadian moonseed can be confused with wild grape. However, its taste is so bitter that you would likely spit it out before swallowing it. This is a good thing because eating it can lead to death. 致命的加拿大月籽可能会与野生葡萄混淆。然而，它的味道太苦了，你可能会在吞下之前把它吐出来。这是一件好事，因为吃它会导致死亡。 If you think you have swallowed a toxic plant by mistake, contact a poison control center in your area or your doctor. There is additional information on the website poison.org. 如果您认为自己误吞了有毒植物，请联系您所在地区的毒物控制中心或您的医生。网站poison.org 上有更多信息。 Damiano advises to use common sense with plants you find in the wild. If you are not completely sure that something is food, do not eat it. 达米亚诺建议对在野外发现的植物运用常识。如果您不能完全确定某物是食物，请勿食用。

Actor Alicia Silverstone worried fans on social media recently. While on a trip to England, she posted a TikTok video of herself tasting a poisonous berry she found along a sidewalk. 演员艾丽西亚·席尔维斯通最近在社交媒体上让粉丝们担心不已。在去英国旅行时，她在 TikTok 上发布了一段自己品尝在人行道上发现的有毒浆果的视频。 Silverstone, who appeared in the 1995 movie Clueless, said she thought the fruit was a tomato. But when she bit into it and found that it had an unusual taste, she realized that it was not the common food. 出演 1995 年电影《独领风骚》的西尔维斯通表示，她以为这种水果是西红柿。但当她咬下去的时候，发现味道有些不寻常，才发现这不是寻常的食物。 Plant expert, Jessica Damiano, recently wrote about poisonous plants that look like common foods for the Associated Press. 植物专家杰西卡·达米亚诺 (Jessica Damiano) 最近为美联社撰写了一篇关于看起来像常见食物的有毒植物的文章。 She said the fruit that looked like a tomato appears to have been a Jerusalem cherry. 她说，这种看起来像西红柿的水果似乎是耶路撒冷樱桃。Often sold as a houseplant, all parts of the Jerusalem cherry are poisonous. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals says the plant is not only harmful to humans but also to dogs, cats and horses. Eating large amounts can be deadly. Silverstone was lucky because she did not swallow the berries. 耶路撒冷樱桃通常作为室内植物出售，其所有部分都有毒。美国防止虐待动物协会表示，这种植物不仅对人类有害，而且对狗、猫和马也有害。大量食用可能会致命。银石很幸运，因为她没有吞下浆果。 She is also lucky because the berries were reddish orange. This means they were ripe. While all parts of the Jerusalem cherry are poisonous, the plant’s unripe berries can be especially dangerous. They can cause problems with the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Symptoms from eating the fruit include mental confusion, stomach pain, high body temperature, vomiting, paralysis and more. 她也很幸运，因为浆果是红橙色的。这意味着它们已经成熟了。虽然耶路撒冷樱桃的所有部分都有毒，但该植物未成熟的浆果尤其危险。它们会导致中枢神经和胃肠系统出现问题。食用这种水果的症状包括精神错乱、胃痛、体温高、呕吐、瘫痪等。 The Jerusalem cherry is a member of the nightshade family. It is in the same family of plants that includes tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, potatoes and tomatillos. Although the fruits of those crops are safe to eat, their leaves are toxic. 耶路撒冷樱桃是茄科植物的一员。它与西红柿、茄子、辣椒、土豆和粘浆果属于同一植物科。尽管这些作物的果实可以安全食用，但它们的叶子却有毒。The Jerusalem cherry is not the only toxic plant that looks like a safe one. 耶路撒冷樱桃并不是唯一一种看似安全的有毒植物。 The poisonous Carolina horsenettle fruit also looks like a tomato. 有毒的卡罗莱纳荨麻果实也看起来像西红柿。  

It's so low-pitched it's difficult to hear, but this is the rumble of the wind on Mars. It was detected by sensors on the Insight Lander, which was sent to the Red Planet in 2018 to listen. That's what made this discovery of liquid water possible. As well as sensing the Martian breeze, the probe recorded more than 1,300 Mars quakes – vibrations emanating from inside the Red Planet.这个声音太低了，很难听清，但它正是火星上的风发出的 “隆隆声”。这个声音是被 “洞察号” 探测器上的传感器探测到的，“洞察号” 于 2018 年被送往这颗红色行星进行监听任务。这使得液态水的发现成为可能。除了探测到火星的微风外，探测器还记录了 1300 多次火星地震，即从这颗红色行星内部发出的振动。Scientists have now studied that seismic record in detail to work out exactly how Mars moves and what material the seismic waves are travelling through. This showed that deep in the rocky Martian crust, inside cracks in the rock, there are large reservoirs of groundwater. Mars's surface is etched with channels and ripples that paint a picture of its watery past, and the researchers believe that this discovery answers the question, where did all that water go?科学家们现已详细研究了这些火星地震的记录，以准确地了解火星是如何移动的，以及火星地震波都穿过了哪些物质。记录表明，在火星岩石地壳深处及岩石裂缝内有大量的地下水。火星表面蚀刻着河道和水波纹的痕迹，这些痕迹描绘出了火星曾经有水流动的历史，研究人员认为，这个发现回答了 “火星上的水都去哪里了” 这个问题。But they say tapping into it to supply future human exploration of Mars will be very challenging. The reservoirs they've detected are at depths of between ten and 20 kilometres, which would be difficult to drill, even here on Earth.但他们表示，如果想利用地下水库来为未来的人类火星探索活动提供支持将非常具有挑战性。这个研究发现的水库区域存在于火星表面以下 10 到 20 公里的地方，即使在地球上这个位置也很难钻探。词汇表low-pitched （声音）低沉的rumble 隆隆声the Red Planet 红色行星Martian 火星的breeze 微风probe 探测器emanating 发出，表现出seismic 地震的crust 外壳reservoirs 水库groundwater 地下水etched 蚀刻tapping into 利用

Early in the morning in June 2024, photographer Lee McGrath captured electric blue shimmering in the waves of Dunraven Bay, Wales. Lighting up the water was bioluminescent plankton.2024 年 6 月清晨，摄影师 Lee McGrath 在威尔士邓拉文湾的海浪中捕捉到了电蓝色的光芒。照亮水面的是生物发光的浮游生物。Bioluminescence is the ability of certain organisms to produce light. It's a biochemical wonder involving a reaction between certain chemicals that create light without heat. Plankton, as seen in Wales, are tiny marine drifters, carried by ocean tides and currents. And they're not the only creatures in the ocean with this illuminating characteristic – an amazing 76% of animals in our seas are bioluminescent, according to National Geographic. It happens for a variety of reasons. For example, the deep-sea anglerfish has a glowing fin that sticks out of its head to attract prey, and jellyfish can emit light to attract mates. Similarly, the six-inch lantern shark, one of the world's smallest sharks, has light-up organs used for camouflage.生物发光是某些生物体产生光的能力。这是一个生化奇迹，涉及某些化学物质之间的反应，无需热量即可产生光。正如在威尔士所看到的，浮游生物是微小的海洋漂流物，由海洋潮汐和洋流携带。而且它们并不是海洋中唯一具有这种发光特性的生物——据《国家地理》报道，令人惊奇的是，我们海洋中 76% 的动物具有生物发光能力。发生这种情况的原因有多种。例如，深海琵琶鱼有一个发光的鳍，从头部伸出来吸引猎物，水母可以发光来吸引配偶。同样，六英寸长的灯笼鲨是世界上最小的鲨鱼之一，它有用于伪装的发光器官。But it's not just ocean life that can glow in the dark. On land, fireflies dance with glowing abdomens as part of courtship rituals, while some fungi, such as the honey mushroom, contribute an eerie glow in forests, and are known as 'ghost mushrooms' in some cultures. In New Zealand, there is a freshwater snail which emits a glowing slime, and glow-worm caves attract hundreds of thousands of tourists a year.但不仅仅是海洋生物可以在黑暗中发光。在陆地上，萤火虫用发光的腹部跳舞，作为求爱仪式的一部分，而一些真菌，如蜂蜜蘑菇，在森林中发出怪异的光芒，在某些文化中被称为“幽灵蘑菇”。在新西兰，有一种淡水蜗牛会散发出发光的粘液，萤火虫洞每年吸引数十万游客。Scientists are discovering more and more glowing nature each year, says Linda Reinhold, an Australian scientist, but there's still a lot we don't know. She says it's easiest to see bioluminescent nature on land by using a UV torch, so next time you head out at night, pack one! You never know what you'll find.澳大利亚科学家琳达·莱因霍尔德（Linda Reinhold）表示，科学家每年都会发现越来越多发光的自然现象，但仍有很多东西我们不知道。她说，使用紫外线手电筒最容易在陆地上看到生物发光的自然现象，所以下次你晚上出去时，带上一个吧！你永远不知道你会发现什么。词汇表electric blue 电光蓝shimmer 发出闪烁的微光light up 使…变得明亮bioluminescent 生物体发光的plankton 浮游生物biochemical 生物化学的drifter 漂浮物illuminating 发光的anglerfish 琵琶鱼emit 散发，发出camouflage 伪装glow in the dark 在黑暗中发光firefly 萤火虫glowing 发光的courtship ritual 求偶仪式fungi 真菌eerie 怪异的slime 粘液glow-worm 萤火虫UV torch 紫外线手电筒

During his more than 60-year acting career, James Earl Jones’ voice became a star of its own. Jones died this week at the age of 93. 在 60 多年的演艺生涯中，詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯的声音成为了一颗明星。 琼斯本周去世，享年 93 岁。 One of Jones' career decisions continues to be an issue of debate: his permission to let artificial intelligence (AI) reproduce his performances as Darth Vader for new projects. 琼斯的职业决定之一仍然是一个有争议的问题：他允许人工智能 (AI) 在新项目中重现他作为达斯维德的表演。 Skywalker Sound and Ukrainian software company Respeecher used AI to recreate Jones' Darth Vader for the 2022 show Obi-Wan Kenobi. The show appears on the streaming service Disney+. Skywalker Sound 和乌克兰软件公司 Respeecher 使用人工智能为 2022 年的《欧比旺·克诺比》节目重现了琼斯饰演的达斯·维达。 该节目出现在流媒体服务 Disney+ 上。 The voice of actor Mark Hamill was also “de-aged” using Respeecher. Hamill played Luke Skywalker in the first Star Wars movie. His AI-manufactured voice was used in the series’ television show The Mandalorian. Disney+ launched the show in 2019. 演员马克·哈米尔的声音也使用 Respeecher 进行了“减龄”。 哈米尔在第一部星球大战电影中扮演卢克·天行者。 该系列电视节目《曼达洛人》中使用了他的人工智能声音。 Disney+ 于 2019 年推出该剧。 Voice actors say they fear AI could reduce the number of jobs because the technology can reproduce one performance into many. The concern led American unionized video game performers to go on strike in July. 配音演员表示，他们担心人工智能可能会减少工作岗位，因为该技术可以将一种表演复制成多种表演。 这种担忧导致美国电子游戏表演者工会于七月举行罢工。 For some observers, Jones' decision to permit AI to reproduce his voice raises questions about voice acting as an art. But the decision also could help develop AI agreements that fairly pay actors for AI-based performances. 对于一些观察家来说，琼斯允许人工智能复制他的声音的决定引发了人们对配音作为一门艺术的质疑。 但这一决定也可能有助于制定人工智能协议，为演员基于人工智能的表演公平支付报酬。 Zeke Alton is a voice actor and member of SAG-AFTRA’s interactive media agreement negotiating committee. He said it is “amazing” that Jones was involved in the process of reproducing his voice. Zeke Alton 是一名配音演员，也是 SAG-AFTRA 互动媒体协议谈判委员会的成员。 他说琼斯参与了复制他的声音的过程，这“令人惊讶”。 “If the game companies, the movie companies, gave the consent, compensation transparency to every actor that they gave James Earl Jones, we wouldn’t be on strike,” Alton said. “It proves that they can do it. They just don’t want to for people that they feel don’t have the leverage to bargain for themselves.” 奥尔顿说：“如果游戏公司、电影公司像詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯那样向每位演员提供同意和薪酬透明度，我们就不会罢工。” “这证明他们可以做到。 他们只是不想为那些他们认为没有能力为自己讨价还价的人提供帮助。”Hollywood’s video game performers called for a strike after more than 18 months of negotiations over a new interactive media agreement with industry leaders. The negotiators could not reach an agreement on artificial intelligence protections. 好莱坞视频游戏表演者在与行业领袖就新的互动媒体协议进行了 18 个多月的谈判后呼吁罢工。 谈判代表未能就人工智能保护达成协议。Members of the union have said they are not opposed to AI. They say they are worried, however, that technology could replace them. 工会成员表示，他们并不反对人工智能。 然而，他们表示担心技术可能会取代他们。Concerns over such use of AI were among the reasons that film and television workers went on strike last year. The work stoppages went on for four months. 对人工智能的这种使用的担忧是去年影视工作者罢工的原因之一。 停工持续了四个月。 Neither Skywalker Sound nor Respeecher answered a request for comment from Associated Press reporters. But a sound editor with Skywalker Sound spoke to Vanity Fair magazine about the issue. The worker reported that Jones approved the use of old recordings to keep Darth Vader alive. The worker added that Jones guided the new performances. Skywalker Sound 和 Respeecher 都没有回应美联社记者的置评请求。 但天行者声音的一位声音编辑向《名利场》杂志谈到了这个问题。 该工人报告说，琼斯批准使用旧录音来维持达斯·维德的生命。 该工作人员补充说，琼斯指导了新的表演。 Jones' contract could set an example of properly bargaining with an actor over their likeness, said Sarah Elmaleh. She is chair of SAG-AFTRA's interactive negotiating committee. Elmaleh, a voice actor, said there is a chance for these tools to be used in “meaningful, smart artistic decisions.”莎拉·埃尔马莱说，琼斯的合同可以树立一个与演员就肖像问题进行适当讨价还价的典范。 她是 SAG-AFTRA 互动谈判委员会的主席。 配音演员埃尔马莱表示，这些工具有机会用于“有意义、明智的艺术决策”。 

A sunken Greek village has begun to reappear after water levels dropped in the lake that covered it. Extreme hot, dry weather is blamed for the disappearing Lake Mornos. 一座沉没的希腊村庄在湖水水位下降后开始重新出现。莫诺斯湖的消失被归咎于极端炎热、干燥的天气。 The village of Kallio was flooded in 1980 to create the lake. The plan aimed to help supply the ever-increasing water demands of the national capital about 200 kilometers away. Now, long stretches of dried soil mixed with old bricks surround the ruins of the Kallio. 1980 年，卡里奥村被洪水淹没，形成了这个湖。该计划旨在帮助满足约 200 公里外的国家首都不断增长的用水需求。现在，长长的干土与旧砖混在一起，环绕着卡利奥遗址。 "Day by day, the water goes down," said Dimitris Giannopoulos, mayor of central Greece’s Dorida area. Reuters news agency reports Lake Mornos supplies water to nearly half of Greece’s population. “水位一天天下降，”希腊中部多里达地区市长迪米特里斯·贾诺普洛斯 (Dimitris Giannopoulos) 说。路透社报道称，莫诺斯湖为希腊近一半人口供水。 Last winter brought little snow to Greece. This summer brought heatwaves but little rain to the country. Last winter was Greece’s warmest on record. 去年冬天希腊降雪很少。今年夏天，该国出现了热浪，但降雨很少。去年冬天是希腊有记录以来最温暖的冬天。 Greece's dry climate makes it especially susceptible to the effects of a warming planet. The conditions worsened summer wildfires including some that reached outer areas of Athens last month. Scientists say extreme weather is now driving the dropping lake level. 希腊干燥的气候使其特别容易受到地球变暖的影响。这种情况加剧了夏季野火，包括上个月蔓延到雅典外围地区的一些野火。科学家表示，极端天气正在导致湖水位下降。 "It is an alarm bell," said Efthymis Lekkas, a professor of disaster management at the University of Athens. "We don't know what will happen in the coming period. If we have a rainless winter, things will get difficult." “这是一个警钟，”雅典大学灾害管理教授埃夫西米斯·莱卡斯 (Efthymis Lekkas) 说。“我们不知道接下来会发生什么。如果冬天没有下雨，事情就会变得困难。” Giannopoulos noted that the Mount Giona mountain that rises up from the lake used to be snow-covered. But it saw none last winter. Around the lake, some trees have taken on a yellowish color. "They lack water. This has never happened before," Giannopoulos said. 詹诺普洛斯指出，从湖中升起的吉奥纳山曾经被白雪覆盖。但去年冬天它什么也没看到。湖边的一些树木已经呈现出淡黄色。“他们缺水。这以前从未发生过，”詹诺普洛斯说。 Wells in the area are now drying up, he added. And surrounding villages – which do not take water from the lake – suffered water cuts this summer. A local firefighter chief said the risk of wildfires increases as the forests become drier. 他补充说，该地区的水井现已干涸。周围的村庄不从湖中取水，今年夏天遭受了断水。当地消防队长表示，随着森林变得干燥，发生野火的风险也会增加。 Satellite images suggest the lake's surface area shrank from around 16.8 square kilometers in August 2022 to just 12 this year. 卫星图像显示，该湖的表面积从 2022 年 8 月的约 16.8 平方公里缩小到今年的仅 12 平方公里。 In addition, water supplies at three other water bodies dropped to 700 million cubic meters in August. This water supplies Attica, an area of around 4 million people that includes Athens. That was down from 1.2 billion cubic meters in 2022, the country’s environment ministry said. 此外，其他三个水体8月份供水量下降至7亿立方米。这些水供应阿提卡，该地区人口约 400 万，其中包括雅典。中国环境部表示，这一数字低于 2022 年的 12 亿立方米。 The Greek government says the state-run Athens water company had begun supplying those areas with additional sources of water. Former residents of Kallio were surprised to see the village again. But some said they were saddened by its current state. 希腊政府表示，国营雅典自来水公司已开始向这些地区提供额外的水源。卡利奥的前居民对再次看到这个村庄感到惊讶。但一些人表示，他们对目前的状况感到悲伤。 "I used to see it full and say it was a beach. Now all you see is dryness," said 90-year-old Konstantinos Gerodimos. 90 岁的康斯坦丁诺斯·杰罗迪莫斯 (Konstantinos Gerodimos) 说：“以前我看到它满是海滩，但现在你看到的只是干燥。” His 77-year-old wife Maria added: "If it continues like this, the entire village will appear, all the way to the bottom, where the church and our home was." 他77岁的妻子玛丽亚补充道：“如果再这样下去，整个村庄都会出现，一直到最底层，也就是教堂和我们家所在的地方。” 

This theory is a big departure from conventional thinking. Most experts agree that animal life emerged 635 million years ago. But this team say they detected an explosion of the nutrients needed for life, including oxygen and phosphorus, 2.1 billion years ago.这个理论和传统认知有很大的不同。大多数专家普遍认为动物生命最早于 6.35 亿年前出现在地球上。但这个科研团队表示，他们发现生命所需的营养物质在 21 亿年前激增，包括氧气和磷。They believe two continental plates collided and caused underwater volcanic activity. This made an environment that could support life similar to slime mould, a brainless organism that reproduces with spores. But not all scientists agree with the theory, and some say more evidence is needed.这些科学家们认为两个大陆板块碰撞并引起了水下火山活动。这创造了一个可以支持像黏菌这类由孢子繁殖的无脑生物的进化环境。但并非所有科学家都认同这个理论，有些专家表示这个理论还需要更多的证据来支持。词汇表big departure 很大的不同，严重的偏离conventional 传统的，常规的detected 发现了phosphorus 磷continental plates 大陆板块collided 碰撞support life 支持生命slime mould 黏菌brainless 无脑的organism 生物体，有机体spores 孢子

Save the gorilla! Protect tigers! Help the giant kangaroo rats! You've probably heard the first two slogans but maybe not the last one. We're often keen to support the conservation of animals like gorillas and tigers but less sympathetic to creatures like rats. Are our stereotypes affecting which animals we choose to protect?拯救大猩猩！ 保护老虎！ 帮助巨型袋鼠！ 您可能听说过前两个口号，但可能没有听过最后一个。 我们常常热衷于支持对大猩猩和老虎等动物的保护，但对老鼠等动物却不太同情。 我们的刻板印象是否会影响我们选择保护哪些动物？Researchers have looked at the impact of 'warmth' – that's the perceived intentions, and 'competence' – the skill that different species appear to have. It's suggested that people are very keen to protect 'companions', such as dogs or monkeys, who score highly in warmth and competence. 'Predators', such as tigers or bears, score highly in competence but low in warmth. They are said to inspire awe and fear, and this means that while some people are keen to protect them, others hunt them. Animals seen as prey, like cows, rabbits, and pigs, generated more indifference, while people are prepared to actively harm those seen as low-warmth and low-competence 'pests', such as rats, mice, and fish.研究人员研究了“温暖”（即感知意图）和“能力”（不同物种似乎拥有的技能）的影响。 这表明人们非常热衷于保护“同伴”，例如狗或猴子，它们在温暖和能力方面得分很高。 “掠食者”，例如老虎或熊，在能力方面得分很高，但在温暖方面得分较低。 据说它们会激发敬畏和恐惧，这意味着虽然有些人热衷于保护它们，但另一些人却在猎杀它们。 被视为猎物的动物，如牛、兔子和猪，产生了更多的冷漠，而人们则准备积极伤害那些被视为低热情和低能力的“害虫”，如老鼠和鱼。However, this might not be the full story. National Geographic Magazine asked their readers which animals were the most important to save. Four of the top five fit the companion or predator types – elephants, tigers, whales and polar bears. But the most popular animal to save was the bee. It seems that apart from concerns around warmth and competence, people are aware how species can impact the wider ecosystem and value bees as pollinators.然而，这可能不是故事的全部。 《国家地理》杂志询问读者哪些动物最值得拯救。 前五名中有四种属于伴侣或捕食者类型——大象、老虎、鲸鱼和北极熊。 但最受欢迎的动物是蜜蜂。 似乎除了对温暖和能力的担忧之外，人们还意识到物种如何影响更广泛的生态系统，并重视蜜蜂作为传粉媒介的价值。According to some reports, 27,000 species are becoming extinct every year. How do zoos and conservation projects decide which animals to support? One factor is the importance of an animal to the wider ecosystem, but this can lead to some difficult choices. Phys.org reports that in Australia, koalas are much less important to the ecosystem than some lesser-known animals such as woylies. However, they also suggest a solution to this issue. To conserve cute animals, such as koalas, it's important to protect their entire habitat – and this can save a wide range of species. It could be that many animals can be sheltered by koalas' cuteness.据一些报告称，每年有 27,000 个物种灭绝。 动物园和保护项目如何决定支持哪些动物？ 其中一个因素是动物对更广泛的生态系统的重要性，但这可能会导致一些困难的选择。 Phys.org 报道称，在澳大利亚，考拉对生态系统的重要性远不如一些鲜为人知的动物（例如考拉）。 然而，他们也提出了解决这个问题的方法。 为了保护考拉等可爱的动物，保护它们的整个栖息地非常重要 - 这可以拯救多种物种。 考拉的可爱可能可以庇护许多动物。词汇表conservation （动植物或资源的）保护warmth 温暖，热情competence 能力species 物种companion 伴侣，同伴predator 掠食者awe 敬畏hunt 捕猎prey 猎物harm 伤害pest 害虫，有害的动物concern 关心的事情，担忧的事情wider ecosystem 更广泛的生态系统pollinator 授粉者extinct 灭绝woylie 毛尾袋鼠habitat 栖息地shelter 提供庇护

Government reports expect that, at the current rate, the working age population will drop by 40 percent to 45 million by 2065. 政府报告预计，按照目前的速度，到 2065 年，劳动年龄人口将减少 40%，达到 4500 万。 Supporters of the three-days-off model say it helps people remain in the workforce longer. It would give them more time to raise children and care for older relatives. For retirees living on retirement pensions, it would provide additional income. 三天休假模式的支持者表示，这有助于人们在工作岗位上停留更长时间。 这将使他们有更多时间抚养孩子和照顾年长的亲戚。 对于依靠退休金生活的退休人员来说，这将提供额外的收入。Akiko Yokohama works at Spelldata, a technology company that lets employees work a four-day work week. She takes Wednesdays off along with Saturdays and Sundays. The extra day off allows her to get her hair done, go to other appointments or go shopping. Akiko Yokohama 在 Spelldata 工作，这是一家允许员工每周工作四天的技术公司。 她周三以及周六和周日都休息。 额外的一天休息让她可以做头发、去参加其他约会或去购物。 Her husband works in real estate. He also gets Wednesdays off but works weekends, which is common in his industry. Yokohama said that it lets her and her husband go on midweek family outings with their elementary-school age child. 她的丈夫从事房地产工作。 他周三休息，但周末工作，这在他的行业中很常见。 横滨说，这让她和她的丈夫可以带着小学年龄的孩子在周中进行家庭郊游。 But there are signs of change. A few companies, including Uniqlo, Ricoh and Hitachi have begun offering a four-day workweek. 但有变化的迹象。 包括优衣库、理光和日立在内的一些公司已经开始提供每周四天的工作制。 A recent Gallup public opinion study measured employee engagement. Gallup said Japan has among the least engaged workers of all nationalities it has studied. Only six percent of the Japanese who answered described themselves as engaged at work compared to the worldwide average of 23 percent. 盖洛普最近的一项民意研究衡量了员工敬业度。 盖洛普表示，在其研究的所有国家中，日本工人是敬业度最低的国家之一。 只有 6% 的日本受访者表示自己工作积极，而全球平均水平为 23%。 That means relatively few Japanese workers felt happy and highly involved in their workplace. Most were putting in their hours without investing passion or energy. 这意味着相对较少的日本工人感到快乐并高度参与工作场所。 大多数人只是投入了时间，却没有投入热情或精力。Kanako Ogino is president of Tokyo-based NS Group. She thinks offering flexible hours is needed for filling jobs in the service industry, where women are most of the work force. The company offers 30 different scheduling patterns, including a four-day workweek, but also taking long periods off in between work. 荻野佳奈子 (Kanako Ogino) 是东京 NS 集团的总裁。 她认为，服务行业需要提供灵活的工作时间来填补职位空缺，而服务行业的劳动力中女性占大多数。 该公司提供 30 种不同的日程安排模式，包括每周工作四天，而且还提供工作间隙的长时间休息。 To ensure none of the NS Group's workers feel out of place for choosing a different schedule, Ogino asks each of her 4,000 employees twice a year how they want to work. Voicing your own needs is disapproved in Japan, where you are expected to sacrifice for the common good. 为了确保 NS 集团的员工不会因选择不同的时间表而感到不自在，荻野每年两次询问 4,000 名员工的每一位员工希望如何工作。 在日本，表达自己的需求是不被允许的，在那里你应该为了共同利益而做出牺牲。 "The view in Japan was: You are cool the more hours you work, putting in free overtime," Ogino said with a laugh. "But there is no dream in such a life."“日本的观点是：工作时间越长，免费加班就越酷，”荻野笑着说。 “但这样的生活是没有梦想的。”

Japan is a nation so hardworking that the Japanese language has a term for working oneself to death. Now, the government is trying to deal with a labor shortage. 日本是一个非常勤奋的民族，日语里有一个词是“拼命工作到死”的意思。现在，政府正在努力解决劳动力短缺的问题。 One solution is to get more people and companies to accept four-day workweeks. The Japanese government first supported a shorter working week in 2021. Few companies have signed on, however. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare said only about eight percent of companies permit three days off a week, while seven percent give their workers the required one day off. 一种解决方案是让更多的人和公司接受每周四天的工作制。日本政府在 2021 年首次支持缩短每周工作时间。然而，很少有公司签署这一协议。厚生劳动省表示，只有约 8% 的公司允许每周休息 3 天，而 7% 的公司则为员工提供了一天所需的休息时间。Hoping to get small and medium-sized businesses to change, the government started a "work style reform" campaign. It pushes shorter hours and other flexible plans for work along with paid time off and limits on overtime. The labor ministry recently started offering free services and resources to help companies make the change. 为了让中小企业做出改变，政府发起了“工作方式改革”运动。它推动了更短的工作时间和其他灵活的工作计划，以及带薪休假和加班限制。劳动部最近开始提供免费服务和资源，帮助企业做出改变。A ministry website explains the "hatarakikata kaikaku" campaign, which means "innovating how we work." It says that when workers can choose how they work, they will have a better outlook on the future and the economy will grow. 部门网站解释了“hatarakikata kaikaku”活动，意思是“创新我们的工作方式”。它说，当工人可以选择自己的工作方式时，他们将对未来有更好的展望，经济也会增长。 The department handling the new support services for businesses says only about three companies have asked for their advice. 负责为企业提供新支持服务的部门表示，只有大约三家公司征求了他们的建议。 Such changes will not come easily in the Japanese culture, where being a “workaholic,” or frequently working overtime, has long been highly valued. That is credited for the country’s national recovery and fast economic growth after World War II. 在日本文化中，这种改变并不容易，因为“工作狂”或经常加班长期以来一直受到高度重视。这归功于二战后该国的国家复苏和经济快速增长。 There is great pressure to be the same as the others in one’s work group. People usually take vacations at the same time of year as their co-workers. Although the law and labor agreements limit overtime, some work longer hours without pay. 与工作组中的其他人保持一致会带来很大的压力。人们通常与同事在一年中的同一时间休假。尽管法律和劳动协议限制加班，但有些人却无薪工作更长的时间。A recent government report dealt with "karoshi." That is the Japanese term meaning "death from overwork.” The report said Japan has at least 54 such deaths a year, including from heart attacks. 最近的一份政府报告涉及“过劳死”。这是日语术语，意思是“过劳死”。报告称，日本每年至少有 54 例此类死亡，其中包括心脏病发作。Tim Craig wrote a book called Cool Japan: Case Studies from Japan's Cultural and Creative Industries. 蒂姆·克雷格写了一本名为《酷日本：日本文化创意产业案例研究》的书。 "Work is a big deal here. It's not just a way to make money, although it is that, too," said Craig. “工作在这里很重要。它不仅仅是赚钱的一种方式，尽管它也是赚钱的一种方式，”克雷格说。 Some officials think it is time to change that way of thinking to save the workforce. Japan's birth rate continues to fall, and the work culture is said to be one reason for that. 一些官员认为是时候改变这种思维方式来拯救劳动力了。日本的出生率持续下降，据说工作文化是原因之一。 

They linger above our letters, they wander around the endings of our words - but apostrophes, it seems, are an endangered species. The Apostrophe Protection Society - yes there really is one - says their future is, well, up in the air.它们停留在字母之上，徘徊在单词的结尾，但撇号似乎是一种 “濒临灭绝的物种”。撇号保护协会——是的，确实有这么一个协会，说撇号的未来 “悬而未决”。The society's ninety-six-year-old chairman, John Richards, says they're vital, yet people have struggles with these squiggles. Mr Richards has agonised over apostrophes for nearly two decades, but now says, thanks to the likes of texting and Twitter, people have simply stopped using them.撇号保护协会主席，96岁的约翰·理查兹说，撇号在英语中的使用极其重要，但人们却在与这些弯弯曲曲的短线作斗争。理查兹先生为撇号烦恼了近20年，但现在他表示，由于诸如发短信和推特等平台的普及，人们已经不再使用撇号了。Mr Richards says his society for this abused and misused punctuation mark is now closing, heralding what, for some, might be called an ‘apostrophe catastrophe’.理查兹先生说，他所在的这个为了减少滥用和误用撇号的协会就要关闭了。对一些人来说，这预示着 “撇号灾难” 的来临。词汇linger 逗留，徘徊wander around 游荡，徘徊endangered species 濒临灭绝的物种up in the air 悬而未决vital 至关重要的squiggles 弯弯曲曲的短线，胡乱写的字agonised （精神上）感到极度痛苦的abused 滥用punctuation mark 标点符号heralding 预示……的来临catastrophe 灾难

Humankind has developed so much that urban sprawl and intensive agriculture now dominate our landscapes. Unfortunately, with that comes the threat of climate change and a loss of biodiversity. What if we could return these landscapes to places that teem with wildlife, with ecosystems thriving as they did centuries ago? Since the 1980s, the concept of rewilding has increased in popularity. But what exactly is it, and what are the keys to its success?人类已经发展得如此之快，以至于城市扩张和集约化农业现在主宰着我们的景观。 不幸的是，随之而来的是气候变化和生物多样性丧失的威胁。 如果我们能让这些景观恢复到野生动物丰富、生态系统像几个世纪前那样繁荣的地方，结果会怎样呢？ 自20世纪80年代以来，野化的概念越来越受欢迎。 但它到底是什么？其成功的关键是什么？Put simply, rewilding is a technique that returns landscapes to a wilder, more natural state. It often involves reintroducing plants or animals that used to live there, but now don't. Not-for-profit organisation Rewilding Europe says rewilding is "about letting nature take care of itself, enabling natural processes to shape land and sea, repair damaged ecosystems and restore degraded landscapes." So, unlike traditional conservation techniques, the aim is to reduce the need for human intervention once the programme has been set up.简而言之，野化是一种将景观恢复到更狂野、更自然状态的技术。 它通常涉及重新引入曾经居住在那里但现在不再居住的植物或动物。 非营利组织“欧洲野化”表示，野化是“让大自然照顾好自己，让自然过程塑造陆地和海洋，修复受损的生态系统并恢复退化的景观。” 因此，与传统的保护技术不同，该项目的目的是在项目建立后减少人为干预的需要。In a 2021 article called 'Guiding principles for rewilding', one suggestion is to introduce plants, prey animals, and fungi first, so that when the top predator is introduced, they have an appropriate habitat to support them. Other tips are more people focused. Even though rewilding is about reducing human presence in ecosystems, that doesn't mean we should be excluded from nature. The authors encourage compassion and learning from nature, rather than dominating it. They also say that, to avoid fear amongst rural communities that their farmland will be taken away, and that new predators will endanger their livestock, local people should be included so they have some control over the process and can directly benefit from it.在 2021 年一篇名为“野化指导原则”的文章中，一个建议是首先引入植物、猎物和真菌，这样当引入顶级捕食者时，它们就有合适的栖息地来支持它们。 其他技巧更受人们关注。 尽管野化是为了减少人类在生态系统中的存在，但这并不意味着我们应该被排除在大自然之外。 作者鼓励同情心和向自然学习，而不是主宰自然。 他们还表示，为了避免农村社区担心他们的农田会被夺走，以及新的掠食者会危及他们的牲畜，应该让当地人参与进来，这样他们就能对这一过程有一定的控制权，并能直接从中受益。Alex Stevenson owns Jordan's Farm in Essex, England and is rewilding her fields, hoping to help the ecosystem thrive. She says, "I am rewilding to look after nature and to give life back to the soil" and adds, "you have to value nature because nature sustains us – we are part of it."亚历克斯·史蒂文森 (Alex Stevenson) 拥有英格兰埃塞克斯郡的乔丹农场 (Jordan's Farm)，她正在对她的田地进行野化改造，希望能够帮助生态系统蓬勃发展。 她说，“我重新野化是为了照顾自然，让土壤重获生机”，并补充道，“你必须珍惜自然，因为自然支撑着我们——我们是它的一部分。”词汇表urban sprawl 城市扩张agriculture 农业landscape 景观，环境biodiversity 生物多样性teem with 充满ecosystem 生态系统thrive 蓬勃发展wild 野生的shape 塑造degraded 退化的conservation 保护prey 猎物，被捕食的动物fungi 菌类predator 捕食性动物habitat 栖息地rural 农村的livestock 牲畜soil 土地

Google created the Android operating system and makes Pixel smartphones. It warns that hot batteries lose power faster, even when not being used. 谷歌创建了 Android 操作系统并生产 Pixel 智能手机。 它警告说，热电池即使在不使用时也会更快地失去电力。Look at changing your smartphone settings so apps and other device operations use less power. Doing this can extend your battery’s daily life and give more time between charges. 请考虑更改智能手机设置，以便应用程序和其他设备操作使用更少的电量。 这样做可以延长电池的使用寿命并延长充电间隔时间。 Examples include turning down the phone’s screen brightness, changing to a dark theme and making the screen power off sooner. You can also look at battery usage in the device’s settings to identify power-hungry apps that can be turned off or removed. 例如，调低手机的屏幕亮度、更改为深色主题以及更快地关闭屏幕。 您还可以在设备设置中查看电池使用情况，以确定可以关闭或删除的耗电应用程序。 Also, if an iPhone’s power level drops below 10 percent, users can turn on the low power setting to stretch battery life before the next charge. Android phones have a similar “power saving mode.” But while this setting can be left on all the time, experts say doing so can affect the phone's overall performance. 此外，如果 iPhone 的电量低于 10%，用户可以在下次充电前打开低电量设置以延长电池寿命。 Android手机也有类似的“省电模式”。 不过，虽然这个设置可以一直保留，但专家表示，这样做会影响手机的整体性能。 Samsung says another power-saving move is to turn off Bluetooth or Wi-Fi when they are not being used. Apple, however, advises iPhone users to leave these on because they use very little power when not connected. 三星表示，另一个省电举措是在不使用蓝牙或 Wi-Fi 时将其关闭。 然而，苹果公司建议 iPhone 用户保留这些功能，因为它们在未连接时消耗的电量非常少。Many smartphone users already know the benefits of using screen protectors and device cases. Experts advise not using plastic versions, which can damage the phone’s face. Device website iFixit suggests choosing ones made with either Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material – which combines both plastic and rubber – or tempered glass. Both offer more solid protection. 许多智能手机用户已经知道使用屏幕保护膜和设备保护壳的好处。 专家建议不要使用塑料版本，这可能会损坏手机的表面。 设备网站 iFixit 建议选择由热塑性聚氨酯 (TPU) 材料（结合了塑料和橡胶）或钢化玻璃制成的设备。 两者都提供更坚实的保护。Smartphones can collect dirt and other materials that can block port openings and hurt performance. Experts say a toothpick or toothbrush can be used to get rid of much of these substances. But they advise users to make sure the process is removing the material, not pushing it deeper inside. 智能手机可能会积聚灰尘和其他物质，从而堵塞端口开口并损害性能。 专家表示，可以使用牙签或牙刷去除大部分这些物质。 但他们建议用户确保该过程是去除材料，而不是将其推入更深的内部。Software is another important part in extending a phone’s lifespan. Experts suggest downloading the latest operating system updates often. This will limit problems related to the device’s privacy, security and battery operations. 软件是延长手机使用寿命的另一个重要部分。 专家建议经常下载最新的操作系统更新。 这将限制与设备隐私、安全和电池操作相关的问题。 

Many people are now holding onto their smartphones longer than in the past. This is true for several reasons. The cost of phones has been rising for years. And device updates are no longer as meaningful as before. 现在，许多人使用智能手机的时间比过去更长。 这是事实，有几个原因。 多年来，手机的成本一直在上涨。 而且设备更新不再像以前那么有意义。 This has made it even more important for smartphone users to take good care of their devices. But how long can a smartphone user expect their device to last? Many experts say if they are cared for effectively, phones can last up to five years, possibly even longer. 这使得智能手机用户妥善保管自己的设备变得更加重要。 但智能手机用户期望他们的设备能持续多久？ 许多专家表示，如果得到有效保养，手机可以使用长达五年，甚至可能更长。 Chris Hauk is a technology expert with the website Pixel Privacy. He told The Associated Press (AP), “As long as you take care of your phone and keep it updated, you’re going to get at least four or five good years of use out of it." Chris Hauk 是 Pixel Privacy 网站的技术专家。 他告诉美联社（AP），“只要你爱护你的手机并保持更新，你的手机至少可以使用四五年。” The AP offers these additional tips for smartphone users looking to keep their devices for as long as possible. 美联社为希望尽可能长时间保留设备的智能手机用户提供了这些额外的提示。One of the most important elements affecting smartphone life is the battery. 影响智能手机寿命的最重要因素之一是电池。 iPhone maker Apple says a rechargeable battery’s age has little to do with when it was manufactured. Instead, it depends on a complex mix of things, including temperature and charging history. “As lithium-ion batteries chemically age, the amount of charge they can hold diminishes, resulting in reduced battery life and reduced peak performance,” Apple says. iPhone 制造商苹果公司表示，充电电池的寿命与其制造时间无关。 相反，它取决于复杂的因素，包括温度和充电历史。 苹果表示：“随着锂离子电池的化学老化，它们所能容纳的电量会减少，从而导致电池寿命缩短和峰值性能下降。” Samsung, which uses the Android operating system in its smartphones, says its lithium-ion batteries perform best when kept above a 50 percent charge. The company advises against running the battery completely down 三星在其智能手机中使用Android操作系统，该公司表示，其锂离子电池在电量保持在50%以上时性能最佳。 该公司建议不要将电池完全耗尽 In an online guide, Samsung also said that repeatedly letting the battery go to zero percent may shorten its life and decrease overall performance. “If this happens, you’ll need to charge the battery more frequently and it may last only a few hours before needing a charge.” 三星在在线指南中还表示，反复让电池电量为零可能会缩短其寿命并降低整体性能。 “如果发生这种情况，你需要更频繁地给电池充电，而且电池可能只能维持几个小时就需要充电了。”Apple says its batteries already warm up as they charge, so phones should not be charged in very hot temperatures. Charging an iPhone in heat above 35 degrees Celsius, for example, “can permanently reduce battery lifespan.” 苹果表示，其电池在充电时已经变热，因此手机不应在非常热的温度下充电。 例如，在 35 摄氏度以上的高温下给 iPhone 充电“会永久缩短电池寿命”。 Samsung also says extreme heat or cold can damage batteries. It warns users not to leave their phones inside vehicles or other contained spaces in very hot or cold weather. 三星还表示，极热或极冷可能会损坏电池。 它警告用户在非常炎热或寒冷的天气里不要将手机留在车辆或其他封闭空间内。 

Another device from the Massachusetts company Epicore Biosystems uses sweat to find out if a worker is overheating. 马萨诸塞州 Epicore Biosystems 公司的另一款设备利用汗水来判断工人是否过热。 Experts say the effectiveness of some devices remains unproven although research has shown that some successfully predict body temperature. A 2022 study said age, sex, and the amount of water in the air make it difficult to measure body temperature. 专家表示，尽管研究表明某些设备可以成功预测体温，但某些设备的有效性尚未得到证实。 2022 年的一项研究称，年龄、性别和空气中的水含量使测量体温变得困难。However, some groups worry that employers will use the technology to punish people for taking needed breaks. 然而，一些团体担心雇主会利用这项技术来惩罚那些需要休息的人。 Travis Parsons is with the Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, a labor rights group. Parsons said, “Any time you put a device on a worker, they’re very concerned about tracking, privacy, and how are you going to use this against me.” 特拉维斯·帕森斯 (Travis Parsons) 是劳工权利组织北美劳工健康与安全基金会的成员。 帕森斯说：“任何时候你给工人戴上设备，他们都会非常担心跟踪、隐私，以及你将如何利用它来对付我。”United Cleanup Oak Ridge is the partnership that is responsible for cleaning up the nuclear reactor in Tennessee. The company says it uses medical examinations to make work decisions. Miller, the health supervisor said the company sent a few employees to see their personal doctors who found out they had heart problems. United Cleanup Oak Ridge 是负责清理田纳西州核反应堆的合作伙伴。 该公司表示，它使用体检来做出工作决策。 健康主管米勒表示，公司派了几名员工去看他们的私人医生，医生发现他们患有心脏病。 At Perrigo, safety official Rob Somers said supervisors look at information on people with several alerts and speak to them to see if there is “a reason why they’re not able to work in the environment.” Perrigo 的安全官员罗布·萨默斯 (Rob Somers) 表示，主管人员会查看多次发出警报的人员的信息，并与他们交谈，看看是否有“他们无法在该环境中工作的原因”。Adam Schwartz is with the Electronic Frontiers Foundation, a civil liberties group based in San Francisco. He said the idea that companies could keep years of medical information on employees raises privacy concerns. He said the information could be used to withhold health plans or dismiss workers. 亚当·施瓦茨 (Adam Schwartz) 就职于电子前沿基金会，这是一个总部位于旧金山的公民自由组织。 他表示，公司可以保留员工多年的医疗信息的想法引发了隐私问题。 他说，这些信息可能会被用来扣留健康计划或解雇工人。 Schwartz said, “The device could hurt…because you could raise your hand and say, ‘I need a break,’ and the boss could say, ‘No, your heart rate is not elevated, go back to work.’” 施瓦茨说：“该设备可能会造成伤害……因为你可以举起手说，‘我需要休息一下’，而老板可能会说，‘不，你的心率没有升高，回去工作吧。’” To reduce such risks, employers should permit workers to accept or reject using the devices. They could process only necessary information and delete the information in 24 hours, Schwartz said. 为了降低此类风险，雇主应允许员工接受或拒绝使用这些设备。 施瓦茨说，他们只能处理必要的信息，并在 24 小时内删除这些信息。 Ikusei Misaka, a professor at Tokyo’s Musashino University, raised another concern. Misaka noted that information gathered from wearing such devices could result in workers getting unwanted marketing for goods or services. 东京武藏野大学教授御坂郁生提出了另一个担忧。 御坂指出，通过佩戴此类设备收集的信息可能会导致员工收到不必要的商品或服务营销信息。 

On a hot summer day, workers recently worked to remove asbestos and hazardous waste at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. It is a former nuclear center that the government wants to tear down. 在炎热的夏日，工人们最近在田纳西州橡树岭国家实验室清除石棉和危险废物。 这是政府想要拆除的前核中心。 The men wore full-body protective clothing and used respirators to clean the air they breathe. But the clothing does not protect them from high temperatures inside the building and inside their heavy clothing. On their arms, they wear devices that record their heart rates, movements and levels of exertion. The aim is to look for heat stress. 这些人穿着全身防护服，并使用呼吸器来清洁呼吸的空气。 但这些衣服并不能保护他们免受建筑物内和厚重衣服内的高温影响。 他们的手臂上佩戴着记录心率、运动和运动水平的设备。 目的是寻找热应激。 Stephanie Miller oversees safety and health for the company responsible for the cleanup. She watches a computer to observe each worker’s data looking for danger of overheating. 斯蒂芬妮·米勒负责监督负责清理工作的公司的安全和健康。 她通过电脑观察每个工人的数据，寻找过热的危险。 Miller said, “Heat is one of the greatest risks that we have in this work, even though we deal with high radiation, hazardous chemicals and heavy metals.” 米勒说：“尽管我们要处理高辐射、危险化学品和重金属，但高温是我们这项工作面临的最大风险之一。”The issue of heat in the workplace has been getting more attention since a 2021 report from the research organization Atlantic Council. The group said the United States loses an average of $100 billion each year from “heat-induced” reductions in productivity. 自研究组织大西洋理事会 2021 年发布报告以来，工作场所的高温问题受到越来越多的关注。 该组织表示，美国每年因“高温”导致的生产力下降平均损失 1000 亿美元。 The Environmental Protection Agency said from 1992 to 2022, 986 people died from heat-related causes in U.S. workplaces. 美国环境保护局表示，从 1992 年到 2022 年，美国工作场所有 986 人死于与高温相关的原因。 Employers have measured heat-related stress by checking employees’ temperatures with thermometers. More recently, firefighters and military members have swallowed thermometer capsules. 雇主通过使用温度计检查员工的体温来测量与热相关的压力。 最近，消防员和军人吞下了温度计胶囊。 As the world experiences record-high temperatures, employers are exploring wearable technologies, like sensors and armbands, to help keep workers safe. They collect body temperature and warn workers to take breaks when they get too hot. 随着世界各地经历创纪录的高温，雇主正在探索传感器和臂带等可穿戴技术，以帮助确保工人的安全。 他们收集体温并警告工人在太热时休息。Perrigo, a drug company, gave SlateSafety armbands to more than 100 employees at its baby food factory. The devices estimate the wearer’s body temperature. A reading of 101.3 results in an alert, or a warning. 制药公司 Perrigo 为其婴儿食品工厂的 100 多名员工发放了 SlateSafety 臂章。 这些设备可以估计佩戴者的体温。 读数为 101.3 会产生警报或警告。 

Miners in Botswana recently unearthed what officials say is the second largest diamond in mining history. The country’s president Mokgweetsi Masisi presented the large stone to the public at a ceremony last week. 博茨瓦纳的矿工最近挖掘出了官方所说的采矿史上第二大钻石。该国总统莫克维齐·马西西 (Mokgweetsi Masisi) 在上周的仪式上向公众赠送了这块大石头。 The 2,492-carat gem is the biggest diamond to be discovered since 1905. The diamond weighs around a half-kilogram. Masisi was one of the first people to get to hold it. 这颗宝石重 2,492 克拉，是自 1905 年以来发现的最大钻石。钻石重约 0.5 公斤。马西西是最早持有它的人之一。 He expressed surprise at the diamond’s heaviness and told the gathering, “I am lucky to have seen it in my time." 他对这颗钻石的重量表示惊讶，并告诉与会者，“我很幸运能够在我那个时代看到它。”Lucara Diamond, a Canadian mining company, found the stone. Company officials said it was too early to value the gem or decide how it would be sold. A smaller uncut diamond from the same mine in Botswana sold for a record $63 million in 2016. 加拿大矿业公司卢卡拉钻石公司发现了这块石头。公司官员表示，现在对这颗宝石进行估值或决定如何出售还为时过早。2016 年，博茨瓦纳同一矿场出产的一颗较小的未切割钻石以 6,300 万美元的创纪录价格售出。 Naseem Lahri is a director with Lucara’s Botswana team. “This is history in the making,” she said of the new find. “I am very proud. It is a product of Botswana.” Naseem Lahri 是 Lucara 博茨瓦纳团队的总监。“这是正在创造的历史，”她谈到这一新发现时说道。“我非常自豪。它是博茨瓦纳的产品。” Lucara said in a statement last week that the company recovered what it called an “exceptional” diamond from Karowe Mine in central Botswana. Company miners used X-ray technology that is designed to find large, high-value diamonds. 卢卡拉上周在一份声明中表示，该公司从博茨瓦纳中部的卡罗韦矿回收了一颗所谓的“特殊”钻石。公司矿工使用 X 射线技术来寻找大型、高价值的钻石。 “We are ecstatic about the recovery of this extraordinary 2,492-carat diamond,” Lucara President and chief William Lamb said in a statement. “我们对这颗 2,492 克拉非凡钻石的发现感到欣喜若狂，”卢卡拉总裁兼首席执行官 William Lamb 在一份声明中表示。 The weight would make it the largest diamond found in 119 years. 这个重量使其成为 119 年来发现的最大钻石。 It also is the second-largest diamond ever mined, after the Cullinan Diamond. That 3,106-carat stone was unearthed in South Africa in 1905. The Cullinan was the source of several famous cut gems, including some among the British Crown Jewels. 它也是有史以来开采的第二大钻石，仅次于库里南钻石。这颗 3,106 克拉的宝石于 1905 年在南非出土。库里南是多种著名切磨宝石的产地，其中包括一些英国皇冠宝石。 Botswana, a country of 2.6 million people in southern Africa, is the second-biggest producer of natural diamonds behind Russia. 博茨瓦纳是南部非洲拥有 260 万人口的国家，是仅次于俄罗斯的第二大天然钻石生产国。 The Karowe Mine has produced four other diamonds over 1,000 carats in the last decade. 在过去十年中，Karowe 矿还生产了另外四颗超过 1,000 克拉的钻石。Before this discovery, the Sewelo diamond, which was found at the Karowe Mine in 2019, was recognized as the second-biggest mined diamond in the world at 1,758 carats. French fashion business Louis Vuitton bought the diamond. The sale price was not publicized. 在此发现之前，2019 年在 Karowe 矿发现的 Sewelo 钻石被认为是世界第二大开采钻石，重 1,758 克拉。法国时装公司路易威登购买了这颗钻石。销售价格并未公布。 A British jeweler bought the 1,111-carat Lesedi La Rona diamond, also from Botswana’s Karowe Mine, for $53 million in 2017. A Karowe diamond named The Constellation is the holder of the record $63 million sales price. 2017 年，一家英国珠宝商以 5,300 万美元的价格购买了同样来自博茨瓦纳 Karowe 矿的 1,111 克拉 Lesedi La Rona 钻石。一颗名为 The Constellation 的 Karowe 钻石创下了 6300 万美元的销售价格记录。 Diamonds form when carbon atoms are pushed close together by intense pressure conditions deep underground. Scientists say most diamonds are at least a billion years old and some of them more than 3 billion years old. 当碳原子在地下深处的高压条件下被挤在一起时，就会形成钻石。科学家表示，大多数钻石的年龄至少有 10 亿年，其中一些钻石的年龄超过 30 亿年。 

That project is shared by the wildlife agency and the South Florida Water Management District. Through 2023, more than 18,000 pythons have been removed from the wild. Contractors like Aycock have removed about 11,000.该项目由野生动物机构和南佛罗里达州水管理区共享。到 2023 年，已有超过 18,000 条蟒蛇被从野外清除。像艾科克这样的承包商已经拆除了大约 11,000 人。The pay is average. Hunting along backroads pays $13 an hour. Walking through the swamp pays $18 an hour. Contractors also get paid per snake: $50 for the first 1.2 meters in length, plus more for longer snakes. 工资是平均水平。沿着小路打猎每小时 13 美元。步行穿过沼泽每小时 18 美元。承包商还可以按每条蛇获得报酬：前 1.2 米长的蛇为 50 美元，更长的蛇则需支付更多费用。 “You’re not going to make a living doing this full-time. There’s no way you could do it,” Aycock said. “你不会全职做这个谋生。你不可能做到这一点，”艾科克说。 Florida does not permit hunters to use firearms to kill pythons. Catching them is a hands-on exercise. 佛罗里达州不允许猎人使用枪支杀死蟒蛇。抓住它们是一项动手练习。Aycock goes into the wetlands to check on known hatching spots and grabs at them when he can. But mostly he drives down empty roads at night, shining a strong light into the swamps. 艾科克进入湿地检查已知的孵化点，并在可能的情况下抓住它们。但大多数时候，他都是在夜间开车行驶在空荡荡的道路上，将强光照射到沼泽地里。 He says these bug-filled drives help his mental health. Sometimes he brings along fellow members of the Swamp Apes, a mental health non-profit organization for veterans. The group catches invasive snakes in the wild, clears overgrown areas, and works toward environmental preservation. 他说这些充满错误的驱动器有助于他的心理健康。有时，他会带来沼泽猿人组织的成员，这是一个针对退伍军人的心理健康非营利组织。该组织在野外捕捉入侵蛇，清理杂草丛生的地区，并致力于环境保护。 The group’s founder, Tom Rahill, is also a snake hunting contractor. He knows the swamp so well that he can smell a python’s “musk” odor. He says he can feel when a snake is near. 该组织的创始人汤姆·拉希尔（Tom Rahill）也是一名蛇狩猎承包商。他对这片沼泽非常熟悉，甚至能闻到蟒蛇的“麝香”气味。他说当蛇靠近时他能感觉到。 There is an art to catching a snake, the hunters say. The methods change from hunter to hunter. Some use a snake hook and then jump on them before putting them into bags. Rahill likes using his hands -- if the snake is calm enough. 猎人说，捕捉蛇是一门艺术。每个猎人的方法都不同。有些人使用蛇钩，然后跳到它们身上，然后将它们放入袋子中。拉希尔喜欢用手——如果蛇足够冷静的话。 “Instead of jumping on the snake, you just kind of gently get up to it and then just pick it up,” he said. “你不用跳到蛇身上，而是轻轻地靠近它，然后把它捡起来，”他说。 But the snakes are not always calm. Sometimes a hunter needs a helper to keep the snake uncoiled until it calms down and can be contained to prevent escape. 但蛇并不总是平静的。有时，猎人需要帮助来让蛇保持展开状态，直到它平静下来并被控制住以防止逃跑。 Once the snakes are caught, the hunters have 24 hours to take them to the wildlife agency. It is illegal for any person other than a licensed contractor to transport a live, invasive snake. 一旦蛇被捕获，猎人有24小时的时间将它们带到野生动物机构。除获得许可的承包商外，任何人运输活的入侵性蛇都是违法的。 Aycock takes them home first to be “humanely killed.” 艾科克首先将他们带回家，然后“人道地杀害”。 “That’s the part of the job that I really just ... hate,” he said. “I hate having to kill snakes.” “这就是我真的……讨厌的工作部分，”他说。“我讨厌必须杀蛇。” 

It is after midnight when the windshield fogs up on Thomas Aycock’s pickup truck. He smiles as he slowly drives through the sawgrass and down dirt roads deep in the Florida Everglades. 午夜过后，托马斯·艾科克的皮卡车的挡风玻璃起雾。 他微笑着慢慢开车穿过锯齿草，沿着佛罗里达大沼泽地深处的土路行驶。 His foggy windshield confirms what he knows. When the dew point drops in the middle of the night, it is perfect time for pythons. 他雾蒙蒙的挡风玻璃证实了他所知道的。 当半夜露点下降时，正是蟒蛇出没的最佳时间。 “I catch more pythons when that happens,” Aycock said. The retired U.S. Army veteran always takes part in the Florida Python Challenge. The wildlife commission runs the 10-day event. The aim is to get people interested in finding and catching the snakes.“当这种情况发生时，我会捕获更多的蟒蛇，”艾科克说。 这位退役美国陆军老兵总是参加佛罗里达蟒蛇挑战赛。 野生动物委员会负责举办为期 10 天的活动。 目的是让人们对寻找和捕捉蛇感兴趣。 There is a reason for the timing of the event. Pythons usually hatch from their eggs each August before finding their way into the swamp. 事件发生的时间是有原因的。 蟒蛇通常在每年八月从卵中孵化出来，然后进入沼泽。 Aycock works for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. He has hunted Burmese pythons in the Everglades for 11 years. Aycok loves snakes. And he loves preserving the Everglades. He understands the “greater ecological issue with these pythons.” 艾科克在佛罗里达州鱼类和野生动物保护委员会工作。 他在大沼泽地猎杀缅甸蟒蛇已经有11年了。 艾科克喜欢蛇。 他喜欢保护大沼泽地。 他了解“这些蟒蛇带来的更大的生态问题”。 The invasive Burmese pythons are doing very well in Florida’s preserved wetlands. Pythons have no natural predators. And they are threatening Florida’s native snakes and mammals. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates tens of thousands live in South Florida. 入侵的缅甸蟒蛇在佛罗里达州受保护的湿地中生存得很好。 蟒蛇没有天敌。 它们正在威胁佛罗里达州的本土蛇和哺乳动物。 美国地质调查局 (USGS) 估计有数万人居住在南佛罗里达州。 The snakes are destroying local wildlife. In one 2012 study, the USGS found that populations of raccoons had declined by 99.3 percent, opossums by 98.9 percent and bobcats by 87.5 percent since the early 2000s. Controlling this hungry snake, scientists say, is a critical goal. 这些蛇正在摧毁当地的野生动物。 美国地质调查局 2012 年的一项研究发现，自 2000 年代初以来，浣熊的数量减少了 99.3%，负鼠减少了 98.9%，山猫的数量减少了 87.5%。 科学家说，控制这条饥饿的蛇是一个关键目标。More than 600 hunters took part in this year’s challenge. Their goal is to beat last year’s top total of 209 pythons killed. The hunter who kills the most wins $10,000. 超过 600 名猎人参加了今年的挑战。 他们的目标是打破去年杀死 209 条蟒蛇的最高记录。 杀死最多的猎人将赢得 10,000 美元。 The competition is designed to create understanding about Florida’s python problem. It has succeeded in doing that. The event has drawn famous people and has led to some reality television shows. 该竞赛旨在加深人们对佛罗里达州蟒蛇问题的了解。 它已经成功地做到了这一点。 该活动吸引了名人，并引发了一些电视真人秀节目。 But the need for python control remains urgent.但对蟒蛇控制的需求仍然迫切。 Since 2017, Florida has been paying about 100 contractors to catch the snakes year-round. 自 2017 年以来，佛罗里达州一直向约 100 名承包商支付费用，让他们全年捕捉蛇。 

Many travelers face a common problem: jet lag.许多旅行者面临一个共同的问题：时差。It is the feeling of tiredness people get when traveling a long distance, resulting in a difference in daylight hours. Nobody wants to miss the fun because they are too tired to enjoy their vacation.这是人们在长途旅行时感到的疲倦感，导致白天时间的差异。 没有人愿意因为太累而无法享受假期而错过乐趣。Here are some tips on how to deal with jet lag:以下是一些关于如何应对时差反应的提示：Scientists define jet lag as the effect on the human body of traveling across time zones. Sofia Axelrod studies circadian rhythms at Rockefeller University in New York. She said a circadian rhythm is like a biological clock programmed into almost every cell in the body.科学家将时差定义为跨越时区旅行对人体的影响。 索菲亚·阿克塞尔罗德在纽约洛克菲勒大学研究昼夜节律。 她说，昼夜节律就像一个生物钟，被编程到身体的几乎每个细胞中。"The clock is set by the 24-hour light and dark pattern," Axelrod said. "Every morning when we wake up, specialized (light) receptor cells in our retina receive a daylight signal, which is transmitted to the brain and from there, (to) the whole body."“时钟是根据 24 小时明暗模式设定的，”阿克塞尔罗德说。 “每天早上，当我们醒来时，视网膜中的特殊（光）受体细胞会接收日光信号，该信号被传输到大脑，并从那里传输到整个身体。”When we travel to another time zone, our eyes do not receive the daylight signal at the usual time. This causes our “internal clocks” to reset. But that process can take a while. During that period, we feel the effects of jet lag.当我们旅行到另一个时区时，我们的眼睛在平时接收不到日光信号。 这会导致我们的“内部时钟”重置。 但这个过程可能需要一段时间。 在此期间，我们会感受到时差的影响。People who travel long distances often want to prevent jet lag. One way has a high cost.长途旅行的人通常希望避免时差反应。 一种方法成本很高。Malcolm von Schantz is a professor who specializes in circadian rhythms at Northumbria University in Newcastle, England. He said that paying a lot for a bigger seat and more space in an airplane can prevent sleep deprivation.马尔科姆·冯·尚茨 (Malcolm von Schantz) 是英国纽卡斯尔诺森比亚大学的一名教授，专门研究昼夜节律。 他说，花很多钱购买更大的座位和更大的飞机空间可以防止睡眠不足。He knows most people cannot pay so much to travel. But he said timing your flights can help. For example, he suggests flying from Europe to North America during the day, so that it is evening when passengers land and they can get to sleep.他知道大多数人无法花这么多钱去旅行。 但他说，安排航班时间会有所帮助。 例如，他建议白天从欧洲飞往北美，这样乘客落地就是晚上，可以入睡。"If you take the evening flight instead, you'll be woken up at midnight to be served breakfast and land an hour or two later, when both jet lag and sleep deprivation will hit you hard," he said.“如果你乘坐晚上的航班，你会在半夜被叫醒吃早餐，并在一两个小时后着陆，此时时差和睡眠不足都会对你造成严重打击，”他说。Von Schantz also said flying in newer model passenger jets, like the Airbus A350 or Boeing 787 Dreamliner, might help. He said those planes can maintain a more comfortable atmosphere inside, causing less tiredness.Von Schantz 还表示，乘坐空客 A350 或波音 787 梦想飞机等新型客机可能会有所帮助。 他说，这些飞机可以保持机内更舒适的氛围，减少疲劳。Experts say being in sunlight is important to resetting your internal body clock. That could mean either avoiding morning sun or seeking it out, depending on where you started.专家表示，沐浴在阳光下对于重置体内生物钟非常重要。 这可能意味着要么避免早晨的阳光，要么寻找阳光，这取决于你从哪里开始。Getting light in the morning will move your body clock forward, while light exposure in the early evening will delay it. Sleeping for a short time during the day is acceptable, but scientists warn against sleeping for longer periods later in the day. Doing so might make it harder to sleep through the night.早上接受光照会使你的生物钟提前，而傍晚的光照会推迟它。 白天睡一小段时间是可以接受的，但科学家警告不要在当天晚些时候睡更长的时间。 这样做可能会让整晚更难入睡。The brain naturally produces a chemical hormone called melatonin when the body thinks it is night. Taking melatonin as a supplement can be helpful. But it is not available everywhere and, in some countries like Britain and France, you need a doctor’s permission.当身体认为是晚上时，大脑会自然产生一种称为褪黑激素的化学激素。 服用褪黑激素作为补充剂可能会有所帮助。 但它并非在所有地方都可用，在英国和法国等一些国家，您需要医生的许可。Von Schantz said that one of the good effects of melatonin is that you can start taking it before you travel, to begin the process of resetting your internal clock.冯·尚茨说，褪黑激素的好处之一是您可以在旅行前开始服用它，以开始重置您的生物钟的过程。"If you're in a part of the world where melatonin is available over the counter, you can combine the effects of light and melatonin to achieve the advance or delay (in your body clock) that you need," he said.“如果你所在的地区可以在柜台上买到褪黑激素，你可以结合光和褪黑激素的作用来实现你需要的提前或延迟（生物钟），”他说。Russell Foster of Oxford University wrote a book on circadian rhythms. He said business travelers might want to consider arriving a day or two ahead of any important meetings or events. Being jet-lagged can lead to unwise decisions and unpleasant emotions.牛津大学的拉塞尔·福斯特写了一本关于昼夜节律的书。 他说，商务旅客可能会考虑在任何重要会议或活动之前一两天抵达。 时差反应可能会导致不明智的决定和不愉快的情绪。Tourists might not need to think as clearly as business travelers, but they should still be careful, he said. He advises tourists to get enough sleep before doing anything that might be risky or that requires a lot of attention, like driving.他说，游客可能不需要像商务旅行者那样清晰思考，但他们仍然应该小心。 他建议游客在做任何可能有风险或需要高度集中注意力的事情（例如开车）之前先保证充足的睡眠。Foster said he tries to increase his exposure to light when he arrives at a new place to prevent jet lag. But he also has another method if light does not help: h

It's just a faint red smudge, but the detectors on the James Webb Telescope are in no doubt that this galaxy, a large collection of stars, is at a prodigious distance.该星系看上去只是一团不清晰的红色印迹，但是詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜上的探测器确信该星系由一大群恒星组成，距离我们异常遥远。 Astronomers say the observatory is seeing the object when the Universe was less than 300 million years old. Put another way, if the cosmos is 13.8 billion years old, James Webb is seeing the galaxy when the Universe was only 2% of its current age.天文学家们表示，现在通过天文观测台观测到的这个天体的形态不会晚于宇宙诞生后 3 亿年。换句话说，如果宇宙的年龄是 138 亿岁，詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜看到的是宇宙只有当前年龄的 2% 时该星系的模样。The most interesting aspect of the discovery is not the great distance, however, it's the galaxy's large size and brightness.但这次发现中最引人注目的部分并不是该星系离我们超乎寻常的距离，而是它的巨大体积跟亮度。Researchers are struggling to explain the presence of so mature an object, so early in the nascent universe.研究者们仍难以解释为何如此成熟的天体会在新生宇宙的早期阶段存在。When space agencies spent 10 billion dollars developing James Webb, they promised it would do remarkable things. Two years into operations, that enormous investment is starting to pay back.当航天机构花费掉 100 亿美元开发詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜时，他们承诺它会有非凡的表现。望远镜投入使用两年以后，这项巨额投资开始获得回报。词汇表smudge 模糊的印迹、污痕detectors 探测器prodigious 异常的，不寻常的observatory 天文观测台the cosmos 宇宙nascent 新生的，刚开始发展的remarkable 非凡的，引人注目的operations 运行，工作

In July 2024, a pod of 77 pilot whales washed up on a beach in Orkney, Scotland. It was the largest mass stranding of whales in Scotland for decades. Scientists don't know exactly why whales beach themselves. One theory is that climate change is driving whales' food closer to the shoreline, where they then get stuck as the tide goes out. If a single animal is found, it is usually because it is sick or has been injured. 2024 年 7 月，一群 77 头领航鲸被冲上苏格兰奥克尼群岛的海滩。 这是苏格兰数十年来最大规模的鲸鱼搁浅事件。 科学家们并不确切知道鲸鱼为何搁浅。 一种理论认为，气候变化使鲸鱼的食物越来越靠近海岸线，当潮水退去时，它们就会被困在那里。 如果发现一只动物，通常是因为它生病或受伤了。 In the Orkney stranding, 12 of the whales were still alive when they became beached. When this happens, marine organisations assess whether a whale can be safely refloated. Professionals and members of the community often come together, cover the animal in wet sheets and pour buckets of water over it, though not the blowhole, until the animal drifts back out to the ocean. Though it's not always a happy ending. 在奥克尼群岛搁浅的鲸鱼中，有 12 头鲸鱼搁浅时还活着。 当这种情况发生时，海洋组织会评估鲸鱼是否可以安全地重新浮出水面。 专业人士和社区成员经常聚集在一起，用湿床单盖住动物，然后将一桶桶水倒在它身上，但不是喷水孔，直到动物漂回大海。 尽管这并不总是一个皆大欢喜的结局。 For those that don't survive, a post-mortem examination is often carried out. Dr Brownlow of the Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme told the BBC that these can reveal a lot about the whale's life and the reasons why it was beached. In 2024, a very rare species of whale turned up on a beach in New Zealand – a spade-toothed whale. While this is sad, the carcass was dissected in order to help researchers acquire new information about the species. "From a scientific and conservation point of view, this is huge", Gabe Davies, a Department of Conservation official, said. 对于那些未能幸存的人，通常会进行尸检。 苏格兰海洋动物搁浅计划的布朗洛博士告诉英国广播公司，这些可以揭示很多关于鲸鱼的生活以及它搁浅的原因。 2024 年，一种非常稀有的鲸鱼出现在新西兰的海滩上——铲齿鲸。 虽然这令人悲伤，但尸体被解剖，以帮助研究人员获得有关该物种的新信息。 “从科学和保护的角度来看，这是巨大的”，环境保护部官员加布·戴维斯说。 Some beached whales who don't survive have their skeletons sent to museums, while many others are returned to the water. This ensures the marine environment benefits because whale carcasses give off many nutrients. "When they fall and die and sink to the bottom of the ocean, they form these little nutrient-rich islands that can support a huge diversity of life", says Dr Brownlow. 一些无法生存的搁浅鲸鱼的骨骼被送往博物馆，而其他许多鲸鱼则被送回水中。 这确保了海洋环境的好处，因为鲸鱼尸体会释放出许多营养物质。 布朗洛博士说：“当它们坠落、死亡并沉入海底时，它们会形成这些营养丰富的小岛，可以支持生命的巨大多样性。” The more research that can be done, the better. For now, we can only do what we can to keep our oceans clean and safe. 可以做的研究越多越好。 目前，我们只能尽力保持海洋清洁和安全。 词汇表pod （海洋动物或鸟类的）一小群pilot whale 巨头鲸wash up 被海浪冲上岸mass stranding 集体搁浅beach 使……被困在海滩上shoreline 海岸线tide 潮水marine 与海洋相关的，海洋的refloat （搁浅后）再度浮起blowhole （鲸类动物的）喷气孔drift out 漂走post-mortem examination 尸检spade-toothed whale 铲齿中喙鲸carcass 尸体dissect 解剖conservation （对动植物或自然环境的）保护skeleton 骨架nutrient-rich 营养丰富的diversity 多样性

**The secretaries of state requested that Grok instead direct users who enter search requests about election-related questions to an official government-run website for the latest voting information. The request aimed to send Grok users immediately and directly to an official election-related website.**  州务卿们要求Grok将那些搜索与选举相关问题的用户引导到一个由政府运营的官方网站，以获取最新的投票信息。该请求旨在让Grok用户立即直接访问一个官方的选举相关网站。**The secretaries recently sent out a press release confirming that Grok had made such a change. Before providing results to search requests about election matters, the tool now offers new user guidance. “For accurate and up-to-date information about the 2024 U.S. Elections, please visit Vote.gov,” Grok now says.**  州务卿们最近发布了一份新闻稿，确认Grok已经进行了这一更改。在提供与选举相关的搜索请求结果之前，该工具现在会提供新的用户指导。Grok现在提示：“有关2024年美国选举的准确和最新信息，请访问Vote.gov。”**The state secretaries explained that Vote.gov is a politically neutral, “trustworthy” website operated by the U.S. government in partnership with state election officials. The website also receives support from government organizations that seek to prevent internet attacks that can block sites or take them offline.**  州务卿们解释说，Vote.gov是一个由美国政府与州选举官员合作运营的政治中立、“可信赖”的网站。该网站还得到了政府机构的支持，这些机构致力于防止可能阻止或使网站下线的网络攻击。**All elections in the United States are operated by local officials supported and led by a state agency. Experts say because each state sets its own requirements and deadlines, it is important for voters to be connected to the most dependable information available.**  美国的所有选举都是由地方官员在州机构的支持和领导下运营的。专家表示，由于每个州都有自己的要求和截止日期，选民连接到最可靠的信息至关重要。**Musk bought Twitter in 2022 and later renamed the service X. Activist groups have repeatedly raised concerns about a large increase in hate speech and misinformation appearing on the service after Musk became the owner. Some X critics have also said major employee cuts had left the company with ineffective content moderation methods that do not catch misinformation.**  马斯克于2022年收购了Twitter，并随后将其改名为X。活跃分子团体多次表达了对马斯克成为所有者后，服务中仇恨言论和虚假信息大量增加的担忧。一些X的批评者还表示，大规模裁员使公司在内容审核方面失效，未能有效抓住虚假信息。**In their latest press release, the secretaries of state thanked X for agreeing to the change and said they hope the company will remain open to additional improvements to protect its users. They added, “Elections are a team effort, and we need and welcome any partners who are committed to ensuring free, fair, secure, and accurate elections.”**  在最新的新闻稿中，州务卿们感谢X同意进行更改，并表示希望该公司在保护用户方面继续开放进行更多改进。他们补充道：“选举是一项团队努力，我们需要并欢迎任何致力于确保自由、公平、安全和准确选举的合作伙伴。”

The social media service X has changed its artificial intelligence (AI) tool after several U.S. states warned that it was spreading election misinformation.在几个美国州警告其传播选举虚假信息后，社交媒体服务X修改了其人工智能（AI）工具。Earlier this month, secretaries of state in five states sent the owner of X, Elon Musk, a letter requesting the change to its Grok AI tool.本月早些时候，五个州的州务卿向X的所有者埃隆·马斯克发了一封信，要求修改其Grok AI工具。X explains on its Help Center that Grok is designed to be used as an AI search assistant to help users find information online. Such tools are also known as chatbots or generative AI. Grok is only available to paid users of X’s Premium and Premium+ services.X在其帮助中心解释说，Grok旨在作为AI搜索助手，帮助用户在线查找信息。此类工具也被称为聊天机器人或生成式AI。Grok仅对X的Premium和Premium+服务的付费用户开放。In their letter, the secretaries of state expressed concern that the Grok tool was returning results that included misinformation about the U.S. presidential election process. The officials said that shortly after President Joe Biden ended his run for re-election, the Grok tool provided false information on state ballot requirements.在信中，州务卿们表达了对Grok工具返回的结果中包含美国总统选举程序虚假信息的担忧。官员们表示，在乔·拜登总统结束连任竞选后不久，Grok工具提供了关于州选票要求的虚假信息。The misinformation included a statement that the deadline had passed in several states to make ballot changes for the nation’s presidential election. The secretaries’ wrote that the statement was completely false. In all the states identified by Grok, it was still possible for ballot changes to be made, the letter said.这些虚假信息包括一条声明，称几个州更改总统选举选票的截止日期已经过了。州务卿们在信中写道，这一声明完全是错误的。信中提到，在Grok识别的所有州，仍然可以进行选票更改。The ballot changes increased in importance when the Democratic Party chose a new nominee, Vice President Kamala Harris, after Biden withdrew.在拜登退出后，民主党选择了新候选人、副总统卡马拉·哈里斯，这使得选票更改变得更加重要。Former President Donald Trump is the Republican Party’s nominee.前总统唐纳德·特朗普是共和党的候选人。The letter recognized that Grok does warn its users that the AI tool might return false information. And it noted that the tool urges users not to depend completely on Grok for news and information.信中承认Grok确实警告其用户该AI工具可能会返回虚假信息，并指出该工具敦促用户不要完全依赖Grok获取新闻和信息。However, the secretaries of state wrote, the false information about ballot deadlines was “captured and shared repeatedly in multiple posts - reaching millions of people.” In addition, they noted, Grok continued to repeat this false information for more than a week until it was corrected on July 31, 2024.”然而，州务卿们写道，有关选票截止日期的虚假信息“被多次发布在多个帖子中并反复共享——覆盖了数百万人”。此外，他们还指出，Grok继续重复这一虚假信息超过一周，直到2024年7月31日才得到纠正。

**United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres says that rising ocean temperatures present urgent risks for people living in the Pacific Islands.**  联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯表示，海洋温度的上升对生活在太平洋岛屿的人们构成了紧迫的风险。**Guterres made the comment while at the Pacific Islands Forum taking place in Tonga. The country is a collection of about 170 islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.**  古特雷斯在参加正在汤加举行的太平洋岛国论坛时发表了这一评论。汤加是一个由大约170个岛屿组成的国家，位于西南太平洋。**The U.N. chief said studies suggest the southwestern Pacific faces more extreme sea level rise than other parts of the world. The problem, he added, is linked to sea temperatures in the area that in some cases are three times higher than worldwide levels.**  联合国秘书长表示，研究表明西南太平洋面临着比世界其他地区更为极端的海平面上升问题。他补充说，这一问题与该地区的海洋温度有关，在某些情况下，该地区的海洋温度比全球平均水平高出三倍。**Warmer temperatures cause water to expand and this can cause sea level rise.**  温度升高会导致水体膨胀，从而引发海平面上升。**"I am in Tonga to issue a global SOS – Save Our Seas – on rising sea levels," Guterres said.**  古特雷斯表示：“我在汤加发出全球SOS——拯救我们的海洋，以应对海平面上升。”**The U.N. leader said that rising seas were "amplifying” the number and severity of storms and coastal flooding across the area. He said such flooding can destroy fisheries, damage crops and poison water. “All this puts Pacific Island nations in grave danger," he said.**  联合国领导人表示，海平面上升正在“加剧”该地区风暴和沿海洪水的数量和严重性。他说，这种洪水会摧毁渔业、破坏农作物并污染水源。“这一切都将太平洋岛国置于极度危险之中，”他表示。**A report recently released by the U.N.’s World Meteorological Organization showed ocean temperatures in the southwestern Pacific are increasing at up to three times the worldwide rate.**  联合国世界气象组织最近发布的一份报告显示，西南太平洋的海洋温度正在以全球平均速度的三倍上升。**Guterres said the Pacific islands are especially at risk because much of their land is “just one to two meters above sea level."**  古特雷斯表示，太平洋岛国尤其面临风险，因为它们的很多土地“仅比海平面高一到两米”。**And, he added, "Half the infrastructure is within 500 meters of the sea."**  他还补充说，“一半的基础设施都在距离海岸500米以内。”**Many scientists blame the planet’s rising temperatures on pollution from fossil fuel use. Guterres said the Pacific Islands can expect additional sea level rise of 15 centimeters by 2050 if the pollution levels do not drop.**  许多科学家将地球温度上升归咎于化石燃料使用产生的污染。古特雷斯表示，如果污染水平不下降，到2050年，太平洋岛国的海平面将额外上升15厘米。**Guterres urged world leaders to greatly increase the level of climate-related investments, especially for at-risk countries, to help fight the problem.**  古特雷斯敦促世界领导人大幅增加与气候相关的投资，尤其是对高风险国家，以帮助应对这一问题。**Delegates to the 2023 U.N. climate change conference approved the establishment of a "loss and damage" fund to help poor nations deal with climate disasters.**  2023年联合国气候变化大会的代表们批准设立一个“损失和损害”基金，以帮助贫困国家应对气候灾害。**"Developed countries must deliver on their finance commitments,” Guterres said. He added that one commitment calls for doubling financing to at least $40 billion a year by 2025.**  古特雷斯表示：“发达国家必须履行其财务承诺。”他补充说，其中一项承诺要求到2025年将融资翻倍至每年至少400亿美元。

In the 1970s, a lack of community investment resulted in a large number of people leaving Harlem, a well-known New York City neighborhood in northern Manhattan.在20世纪70年代，由于社区投资不足，导致大量居民离开了哈莱姆，这是位于曼哈顿北部的纽约市著名社区。Nearly 50,000 people, about a third of the area’s population, left to escape violence, crime and poor living conditions. Among those who left was LeeSandra Moore’s mother who moved to the state of Virginia. “It was a scary time,” said Moore, now 52 and still living in Harlem. “I couldn’t blame her for that.”大约有五万人，约占该地区人口的三分之一，离开了这里以逃避暴力、犯罪和恶劣的生活条件。LeeSandra Moore的母亲就是其中一员，她搬到了弗吉尼亚州。现年52岁的Moore仍然住在哈莱姆，她说：“那是一个可怕的时期，我不能责怪她。”Those who stayed were mostly poor, Black families. They lived through unrest that followed the 1964 killing of an unarmed Black teenager and the killings of Black leader Malcolm X in 1965 and Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968.那些留下来的人大多是贫穷的黑人家庭。他们经历了1964年一名手无寸铁的黑人少年被杀后，以及1965年黑人领袖马尔科姆·X和1968年马丁·路德·金牧师被杀后的动乱。News reports described Harlem as a “sinking ship.”新闻报道将哈莱姆形容为一艘“正在下沉的船”。Percy Sutton was president of the local Manhattan government at the time. As the city’s highest-ranking Black official, he knew Harlem needed a lift and started a festival called Harlem Day in 1974.当时，珀西·萨顿是曼哈顿当地政府的主席。作为该市级别最高的黑人官员，他知道哈莱姆需要振兴，于是于1974年创办了一个名为“哈莱姆日”的节日。Sutton called up elected officials. He gathered actors, like Sidney Poitier and Ruby Dee, entertainers, including Tito Puente and Max Roach, and the poet Maya Angelou to celebrate the first Harlem Day. It honored Harlem's history and shows how the neighborhood became known as "Black Mecca” or the center of Black arts, culture and businesses.萨顿联系了当选官员。他召集了演员，如西德尼·波蒂埃和鲁比·迪，以及表演者，包括蒂托·普恩特和马克斯·罗奇，还有诗人玛雅·安杰卢，共同庆祝了首个哈莱姆日。这个节日纪念了哈莱姆的历史，并展示了这个社区如何成为“黑人麦加”或黑人艺术、文化和商业中心的。“It was such a successful day,” said Lloyd Williams — one of Harlem Day’s co-founders and the current president of the Greater Harlem Chamber of Commerce — that it became a week-long yearly event called Harlem Week.“那是一个非常成功的日子，”Lloyd Williams说道，他是哈莱姆日的联合创始人之一，也是现任大哈莱姆商会的主席。这个活动变成了一年一度的周活动，称为哈莱姆周。This year, Harlem Week celebrated its 50th anniversary with 18 days filled with free programming.今年，哈莱姆周庆祝了其50周年纪念，共进行了为期18天的免费活动。The celebration included food, Broadway performances, an Apollo Hour, and a tribute to entertainer Harry Belafonte. It offered financial education and career training, and for children, back-to-school backpacks.庆祝活动包括美食、百老汇演出、阿波罗时光以及对表演者哈里·贝拉方特的致敬。还提供了财务教育和职业培训，为孩子们提供了返校背包。One important part of Harlem Week was an effort to deal with Harlem's long-standing health crises. Medical volunteers checked blood pressure and tested for cancer and diabetes. People learned about drug use, HIV/AIDS and healthy aging.哈莱姆周的一个重要部分是解决哈莱姆长期存在的健康危机。医疗志愿者测量血压，并进行癌症和糖尿病筛查。人们还了解了药物使用、艾滋病和健康老龄化知识。Rev. Al Sharpton leads the National Action Network in Harlem. He said, "Harlem Week has been the constant line through the last 50 years of America's most historic Black neighborhood."艾尔·夏普顿牧师领导了哈莱姆的全国行动网络。他说：“哈莱姆周是过去50年来美国最具历史意义的黑人社区的一条恒久线索。”Organizers and people say Harlem Week has brought new life to the area. The once-deserted neighborhood is now home to restored buildings, new businesses, and immigrants. The streets are filled with jazz, reggae, R&B, and gospel music traditions.组织者和当地人表示，哈莱姆周为该地区带来了新生。这个曾经荒废的社区现在有了修复的建筑、新的企业和移民。街道上充满了爵士、雷鬼、R&B和福音音乐的传统。Moore, the Harlem native whose mother moved to Virginia, watched as big national stores moved in. Sometimes they took the place of local shops and made rents go up. "Some of that is okay, but what about the small business where you can get that great sandwich?" she asked. Moore wants people to eat less fast food, so she teaches healthy eating and cooking to young local students.Moore的母亲搬到了弗吉尼亚，而她是哈莱姆的原住民，她目睹了大规模的全国性商店的进驻。有时它们取代了当地的小店，导致租金上涨。“有些变化是可以接受的，但那些可以让你吃到美味三明治的小店呢？”她问道。Moore希望人们少吃快餐，所以她向当地年轻学生教授健康饮食和烹饪。At Harlem Week, Moore represented GirlTrek, a national movement of Black women supporting health through walking. She said, "I feel like I should have left a long time ago, but something about Harlem draws me back to it."在哈莱姆周，Moore代表GirlTrek，这是一个通过步行支持健康的黑人女性全国运动。她说：“我觉得我早就应该离开，但哈莱姆有某种东西吸引我回到这里。”Moore continued, "Harlem is my beginning. Harlem is my future. Harlem is a huge part of what makes me who I am."Moore继续说道：“哈莱姆是我的起点。哈莱姆是我的未来。哈莱姆是让我成为今天的我的一个重要部分。”

After 13 years of marriage, Bethany Meola admits that she and her husband can get caught up in their busy lives. They are raising three children and they both have careers.贝萨妮·米欧拉承认，在13年的婚姻中，她和丈夫经常忙于各自的生活。他们要养育三个孩子，而且两人都有自己的事业。So, they make sure to take time every day for a six-second kiss.所以，他们每天都会确保花时间来进行一个六秒钟的亲吻。The six-second kiss is a daily exercise suggested by couples therapists John and Julie Gottman. It is as simple as it sounds. They say taking time each day for a six-second kiss can help connect you physically and emotionally with your partner.六秒钟的亲吻是夫妻治疗师约翰·戈特曼和朱莉·戈特曼建议的每日练习。这很简单。他们说，每天花时间进行一个六秒钟的亲吻可以帮助你与伴侣在身体上和情感上建立联系。“It’s kind of a funny thing to put on the to-do list,” Meola said. She first learned of the exercise while studying for a master’s degree that centered on marriage and family.“把这个放在待办事项上有点好笑，”米欧拉说。她在攻读婚姻和家庭为中心的硕士学位时第一次了解到这种练习。It made a difference, Meola said. “It’s long enough to kind of ground you and say, ‘Here’s this other person that I love, that I’ve committed to.’”米欧拉说，这确实起到了作用。“这段时间足够让你沉静下来，提醒自己，‘这里有一个我爱的人，我对他（她）承诺了。’”Why does six seconds matter?为什么六秒钟很重要？Married in 1987, Julie and John Gottman co-founded the Gottman Institute to teach couples therapy. John Gottman also wrote *The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work* and other books.朱莉和约翰·戈特曼于1987年结婚，共同创立了戈特曼研究所，教授夫妻治疗。约翰·戈特曼还撰写了《让婚姻成功的七项原则》和其他书籍。John Gottman told the Associated Press that six seconds is not just a number. It comes from studying more than 3,000 couples over 30 years. The Gottmans found that a six-second kiss is enough to help release oxytocin.约翰·戈特曼告诉美联社，六秒钟不仅仅是一个数字。它来自于对3000多对夫妇进行了30年的研究。戈特曼夫妇发现，六秒钟的亲吻足以帮助释放催产素。Oxytocin is a natural substance that is produced by the body. The substance is widely believed to help a mother connect with her newborn baby. The Gottmans say it also builds trust in a relationship by calming down the fear center of the brain. They also used research by neuro-economist Paul Zak. Zak suggests that a 20-second hug creates the same results.催产素是一种由身体产生的天然物质。人们普遍认为，这种物质有助于母亲与新生儿建立联系。戈特曼夫妇表示，它还通过平息大脑的恐惧中心来建立信任关系。他们还引用了神经经济学家保罗·扎克的研究。扎克建议，20秒的拥抱能产生同样的效果。“For the 20-second hug or the six-second kiss, it’s one that really feels different. It feels like you’ve come home,” John Gottman said.约翰·戈特曼说，“无论是20秒的拥抱还是六秒钟的亲吻，这感觉真的不同。感觉就像你回到了家。”Julie Gottman said a long kiss works best for couples who are committed to each other and who trust each other. Couples who are working through personal or marital issues might not be ready for it.朱莉·戈特曼说，长时间的亲吻最适合那些彼此承诺并信任的夫妇。正在处理个人或婚姻问题的夫妇可能还没有准备好进行这种练习。But how do you start this type of exercise? Couples have to decide to take time out of their day to put their relationship first. One partner might open the discussion by saying they believe the exercise could bring them closer and it is worth a try.但是，如何开始这种练习呢？夫妇必须决定每天抽出时间，把他们的关系放在首位。一个伴侣可能会通过说他们认为这种练习可以让他们更亲近，并且值得一试来开启讨论。The experts suggest creating a ritual. For example, set aside the same time every day when both are about to leave for work or just before bedtime.专家建议建立一个仪式。例如，每天在两人准备去上班或就寝前的同一时间抽出时间。Creating a ritual prevents a relationship from becoming one in which the only thing a couple does together is add things "to their very long list of tasks,” John Gottman said. “We want to really nurture the romance.”约翰·戈特曼说，建立一个仪式可以防止关系变成夫妻唯一一起做的事情就是往他们冗长的任务清单上加项目。“我们真的想要培养浪漫。”Rituals also create a shared sense of purpose, Julie Gottman said. However, she reminds people to enjoy it. Do not think of it as something you are supposed to do.朱莉·戈特曼说，仪式还可以创造一种共同的目标感。然而，她提醒人们要享受这个过程。不要把它当作一件你应该做的事情。And to the couples who say they cannot find the time? She is direct and honest.至于那些说找不到时间的夫妇？她直接而坦率地说道：“You really don’t have six seconds?” “You know, we’re not talking six hours here. We’re talking six seconds," she said with a laugh.“你真的没有六秒钟吗？”“你知道，我们这里说的不是六个小时，而是六秒钟，”她笑着说。

An international group of astronomers has joined efforts seeking to establish a separate time zone for the moon.一个国际天文学家小组正在联合努力，试图为月球建立一个独立的时区。The French-based International Astronomical Union (IAU) recently approved a resolution on the matter during the group’s General Assembly meeting in Cape Town, South Africa.位于法国的国际天文学联合会（IAU）最近在南非开普敦举行的大会上批准了一项关于此事的决议。The resolution calls on space organizations around the world to cooperate on establishing a standard clock for the moon.该决议呼吁世界各地的航天机构合作建立一个月球标准时钟。The moon’s orbital movements around Earth make one day on the lunar surface equal to 29.5 Earth days. And because the moon has less gravity compared to Earth, time moves slightly faster there, about 58.7 microseconds quicker each day.月球绕地球的轨道运动使得月球表面的一天等于地球上的29.5天。而且由于月球的重力比地球小，时间在那里移动得稍快，每天约快58.7微秒。Susan Stewart is an astronomer with the U.S. Naval Observatory. She helped create the resolution at the IAU conference. Stewart told The Associated Press the aim of the measure is quite simple: “To work together to establish (a) standard time.”苏珊·斯图尔特是美国海军天文台的天文学家。她在国际天文学联合会会议上帮助制定了这项决议。斯图尔特告诉美联社，这项措施的目标非常简单：“共同努力建立一个标准时间。”Currently, moon operations run on the time of the country that is launching spacecraft. But supporters of creating a separate time zone say this method will have to change; more countries and private space companies are starting to launch their own moon missions.目前，月球上的操作是根据发射航天器的国家的时间进行的。但支持建立独立时区的人士表示，这种方法必须改变；越来越多的国家和私营航天公司开始发射他们自己的月球任务。Last year, the European Space Agency (ESA) pushed for the creation of a lunar clock. And earlier this year, the White House directed the U.S. space agency NASA and other agencies to come up with a timekeeping plan for the moon by the end of 2026.去年，欧洲航天局（ESA）推动建立一个月球时钟。今年早些时候，白宫指示美国航天局（NASA）及其他机构在2026年底前制定一个月球时间计时计划。ESA noted communication and navigation systems built for the moon will perform much better if they use “the same timescale.” In addition, a separate time zone will support “the many other crewed and uncrewed missions” planned for the future, ESA said.欧洲航天局指出，为月球建立的通信和导航系统如果使用“相同的时间尺度”，将表现得更好。此外，一个独立的时区将支持未来计划的“许多载人和无人任务”。In the past, NASA also considered establishing a separate time zone for the International Space Station (ISS). But the agency decided against it. Instead, the ISS runs on Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC, which is based on time kept by atomic clocks. NASA officials say this system helps ease the time difference between NASA and the Canadian Space Agency, as well as other space partners in Russia, Japan and Europe.过去，NASA也曾考虑为国际空间站（ISS）建立一个独立的时区。但该机构最终决定不这样做。相反，国际空间站采用协调世界时（UTC），该时间基于原子钟保持的时间。NASA官员表示，这一系统有助于缓解NASA与加拿大航天局以及俄罗斯、日本和欧洲其他航天合作伙伴之间的时差问题。The international team looking at establishing a lunar time zone has said it is still deciding whether a single organization should be chosen to set and keep time on the moon.负责研究建立月球时区的国际团队表示，他们仍在决定是否应选择一个单一的组织来设定和维护月球上的时间。Bijunath Patla is a physicist at the U.S. Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology. He told the AP that astronomers are still deciding on how a lunar clock would work. Patla said, “I think the community has realized that this needs to be done. And this is the beginning.”比久纳斯·帕特拉是美国商务部国家标准与技术研究院的物理学家。他告诉美联社，天文学家们仍在决定月球时钟的工作方式。帕特拉说：“我认为科学界已经意识到这是必须要做的事情。而这只是个开始。”

An investigation into the death of American actor Matthew Perry has led to criminal charges against five people. Perry, a star of the popular television series Friends, died suddenly in October. He was 54. Doctors who examined his body after death said Perry died from an overdose of the powerful drug ketamine.对美国演员马修·派瑞死亡的调查导致了五人面临刑事指控。派瑞是热门电视连续剧《老友记》的明星，他在十月突然去世，享年54岁。验尸后的医生表示，派瑞是因服用过量强效药物氯胺酮而死亡。Ketamine is a powerful anesthetic. The drug is often used to put people into a deep sleep for medical operations, also called surgery. The treatment is called general anesthesia. A doctor can inject the drug into a muscle or through a liquid flow directly into a patient’s veins.氯胺酮是一种强效的麻醉剂。这种药物通常用于让人在医疗手术（也称为外科手术）中进入深度睡眠。该治疗方法称为全身麻醉。医生可以将药物注射到肌肉中，或通过液体直接注入患者的静脉。The drug’s chemistry is similar to the recreational drug called PCP. Some people use ketamine recreationally for its euphoric effects. It can cause hallucinations and can affect breathing and the heart.这种药物的化学成分与一种叫做PCP的娱乐性药物相似。有些人为了追求快感而娱乐性地使用氯胺酮。它可能会引起幻觉，并可能影响呼吸和心脏。The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ketamine for use only for general anesthesia. However, American doctors are free to prescribe drugs for treatments other than those approved by the FDA. This is known as off-label use.美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）只批准氯胺酮用于全身麻醉。然而，美国医生可以自由开具其他非FDA批准用途的药物，这被称为超适应症用药。Ketamine use has seen a huge, fast rise in recent years as a treatment for pain and mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety.近年来，氯胺酮的使用迅速增加，作为疼痛和精神健康障碍的治疗方法，包括抑郁症和焦虑症。Perry was using it to treat depression. His usual doctors were treating him with what is called ketamine infusion therapy. However, investigators say the actor turned to other sources when his doctors refused to give him as much as he wanted.派瑞用它来治疗抑郁症。他的常规医生通过所谓的氯胺酮输液疗法为他治疗。然而，调查人员表示，当医生拒绝给他所需的剂量时，派瑞转向了其他来源。Last week, government lawyers said Perry got ketamine illegally through a group that included two doctors, Perry’s assistant and a woman they identified as the “Ketamine Queen.” Perry’s assistant injected the actor with ketamine — including several times on the day Perry died.上周，政府律师表示，派瑞通过一个包括两名医生、派瑞的助理和一个被称为“氯胺酮女王”的女人在内的团体非法获得了氯胺酮。派瑞的助理给他注射了氯胺酮——包括在派瑞去世当天多次注射。Emergency medical workers also sometimes use ketamine to sedate people who appear to be out of control, aggressive or a threat to themselves or others. Some states and agencies around the country have begun to reconsider this use of ketamine because of the drug’s health risks.急救医务人员有时也会使用氯胺酮来镇静那些看起来失控、具有攻击性或对自己或他人构成威胁的人。由于这种药物的健康风险，美国的一些州和机构开始重新考虑这种用法。In 2019, an American court found two emergency medical workers guilty in the overdose killing of a teenager in Colorado. The medical team injected the man with a deadly amount of ketamine during a police operation.2019年，美国法院裁定两名急救医务人员在科罗拉多州一名青少年药物过量死亡事件中有罪。该医疗团队在一次警察行动中向该男子注射了致命剂量的氯胺酮。An Associated Press investigation found that, generally, use of ketamine and similar drugs as a policing or security tool has spread quietly across the nation over the last 15 years.美联社的调查发现，氯胺酮和类似药物作为警务或安全工具的使用在过去15年中悄然蔓延全国。

This buzzing, chirping sound is the pulsing chatter of the tiny transparent Danionella cerebrum as heard by the human ear. Researchers in Germany were intrigued by the noise coming from the fish tanks in their lab and decided to investigate the source. Using underwater microphones, they quickly deduced that this species was no small fry when it came to communication.你听到的这种嗡嗡的叽喳声是一种学名为 “Danionella cerebrum” 的透明小鱼的脉冲声。德国的研究人员们偶然听到了从实验室的鱼缸中发出的噪音，对此很感兴趣，所以决定找出这个噪音的来源。通过利用水下麦克风，研究人员很快就推断出，就交流方式而言，这个鱼类物种绝不可小觑。This is the slowed down sound booming out like a heartbeat. The fish uses its muscles to strike its own swim bladder to produce a short loud sonic pulse. In the waters close to the fish, it taps out 140 decibels, which is as loud as a gunshot.这段经调慢处理后的音频播放的是这种透明小鱼发出的像心跳一样低沉有力的声音。它们牵动自身肌肉冲击体内的鱼鳔，从而发出一个短暂而响亮的声波脉冲。在靠近这种透明小鱼的水域内，可以探测到它们发出高达 140 分贝的声音，如枪声一样响亮。Researchers believe this quirky communication behaviour evolved in the murky streams in Myanmar, where the fish lives. Other fish, including the Plainfin Midshipman, and the Black Drum are louder, but also much bigger creatures.研究人员们认为这种奇特的交流行为是在缅甸浑浊的溪流中进化得来的，那里是它们的栖息地。其它鱼类，包括斑光蟾鱼和多须石首鱼发出的声音更响亮，但它们的体型也更大。词汇表buzzing 发出嗡嗡声chirping 发出叽喳声pulsing 脉冲的intrigued 使人感兴趣的small fry 无足轻重的人或事物swim bladder 鱼鳔quirky 古怪的，奇特的murky 浑浊的，昏暗的

Think about the crunch of celery, mixed with a smooth, creamy tzatziki or the tang of a spicy salsa piled on top of a crispy corn tortilla chip. Is anything more satisfying to eat than a dip?想象一下芹菜与光滑的奶油酸奶黄瓜酱混合的嘎吱声，或者是在脆玉米饼片上堆放的辛辣莎莎酱的味道。 还有什么比吃饱更满足的呢？Dips have become big business. In 2022, over £263 million pounds were spent on dips, just in the UK. Why is it that we like them so much? Food writer Ben Paynter cites studies showing that modern restaurants use cooking techniques that can leave food seeming dry, but that sauces and dips can replace the lost moisture. Some studies have even suggested, that the liquid nature of dips and sauces brings flavours into contact with more of our taste buds, intensifying them.下跌已成为一门大生意。 2022 年，仅在英国，降价支出就超过 2.63 亿英镑。 为什么我们这么喜欢他们？ 美食作家本·佩恩特 (Ben Paynter) 引用的研究表明，现代餐馆使用的烹饪技术可能会让食物看起来很干，但酱汁和蘸酱可以弥补失去的水分。 一些研究甚至表明，蘸酱和酱汁的液体性质使味道与我们更多的味蕾接触，从而强化它们。Our love for dips could be driven by positive associations. Dips are designed to be shared and eaten without cutlery, they can feel more communal and informal. Diners may associate them with happy social occasions. British food writer Clare Finney points out that when dips first became popular in the UK, people may have related them to popular holiday destinations.我们对蘸酱的热爱可能是由积极的联想驱动的。 蘸酱旨在共享和无需餐具即可食用，它们会让人感觉更加公共和非正式。 用餐者可能会将它们与快乐的社交场合联系起来。 英国美食作家克莱尔·芬尼指出，当蘸酱首次在英国流行时，人们可能将其与热门的度假胜地联系起来。Communal shared eating may be good for our mental health, but what do dips do to our physical health? Dieticians have raised different arguments. One considers that dips encourage people to include more vegetables in their diet. The opposing argument is that dips can be high in saturated fat, calories, and salt. Many dips have small recommended portion sizes, but that doesn't mean that people follow this guidance. One US study found that 48% of those surveyed admitted to finishing an entire container in one sitting. Djin Gie Liem, a sensory science professor, points out that people are less likely to become accustomed to the taste of healthy food if they only eat it covered in sauce.一起吃饭可能对我们的心理健康有益，但是一起吃饭对我们的身体健康有什么影响呢？ 营养学家提出了不同的论点。 有人认为蘸酱会鼓励人们在饮食中加入更多蔬菜。 相反的论点是，蘸酱的饱和脂肪、卡路里和盐含量可能很高。 许多蘸酱的推荐份量较小，但这并不意味着人们会遵循这一指导。 美国的一项研究发现，48% 的受访者承认一口气吃完一整罐。 感官科学教授 Djin Gie Liem 指出，如果人们只吃沾有酱汁的健康食品，就不太可能习惯其味道。Dips can bring good social times to mind and give us intense flavours. Maybe we just need to pay a little bit more attention to the suggested portion sizes.蘸酱可以让我们想起美好的社交时光，并给我们带来浓郁的味道。 也许我们只需要多注意建议的份量即可。词汇表crunch 嘎吱嘎吱的声音creamy 像奶油般细腻的tang 强烈的味道spicy 辛辣的crispy 松脆的satisfying 令人满足的moisture 水分liquid nature 液态的性质flavour （食物的）味道taste buds 味蕾positive association 正相关，指两件事有相互促进的作用to be shared 被分享cutlery 餐具communal 共享的informal 非正式的dietician 营养学家saturated fat 饱和脂肪，一种容易生成胆固醇的脂肪calorie 卡路里，食物的热量单位recommended portion size 推荐的份量大小sensory science 感官科学