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Jon Fosse began writing stories as a child. His breakthrough novel, Boathouse, was published in 1989. Having established himself as a novelist, poet and children's author, he then turned his attention to writing plays.约恩·福瑟从童年时就开始编写故事。他在1989年发表的小说《船屋》令他崭露头角。在以小说家、诗人及儿童文学作家的身份站稳脚跟后，他将注意力转移到戏剧剧本创作。His sparse, Pinteresque style brought him to international attention, though commercial success has eluded him in the UK. Jon Fosse was nominated for the Booker Prize, won the Ibsen Prize, and was awarded the French Order of Merit in 2007. He said he's overwhelmed and somewhat frightened at becoming a Nobel laureate.他的剧作中人物对话简短，颇有英国著名剧作家哈罗德·品特的风范，这令他受到了国际关注，尽管他的作品在英国并未取得商业上的成功。约恩·福瑟曾获得布克文学奖提名、获得过易卜生戏剧奖、并在2007年被授予法国国家功绩勋章。他说他对于自己成为诺贝尔奖获得者一事备感激动，同时也有些受宠若惊。His latest book, Septology, a semi-autobiographical magnum opus, is in seven parts spread across three volumes. It runs to 1,250 pages without a single full stop.他的最新作品《七部曲》是一部半自传体巨著，分为七个部分，共三卷。这部作品长达1250页，其中没有一个句号。词汇表breakthrough 有重大进展的，突破性的novelist 小说家sparse 稀少的，零星的Pinteresque 与剧作家哈罗德·品特相似的，有品特作品风范的commercial success 商业上的成功，作品畅销、卖座eluded 未能达到，与（某人）无缘Booker Prize 布克文学奖Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者semi-autobiographical 半自传体的magnum opus （作家或艺术家的）最重要的作品，代表作volumes （文学作品的）册，卷full stop 句号

A much-publicized art piece made up of a single banana taped to a wall has sold for $6.2 million. 一件广为人知的艺术作品，由一根用胶带粘在墙上的香蕉组成，售价为 620 万美元。 The sale happened Wednesday night during an auction in New York City at famous art seller Sotheby’s. The work, called Comedian, was sold to cryptocurrency businessman Justin Sun. He is a Chinese collector and founder of the cryptocurrency company Tron. Sun placed the winning bid over the phone and the sale was completed in cryptocurrency. 此次拍卖发生在周三晚上，纽约市著名艺术品卖家苏富比拍卖行举行的一场拍卖会上。这部名为喜剧演员的作品被卖给了加密货币商人孙宇晨。他是一位中国收藏家，也是加密货币公司Tron的创始人。Sun 通过电话中标，并以加密货币完成了销售。 Before the auction, Sotheby’s said the unusual art piece was expected to bring in at least $1.5 million. But the price quickly started rising after the auction began, with people bidding inside the auction room, as well as on the phone and online. 拍卖前，苏富比表示，这件不寻常的艺术品预计将带来至少 150 万美元的收入。但拍卖开始后，价格迅速上涨，人们在拍卖室内、电话和网上竞价。 The art piece had already sold three times for prices between $120,000 and $150,000, The Associated Press reported. 据美联社报道，这件艺术品已售出三次，售价在 12 万至 15 万美元之间。 Sun said in a statement after the auction that Comedian "is not just an artwork." He added that the piece "bridges the worlds of art, memes, and the cryptocurrency community.” 孙在拍卖后的一份声明中表示，《喜剧演员》“不仅仅是一件艺术品”。他补充说，这件作品“架起了艺术、模因和加密货币社区之间的桥梁”。 Sun said he planned to eat the banana, as at least two onlookers did when the artwork was presented at places around the world. Sotheby’s says the fruit was always meant to be replaced repeatedly, along with the duct tape. 孙说，他打算吃香蕉，当这件艺术品在世界各地展出时，至少有两名旁观者这样做了。苏富比表示，水果和胶带总是需要反复更换。The work was created by Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. It was first presented in 2019 at the Art Basel Miami Beach show in Miami, Florida. The piece quickly led to much public discussion about what should be considered art. 该作品由意大利艺术家毛里齐奥·卡特兰创作。它于 2019 年在佛罗里达州迈阿密举行的巴塞尔艺术展迈阿密海滩展上首次亮相。这件作品很快引起了公众关于什么应该被视为艺术的广泛讨论。 Comedian belongs to a kind of art known as conceptual artwork. A conceptual piece is one in which the idea or meaning behind the work is more important than the finished object itself. 喜剧演员属于一种被称为观念艺术的艺术。概念性作品是指作品背后的想法或意义比成品本身更重要的作品。 The head of contemporary art at Sotheby’s is David Galperin. He told the AP he understands the piece’s popularity because it is highly provocative. Provocative describes something likely to produce a strong reaction and much public debate. 苏富比当代艺术主管是大卫·加尔佩林 (David Galperin)。他告诉美联社，他理解这部作品的受欢迎程度，因为它极具挑衅性。挑衅性描述的是可能引起强烈反应和大量公众辩论的事情。 “What Cattelan is really doing is turning a mirror to the contemporary art world,” Galperin said. He added that he thinks Comedian can cause people to question what values should be attached to artworks and what can be defined as artwork. “卡特兰真正所做的是成为当代艺术世界的一面镜子，”加尔佩林说。他补充说，他认为喜剧演员可以让人们质疑艺术品应该赋予什么价值以及什么可以定义为艺术品。“What you buy when you buy Cattelan’s Comedian is not the banana itself, but a certificate of authenticity,” Galperin said. That document, he added, gives the owner permission to reproduce the banana and duct tape on their own wall as an original artwork by the artist. “当你购买卡特兰喜剧演员时，你购买的不是香蕉本身，而是一份真品证书，”加尔佩林说。他补充说，该文件允许所有者将香蕉和胶带复制到自己的墙上，作为艺术家的原创艺术品。 The sale of Comedian came shortly after Sotheby’s auctioned off a famed artwork in the Water Lilies series by French painter Claude Monet. That piece sold on Monday for $65.5 million. 在苏富比拍卖法国画家克劳德·莫奈的《睡莲》系列著名艺术品后不久，《喜剧演员》就被出售了。该作品于周一以 6550 万美元的价格售出。 When asked to compare Cattelan's simple wall art to major works like Monet's, Galperin said that form of art, called impressionism, was not taken seriously when that movement first began. 当被问及将卡特兰的简单墙壁艺术与莫奈等主要作品进行比较时，加尔佩林表示，印象派这种艺术形式在这场运动刚开始时并没有受到认真对待。 “No important, profound, meaningful artwork of the past 100 years or 200 years, or our history for that matter, did not provoke some kind of discomfort when it was first unveiled,” Galperin said. 加尔佩林说：“过去 100 年或 200 年的任何重要、深刻、有意义的艺术品，或者我们的历史，在首次亮相时都会引起某种不适。” 

People will no longer have to fight with monkeys in the historic Thai city of Lopburi. 在泰国历史名城华富里，人们将不再需要与猴子打斗。 That is because of new efforts to keep the animals from reproducing and to limit their movements. 这是因为人们采取了新的措施来阻止动物繁殖并限制它们的活动。Before public health measures to control COVID-19 closed businesses in Lopburi, about 3,000 long-tailed macaques lived there. The people of the city fed them and even had a yearly party for them. Tourists came to the city north of Bangkok to see the macaques in what was known as "Monkey City." 在控制 COVID-19 的公共卫生措施导致华富里府的企业关闭之前，大约有 3,000 只长尾猕猴居住在那里。城里的人们给他们食物，甚至为他们举办了一年一度的聚会。游客来到曼谷北部的城市，在被称为“猴城”的地方观赏猕猴。The macaques are believed to bring good luck. They live in the nearby forests and have long been a part of the city's history. But after Lopburi came out of the pandemic lockdown in the middle of 2022, people found that the monkeys had become unruly without people feeding them. 人们相信猕猴能带来好运。他们生活在附近的森林里，长期以来一直是这座城市历史的一部分。但2022年中华富里府解除疫情封锁后，人们发现，没有人喂猴子，猴子变得不守规矩。 Groups of macaques had taken over buildings. They stole food and caused accidents by walking in the streets. Groups of the monkeys also fought each other, shocking local people. Some of the townspeople put up cages around their homes to keep the monkeys out. 成群的猕猴占领了建筑物。他们在街上行走时偷窃食物并引发事故。成群的猴子还互相打斗，令当地人震惊。一些镇民在自家周围搭起笼子以防止猴子进入。Wisarut Somngam is a local researcher with the non-governmental organization, Ecoexist Society. He said the monkeys would steal from people by taking any container they thought might contain food. People began to carry slingshots, a small weapon that shoots stones, to protect against the monkeys.Wisarut Somngam 是非政府组织生态存在协会的当地研究员。他说，猴子会从人们那里偷走任何它们认为可能装有食物的容器。人们开始携带弹弓（一种发射石头的小武器）来防御猴子。 Earlier this year, officials began their efforts to catch the macaques. By May, they were increasing the effort to prevent the monkeys from reproducing that began during the pandemic. 今年早些时候，官员们开始努力捕捉猕猴。到了五月，他们加大了从大流行期间开始的防止猴子繁殖的力度。 "Our goal is to neuter all the monkeys, 100 percent of them," said local veterinarian Patarapol Maneeorn from the government wildlife department in September. The monkeys would then be put into an area where they will be looked after, he said. “我们的目标是对所有猴子进行绝育，100%，”政府野生动物部门的当地兽医帕塔拉波尔·马尼奥恩 (Patarapol Maneeorn) 9 月表示。他说，然后这些猴子将被安置在一个地方接受照顾。Now, the situation in the city seems to be under control, as the officials have captured 1,600 of the monkeys. Some animal rights groups agree the monkeys should be neutered, but they do not want them to be kept in captivity. 现在，该市的局势似乎已经得到控制，官员们已经捕获了1600只猴子。一些动物权利组织同意这些猴子应该被绝育，但他们不希望它们被圈养。 Edwin Wiek is founder of Wildlife Friends Foundation Thailand. He said, “The monkeys are suffering because currently they're in a cage that is not designed for them.” Wiek pressed the government to increase funding for the government wildlife department to train people in animal care and treatment.埃德温·维克 (Edwin Wiek) 是泰国野生动物之友基金会的创始人。他说：“猴子们正在遭受痛苦，因为它们目前被关在不是为它们设计的笼子里。” 维克敦促政府增加对政府野生动物部门的资金，以培训人们进行动物护理和治疗。 The people of Lopburi are happy that the streets are safe again. Clock maker Chalit Nithiwkram said, "Things have become a little easier because most of the monkeys were captured. Life is easier." He said his business is improving because people are no longer afraid to park near his shop. 华富里府人民很高兴街道再次安全。钟表制造商 Chalit Nithiwkram 说：“事情变得容易了一些，因为大多数猴子都被捕获了。生活变得更容易了。” 他说他的生意正在改善，因为人们不再害怕在他的商店附近停车。 For others, the monkeys are important to Lopburi. Supaporn Reanprayoorn operates a store near a temple where monkeys often gathered. "Monkeys are part of Lopburi's identity," she said. She sometimes gave them a little food. "Let tourists take pictures with them - just a hundred or two," she joked. 对于其他人来说，猴子对华富里很重要。Supaporn Reanprayoorn 在一座猴子经常聚集的寺庙附近经营一家商店。“猴子是华富里府身份的一部分，”她说。她有时会给他们一点食物。“让游客和它们合影——就一百两张，”她开玩笑说。 

“We’re…used to bears so (when you see one) you don’t start to tremble,” Mayor Mike Spence said. “It’s their area too. It’s important how the community coexists with bears and wildlife in general to really get along. We’re all connected.” “我们……已经习惯了熊，所以（当你看到熊时）你不会开始颤抖，”市长迈克·斯彭斯说。“这也是他们的地盘。社区如何与熊和野生动物共存才能真正和谐相处，这一点很重要。我们都是有联系的。” Churchill residents show polar bear pride in a way that mixes terror and fun.丘吉尔居民以一种既恐怖又有趣的方式表现出北极熊的自豪感。“You know we're the polar bear capital of the world, right? We have the product, it's just about getting out there to see the bears safely,” said Dave Daley, who owns a gift shop, runs dog sleds and promotes the city. He also is a former president of the Chamber of Commerce, an office that supports business activity. “你知道我们是世界北极熊之都，对吧？我们有产品，只是为了安全地看到熊，”拥有一家礼品店、经营狗拉雪橇并宣传这座城市的戴夫·戴利 (Dave Daley) 说。他还是商会的前主席，该商会是一个支持商业活动的办公室。 The former military base had a rocket launch area. It seemed to keep bears away. When it closed, the bears started entering the town more often, longtime residents said. So, Churchill and province officials “put together a polar bear alert program to make sure the community members were looked after, [and] protected,” said Spence who has been Churchill's mayor since 1995. 前军事基地有一个火箭发射区。它似乎可以让熊远离。长期居民说，当它关闭时，熊开始更频繁地进入该镇。因此，丘吉尔和省政府官员“制定了北极熊警报计划，以确保社区成员得到照顾和保护”，自 1995 年以来一直担任丘吉尔市长的斯宾塞说道。 The town's old curfew siren sounds nightly, warning people that it is time to go inside to be safe from bears. 镇上古老的宵禁警报每晚都会响起，警告人们是时候进屋以防熊了。 Georgina Berg recalls growing up in the 1970s near Churchill, where many First Nations people lived. “First Nations” is used in Canada to identify native people. 乔治娜·伯格 (Georgina Berg) 回忆起自己在 20 世纪 70 年代在丘吉尔附近长大的经历，那里居住着许多原住民。在加拿大，“原住民”被用来识别原住民。She remembers how differently her father and mother would react to seeing a bear in the past. She said her father would not pay attention to them. 她记得过去她的父亲和母亲看到熊时会有多么不同的反应。她说她父亲不会理会他们。 “He said, ‘If you don’t bother them, then they won’t bother you,’" she recalled.“他说，‘如果你不打扰他们，他们就不会打扰你，’”她回忆道。 When a bear came near in later years, after her father had died, her mom was frightened. 几年后，她父亲去世后，当一只熊靠近时，她妈妈感到害怕。 “Everybody was yelling, and all the kids had to come in and everybody had to go home. And then we stayed silent in the house for a long time until we knew for sure that bear was gone,” Berg recalled. “每个人都在大喊大叫，所有的孩子都必须进来，每个人都必须回家。然后我们在屋子里沉默了很长一段时间，直到我们确信那只熊已经消失了，”伯格回忆道。 For Van Nest, the provincial officer, the recent meeting with a group of bear watchers was different. The group was about 100 meters away from the bear. He said the bear was “putting on a bit of a show” for the tourists.对于省官员范·内斯特来说，最近与一群熊观察者的会面是不同的。这群人距离熊约100米。他说这只熊正在为游客“表演一些节目”。 “This is a great situation to be in," he said. “The tourists are a safe distance away and the bear’s doing his natural thing and not being harassed by anybody.” “这是一个很好的情况，”他说。“游客们都在安全距离之外，熊正在做他自然的事情，没有受到任何人的骚扰。” 

Churchill, Manitoba is a small, rural Canadian town that lives with neighboring predators and loves it. That is because the predators — a polar bear population — attract the visitors who saved the town’s economy after a military base there closed. Tourists wanting to see the bears bring millions of dollars into the local economy. 马尼托巴省的丘吉尔是加拿大的一个乡村小镇，与邻近的掠食者一起生活并热爱它。这是因为掠食者——北极熊种群——吸引了游客，在军事基地关闭后，游客拯救了该镇的经济。想要观赏熊的游客为当地经济带来了数百万美元的收入。 However, the bears are entering the town more often in search of food. Researchers say the sea ice where the bears normally hunt is shrinking. 然而，熊越来越频繁地进入城镇寻找食物。研究人员表示，熊通常捕食的海冰正在缩小。 Geoff York is with Polar Bears International, a nonprofit environmental group based in Manitoba. York said: “You're seeing more bears because there are more bears on the land for longer periods of time to be seen” and they are willing to take more risks, getting closer to people. 杰夫·约克 (Geoff York) 就职于北极熊国际组织，这是一家总部位于马尼托巴省的非营利性环保组织。约克说：“你会看到更多的熊，因为陆地上有更多的熊，而且可以看到的时间更长”，而且它们愿意承担更多的风险，与人类更加亲近。 There are about 600 polar bears in this Western Hudson Bay population. Environmentalists say that is about half what it was 40 years ago. Humans in Churchill outnumber the bears although not by very many. 西哈德逊湾地区约有 600 只北极熊。环保人士称，这大约是 40 年前的一半。丘吉尔的人类数量超过了熊，尽管数量不多。 It has been more than 10 years since a polar bear attacked anyone in Churchill. But townspeople look out for each other and tourists with a warning system and guards. There is even a polar bear jail.丘吉尔地区已经有十多年没有北极熊袭击任何人了。但镇上的人们通过警报系统和警卫互相照顾和照顾游客。甚至还有北极熊监狱。Sergeant Ian Van Nest is a Manitoba province conservation officer. He recently guarded the streets of Churchill in his truck. It was the beginning of polar bear season in Churchill. 伊恩·范·内斯特中士是马尼托巴省的一名保护官员。他最近开着卡车守卫着丘吉尔的街道。这是丘吉尔北极熊季节的开始。 The vehicle is equipped with a rifle and a barred back seat to hold anyone he might have to arrest. 这辆车配备了步枪和一个带铁栅栏的后座，可以容纳他可能需要逮捕的任何人。Van Nest saw a crowd of people who were watching a bear. He looked around for trouble in the area and then quietly spoke to the group's leader. 范内斯特看到一群人正在观看一只熊。他环顾四周是否有麻烦，然后小声地与该组织的领导交谈。 “How are you today?” Van Nest asked. The group leader answered that they were all right and then asked if their gathering place is acceptable to Van Nest. “你今天怎么样？” 范内斯特问道。领队回答说没问题，然后询问范内斯特是否可以接受他们的聚集地。 “You’re good,” the officer answered. “You [have] got a lot of distance there,” he added. So, the tour group continued to watch a polar bear on some nearby rocks. “你很好，”军官回答。“你在那里有很长的距离，”他补充道。于是，旅行团继续在附近的一些岩石上观看北极熊。Visitors interested in seeing the polar bears saved Churchill from shrinking out of existence when a military base there closed in the 1970s. The closure led to a drop in Churchill’s population, from a few thousand residents to about 870. 20 世纪 70 年代，那里的一个军事基地关闭后，对观赏北极熊感兴趣的游客使丘吉尔免于消失。关闭导致丘吉尔的人口从几千人减少到约 870 人。 A 2011 government study found that the average polar bear tourist spent about $5,000 per visit. The tourism adds more than $7 million yearly to the economy of the little town. Churchill has a few nice restaurants and more than 25 places where visitors can stay. 2011 年的一项政府研究发现，北极熊游客每次参观的平均花费约为 5,000 美元。旅游业每年为这个小镇增加超过 700 万美元的经济收入。丘吉尔拥有几家不错的餐厅和超过 25 个可供游客住宿的地方。 

The basic building blocks of humans are cells. When embryos are first fertilised, they're all the same. But after three weeks, they begin to specialise and clump together to form the various bits of the body. 人体结构最基本的组成是细胞。当胚胎刚受精时，它们的细胞是完全相同的。但三周后，细胞会开始分化并分别凝聚形成人体的各个部分。 The secret to learning how humans are built [lies] deep in the heart of these cells. Specifically, the Human Cell Atlas project aims to find out which genes are turned on at what times and in which locations. Researchers have now published details of how this happens in skin. This raises the possibility of eventually slowing down the signs of ageing. 了解人体构造的秘密就藏在这些细胞深处。具体来说，人类细胞图谱项目的目标就是找出基因会在何时何处被激活。研究人员目前已经公布了这一过程在皮肤中如何进行的细节。这一发现可能增加了最终延缓衰老迹象的可能性。词汇表building blocks 基本组成cells 细胞embryos 胚胎fertilised 受精specialise （细胞）分化clump together 聚成一团Atlas 图谱genes 基因ageing 衰老，老化

Think of the wisest person you know. What is it that makes them wise? What qualities do they have? Does wisdom mean the same for you as it does for me? All cultures value wisdom, but not all cultures agree on its definition. For some, the focus is on intelligence, while others emphasise compassionate love for others. In some cultures, a spiritual component is required to be considered wise. Are there any aspects of wisdom that all cultures can agree on?想想你认识的最聪明的人。是什么让他们变得聪明？他们有什么品质？智慧对你和对我来说意义相同吗？所有文化都重视智慧，但并非所有文化都认同智慧的定义。对于一些人来说，重点是智力，而另一些人则强调对他人的同情心。在某些文化中，需要精神成分才能被认为是明智的。智慧的某些方面是否是所有文化都能达成共识的？ A group of 34 researchers from all over the world and from fields like psychology, philosophy and anthropology got together to explore 'Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents'. The study found two characteristics that everyone – from urban university students in Peru to villagers in rural India – associated with wisdom. 来自世界各地的心理学、哲学和人类学等领域的 34 名研究人员齐聚一堂，探索“五大洲 12 个国家的智慧感知维度”。研究发现，从秘鲁城市大学生到印度农村村民，每个人都与智慧相关的两个特征。 The first quality a wise person must have is 'socio-emotional awareness'. This is about the ability to understand others' point of view and really care about their thoughts and feelings. However, this person must also have the second quality: 'reflective orientation', which is about using logic and past experience to make judgements. If you are mindlessly driven by emotions and don't think before you act, then you are unlikely to be perceived as wise. So, if you want to be wise, learn to both keep your cool and put yourself in others' shoes. 智者必须具备的首要品质是“社会情感意识”。这是关于理解他人观点并真正关心他们的想法和感受的能力。然而，这个人还必须具备第二个品质：“反思导向”，即运用逻辑和过去的经验来做出判断。如果你盲目地受情绪驱使，行动前不思考，那么你就不太可能被认为是明智的。所以，如果你想变得明智，就要学会保持冷静并设身处地为别人着想。 But, while this study helps us build a more unified definition of wisdom, the world is vast and cultures vary hugely. In 'The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom', the authors make an apple pie analogy, comparing pie to wisdom. Imagine your grandmother makes your favourite apple pie – she represents the wisdom you think is best. Now, imagine you take this apple pie to the Amazon rainforest, where apples don't grow. For the locals, the pie isn't as good as their own traditional desserts; they've grown up with different flavours and ingredients, just as different cultures have developed their own wisdom traditions. Ultimately, the way wisdom is experienced, shared, and valued depends on the cultural ingredients involved. 但是，虽然这项研究帮助我们对智慧建立了一个更加统一的定义，但世界广阔，文化差异巨大。在《剑桥智慧手册》中，作者用苹果派来比喻，将馅饼与智慧进行比较。想象一下你的祖母做了你最喜欢的苹果派——她代表了你认为最好的智慧。现在，想象一下您将这个苹果派带到亚马逊雨林，那里不长苹果。对于当地人来说，馅饼不如他们自己的传统甜点；他们是在不同的口味和成分下长大的，就像不同的文化发展了自己的智慧传统一样。最终，智慧的体验、分享和价值方式取决于所涉及的文化成分。 词汇表quality （人的）品质compassionate 有同情心的spiritual 精神上的，心灵的anthropology 人类学perception 认知characteristic 特征awareness 意识，认知point of view 观点reflective 反思的logic 逻辑judgment 判断mindlessly 盲目地perceive 认为，视为keep one's cool 保持冷静put oneself in others' shoes 从他人的角度看问题

Researchers at Michigan State University recently found that bees’ sense of “smell” is sensitive enough to identify chemical smells of cancer. 密歇根州立大学的研究人员最近发现，蜜蜂的“嗅觉”足够灵敏，可以识别癌症的化学气味。 Bees sense chemicals in their environment using antennae, structures on their heads, which serve as “noses” to sense smells. 蜜蜂使用触角来感知环境中的化学物质，触角是它们头部的结构，充当感知气味的“鼻子”。 The researchers wrote in a study published last month that honeybees can sniff out lung cancer on a patient’s breath. 研究人员在上个月发表的一项研究中写道，蜜蜂可以通过病人的呼吸嗅出肺癌。Debajit Saha is an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Michigan State University. He was part of a team that published the research. Debajit Saha 是密歇根州立大学生物医学工程助理教授。他是发表该研究的团队的一员。 “Our world is visual. [The] insects’ world is all based on smell, so their sense of smell is very, very good,” Saha said. “我们的世界是视觉的。昆虫的世界都是基于嗅觉的，所以它们的嗅觉非常非常好，”萨哈说。 “There is quite a bit of research that shows that when some cancer grows inside our body, our breath actually changes. Our research does show that honeybees can detect lung cancer and possibly other diseases based on the smell of those cells.” “大量研究表明，当某些癌症在我们体内生长时，我们的呼吸实际上会发生变化。我们的研究确实表明，蜜蜂可以根据这些细胞的气味来检测肺癌和可能的其他疾病。”Saha and his team placed bees in small harnesses and attached small wires to their brains. The insects were then placed near chemicals that are like the breath of a person with lung cancer. 萨哈和他的团队将蜜蜂放入小挽具中，并将小电线连接到它们的大脑上。然后将这些昆虫放置在类似于肺癌患者呼吸的化学物质附近。 The scientists said that the bees could tell the difference between the cancer breath and the laboratory copy of the healthy human breath 93 percent of the time. The scientists added that the bees could also tell the difference between different kinds of lung cancer. 科学家们表示，蜜蜂在 93% 的情况下可以区分癌症呼吸和健康人类呼吸的实验室副本。科学家们补充说，蜜蜂还可以区分不同类型的肺癌。 The discovery could help doctors detect many cancers, including lung, breast, head and neck, and colorectal cancers, earlier than other methods. Saha says detecting cancers this way would be an improvement. “The reason is, many times we detect the cancer late,” when a growth has become too big to control easily. But, he added, when cancer starts growing the breath starts changing much earlier. 这一发现可以帮助医生比其他方法更早地发现许多癌症，包括肺癌、乳腺癌、头颈癌和结直肠癌。萨哈说，以这种方式检测癌症将是一种进步。“原因是，很多时候我们发现癌症已经很晚了”，此时肿瘤已经变得太大而难以控制。但是，他补充说，当癌症开始生长时，呼吸就会更早地开始发生变化。 He hopes to develop a system that a patient will be able to breathe into and which can be carried around easily. This would deliver test results immediately. 他希望开发一种患者能够呼吸并且可以轻松携带的系统。这将立即提供测试结果。“Hopefully, within the next five years, we'll have something to show that humans can be diagnosed using these insect brain disc sensors,” Saha said. “希望在未来五年内，我们能够证明人类可以使用这些昆虫脑盘传感器进行诊断，”萨哈说。Using animals to detect cancer is not a new idea. At the Penn Vet Working Dog Center at the University of Pennsylvania, researchers are training dogs to smell some kinds of cancer. 利用动物来检测癌症并不是一个新想法。在宾夕法尼亚大学宾夕法尼亚兽医工作犬中心，研究人员正在训练狗闻出某些癌症的气味。 Cindy Otto is executive director of the Penn Vet Working Dog Center in Philadelphia. She said many other animals also have very good senses of smell. “But part of what makes dogs so good is that they cooperate with humans, and so, they communicate that information,” she added. 辛迪·奥托是费城宾夕法尼亚州兽医工作犬中心的执行董事。她说许多其他动物也有很好的嗅觉。“但狗如此优秀的部分原因是它们与人类合作，因此它们传达了这些信息，”她补充道。 The dogs are in a program where they live with families and are brought to “work” each day. Not all dogs can do this work. Otto said,这些狗参加了一个项目，它们与家人住在一起，每天都被带到“工作”。并不是所有的狗都能胜任这项工作。奥托说， “They need to love it to be engaged. And so, it's a really fun game for them.”“他们需要热爱它才能订婚。所以，这对他们来说是一个非常有趣的游戏。”Some researchers say that dogs detect cancer better than machines. They note that a dog’s sense of smell is 10,000 to 100,000 times sharper than that of humans.一些研究人员表示，狗比机器更好地检测癌症。他们指出，狗的嗅觉比人类灵敏 10,000 到 100,000 倍。 Amritha Mallikarjun is another postdoctoral researcher at the center. She said dogs are more sensitive to smells than any machines sold today. But the scientists hope to create a machine that will identify disease just as well as dogs. Amritha Mallikarjun 是该中心的另一位博士后研究员。她说，狗对气味比当今出售的任何机器都更敏感。但科学家们希望创造一种能够像狗一样识别疾病的机器。Otto said doctors in ancient Greece and Rome used odor as a tool to identify disease. She hopes the researchers can build on that “and advance the health of not only humans, but dogs and other species as well.” 奥托说，古希腊和罗马的医生使用气味作为识别疾病的工具。她希望研究人员能够在此基础上“不仅促进人类的健康，也促进狗和其他物种的健康。” 

Technology company Microsoft is working with the Roman Catholic Church to create a detailed, digital version of St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City. 科技公司微软正在与罗马天主教会合作，创建梵蒂冈城圣彼得大教堂的详细数字版本。 The project aims to give people a new way to experience the famous building, which sits in the Catholic Church’s spiritual and administrative center in Rome. 该项目旨在为人们提供一种新的方式来体验这座位于罗马天主教堂精神和行政中心的著名建筑。 Roman Catholic leaders recently joined Microsoft’s President Brad Smith to present the new digital creation to the public. The official launch of the system has been set for December 1. It will permit individuals to explore St. Peter’s Basilica online and provide interactive experiences for all visitors to the Vatican. 罗马天主教领袖最近与微软总裁布拉德·史密斯一起向公众展示了新的数字创作。 该系统定于 12 月 1 日正式启动。它将允许个人在线探索圣彼得大教堂，并为所有梵蒂冈游客提供互动体验。 The effort involved drones flying around the empty basilica for four weeks to capture images of all parts of the building. The drones – equipped with many cameras and lasers – took more than 400,000 high-quality pictures.这项工作涉及无人机在空荡荡的大教堂周围飞行四个星期，以捕获建筑物所有部分的图像。 这些无人机配备了许多相机和激光器，拍摄了超过 400,000 张高质量照片。The process used artificial intelligence (AI) methods to create a complete 3D copy of the basilica. One goal of the project was to provide a way for anyone in the world to have the chance to “visit” the church and learn about its history. 该过程使用人工智能 (AI) 方法创建大教堂的完整 3D 副本。 该项目的一个目标是为世界上的任何人提供一种方式，让他们有机会“参观”教堂并了解其历史。 Microsoft chief Smith told a press conference at Vatican City the project represented “one of the most technologically advanced and sophisticated projects of its kind” ever carried out. 微软首席执行官史密斯在梵蒂冈城举行的新闻发布会上表示，该项目是“同类项目中技术最先进、最复杂的项目之一”。 Cardinal Mauro Gambetti is the Archpriest of St. Peter’s Basilica. He praised the new technology at the press conference. Gambetti compared the highly detailed digital experience to looking up at a “starry sky on a summer night.” He added, “The new tools act like a telescope or spaceship for better viewing.” 毛罗·甘贝蒂枢机主教是圣彼得大教堂的大祭司。 他在新闻发布会上赞扬了这项新技术。 甘贝蒂将高度详细的数字体验比作仰望“夏夜的星空”。 他补充说：“新工具就像望远镜或宇宙飞船一样，可以更好地观察。”The project was launched ahead of the Vatican's 2025 Jubilee celebration. This marks a holy year at the Vatican when more than 30 million worshippers are expected to visit the basilica. This will be in addition to the 50,000 people who visit on a normal day. The basilica will celebrate its 400th anniversary in 2026. 该项目是在梵蒂冈 2025 年周年庆典之前启动的。 今年标志着梵蒂冈的圣年，预计将有超过 3000 万信徒参观大教堂。 这还不包括平日参观的 50,000 人。 大教堂将于 2026 年庆祝其成立 400 周年。 The Associated Press reported Pope Francis visited Smith and the project’s development teams at the Vatican. He said the effort should help everyone “feel welcome in this great house.” 据美联社报道，教皇弗朗西斯在梵蒂冈拜访了史密斯和该项目的开发团队。 他说，这一努力应该有助于每个人“在这座伟大的房子里感到受欢迎”。 The pope added that the project was a way to recognize and continue to celebrate the Vatican’s rich spiritual history. “…It is a gift and a task to care for it, in both a spiritual and material sense, even through the latest technologies,” he said. 教皇补充说，该项目是认识并继续庆祝梵蒂冈丰富的精神历史的一种方式。 “……从精神和物质意义上来说，即使是通过最新的技术来照顾它，也是一份礼物和一项任务，”他说。 Pope Francis has warned that AI should only be used in ethical ways. In his World Message of Peace this year, he proposed an international treaty to control, or regulate, the technology. He argued that AI systems lack human values and could cause great harm. 教皇弗朗西斯警告说，人工智能只能以合乎道德的方式使用。 在今年的《世界和平讯息》中，他提出了一项控制或规范该技术的国际条约。 他认为人工智能系统缺乏人类价值，可能会造成巨大伤害。The digital system permits visitors to request entry times to the basilica. This could be a welcome change for visitors used to waiting in lines for hours to get into the basilica, which is one of the world’s most visited buildings. 数字系统允许游客询问进入大教堂的时间。 对于习惯了排队几个小时才能进入大教堂的游客来说，这可能是一个可喜的变化，大教堂是世界上参观人数最多的建筑之一。 The collected images have already identified structural damage and signs of deterioration. Experts said the technology can find such problems much faster and more effectively than human workers. Vatican officials plan to use the images to continually identify areas needing repairs. 收集到的图像已经发现了结构损坏和恶化的迹象。 专家表示，该技术可以比人类更快、更有效地发现此类问题。 梵蒂冈官员计划使用这些图像来不断识别需要维修的区域。 Smith did not say how much Microsoft had invested in the project. But he said the idea came after Pope Francis urged technology companies in 2018 to come together to use AI for cultural purposes. 史密斯没有透露微软在该项目上投资了多少。 但他表示，这个想法是在教皇弗朗西斯于 2018 年敦促科技公司联合起来将人工智能用于文化目的之后产生的。 Smith noted his company had also completed similar AI projects at Mont Saint-Michel in France and for Ancient Olympia in Greece. 史密斯指出，他的公司还在法国圣米歇尔山和希腊古奥林匹亚完成了类似的人工智能项目。 

Many people with SAD respond to light therapy, said Dr. Paul Desan of Yale University’s Winter Depression Research Clinic. The therapy devices give off light about 20 times brighter than regular indoor light. 耶鲁大学冬季抑郁症研究诊所的保罗·德桑博士说，许多季节性情感障碍患者对光疗有反应。该治疗设备发出的光比普通室内光亮约 20 倍。 “The first thing to try is light,” Desan said. “When we get patients on exposure to bright light for a half an hour or so every morning, the majority of patients get dramatically better. We don’t even need medications.” “首先要尝试的是轻，”德桑说。“当我们每天早上让患者接受强光照射半小时左右时，大多数患者的病情都会明显好转。我们甚至不需要药物。”There is research that supports the idea that using a light that has a brightness of about 10,000 lux can be helpful. Lux is a measurement of brightness. 有研究支持这样的观点：使用亮度约为 10,000 勒克斯的灯会有所帮助。勒克斯是亮度的度量。 The research suggests that a person use it for 30 minutes every morning. Desan said this can help not only people with SAD but also those with less-severe, low moods in winter. 研究表明，一个人每天早上使用它 30 分钟。德桑说，这不仅可以帮助患有季节性情绪失调的人，也可以帮助那些冬季情绪不太严重、情绪低落的人。Experts suggest other forms of treatment. Doctors often suggest antidepressant medications as a first-line treatment for SAD. They also suggest going to bed and waking up at about the same time each day. Also, exercise such as walking outside, even on cloudy days, can help. 专家建议采用其他形式的治疗。医生经常建议抗抑郁药物作为 SAD 的一线治疗方法。他们还建议每天大约在同一时间上床睡觉和起床。此外，即使在阴天，户外散步等锻炼也会有所帮助。 Kelly Rohan is a researcher at the University of Vermont. Rohan said another treatment is talk therapy. Also called cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, Rohan said it has been shown in studies to have more long-lasting effects. CBT involves working with a therapist to identify and change unhelpful thoughts. 凯利·罗汉 (Kelly Rohan) 是佛蒙特大学的研究员。罗汉说另一种治疗方法是谈话疗法。罗汉说，这种疗法也被称为认知行为疗法（CBT），研究表明它具有更持久的效果。CBT 涉及与治疗师合作来识别和改变无益的想法。 “A very common thought that people have is ‘I hate winter,’” Rohan said. She suggests that people instead say, “I prefer summer to winter.” “人们普遍的想法是‘我讨厌冬天’，”罗汉说。她建议人们改为说：“我更喜欢夏天而不是冬天。” Working with a therapist can help people take small steps toward having fun again, Rohan said. Try planning undemanding but enjoyable activities to break out of a bad mood. Rohan said simply meeting a friend for coffee can help. 罗汉说，与治疗师合作可以帮助人们迈出一小步，重新获得乐趣。尝试计划一些要求不高但令人愉快的活动来摆脱坏心情。罗汉说，仅仅和朋友一起喝杯咖啡就能有所帮助。 People with SAD have half the year to create helpful methods. Some have found things that work for them -- although they might not be the subject of scientific research. 患有 SAD 的人有半年的时间来创造有用的方法。有些人发现了对他们有用的东西——尽管它们可能不是科学研究的主题。 For example, in Folsom, California, Elizabeth Wescott says she believes a kind of water therapy helps her. The 69-year-old uses water therapy used in sports medicine. When she showers, she changes between hot and cold water. She also uses a light box and takes an antidepressant. “I’m always looking for new tools,” Wescott said. 例如，在加利福尼亚州福尔瑟姆，伊丽莎白·韦斯科特说，她相信一种水疗法对她有帮助。这位 69 岁的老人使用运动医学中使用的水疗法。当她洗澡时，她会在热水和冷水之间切换。她还使用灯箱并服用抗抑郁药。“我一直在寻找新工具，”韦斯科特说。 In New York, Miriam Cherry grows the earliest blooming flowers. They bloom as early as February. 在纽约，米里亚姆樱桃种植了最早开花的花朵。它们最早在二月就开花了。 “That’s going to be a sign to me that this isn’t going to last forever,” Cherry said. “It will get better, and spring is on the way.” “这对我来说是一个信号，表明这种情况不会永远持续下去，”切里说。“一切都会好起来的，春天即将到来。” 

As fall and winter come to some parts of the world, daylight hours grow shorter. This lack of light can cause seasonal depression. 随着秋季和冬季的到来，世界上一些地区的白天时间变得越来越短。光照不足会导致季节性抑郁症。 “It (is) a feeling of panic, fear, anxiety and dread all in one,” said Germaine Pataki. The 63-year-old woman living in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, is among the millions of people estimated to have seasonal affective disorder, or SAD. “这是一种恐慌、恐惧、焦虑和恐惧的感觉，”杰梅因·帕塔基说。这位居住在加拿大萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通的 63 岁女性是估计患有季节性情感障碍 (SAD) 的数百万人之一。 To deal with her condition, Pataki uses yoga, walking, and an antidepressant medication. She is also part of a Facebook group for people with SAD and helps others deal with the condition. Pataki said, “This gives me purpose.” 为了应对自己的病情，帕塔基使用瑜伽、步行和抗抑郁药物。她还是 Facebook 社交情感障碍患者小组的成员，并帮助其他人应对这种情况。帕塔基说：“这给了我目标。” People with SAD usually have depression that begins in the fall and eases in the spring or summer. Changing the clocks back to standard time, which happens in autumn in the United States, can also cause SAD to start. 患有季节性情感障碍的人通常会在秋季开始抑郁，并在春季或夏季缓解。将时钟改回标准时间（在美国发生在秋季）也可能导致 SAD 启动。Medical experts say there is a milder form, called subsyndromal SAD. There is also summer seasonal depression but less is known about that. 医学专家表示，还有一种较温和的形式，称为亚综合征型季节性情感障碍 (SAD)。还有夏季季节性抑郁症，但人们对此知之甚少。 In 1984, a team led by Dr. Norman Rosenthal, then a researcher at the National Institutes of Health, first described SAD. He invented the term. 1984年，由时任美国国立卫生研究院研究员的诺曼·罗森塔尔博士领导的研究小组首次描述了季节性情感障碍（SAD）。他发明了这个词。Scientists are still learning the causes of seasonal affective disorder. They have found that specialized cells in our eyes turn the blue wavelength of the light into neural, or brain signals. These signals affect mood and wakefulness, or alertness. 科学家们仍在研究季节性情感障碍的原因。他们发现我们眼睛中的特殊细胞将蓝色波长的光转化为神经或大脑信号。这些信号会影响情绪和清醒度或警觉性。 Sunlight has a lot of blue light. So, when the cells sense this blue light, the alertness centers of our brains turn on. We feel more alert and possibly even happier. 阳光中含有大量蓝光。因此，当细胞感受到这种蓝光时，我们大脑的警觉中枢就会开启。我们感到更加警觉，甚至可能更加快乐。 Kathryn Roecklein is a researcher at the University of Pittsburgh. She tested people with and without SAD to see how their eyes reacted to blue light. As a group, people with SAD were less sensitive to blue light than others, especially during winter months. That suggests a cause for wintertime depression. 凯瑟琳·罗克林 (Kathryn Roecklein) 是匹兹堡大学的研究员。她测试了患有和未患有悲伤症的人，看看他们的眼睛对蓝光有何反应。作为一个群体，患有季节性情感障碍的人对蓝光的敏感度低于其他人，尤其是在冬季。这表明冬季抑郁症的一个原因。 “In the winter, when the light levels drop, that, combined with a lower sensitivity, might be too low for healthy functioning, leading to depression,” Roecklein said. “在冬天，当光照水平下降时，再加上敏感度较低，可能对健康功能来说太低，从而导致抑郁症，”罗克莱因说。 Miriam Cherry is 50 years old and lives in New York state. She spent the summer planning how she would deal with her winter depression. “It’s like clockwork,” Cherry said. “The sunlight is low. The day ends at 4:45, and suddenly my mood is horrible.” Miriam Cherry 50 岁，住在纽约州。她整个夏天都在计划如何应对冬季的抑郁症。“这就像发条一样，”切里说。“阳光很低。这一天在 4 点 45 分结束，突然我的心情很糟糕。” 

The basic building blocks of humans are cells. When embryos are first fertilised, they're all the same. But after three weeks, they begin to specialise and clump together to form the various bits of the body. 人体结构最基本的组成是细胞。当胚胎刚受精时，它们的细胞是完全相同的。但三周后，细胞会开始分化并分别凝聚形成人体的各个部分。 The secret to learning how humans are built [lies] deep in the heart of these cells. Specifically, the Human Cell Atlas project aims to find out which genes are turned on at what times and in which locations. Researchers have now published details of how this happens in skin. This raises the possibility of eventually slowing down the signs of ageing. 了解人体构造的秘密就藏在这些细胞深处。具体来说，人类细胞图谱项目的目标就是找出基因会在何时何处被激活。研究人员目前已经公布了这一过程在皮肤中如何进行的细节。这一发现可能增加了最终延缓衰老迹象的可能性。词汇表 building blocks 基本组成 cells 细胞 embryos 胚胎 fertilised 受精 specialise （细胞）分化 clump together 聚成一团 Atlas 图谱 genes 基因 ageing 衰老，老化

Squashed noses, scratched cheeks and t-shirts covered in sticky drinks. These are just some of the things that people are complaining about following the introduction of a new style of plastic bottle lid. Regulations in Europe now require manufacturers to tether lids to plastic drink bottles, making them difficult to remove. 鼻子被压扁，脸颊被抓伤，T 恤上沾满了粘稠的饮料。这些只是新型塑料瓶盖推出后人们抱怨的一些事情。欧洲的法规现在要求制造商将盖子拴在塑料饮料瓶上，使其难以移除。 Of course, the reason behind this measure is not to make people annoyed. It's because when lids get separated from their bottles, they become a big problem. As they're small, bottle caps are easily discarded, representing a high percentage of the plastic waste found on beaches. UK surveys reported that bottle tops were the third most common type of waste found as litter. They're more buoyant than bottles and so can travel further once they're in the sea. They are then often mistaken for food by sea birds or other wildlife, endangering their health. Wildlife photographer Chris Jordan, documented how Midway Atoll in the Pacific was covered with the bodies of thousands of seabirds whose stomachs were full of plastic pollution, much of it plastic bottle tops. It's not just discarded lids that can be an issue. Carefully disposed of lids can present a problem in recycling plants. They are often too small for the machinery used to sort rubbish and end up being sent to landfill. 当然，此举背后的原因并不是为了让人恼火。这是因为当盖子与瓶子分离时，就会成为一个大问题。由于瓶盖很小，很容易被丢弃，占海滩上发现的塑料垃圾的很大比例。英国的调查报告称，瓶盖是第三大最常见的垃圾类型。它们比瓶子更有浮力，因此一旦进入海中就可以游得更远。它们经常被海鸟或其他野生动物误认为是食物，从而危及它们的健康。野生动物摄影师克里斯·乔丹（Chris Jordan）记录了太平洋中途岛环礁如何布满了数千只海鸟的尸体，这些海鸟的胃里充满了塑料污染物，其中大部分是塑料瓶盖。造成问题的不仅仅是废弃的盖子。小心处理盖子可能会给回收厂带来问题。对于用于分类垃圾的机械来说，它们通常太小，最终被送往垃圾填埋场。 Clever design could help reduce the scale of the problem. The way products are built can influence our behaviour. Consider a refrigerator that bleeps when left open too long. The alarm encourages us to close the door, saving energy. Renee Wever, writing in the International Journal of Sustainable Engineering highlights how metal drink can ring pulls were redesigned in the 1980s, to remain attached to the cans. This is the approach which has been taken with plastic bottles. 巧妙的设计有助于减少问题的规模。产品的构建方式会影响我们的行为。考虑一台冰箱在打开时间过长时会发出蜂鸣声。警报鼓励我们关上门，节省能源。Renee Wever 在《国际可持续工程杂志》上撰文，重点介绍了 20 世纪 80 年代如何重新设计金属饮料罐拉环，以保持与罐子的连接。这是对塑料瓶采取的方法。 If bottle tops are attached to bottles, they are more likely to be disposed of properly and less likely to present a problem to wildlife. Many recycling plants find it easier to recycle caps when they are attached to bottles. Could it be that making something slightly more difficult to use could make a real difference to solving our plastic waste problem. 如果瓶盖附在瓶子上，则更有可能得到妥善处理，并且不太可能给野生动物带来问题。许多回收厂发现，当瓶盖附在瓶子上时，回收起来更容易。难道让一些东西稍微难用一点就能对解决我们的塑料垃圾问题产生真正的影响吗？ 

It would not be autumn without planting advice from Associated Press gardening expert Jessica Damiano. 如果没有美联社园艺专家杰西卡·达米亚诺的种植建议，就不会有秋天。 Damiano recently wrote about her experience planting garlic cloves. She was concerned not just about protecting them from low winter temperatures. She was worried that animals would dig up her bulbs and eat them. 达米亚诺最近写了一篇关于她种植蒜瓣的经历的文章。她关心的不仅仅是保护他们免受冬季低温的影响。她担心动物会挖出她的球茎并吃掉它们。Tulips, daffodils and garlic, for example, produce bulbs that bloom in the spring in places that have four seasons and cold winters. 例如，在有四个季节和寒冷冬季的地方，郁金香、水仙花和大蒜会产生在春季开花的球茎植物。 To keep away animals, Damiano put netting over the soil and covered it with straw to a thickness of 10 centimeters. 为了防止动物进入，达米亚诺在土壤上铺了网，并用稻草覆盖了 10 厘米厚。 She said this is good to do with any bulbs, especially ones like garlic, tulips and crocuses. That is because animals like to eat the bulbs of these plants. 她说这对任何球茎植物都适用，尤其是大蒜、郁金香和番红花等球茎植物。那是因为动物喜欢吃这些植物的球茎。Netting or a kind of fencing called chicken wire can serve as a physical barrier that prevents animals from digging up plants. Such barriers do not block sunlight and water from reaching the soil. Damiano said they can be secured to the ground with pieces of wood or rocks. They can be removed in the spring. 网或一种称为铁丝网的栅栏可以作为物理屏障，防止动物挖掘植物。这些屏障不会阻挡阳光和水到达土壤。达米亚诺说，可以用木头或石头将它们固定在地面上。它们可以在春天被移除。 Straw is a good mulch material that helps keep the temperature of the soil from changing too much. That can help avoid damage to plants caused by freezing and thawing conditions. It also keeps the soil from drying out. Protecting soil is important during the winter when cold dry weather can damage even the strongest plants. 稻草是一种很好的覆盖材料，有助于防止土壤温度发生太大变化。这有助于避免冷冻和解冻条件对植物造成的损害。它还可以防止土壤干燥。冬季保护土壤非常重要，寒冷干燥的天气甚至会损害最坚强的植物。Damiano said it is important to use straw, not hay, in your garden. Hay is animal feed. It contains tall grass, alfalfa, clover and other seeds that will cause problems in your garden. 达米亚诺说，在花园里使用稻草而不是干草很重要。干草是动物饲料。它含有高草、苜蓿、三叶草和其他种子，会给您的花园带来问题。 She said straw is leftover material from crop harvesting. It is better because it has fewer seeds. 她说，秸秆是农作物收割后的剩余材料。它更好，因为它的种子较少。 Damiano also said straw is less likely to contain chemicals used for insect control on crops. Straw is also good for other purposes around your house, the gardening expert noted. 达米亚诺还表示，秸秆不太可能含有用于农作物昆虫控制的化学物质。园艺专家指出，稻草还可以用于房屋周围的其他用途。Damiano does not like to use some popular fertilizers such as bone meal, blood meal or fish fertilizers. She said hungry animals might find such fertilizers appealing. 达米亚诺不喜欢使用一些流行的肥料，如骨粉、血粉或鱼肥。她说饥饿的动物可能会发现这种肥料很有吸引力。She also advises not to leave parts of bulbs on the ground in your garden because they might be a sign to animals that there is food nearby. 她还建议不要将部分球茎留在花园的地上，因为它们可能向动物发出信号，表明附近有食物。 There are many products meant to keep away animals that eat bulbs, which include squirrels, rabbits, chipmunks and others. Damiano does not use repellants because they must be must be replaced often. She said she does not like doing garden work when it is cold outside.有许多产品可以防止吃球茎的动物，包括松鼠、兔子、花栗鼠等。达米亚诺不使用驱虫剂，因为它们必须经常更换。她说她不喜欢在外面寒冷的时候做园艺工作。 Some repellants can be used to treat bulbs before planting. But, she said, they wear off over time. Damiano considered a physical barrier like netting or chicken wire to be the best defense. 一些驱虫剂可用于在种植前处理球茎。但她说，随着时间的推移，它们会逐渐消失。达米亚诺认为，像网或铁丝网这样的物理屏障是最好的防御。 But, she added, the repellants and other methods can be effective so long as you are diligent. 但是，她补充说，只要你勤奋，驱虫剂和其他方法就可以有效。 

Researchers in Mexico have discovered a large, lost Mayan city. 墨西哥的研究人员发现了一座失落的大型玛雅城市。 The major urban settlement, named Valeriana, is hidden deep in the southern forest of Campeche. 主要城市定居点瓦莱里亚纳 (Valeriana) 隐藏在坎佩切南部森林深处。 The discovery adds to existing knowledge about ancient Mayan settlements. 这一发现丰富了有关古代玛雅定居点的现有知识。 Valeriana was discovered by chance thanks to Lidar, or Light Detection and Ranging. It is a technology that uses lasers to map the Earth’s surface. 缬草是通过激光雷达（即光探测和测距）偶然发现的。这是一项使用激光绘制地球表面地图的技术。 The data used for the study came from around 122 square kilometers of high-quality Lidar data collected in 2013. 该研究使用的数据来自 2013 年收集的约 122 平方公里的高质量激光雷达数据。 The work, led by the Nature Conservancy in Mexico, was part of a forest monitoring project called Alianza. The project aimed to reduce emissions from tree cutting, or deforestation, and land damage. 这项工作由墨西哥大自然保护协会领导，是名为 Alianza 的森林监测项目的一部分。该项目旨在减少砍伐树木、森林砍伐和土地破坏造成的排放。 Researchers wrote in the study, published by Cambridge University Press, that "The discovery of Valeriana highlights the fact that there are still major gaps in our knowledge of the existence or absence of large sites within as-yet unmapped areas of the Maya Lowlands.” 研究人员在剑桥大学出版社发表的研究报告中写道，“缬草的发现凸显了一个事实，即我们对玛雅低地尚未绘制地图的地区是否存在大型遗址的了解仍然存在重大差距。” Lidar technology revealed a major settlement, filled with buildings and agricultural infrastructure. 激光雷达技术揭示了一个主要定居点，充满了建筑物和农业基础设施。 The classical-era Maya civilization dates back to around 1800 to 1100 years ago. At the time, the Maya civilization grew its control over present-day southern Mexico and what are now Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. 古典时期的玛雅文明可以追溯到大约1800至1100年前。当时，玛雅文明扩大了对现今墨西哥南部以及现在的伯利兹、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和洪都拉斯的控制。 In the study, the researchers identified a total of 6,764 structures, suggesting a populous ancient city. 在这项研究中，研究人员总共发现了 6,764 座建筑，表明这是一座人口稠密的古城。 The researchers will carry out further detailed study of the dataset – both remotely and in the field. The discovery serves as a way to better understand ancient Mayan urbanization and settlements. 研究人员将对数据集进行进一步详细的研究——远程和现场研究。这一发现为更好地了解古代玛雅城市化和定居点提供了一种方式。 

British health officials say they have identified four cases of the new, highly infectious version of mpox that first appeared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 英国卫生官员表示，他们已经发现了四例新型高传染性MPOX病例，该病例首次出现在刚果民主共和国。 The announcement marks the first time the variant has caused a group of illnesses outside of Africa. Scientists said the risk to the public remains low. 这一公告标志着该变种首次在非洲以外地区引发一系列疾病。科学家表示，公众面临的风险仍然很低。Officials announced the first case of the new form of mpox in Britain last week. Officials said the person who was being treated at a London hospital had recently travelled to countries in Africa with ongoing outbreaks. 官员上周宣布英国出现首例新型MPOX病例。官员们表示，在伦敦一家医院接受治疗的患者最近曾前往疫情持续爆发的非洲国家。 This week, the British Health Security Agency said it had now identified three additional cases. All of them lived in the same household as the first patient. The new cases are also being treated at a hospital in London. 本周，英国卫生安全局表示，现已发现另外三例病例。他们都与第一位患者住在同一户人家。这些新病例也在伦敦的一家医院接受治疗。 Susan Hopkins is chief medical advisor of the British Health Security Agency. She said, “Mpox is very infectious in households with close contact and so it is not unexpected to see further cases within the same household." 苏珊·霍普金斯是英国健康安全局的首席医疗顾问。她说：“痘痘在密切接触的家庭中具有很强的传染性，因此在同一家庭中出现更多病例也就不足为奇了。” The new variant of mpox was first reported earlier this year in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or the DRC. Scientists believe it causes milder symptoms that are harder to notice. As a result, it might be easier to spread because people may not know they are infected. Its spread in the DRC and in other parts of Africa caused the World Health Organization to declare the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern in August. 今年早些时候，刚果民主共和国东部地区首次报道了mpox的新变种。科学家认为，它会导致较轻微的症状，较难注意到。因此，它可能更容易传播，因为人们可能不知道自己被感染了。它在刚果民主共和国和非洲其他地区的蔓延导致世界卫生组织于八月份宣布此次疫情为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。Britain recorded more than 3,000 cases of another version of mpox during a 2022 outbreak that affected more than 100 countries. 2022 年，英国记录了 3,000 多例另一种 MPOX 病例，疫情影响了 100 多个国家。 The new variant of mpox has also caused outbreaks in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Single cases in travelers have also been reported in Sweden, India, Germany and Thailand. 新变种mpox也在布隆迪、肯尼亚、卢旺达和乌干达引发疫情。瑞典、印度、德国和泰国也报告了旅行者中的单例病例。 To date, there have been about 43,000 suspect cases of mpox in Africa, including more than 1,000 deaths, mostly in the DRC. 迄今为止，非洲已有约 43,000 例疑似 MPOX 病例，其中 1,000 多人死亡，其中大部分发生在刚果民主共和国。 On Wednesday, the WHO said it had given about 900,000 vaccine doses to nine African countries struggling with mpox epidemics. 周三，世界卫生组织表示，已向 9 个受 MPOX 疫情困扰的非洲国家提供了约 90 万剂疫苗。

The clear-winged, yellow-bellied moths made an improbable journey from the jungle of Guyana to Pontardawe in South Wales before being discovered. One was spotted on a windowsill at home by ecologist Daisy Cadet, whose mother had visited South America on a photography trip three months earlier. The pair later found the remains of two cocoons in the bag she'd used to carry her boots on the journey. 这些翅膀透明、腹部呈黄色的飞蛾在被发现之前完成了一段不可思议的旅程：从圭亚那的雨林来到了南威尔士庞特道埃。生态学家黛西·卡德特在家中的窗台上发现了其中一只飞蛾，而她的母亲在三个月前曾前往南美洲旅行和摄影。此后，这对母女在母亲旅行中用来装靴子的袋子里找到了两个蛹的遗骸。 With the help of the Natural History Museum, DNA analysis confirmed the moths were a previously unrecorded species – something Daisy struggled to comprehend. 在自然历史博物馆的帮助下，遗传物质分析确认了这些飞蛾属于一种从未被记录过的物种，这让黛西感到费解。Experts say clearwing moths are notoriously difficult to find, even by professionals. The fact that they survived a cold, Welsh winter after landing so far from home is even more remarkable. 专家表示，众所周知，即便是专业人士也很难找到透翅蛾。而这些飞蛾在来到远离家园的地方后，在威尔士寒冷的冬季存活了下来这个事实更加引人注目。 词汇表clear-winged 翅膀透明的yellow-bellied 腹部呈黄色的spotted 发现了windowsill 窗台，窗沿remains 遗骸，残骸cocoons 蛹notoriously 众所周知的remarkable 不寻常的，引人注意的

So, you've reached an intermediate level of English – congrats! You can understand most things about familiar topics and can express yourself in most situations. But maybe you've been here a while, and now you're stuck in what we call the 'intermediate plateau'. Often when we begin learning something, progress is fast and noticeable, but perhaps now it's difficult to see your improvements. Let's see if some new ideas can propel your learning forward. 所以，您已经达到了中级英语水平 - 恭喜！您可以理解大多数熟悉主题的内容，并可以在大多数情况下表达自己。但也许你已经在这里有一段时间了，现在你陷入了我们所说的“中间高原”。通常当我们开始学习某些东西时，进步是快速且明显的，但也许现在很难看到你的进步。让我们看看一些新想法是否可以推动您的学习进步。 If your study routine mostly consists of flash cards and grammar exercises, it's time to switch it up. In an article called 'The four strands' by Paul Nation, he suggests that while such exercises are important for building a strong foundation, we should also make time for more meaning-focused learning. That means lots of reading and listening, with a focus on gaining knowledge and enjoyment from the topic itself and learning new vocabulary through context clues. That way, you immerse yourself in the language and get a feel for how it's used in the real world. 如果您的学习日程主要由闪存卡和语法练习组成，那么是时候改变它了。在 Paul Nation 撰写的一篇名为“四股线”的文章中，他建议虽然此类练习对于打下坚实的基础很重要，但我们也应该腾出时间进行更注重意义的学习。这意味着大量的阅读和听力，重点是从主题本身中获取知识和乐趣，并通过上下文线索学习新词汇。这样，您就可以沉浸在该语言中并了解它在现实世界中的使用方式。 But don't stop there! Next, you've got to actually produce the language in a purposeful way. According to Merrill Swain's 'Output Hypothesis', speaking helps us to notice holes in our knowledge that we can then work on. Speaking also gives us the chance to experiment with language and, following feedback, either correct or maintain it. What about fluency? Fluency is using what you already know smoothly and quickly, without focusing on learning new words. Set a timer and talk to yourself about a topic, then repeat, setting a shorter timer each time. 但不要就此止步！接下来，您必须以有目的地的方式实际生成该语言。根据梅里尔·斯温（Merrill Swain）的“输出假说”，说话可以帮助我们发现知识中的漏洞，然后我们可以进行弥补。口语还让我们有机会尝试语言，并根据反馈纠正或维持语言。流畅度怎么样？流利度是指流畅、快速地使用你已经知道的东西，而不是专注于学习新单词。设置一个计时器并与自己谈论一个主题，然后重复，每次设置一个较短的计时器。 Breaking through the intermediate plateau is tricky. But, the key is not to rely on just one type of activity. Experiment with a well-balanced approach, varied materials, and above all, enjoy yourself, and you'll start seeing incremental improvements that'll send you on your way to master English at a higher level. 突破中间平台是很棘手的。但是，关键是不要仅依赖一种类型的活动。尝试平衡的方法、不同的材料，最重要的是，享受自己，你会开始看到渐进的进步，这将让你走上更高水平掌握英语的道路。词汇表stuck 难住了，卡住了intermediate plateau 中级瓶颈期，长期处于学习的中级阶段propel 推进，推动flash card （有单词或图片的）教学卡片switch it up 改变做法从而获得提升strong foundation 坚实的基础context clue 语境提示immerse oneself in 将自己沉浸在…中get a feel for (something) 通过体验感受（某事）output 输出fluency 流利程度break through 突破tricky 困难的incremental 逐步增加的master 熟练掌握

Fruit flies can walk, hover and the males can even sing love songs to woo females. All this, and these flies have a brain that's tinier than a pinhead. Researchers have taken a closer look and found that it's a tangle of more than 130,000 separate wires called neurons – all packed together, making more than 50 million separate connections to each other. 果蝇能行走和盘旋，雄性果蝇甚至能够通过唱 “情歌” 来追求雌性的芳心。果蝇虽然具备这些能力，它们的大脑却比针头还小。研究人员通过更进一步的观察发现，果蝇的大脑是一团缠结在一起的 13 万个独立 “导线”，即神经元。这些神经元之间形成了超过 5000 万个独立的连接。 It's taken them ten years, using advanced artificial intelligence systems, to identify its detailed structure, composition and connections. In essence, a wiring diagram, scientifically called the fly connectome. 科学家们花了十年的时间，使用先进的人工智能系统辨认出了果蝇大脑的详细结构、组成部分和连接方式。从本质上说，科学家们建立了一个接线图，科学上称之为苍蝇脑连接组。 Even though human brains are a million times larger than a fly's, Dr Gregory Jefferis of the Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Biology in Cambridge says that the new connectome is the first step in truly understanding, not just how fly brains work, but ours, too. That's because there are likely to be similarities in the way they're both wired. 虽然人类大脑比苍蝇大脑大 100 多万倍，但位于剑桥的医学研究委员会分子生物学实验室的格雷戈里·杰弗里斯博士表示，这次研究建立的苍蝇脑连接组是真正理解大脑运作机制的第一步，不论是对于苍蝇大脑还是人类大脑来说。这是因为这两种大脑的神经连接方式很可能有相似之处。 It will take decades to have a complete map of the human brain. But this analysis of fruit flies is the start of a new, deeper understanding of our own minds. 绘制人类大脑的完整图谱还需要几十年的时间。但对果蝇大脑的分析是一个起点：我们对自身的大脑也将有一个更新、更深刻的认识。 词汇表hover 盘旋woo 追求pinhead 针头tangle 缠结的一团neurons 神经元in essence 本质上molecular biology 分子生物学

What do these three things have in common: a grumpy baby, Harry Potter puppets singing, and a challenge where you pour a bucket of icy water over your head? The answer – they have all 'gone viral'. 这三件事有什么共同点：脾气暴躁的婴儿、哈利·波特木偶的歌声以及将一桶冰水倒在头上的挑战？答案是——它们都“病毒式传播”了。 The world is becoming more and more digital, and we can't stop it. While growing up, instead of wanting to be a doctor or a teacher, some now aspire to be an influencer or content creator, maybe in the hope of suddenly capturing widespread attention. It's generally agreed that if your content reaches over 1 million views in a week or less, you have 'gone viral'. So, how does virality happen? 世界变得越来越数字化，我们无法阻止。在成长过程中，有些人现在不再想成为一名医生或教师，而是渴望成为一名有影响力的人或内容创造者，也许是希望突然引起广泛的关注。人们普遍认为，如果您的内容在一周或更短的时间内浏览量超过 100 万次，那么您就已经“病毒式传播”。那么，病毒式传播是如何发生的呢？ The marketing tech company Unruly analysed over 400 billion videos and found that emotional connections, like humour and shock value, resonate the most strongly. These emotional elements drive us to share that content with others, and the more shares we have, the more seen that content will be. We should also think about why people want to share content in the first place. Dr Jonah Berger, a Marketing Professor at the Wharton School, says "Sharing allows us to feel connected to others. We share emotions, which allow us to deepen the bonds we have with our peers and with our friends". So, while we may be behind a screen, we're still online because we want to connect and communicate with others, and going viral is driven by organic sharing, just like word of mouth but in a digital sense. 营销科技公司 Unruly 分析了超过 4000 亿个视频，发现幽默和震撼价值等情感联系最能引起强烈共鸣。这些情感元素促使我们与他人分享该内容，我们分享的内容越多，该内容被看到的次数就越多。我们还应该首先考虑为什么人们想要分享内容。沃顿商学院营销学教授 Jonah Berger 博士表示：“分享让我们感受到与他人的联系。我们分享情感，这让我们加深与同事和朋友的联系。” 因此，虽然我们可能在屏幕后面，但我们仍然在线，因为我们想与他人联系和沟通，而病毒式传播是由有机共享驱动的，就像数字意义上的口碑传播一样。 Though there are other things to consider. Datadab, a marketing agency, says that our brains are wired to enjoy and recognise patterns, which they say is why internet memes often go viral. If we are already familiar with a theme, like a recognisable image on a meme, then it doesn't take long for us to understand the context of a new caption, which our brain enjoys and makes us more likely to share it. 尽管还有其他事情需要考虑。营销机构 Datadab 表示，我们的大脑天生喜欢享受和识别模式，他们说这就是互联网迷因经常流行的原因。如果我们已经熟悉一个主题，比如模因上的可识别图像，那么我们不需要很长时间就能理解新标题的上下文，我们的大脑喜欢它，并使我们更有可能分享它。 Timeliness and relevance are also crucial. Content that is relatable, or that aligns with current trends, captures more interest and encourages more sharing. So, combine all of these factors and you could have content that goes viral. 及时性和相关性也至关重要。相关的内容或符合当前趋势的内容会吸引更多兴趣并鼓励更多分享。因此，将所有这些因素结合起来，您就可以获得病毒式传播的内容。 

In the Japanese village of Kamimomi, a small group of farmers began gathering their rice in extreme heat, two weeks earlier than usual. 在日本的上莫米村，一小群农民开始在酷暑中收割稻谷，比平时提前了两周。 Kamimomi is in Japan’s western Okayama prefecture. The area is called "the Land of Sunshine" because of its good weather. But farmers working in the mountainside rice fields say climate change is hurting the harvest of rice. 上莫米位于日本西部的冈山县。该地区气候宜人，被称为“阳光之国”。但在山腰稻田劳作的农民表示，气候变化正在损害水稻的收成。 Joji Terasaka farms in Okayama. He said last year a hot period dried up the rice. He added, "I am worried about that this year because it will be just as hot." 冈山寺坂丈二农场。他说去年炎热的天气使稻米干涸。他补充道：“我很担心今年，因为今年也会一样热。” This year Japan had its hottest July on record. The Japan weather agency said temperatures were 2.16 degrees Celsius higher than average. Worldwide, there has been a 1.2-degree Celsius rise in average temperature since 1850. 今年日本经历了有记录以来最热的七月。日本气象厅表示，气温比平均水平高出 2.16 摄氏度。自 1850 年以来，全球平均气温上升了 1.2 摄氏度。 Scientists agreed that warming needs to be limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius to prevent the worst effects of climate change. 科学家们一致认为，升温需要限制在 1.5 摄氏度以内，以防止气候变化造成最严重的影响。Last year, Japan had a poor rice harvest nationwide because of unusually hot weather. 去年，由于天气异常炎热，日本全国稻谷歉收。 Officials say the drop in harvest in Japan was partly responsible for a shortage of rice this summer. The low supply of rice in markets forced sellers to limit each buyer to one rice bag. 官员们表示，日本收成下降是今年夏季大米短缺的部分原因。市场上大米供应不足，迫使卖家限制每个买家只能购买一袋大米。Yuji Masutomi is a researcher at the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba, north of Tokyo. He said, "Perhaps people think that an increase of one degree Celsius in average temperature isn't much. But it's quite a big change for plants and crops." Yuji Masutomi 是东京北部筑波国立环境研究所的研究员。他说：“也许人们认为平均气温升高一摄氏度并不算多，但对于植物和农作物来说却是一个很大的变化。” Masutomi said the rising temperatures also hurt the quality of the grain. Last year, the farming ministry noted that at least one-fifth of rice farms have reported a drop in quality from rising temperatures. "Not only is the appearance not good; people say the taste drops too," Masutomi said. Masutomi说，气温上升也损害了谷物的质量。去年，农业部指出，至少五分之一的稻田报告称，由于气温升高，稻米品质下降。“不仅外观不好，人们都说味道也下降了，”增富说。 Another problem the farmers in Kamimomi face is working under high heat. The average age of agricultural workers in Japan is nearly 69, among the oldest in the world. Older people are especially likely to suffer from the heat. For half of the year, farmers work in the heat to produce rice. 上莫米农民面临的另一个问题是在高温下工作。日本农业工人的平均年龄接近69岁，是世界上最长寿的国家之一。老年人尤其容易受到高温的影响。半年的时间里，农民们冒着酷暑辛苦生产水稻。 To deal with climate change, the government is urging the use of heat-resistant varieties of rice. One strain, developed by a research center near Tokyo, is called Sai no Kizuna. 为了应对气候变化，政府正在敦促使用耐热稻米品种。其中一种菌株是由东京附近的一个研究中心开发的，称为“Sai no Kizuna”。 Naoto Ohoka manages rice breeding at Saitama's Agricultural Technology Research Center. Ohoka said, "Last year and this year have been extremely hot, but even in those conditions, Sai no Kizuna maintained a certain level of quality.” 大霍直人 (Naoto Ohoka) 在埼玉县农业技术研究中心负责水稻育种工作。大霍卡说：“去年和今年都非常炎热，但即使在这样的条件下，彩之绊也保持了一定的质量水平。”Sai no Kizuna was developed in 2012 to better survive high heat, wind and certain pests and diseases. Masutomi recommends that similar varieties of rice should be introduced across Japan by the 2040s. Sai no Kizuna 于 2012 年开发，旨在更好地抵抗高温、大风和某些病虫害。Masutomi 建议到 2040 年代在日本各地引入类似的稻米品种。 But it can take up to 10 years to develop a new strain. After it is approved for the market, farmers must then decide to grow it. 但开发新菌株可能需要长达 10 年的时间。在批准上市后，农民必须决定种植它。 The most widely grown strain of rice is Koshihikari, which does not do well in high heat. Even so, older farmers have not always been willing to change to other varieties. Farming ministry data show that heat-resistant varieties grow in only around 15 percent of Japanese rice fields. 种植最广泛的水稻品种是越光水稻，它在高温下生长不佳。即便如此，老年农民并不总是愿意改种其他品种。农林水产省的数据显示，日本仅有 15% 左右的稻田种植耐热品种。 

Researchers say a large fish that was thought to have disappeared from Asia’s Mekong River has been seen in the waterway in recent years. 研究人员表示，一种被认为从亚洲湄公河消失的大型鱼类近年来在该水道中被发现。 The fish is called a giant salmon carp. A recent study detailed the most recent sightings of the fish. The lead writer of that study said the fish was seen at least three times between 2020 and 2023. 这种鱼被称为巨型鲑鱼。最近的一项研究详细介绍了最近看到的这种鱼。该研究的主要作者表示，这种鱼在 2020 年至 2023 年间至少出现过 3 次。 The predatory fish can grow to more than one meter in length and has an identifiable yellow spot surrounding its large eyes.这种掠食性鱼类可以长到一米多长，大眼睛周围有一个可识别的黄色斑点。 The Mekong River is Southeast Asia’s longest river. It passes through China, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam. About 60 million people depend on the river for food and survival. It is also an important environment for numerous river creatures. 湄公河是东南亚最长的河流。途经中国、老挝、泰国、缅甸、柬埔寨、越南。大约 6000 万人依赖这条河获取食物和生存。它也是众多河流生物的重要环境。 The leader of the research was Chheana Chhut. He is with the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. “The giant salmon carp is like a symbol of the Mekong region,” Chheana recently told The Associated Press. 这项研究的领导者是 Chheana Chhut。他在柬埔寨金边的内陆渔业研究与发展研究所工作。“巨型鲑鱼就像湄公河地区的象征，”切阿纳最近告诉美联社。 He was the co-writer with other researchers of a study announcing the findings in the publication Biological Conservation. Chheana said researchers had believed that the last confirmed sighting of the fish in the Mekong was in 2005. 他与其他研究人员共同撰写了一项研究，并在《生物保护》杂志上公布了研究结果。Chheana 表示，研究人员认为最后一次确认在湄公河中发现这种鱼是在 2005 年。But since 2017, biologists following the movements of migratory fish in Cambodia developed relationships with local fishing communities. They asked people in the communities to inform them of any unusual sightings. 但自 2017 年以来，追踪柬埔寨洄游鱼类活动的生物学家与当地渔业社区建立了关系。他们要求社区里的人们告知他们任何异常的目击事件。 That process led to the finding that three giant salmon carp were identified in the Mekong River and a neighboring waterway in Cambodia between 2020 and 2023. 这一过程导致发现 2020 年至 2023 年间在湄公河和柬埔寨邻近水道中发现了 3 条巨型鲑鱼。 Bunyeth Chan is a researcher at Cambodia’s Svay Rieng University. He helped lead the research. Bunyeth told the AP, “I was really surprised and excited to see the real fish for the first time.”Bunyeth Chan 是柬埔寨柴桢大学的研究员。他帮助领导了这项研究。班尼斯告诉美联社，“第一次看到真正的鱼，我感到非常惊讶和兴奋。” Researchers say the sightings give them new hope for the future of the species. Another name used for the species is “ghost fish.” 研究人员表示，这些目击事件给他们对该物种的未来带来了新的希望。该物种的另一个名称是“幽灵鱼”。 “This rediscovery is very exciting, positive news,” said Zeb Hogan. He is a fish biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno, who was part of the research team. “这一重新发现是非常令人兴奋的积极消息，”泽布·霍根说。他是内华达大学里诺分校的鱼类生物学家，也是该研究小组的成员。But the problems the fish experienced also demonstrate the dangers facing all migratory species in the Mekong. The huge river faces industrial pollution and overfishing, among other problems. 但鱼类所经历的问题也表明了湄公河所有迁徙物种所面临的危险。这条大河面临着工业污染和过度捕捞等问题。 Brian Eyler is director of the Southeast Asia Program at the Stimson Center in Washington, D.C. He was was not involved in the research. Eyler said one issue is that more than 700 dams are built along the river and neighboring waterways. In addition, there are very few workable “fish passages” that help species avoid obstructions. 布莱恩·艾勒是华盛顿特区史汀生中心东南亚项目主任。他没有参与这项研究。艾勒说，一个问题是沿河和邻近水道修建了 700 多座水坝。此外，能够帮助物种避开障碍物的可行“鱼道”非常少。 The Greater Mekong area includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar. 大湄公河地区包括越南、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国和缅甸。 The researchers said they hope that cooperation with local communities in Thailand and Laos will permit them to confirm whether the fish also still swims in other parts of the Mekong.研究人员表示，他们希望与泰国和老挝当地社区的合作能够让他们确认这种鱼是否仍然在湄公河的其他地区游泳。 

South Korean researchers have developed a drone designed to stay level when transporting goods over many kinds of surfaces. 韩国研究人员开发了一种无人机，旨在在多种表面上运输货物时保持水平。 A team at Seoul National University of Science and Technology built a prototype, or test model of the drone. The team recently demonstrated the aircraft for reporters from Reuters. 首尔国立科技大学的一个团队构建了无人机的原型或测试模型。该团队最近向路透社记者展示了这架飞机。 The prototype has a transport carrier attached to a drone structure. It is supported by several propellers and rotors that control its height, speed and direction in the air. The aircraft has a handle workers can push to guide it where it needs to go. 该原型机有一个连接到无人机结构的运输载体。它由多个螺旋桨和旋翼支撑，控制其在空中的高度、速度和方向。飞机有一个手柄，工作人员可以推动以引导飞机前往需要的地方。 Members of the development team showed how the drone can keep itself level while floating, even when transporting goods up or down stairs. Leaders of the research say the drone is programmed to predict human actions for effective interactions. 开发团队成员展示了无人机如何在漂浮时保持水平，甚至在上下楼梯运输货物时也是如此。该研究的领导者表示，无人机经过编程可以预测人类的行为，以实现有效的互动。Lee Seung-jae is a professor of mechanical system design engineering at Seoul National University of Science and Technology. He was a leader of the project. The research results appeared in a study in IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. The publication is part of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, based in New York. Lee Seung-jae 是首尔国立科技大学机械系统设计工程教授。他是该项目的领导者。研究结果发表在《IEEE 机器人与自动化快报》的一项研究中。该出版物是纽约电气和电子工程师协会的一部分。 Lee told Reuters tests of the drone showed it could transport objects up to 3 kilograms. He admitted this weight restriction likely limits the drone’s use cases for many businesses. But he noted that the transporter’s design and operating equipment could be used to create a series of other kinds of drone vehicles. Lee 告诉路透社，无人机的测试表明它可以运输重达 3 公斤的物体。他承认这种重量限制可能会限制无人机在许多企业中的使用案例。但他指出，运输机的设计和操作设备可用于制造一系列其他类型的无人机。 Lee said one example would be to use the transporter to carry sensitive or breakable materials. The technology could also be used to develop “flying taxis” to transport humans, he added. 李说，一个例子是使用运输车运输敏感或易碎材料。他补充说，该技术还可用于开发“飞行出租车”来运送人类。When used in a flying taxi, Lee said the drones could be used to change batteries while still flying in the air, instead of having to return to a ground station for recharging. 李说，当用于飞行出租车时，无人机可以在空中飞行时更换电池，而不必返回地面站充电。 In general, experts say drones with multiple propellers are easier to control and move in many different settings. But they are also slower and cannot travel as far on a battery charge. 一般来说，专家表示，具有多个螺旋桨的无人机在许多不同的环境中更容易控制和移动。但它们的速度也较慢，并且无法通过电池充电行驶那么远的距离。 Drones with multiple rotors have already been used to transport small amounts of goods, food and medical supplies. But experts say it is difficult to widely expand use of such drones for commercial purposes. This is because such activities would require larger batteries a smaller aircraft could not support. 具有多个旋翼的无人机已被用于运输少量货物、食品和医疗用品。但专家表示，很难广泛扩大此类无人机的商业用途。这是因为此类活动需要更大的电池，而较小的飞机无法支持。 

A new government study suggests U.S. teen smoking rates reached an all-time low this year. 一项新的政府研究表明，今年美国青少年吸烟率达到历史最低点。 The study was a survey of American youth carried out by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 该研究是美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）对美国青少年进行的一项调查。 The survey involved middle school students – which includes grades six through eight – and high school students in grades nine through 12. Nearly 30,000 students from 283 U.S. schools took part in the effort, which was carried out from January to May. 这项调查涉及中学生（包括 6 至 8 年级）和 9 至 12 年级的高中生。这项调查于 1 月至 5 月进行，共有来自 283 所美国学校的近 3 万名学生参与。 An estimated 33 percent of youth took part in the voluntary survey. 据估计，有 33% 的年轻人参加了这项自愿调查。 The study showed a 20 percent drop in the number of middle and high school students who said they recently used at least one tobacco product. These include cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, nicotine patches and hookahs. 研究显示，表示最近至少使用过一种烟草产品的初中生和高中生人数下降了 20%。其中包括香烟、电子烟、尼古丁贴片和水烟袋。 That number decreased from 2.8 million last year to 2.25 million this year. The result suggested the change was the lowest usage rate of those products since the CDC survey began in 1999. 这一数字从去年的 280 万减少到今年的 225 万。结果表明，这是自 1999 年 CDC 调查开始以来这些产品的最低使用率。 The Associated Press (AP) reports the drop is largely explained by another recent government survey showing e-cigarette use among U.S. youth in 2024 fell to its lowest level in 10 years. 美联社 (AP) 报道称，这一下降的主要原因是政府最近的另一项调查显示，到 2024 年，美国青少年的电子烟使用量将降至 10 年来的最低水平。 The youth e-cigarette rate fell to under six percent this year, a drop of 7.7 percent over last year. That was the lowest rate at any time during the past 10 years. Government records show e-cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco products among teens. The second most common is the nicotine patch. 今年青少年电子烟使用率降至6%以下，比去年下降7.7%。这是过去十年来最低的比率。政府记录显示，电子烟是青少年最常用的烟草产品。第二个最常见的是尼古丁贴片。 In 1999, nearly 30 percent of American high school students smoked. In 2024, it was just 1.7 percent. Currently, the share of middle school students who smoke is also at its lowest rate. Recent use of hookahs also dropped, from 1.1 to 0.7 percent. 1999年，近30%的美国高中生吸烟。2024 年，这一比例仅为 1.7%。目前，中学生吸烟比例也处于最低水平。最近水烟的使用率也下降了，从 1.1% 下降到 0.7%。 CDC officials said the decreases are linked to several measures. These include product cost increases, public health education campaigns, age restrictions and more aggressive enforcement actions against makers and sellers to children. 疾病预防控制中心官员表示，数量减少与多项措施有关。其中包括产品成本增加、公共卫生教育活动、年龄限制以及针对儿童制造商和销售商的更严厉的执法行动。 Among high school students, use of any tobacco product dropped from 13 to 10 percent in 2024 while e-cigarette use fell from 10 to eight percent. The survey showed there was no change reported for middle school students who generally vape or smoke less than older children. 到 2024 年，高中生中任何烟草产品的使用率将从 13% 下降至 10%，而电子烟的使用率将从 10% 下降至 8%。调查显示，与年龄较大的孩子相比，中学生吸电子烟或吸烟的次数没有变化。 The study found that tobacco use among girls and Hispanic students fell. But it rose among American Indian and Alaska Native students. The survey also showed the current use of nicotine patches increased among white youth. 研究发现，女孩和西班牙裔学生的烟草使用量有所下降。但这种现象在美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民学生中有所上升。调查还显示，目前白人青年中尼古丁贴片的使用有所增加。 

The Grand National, regarded by many as the world's most famous horse race, features jockeys and horses negotiating 30 fences over more than four miles, and is watched by an estimated six hundred million people worldwide.英国国家障碍赛马大赛被许多人认为是世界上最著名的赛马比赛，骑手们需驾驭马匹在超过四英里长的赛程中跨越30道障碍。每年全球约有六亿人观看这项赛事。However, after the death of five horses over the last decade, including one this year, there have been calls for more safety measures to be introduced.然而，在过去十年中有五匹赛马死亡，包括今年的一匹，这令一些人们呼吁大赛应引入更多安全保障措施。These changes will see the maximum number of riders reduced from 40 to 34. There will also be an earlier start time and a shorter run to the first fence to slow horses down early on.这些措施包括把同场竞技的骑手人数从40人减少到34人。比赛的开始时间将会提前，从比赛起点到第一个障碍间的距离也会缩短，以提早控制马匹的速度。 The introduction of a standing start and further veterinary checks are amongst other changes.其它变化包括将赛马起跑方式改为静止站立起跑，以及更完善的兽医检查。词汇表jockeys 赛马骑手，职业骑师negotiating 设法穿过、越过fences 栏杆，（赛事中设置的）障碍worldwide 全世界范围地safety measures 安全措施riders 骑手run 奔跑的距离，行程early on 在早期，尽早地standing start 站立式起跑（此处指马匹静止站立起跑）veterinary checks 兽医检查

“No pain, no gain” is an old saying in English. It means that one has to suffer or work hard in order to succeed or make progress. “没有付出，就没有收获”是英语中的一句老话。它意味着一个人必须受苦或努力工作才能成功或取得进步。 The expression is now often used to push people to train harder or exercise more to get good effects. 现在这个词经常被用来督促人们更加努力地训练或者更多地锻炼以获得好的效果。 But just how much pain do you have to have from weight training? The answer depends on what you are trying to gain, fitness experts say. 但举重训练到底要承受多少痛苦呢？健身专家说，答案取决于你想要获得什么。 For years, some trainers have told people that to get the best results, they need to train “until failure.” 多年来，一些培训师告诉人们，为了获得最佳效果，他们需要训练“直到失败”。 Training “until failure” means that you do an exercise until you cannot do one more repetition. Some recent studies, however, suggest training “until failure” with weights may only help some people. 训练“直到失败”意味着你做一项练习直到你不能再重复一次为止。然而，最近的一些研究表明，“直到力竭”的举重训练可能只会对某些人有帮助。“If somebody wants to increase muscle mass as much as they possibly can, then training to failure is something to consider,” said Michael Zourdos of Florida Atlantic University. “如果有人想尽可能增加肌肉质量，那么训练到力竭是值得考虑的事情，”佛罗里达大西洋大学的迈克尔·佐尔多斯说。 Zourdos co-wrote a review of 55 research papers on the subject in the scientific publication Sports Medicine. Zourdos 在科学出版物《运动医学》上共同撰写了对 55 篇有关该主题的研究论文的评论。 Zourdos and colleagues found that lifting weights “until failure” may build bigger muscles. But training in such a way is not needed to increase strength. He said people who work out hard, but do not push themselves to exhaustion, will still likely make their health and fitness better. “There is a difference between training for health and training for elite performance benefits,” he said. 佐尔多斯和同事发现举重“直到力竭”可能会锻炼出更大的肌肉。但这样的训练并不需要增加力量。他说，努力锻炼但不让自己精疲力尽的人仍然可能会改善自己的健康状况。“健康训练和精英表现训练之间存在差异，”他说。For the average person simply looking to increase their fitness levels, Zourdos said it is much easier to get results. He explained people who work out regularly would benefit from an intense session that comes within five to 10 repetitions of failure. 佐尔多斯表示，对于只想提高健身水平的普通人来说，获得结果要容易得多。他解释说，经常锻炼的人会从重复 5 到 10 次失败的高强度训练中受益。 He also said “failure training” often comes at a cost. People who train until failure might be so tired and in so much pain that they skip their next workout or two. 他还表示，“失败训练”往往是要付出代价的。训练到失败的人可能会感到非常疲倦和痛苦，以至于他们跳过下一两次训练。 In rare cases, extremely difficult training can even be harmful. One example is the condition called rhabdomyolysis, where damaged muscles begin to break down, possibly causing kidney damage. 在极少数情况下，极其困难的训练甚至可能是有害的。一个例子是横纹肌溶解症，受损的肌肉开始分解，可能导致肾脏损伤。 James Fisher is a sport science expert and advisor in Southampton, England. He said many people are not interested in the idea of working until complete exhaustion. 詹姆斯·费舍尔是英国南安普敦的一位运动科学专家和顾问。他说，许多人对工作到筋疲力尽的想法不感兴趣。 “What we’re really talking about is how hard you should work when you go to the gym,” he said. “我们真正讨论的是去健身房时应该多努力，”他说。 Fisher added that the idea should be understood to mean that people can spend less time in the gym — if they work hard. 费舍尔补充说，这个想法应该被理解为意味着人们可以花更少的时间在健身房——如果他们努力工作的话。 “If you’re short on time, then you can push yourself harder, and then you don’t need to work out as long,” he said. “如果你时间不够，那么你可以更加努力地逼自己，然后你就不需要锻炼那么长时间了，”他说。 Fisher explained that to increase strength, it is necessary to push your muscles to a certain level. 费舍尔解释说，要增加力量，就必须将肌肉推至一定水平。 “If you lift a weight you can easily lift ten times or more, you never really work hard enough,” he said. “Now, if we increase the weight so that on the ninth and 10th rep, it feels ... hard, that will benefit your muscle...” “如果你举起的重量可以轻松举起十次或更多，那么你就永远不够努力，”他说。“现在，如果我们增加重量，以便在第九次和第十次时，感觉......很硬，这将对你的肌肉有益......” Still, Fisher said that the best workout is “one that people will actually do,” regardless of how hard they push themselves. He said that strength training is probably the best single thing people can do for their health, quality of life and longevity. 尽管如此，费舍尔表示，最好的锻炼是“人们实际上会做的锻炼”，无论他们多么努力地督促自己。他说，力量训练可能是人们可以为健康、生活质量和长寿做的最好的事情。 Whatever your fitness goal, Fisher said the idea of failure training can be included into your workout. People should then rest the muscle group they have trained for about two days, he said. 费舍尔表示，无论您的健身目标是什么，失败训练的想法都可以纳入您的锻炼中。他说，人们应该让他们训练过的肌肉群休息大约两天。 For people who have more experience, experts suggest saving the failure training for some of the workouts, or on the last set of exercises in your session. 对于有更多经验的人，专家建议将力竭训练保留在某些训练中，或在训练中的最后一组练习中进行。 “It’s not meant to be for every person, every time they work out,” Fisher said. “This is a tough way to exercise.” “这并不意味着每个人、每次锻炼时都适合，”费舍尔说。“这是一种艰难的锻炼方式。” 

October 31 is Halloween. But many Americans have been preparing for the holiday for weeks. And businesses are hoping for good profits from Halloween purchases. 10月31日是万圣节。但许多美国人已经为假期做准备了数周。企业希望从万圣节采购中获得丰厚利润。 The National Retail Federation (N.R.F.) is the largest U.S. trade group representing sellers of material goods. It expects total Halloween spending in 2024 to reach about $11.6 billion. That sounds like a healthy amount, but it would be a drop from the year before. The N.R.F. says total Halloween spending in 2023 was a record-setting $12.2 billion. 全国零售联合会 (N.R.F.) 是代表物质商品销售商的美国最大贸易组织。预计 2024 年万圣节总支出将达到约 116 亿美元。这听起来是一个健康的数字，但与前一年相比会有所下降。N.R.F. 表示 2023 年万圣节总支出将达到创纪录的 122 亿美元。 So, you might wonder: What are Americans buying for Halloween and how do they celebrate the holiday? 所以，您可能想知道：美国人在万圣节买什么以及他们如何庆祝这个节日？ Halloween traditions in America are linked to Celtic beliefs in ancient Britain. The Celts believed that spirits of the dead would return to their homes on October 31, the day of the autumn feast. Celts would build huge fires to frighten away any evil spirits that might return. 美国的万圣节传统与古英国的凯尔特信仰有关。凯尔特人相信，死者的灵魂会在 10 月 31 日，即秋季盛宴的日子返回家园。凯尔特人会生火来吓走任何可能卷土重来的恶灵。 People from Scotland and Ireland brought these ideas with them when they came to America. Some believed that spirits played tricks on people on the last night of October. 来自苏格兰和爱尔兰的人们在来到美国时也带来了这些想法。有些人相信十月的最后一个晚上是鬼魂对人们进行的恶作剧。 In modern America, the holiday mostly belongs to children. After dark, children wear special clothing, called costumes. They often appear as frightening creatures like vampires, ghosts and witches. The children walk around their neighborhoods, knocking on doors of homes. When someone answers a door, the children yell “trick or treat.” If the people in the homes do not give them a sweet treat, the children may play a trick on them. 在现代美国，这个节日主要属于孩子们。天黑后，孩子们穿着特殊的衣服，称为服装。他们经常以吸血鬼、鬼魂和女巫等可怕的生物的形式出现。孩子们在社区里走来走去，敲着各家的门。当有人开门时，孩子们会大喊“不给糖就捣蛋”。如果家里的人不给他们甜食，孩子们可能会捉弄他们。Some of the purchases people make for Halloween include candy and costumes. This year, the N.R.F. expects the superhero character Spider-Man to be the most popular children’s costume. 人们为万圣节购买的一些物品包括糖果和服装。今年，N.R.F. 预计超级英雄角色蜘蛛侠将成为最受欢迎的儿童服装。 Children are not the only Americans in costumes on Halloween, however. Adults also dress up in costumes and attend Halloween parties, parades and other events. These celebrations often include costume competitions, with prizes for the most frightening, inventive or humorous costumes. 然而，孩子们并不是唯一在万圣节穿着服装的美国人。成年人也会盛装打扮，参加万圣节派对、游行和其他活动。这些庆祝活动通常包括服装比赛，为最令人恐惧、最有创意或最幽默的服装颁发奖项。 Overall, the N.R.F. reports, total spending on costumes for Halloween 2024 is expected to reach a total of $3.8 billion. It says buyers will spend $3.5 billion on Halloween candy. NRF 报告称，总体而言，2024 年万圣节服装的总支出预计将达到 38 亿美元。它表示，买家将在万圣节糖果上花费 35 亿美元。 Americans also enjoy decorating their homes for Halloween. 美国人也喜欢在万圣节装饰他们的家。 People hang fake skeletons, witches, spiders and other scary things around their doors and from trees and bushes. They also cut scary faces into pumpkins and light them to create a strange glow. 人们把假骷髅、女巫、蜘蛛和其他可怕的东西挂在门上、树上和灌木丛上。他们还在南瓜上刻出可怕的面孔，并点燃它们以产生奇怪的光芒。 Some people do a little decorating, others do a lot, and still others do none at all. But, the N.R.F. says researchers estimate Americans will spend about $3.8 billion dollars to dress up their houses for Halloween this year. 有些人做了一点装饰，有些人做了很多，还有一些人根本不做。但是，N.R.F. 研究人员估计，今年美国人将花费约 38 亿美元来装扮他们的房屋以庆祝万圣节。 

Octopuses are usually considered to be solitary creatures, but this study suggests they may have richer social lives than previously thought. 章鱼通常被认为是独居动物，但这个研究表明它们的社交生活可能比此前人们认为的更加丰富。Researchers found they work together with different species of fish when hunting for prey, even making decisions on behalf of the pack and sharing leadership responsibilities. But things don't always go swimmingly. Scientists witnessed octopuses punching fish in the group, apparently, as a way of making them work harder and keeping them on task. 研究者发现，章鱼在捕猎时会和不同种类的鱼合作，甚至为这个群体作出决策并承担领导职能。但事情并不总是一帆风顺。科学家观察到，章鱼似乎会击打团队中的鱼，目的是为了让它们继续完成任务并且更加卖力地捕猎。 The authors of the study say it shows that when it comes to sentience, octopuses are closer to humans than previously thought.这项研究的论文作者表示，章鱼的感知能力比先前估计的更接近人类。词汇表solitary 独自的richer 更丰富的prey 猎物pack （动物的）群体leadership responsibilities 领导职能go swimmingly （某事）顺利进行，一帆风顺keeping… on task 让…继续工作sentience 感知能力than previously thought 比先前所想的更…

Suddenly a sound rings out, stopping you in your tracks. Panicking, you search for where it could be coming from. It's your phone, and if you're like a quarter of 18 to 34-year-olds in a recent British study, you probably won't answer it. The same study found that 70% of people in this age group prefer text messages to phone calls. Why do so many people hate phone calls? 突然，一道声音响起，让你停下了脚步。你惊慌失措，寻找它可能来自哪里。这是你的手机，如果你就像英国最近一项研究中 18 至 34 岁人群中的四分之一一样，你可能不会接听它。同一项研究发现，这个年龄段的人中有 70% 更喜欢短信而不是电话。为什么很多人讨厌打电话？ While previous generations grew up using landlines to talk to their friends, smartphone-equipped younger people have grown up accustomed to using text messages, group chats and voice notes for social conversations. What these media have in common is that they are asynchronous – they don't need to happen in real time. When you can craft a reply free of interruption, you have greater control over your contributions to a conversation. It also means that you can reply when it's best for you. Synchronous communication, like phone calls or face-to-face conversations, can lead people to feel a loss of control and the corresponding anxiety. Coupled to this is that fact that many young people report associating phone calls, particularly those without prior warning, with bad news. 前几代人是使用固定电话与朋友聊天长大的，而配备智能手机的年轻人已经习惯使用短信、群聊和语音笔记进行社交对话。这些媒体的共同点是它们是异步的——它们不需要实时发生。当您能够不受干扰地做出回复时，您就可以更好地控制自己对对话的贡献。这也意味着您可以在最适合您的时候回复。同步沟通，如电话或面对面交谈，可能会导致人们感到失控和相应的焦虑。与此相伴的是，许多年轻人报告说，他们将电话（尤其是那些没有事先警告的电话）与坏消息联系起来。 This means that new social codes are being established. Many people will now text someone to see if they're available to take a phone call. If someone doesn't feel able to sum something up in a few short messages, they might leave a long voice note. Could it be that not wanting to intrude on someone with a sudden phone call is just a question of good manners and respecting someone's boundaries? 这意味着新的社会规范正在建立。现在，许多人会发短信询问某人是否可以接听电话。如果有人觉得无法用几条短信概括一些内容，他们可能会留下很长的语音留言。难道不想突然打电话打扰别人只是出于礼貌和尊重别人的界限吗？ Maybe, but this doesn't mean that anxiety around communication has been eliminated. Texting may be asynchronous, but many people report tensions from being 'left on read' – when you know someone has read your message, but they don't, or won't, reply. Many would agree with British writer Daisy Buchanan, who reminds us how picking up the phone to talk to someone can be far more effective at relieving tension than a series of awkward messages. So, are these new social codes better at respecting boundaries, or are they just creating a whole new set of potential anxieties? 也许吧，但这并不意味着沟通方面的焦虑已经消除。短信可能是异步的，但许多人报告说，当您知道有人已阅读您的消息，但他们没有或不会回复时，“未读”会带来紧张感。许多人会同意英国作家黛西·布坎南(Daisy Buchanan)的观点，她提醒我们，拿起电话与某人交谈比一系列尴尬的信息更能有效缓解紧张情绪。那么，这些新的社会规范是否更能尊重界限，或者它们只是创造了一系列全新的潜在焦虑？ 词汇表text message 文字消息landline 固定电话smartphone-equipped 拥有智能手机的group chat 群聊voice note 语音留言social conversation 社交聊天media 传播媒介asynchronous 非即时的，异步的real time 实时interruption 打断，干扰contribution 贡献synchronous 即时的，同步的face-to-face 面对面的anxiety 焦虑prior warning 预先警告social code 社交规则text 给…发短信available 有空的intrude on 打扰respect boundaries 尊重他人的界限left on read 已读不回，发出的消息显示已读但没有收到回复pick up 接听电话

A new study says humanity is hitting the upper limit of life expectancy. 一项新的研究表明，人类正在达到预期寿命的上限。 Developments in medical technology and genetic research are not leading to major increases in lifespan overall, the researchers said. 研究人员表示，医疗技术和基因研究的发展并没有导致整体寿命的大幅延长。 The study was published recently in Nature Aging. 该研究最近发表在《自然衰老》杂志上。 “We have to recognize there’s a limit” and possibly change ideas about when people should retire and how much money they will need to live out their lives, said S. Jay Olshansky of the University of Illinois-Chicago. Olshansky was the lead writer of the study. 伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校的 S. Jay Olshansky 表示，“我们必须认识到这是有限制的”，并可能改变人们关于何时退休以及需要多少钱来度过余生的想法。奥尔尚斯基是这项研究的主要作者。 Mark Hayward of the University of Texas was not involved in the study. However, he called it “a valuable addition to the mortality literature.” 德克萨斯大学的马克·海沃德没有参与这项研究。然而，他称其为“对死亡率文献的宝贵补充”。 “We are reaching a plateau” in life expectancy, he said. 他说，预期寿命“我们正在达到一个平台期”。 It is always possible that some new development could push survival to greater lengths, “but we don’t have that now,” Hayward said. 海沃德说，一些新的发展总是有可能将生存推向更大的长度，“但我们现在还没有这样的能力”。Life expectancy is an estimate of the average number of years a baby born in a particular year might expect to live. The measurement assumes death rates at the time of birth do not change. 预期寿命是对特定年份出生的婴儿预期寿命的平均年数的估计。该测量假设出生时的死亡率没有变化。 Life expectancy is one of the world’s most important health measures. Still the life expectancy measurement has problems. For example, life expectancy is an estimate that cannot include new developments or changes that might affect the length of people’s lives. 预期寿命是世界上最重要的健康指标之一。预期寿命的测量仍然存在问题。例如，预期寿命是一种估计值，不能包括可能影响人们寿命长度的新发展或变化。 These unknown developments could include pandemics or new treatments for diseases. 这些未知的发展可能包括流行病或疾病的新疗法。 In the recent study, Olshansky and other researchers followed life expectancy estimates for the years 1990 to 2019. They took information from a database administered by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. 在最近的研究中，奥尔尚斯基和其他研究人员跟踪了 1990 年至 2019 年的预期寿命估计。他们从马克斯·普朗克人口研究所管理的数据库中获取信息。 The researchers paid special attention to eight of the places in the world where people live the longest: Australia, France, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain and Switzerland.研究人员特别关注了世界上人们寿命最长的八个地方：澳大利亚、法国、香港、意大利、日本、韩国、西班牙和瑞士。 The United States does not rank in the top 40, but it was included in the study because the researchers live in the U.S. Also, some experts have made estimates that life expectancy in the U.S. would increase greatly in the 2000s, Olshansky said. 奥尔尚斯基表示，美国并未进入前40名，但由于研究人员居住在美国，因此被纳入研究范围。此外，一些专家估计，美国的预期寿命将在2000年代大幅增加。Women continue to live longer than men. Female life expectancy improvements are still happening — but at a slower rate, the researchers found. In 1990, the average amount of improvement was about 2.5 years every 10 years. In the 2010s, it was 1.5 years — but almost zero in the United States. 女性的寿命仍然比男性长。研究人员发现，女性预期寿命仍在延长，但速度较慢。1990年，平均每10年改善2.5年左右。2010 年代，这个数字是 1.5 年——但在美国几乎为零。 Life expectancy measurements in the U.S. are more difficult. The country is affected by a number of causes of early death. Examples include drug overdoses, shootings, weight problems and uneven health care services. 美国的预期寿命测量更加困难。该国受到多种早逝原因的影响。例子包括药物过量、枪击、体重问题和医疗保健服务不均衡。But in one calculation, the researchers estimated what would happen in all nine places if all deaths before age 50 were prevented. The increase at best was still only 1.5 years, Olshansky said. 但在一项计算中，研究人员估计了如果 50 岁之前的所有死亡都被避免的话，所有九个地方将会发生什么。奥尔尚斯基说，最好的情况是增加了 1.5 年。 The study suggests that there is a limit to how long most people live, and we have almost hit it, Olshansky said. 奥尔尚斯基说，这项研究表明，大多数人的寿命是有极限的，而我们几乎已经达到了极限。 “We’re squeezing less and less life out of these life-extending technologies. And the reason is, aging gets in the way,” he said. “我们从这些延长生命的技术中榨取的生命越来越少。原因是，衰老会成为障碍，”他说。 It may seem common to hear of a person living to 100. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, for example, recently celebrated his 100th birthday. 听说有人活到 100 岁似乎很常见。例如，美国前总统吉米·卡特 (Jimmy Carter) 最近庆祝了他的 100 岁生日。 In 2019, a little over two percent of Americans made it to 100, compared to about five percent in Japan and nine percent in Hong Kong, Olshansky said. 奥尔尚斯基说，2019 年，略高于 2% 的美国人达到了 100 岁，而日本和香港的这一比例约为 5% 和 9%。 It is likely that the number of people who reach 100 will grow in the years ahead, experts say, but that is because of population growth. The percentage of people hitting 100 will remain limited, likely with fewer than 15 percent of women and 5 percent of men making it that long in most countries, Olshansky said. 专家表示，未来几年，活到 100 岁的人数可能会增加，但这是因为人口增长。奥尔尚斯基表示，活到 100 岁的人口比例仍然有限，在大多数国家，能活到 100 岁的女性和男性可能只有不到 15% 和

In Pakistan, polio cases are rising ahead of a new vaccination campaign. Violence targeting health workers has also hurt years of efforts toward making the country polio-free. 在巴基斯坦，在新的疫苗接种活动之前，脊髓灰质炎病例正在上升。针对卫生工作者的暴力行为也损害了该国多年来为消除脊髓灰质炎所做的努力。 The World Health Organization says polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. The disease largely affects children under age five. The virus is transmitted from person to person and spread mainly through contact. It invades the nervous system and causes a person to be unable to move arms, legs or muscles, a condition called paralysis. Among those paralyzed, up to 10 percent die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. 世界卫生组织表示，脊髓灰质炎是一种由病毒引起的高度传染性疾病。这种疾病主要影响五岁以下的儿童。该病毒在人与人之间传播，主要通过接触传播。它侵入神经系统，导致人无法移动手臂、腿或肌肉，这种情况称为瘫痪。在瘫痪者中，高达 10% 的人因呼吸肌肉无法活动而死亡。 Since January, health officials have confirmed 39 new polio cases in Pakistan, compared to only six last year, said Anwarul Haq. He is with the National Emergency Operation Center for Polio Eradication. Eradication means getting rid of something completely. 安瓦尔·哈克 (Anwarul Haq) 表示，自 1 月份以来，卫生官员已确认巴基斯坦新增 39 例脊髓灰质炎病例，而去年仅为 6 例。他在国家根除脊髓灰质炎紧急行动中心工作。根除意味着彻底消除某物。The new nationwide campaign starts on October 28. The campaign aims to vaccinate at least 32 million children. 新的全国性运动将于 10 月 28 日开始。该运动旨在为至少 3200 万儿童接种疫苗。 “The whole purpose of these campaigns is to achieve the target of making Pakistan a polio-free state,” Haq said. 哈克说：“这些活动的全部目的是实现让巴基斯坦成为无脊髓灰质炎国家的目标。” Pakistan regularly launches campaigns against polio despite attacks on the workers and police assigned to protect them. 尽管负责保护他们的工人和警察遭到袭击，巴基斯坦仍定期开展针对脊髓灰质炎的运动。 Militants falsely claim that the vaccination campaigns are a Western attempt to sterilize children. To sterilize means to make someone unable to produce children. 武装分子错误地声称疫苗接种运动是西方对儿童进行绝育的尝试。绝育意味着使某人无法生育孩子。 Most of the new polio cases were reported in the southwestern Balochistan and southern Sindh provinces. The next two areas with the most cases are Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and eastern Punjab. 大多数新增脊髓灰质炎病例发生在俾路支省西南部和信德省南部。接下来的两个病例最多的地区是开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省和旁遮普省东部。 The locations worry officials since previous cases were from the northwest areas bordering Afghanistan. In September, this is where the Taliban government suddenly stopped a house-to-house vaccination campaign. 这些地点令官员们感到担忧，因为之前的病例都来自与阿富汗接壤的西北地区。9月，塔利班政府在这里突然停止了挨家挨户的疫苗接种活动。Afghanistan and Pakistan are the two countries in which the spread of the possibly deadly, paralyzing disease has never been eradicated. Officials in Pakistan have said that the Taliban’s decision will have major effects beyond the Afghan border. People from both sides frequently travel to each other’s country. 阿富汗和巴基斯坦是可能致命的瘫痪疾病的传播从未被根除的两个国家。巴基斯坦官员表示，塔利班的决定将对阿富汗边境以外地区产生重大影响。双方人员经常往对方国家旅游。 The WHO has confirmed 18 polio cases in Afghanistan this year. All but two of these cases were in the south of the country. That number is up from six cases in 2023. 世界卫生组织今年已确认阿富汗有 18 例脊髓灰质炎病例。除两例外，所有这些病例都发生在该国南部。这一数字比 2023 年的 6 起有所增加。 In June, Afghanistan started a house-to-house vaccination campaign for the first time in five years. The campaign has helped to reach the majority of children targeted, officials at the WHO said. 6月，阿富汗五年来首次开展挨家挨户的疫苗接种活动。世界卫生组织官员表示，这项运动帮助覆盖了大多数目标儿童。Health officials in Pakistan say they want both sides to hold anti-polio campaigns at the same time. 巴基斯坦卫生官员表示，他们希望双方同时开展反脊髓灰质炎运动。 

“There was a trend, it happened when COVID hit, to stop reading full-length novels because students were in trauma; we were in a pandemic. The problem is we haven’t quite come back from that,” she said. “当新冠疫情来袭时，出现了一种趋势，即停止阅读长篇小说，因为学生们正处于创伤之中；我们正处于大流行之中。问题是我们还没有完全恢复过来，”她说。 Other teachers blame standardized testing and the influence of education technology. 其他教师则将此归咎于标准化考试和教育技术的影响。 Some students struggle to read. Only one third of fourth and eighth graders reached reading proficiency in the 2022 National Assessment of Educational Progress. 有些学生读书有困难。在 2022 年国家教育进步评估中，只有三分之一的四年级和八年级学生达到了阅读水平。 Leah van Belle is the director of the non-profit literacy coalition 313Reads in Detroit, Michigan. Van Belle said, when her son read the book Peter Pan in elementary school, it was too difficult for most children. She said her son’s school does not have a library. Leah van Belle 是密歇根州底特律非营利扫盲联盟 313Reads 的主任。范贝尔说，当她的儿子在小学读《彼得潘》这本书时，对大多数孩子来说太难了。她说她儿子的学校没有图书馆。 Still, she said it makes sense for English classes to use shorter reading material. 尽管如此，她表示英语课程使用较短的阅读材料是有意义的。 “As an adult, if I want to learn about a topic and research it, be it personal or professional, I’m using interactive digital text to do that,” she said. “作为一个成年人，如果我想了解一个主题并进行研究，无论是个人的还是专业的，我都会使用交互式数字文本来做到这一点，”她说。Even in schools with many resources, time is always in short supply. 即使在资源丰富的学校，时间也总是紧张。 Terri White teaches at South Windsor High School in Connecticut. White no longer assigns the book To Kill a Mockingbird to her class. 特丽·怀特 (Terri White) 在康涅狄格州南温莎高中任教。怀特不再将《杀死一只知更鸟》这本书分配给她的班级。 She assigns about one third of the book and provides a synopsis, or a very short version, of the rest. White says the reason is that the class has to move quickly so she can teach all the required material. 她分配了这本书大约三分之一的篇幅，并提供了其余部分的概要或非常简短的版本。怀特说，原因是课程必须快速进行，这样她才能教授所有需要的材料。 White also assigns less homework because students have sports and other activities. She said she wanted her class to be “more about helping student become stronger and more critical readers, writers and thinkers, while taking their social-emotional well-being into account.”怀特还分配了较少的家庭作业，因为学生有运动和其他活动。她说，她希望她的课程“更多地帮助学生成为更强大、更挑剔的读者、作家和思想家，同时考虑到他们的社会情感健康。 The synopses method alone, however, can harm student critical thinking skills says Alden Jones, a literature professor at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts. 然而，马萨诸塞州波士顿爱默生学院的文学教授奥尔登·琼斯 （Alden Jones） 说，单独的概要方法会损害学生的批判性思维能力。 Jones assigns fewer books than before but gives more small tests to make sure students are reading. 琼斯分配的书籍比以前少了，但给出了更多的小测试，以确保学生正在阅读。 “We don’t value the thinking time that we used to have. It’s all time we could be on our phone accomplishing tasks,” she said. “我们不珍惜过去的思考时间。我们随时都可以用手机完成任务，”她说。Will Higgins is an English teacher at Dartmouth High School in Massachusetts. Higgins said he still believes in teaching the classics. But he said students do not have enough time, so teachers have cut back on the number of books they teach. 威尔·希金斯是马萨诸塞州达特茅斯高中的英语老师。希金斯说他仍然相信教授古典文学。但他说学生没有足够的时间，所以老师们减少了教书的数量。 “We haven’t given up on Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice. We haven’t given up on Hamlet or The Great Gatsby,” he said. But Higgins admitted giving up on assigning a long book like A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. “我们没有放弃《简·爱》和《傲慢与偏见》。我们没有放弃《哈姆雷特》或《了不起的盖茨比》，”他说。但希金斯承认放弃了分配像查尔斯·狄更斯的《两座城市的故事》这样的长书。

Teachers in many English classes across America are having students read fewer full-length books. 美国许多英语课堂的老师都在减少学生阅读长篇书籍的数量。 Recently, the Associated Press explored the issue in education. 近日，美联社就教育问题进行了探讨。 It reports that students instead are given only short parts of books. Educators said this is because they believe current students have shorter attention spans than those of the past. The teachers might feel pressure to prepare students for state and nationwide examinations know as standardized tests. They also might believe that short pieces of writing will help students in the modern, digital world. 据报道，学生只获得了书籍的一小部分。教育工作者表示，这是因为他们认为现在的学生的注意力持续时间比过去的学生要短。教师可能会感到压力，让学生准备国家和全国性考试（称为标准化考试）。他们还可能认为短篇写作将对现代数字世界的学生有所帮助。 The National Council of Teachers of English is a professional organization for teachers based in Champaign, Illinois. In 2022, the group released a statement about reading. “The time has come to decenter book reading and essay-writing as the pinnacles of English language arts education,” the group said. 全国英语教师委员会是一个位于伊利诺伊州尚佩恩的教师专业组织。2022年，该组织发布了一份关于阅读的声明。该组织表示：“现在是时候将书籍阅读和论文写作作为英语语言艺术教育的顶峰了。” Seth French helped write the statement. He said the idea was not to remove books but to teach media literacy and have students read things in which they are interested. French taught an English class before becoming a dean at Bentonville High School in the state of Arkansas. He had students read plays, poetry and articles but only one book as a class. 塞思·弗伦奇帮助撰写了这份声明。他说，这个想法不是要删除书籍，而是要教授媒体素养，让学生阅读他们感兴趣的东西。在成为阿肯色州本顿维尔高中的院长之前，弗伦奇曾教过英语课。他让学生读戏剧、诗歌和文章，但一堂课只读一本书。 He said, “A lot of our students are not interested in some of these texts that they didn’t have a choice in.” 他说：“我们的很多学生对其中一些他们无法选择的文本不感兴趣。”Not everyone thinks English reading should involve only short, digital pieces of writing.并非所有人都认为英语阅读应该只涉及简短的数字写作。Maryanne Wolf studies the human brain at UCLA in Southern California. Wolf said deep reading is important to strengthen connections in the brain tied to critical thinking skills, background knowledge and empathy. 玛丽安·沃尔夫在南加州加州大学洛杉矶分校研究人类大脑。沃尔夫表示，深度阅读对于加强大脑中与批判性思维技能、背景知识和同理心相关的联系非常重要。She said educators must give students a chance to learn through what she described as “immersion into the lives and thoughts of others.” 她说，教育工作者必须给学生一个机会，让他们通过她所说的“沉浸在他人的生活和思想中”来学习。There is not a lot of information on how many books American students are required to read in school. But in general, students are reading less. 关于美国学生在学校需要阅读多少本书的信息并不多。但总体而言，学生的阅读量较少。 Federal data from last year shows 14 percent of young people said they read for fun every day. In 2012, that percentage was 27 percent. 去年的联邦数据显示，14% 的年轻人表示他们每天都以阅读为乐趣。2012 年，这一比例为 27%。 Some teachers say reduced reading has its roots in the COVID-19 crisis. 一些教师表示，阅读量减少的根源在于 COVID-19 危机。 Kristy Acevedo teaches English at a vocational high school in New Bedford, Massachusetts. 克里斯蒂·阿塞维多在马萨诸塞州新贝德福德的一所职业高中教授英语。 

A new state law will soon require school districts in California to create new rules restricting student smartphone use. 新的州法律很快将要求加州学区制定新规则，限制学生使用智能手机。 California Governor Gavin Newsom signed the law recently. The legislation makes California the latest state to try to reduce student phone access. Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, and several other states have also passed laws aimed at restricting student phone use at school. 加利福尼亚州州长加文·纽瑟姆最近签署了该法律。该立法使加州成为最新一个试图减少学生使用手机的州。佛罗里达州、路易斯安那州、印第安纳州和其他几个州也通过了旨在限制学生在学校使用手机的法律。 The legislation is aimed at reducing distractions in the classroom. It is also meant to address the mental health effects that social media can have on children. 该立法旨在减少课堂上的干扰。它还旨在解决社交媒体对儿童心理健康的影响。Newsom said in a statement, “This new law will help students focus on academics, social development, and the world in front of them, not their screens, when they’re in school." 纽瑟姆在一份声明中表示，“这项新法律将帮助学生在学校时专注于学业、社会发展和面前的世界，而不是屏幕。” But some critics of such policies worry the rules will make it harder for students to seek help if there is an emergency. Critics also argue that decisions on phone bans should be made by school districts, and not state governments. 但此类政策的一些批评者担心，这些规定将使学生在发生紧急情况时更难寻求帮助。批评者还认为，关于电话禁令的决定应该由学区而不是州政府做出。 The law requires districts to pass rules by July 1, 2026. The rules should limit or ban students from using smartphones on school grounds or while students are under the supervision of school employees. 该法律要求各学区在 2026 年 7 月 1 日之前通过规则。这些规则应限制或禁止学生在校园内或在学校工作人员的监督下使用智能手机。 The new law comes after Newsom signed an earlier law in 2019 permitting school districts to restrict student phone access. 这项新法律是在纽瑟姆于 2019 年签署一项早期法律允许学区限制学生使用手机之后出台的。 In June, Newsom announced plans to seek more legislation. His announcement came after the U.S. surgeon general called on the United States Congress to require written warning on social media platforms describing their effects on young people. Newsom sent letters to districts in August, urging them to limit student device use in school. 六月，纽瑟姆宣布计划寻求更多立法。在他宣布这一消息之前，美国卫生局局长呼吁美国国会要求在社交媒体平台上发出书面警告，描述其对年轻人的影响。纽瑟姆八月份致函各学区，敦促他们限制学生在学校使用设备。 Assembly member Josh Hoover represents the city of Folsom. Hoover introduced the bill with a group of lawmakers. Phones are restricted where Hoover's children attend school. He said many of the students do not always like the policy. He said that is in part a sign of how addictive phones can be. 议会成员乔希·胡佛代表福尔瑟姆市。胡佛与一群立法者一起提出了该法案。胡佛的孩子们上学的地方，电话受到限制。他说许多学生并不总是喜欢这项政策。他说，这在一定程度上表明手机是多么容易让人上瘾。 Hoover said, "Any time you're talking about interrupting that addiction, it's certainly going to be hard for students sometimes." 胡佛说：“每当你谈论戒掉这种瘾时，有时对学生来说肯定会很困难。” Some parents have raised concerns that school cellphone bans could cut parents off from their children if there is an emergency, such as a school shooting. 一些家长担心，如果发生校园枪击等紧急情况，学校禁止使用手机可能会切断家长与孩子的联系。 The 2019 law permitting districts to restrict student phone access makes exceptions for emergencies. The new law does not change that. Some supporters of school phone restrictions say it may be safer to have phones off in an active shooter situation. 2019 年法律允许学区限制学生使用手机，但紧急情况除外。新法律并没有改变这一点。一些学校电话限制的支持者表示，在发生枪击事件时关闭手机可能更安全。ShaKenya Edison is assistant superintendent with the Santa Barbara Unified School District. The district put in place a ban on student phone use in class during the 2023 to 2024 school year. She said teachers have noted that their students are paying closer attention in class since the start of the ban. 沙肯亚·爱迪生 (ShaKenya Edison) 是圣巴巴拉联合学区的助理学监。该学区在 2023 至 2024 学年禁止学生在课堂上使用手机。她说，老师们注意到，自禁令开始以来，学生们在课堂上更加集中注意力。 Tarik McFall is principal of Sutter Middle School in Folsom. He said that before his school’s cellphone ban, students recorded fights, filmed TikTok videos and spent lunchtime looking at their phones. 塔里克·麦克福尔 (Tarik McFall) 是福尔瑟姆萨特中学的校长。他说，在学校禁止使用手机之前，学生们会录制打架、拍摄 TikTok 视频，并在午餐时间看手机。 The ban has “totally changed the culture” of the school, he said. Now, students spend more time talking to one another. “To have them put away, to have them power off…it has been a great thing,” McFall said. 他说，这项禁令“彻底改变了学校的文化”。现在，学生们花更多的时间互相交谈。“把它们收起来，让它们断电……这是一件很棒的事情，”麦克福尔说。 

Early education expert Dan Gartrell says the most important civics lesson that preschools can teach is “social democracy.” 早期教育专家丹·加特雷尔表示，幼儿园可以教授的最重要的公民课程是“社会民主”。 Gartrell wrote a book about teaching democracy to preschoolers. It is called Education for a Civil Society. The book is used by the ACCA Child Development Center near Washington, D.C. in Northern Virginia. 加特雷尔写了一本关于向学龄前儿童教授民主的书。它被称为公民社会教育。这本书由弗吉尼亚州北部华盛顿特区附近的 ACCA 儿童发展中心使用。 Gartrell said this teaching “starts with appreciating each member of the group as a worthy member and worthy of expressing thoughts and ideas.” He said after that, children can learn to treat others with kindness to solve conflicts and negotiate difficult situations by using words that do not hurt other people’s feelings. 加特雷尔说，这种教学“首先要认识到团队中的每个成员都是有价值的成员，并且值得表达思想和想法。” 他说，孩子们可以学会善待他人，用不伤害别人感情的言语来解决冲突和协商困难的情况。 Rachel Robertson is chief academic officer for Bright Horizons. The company operates preschool centers around the world. It uses democratic ideas in its education. 雷切尔·罗伯逊 (Rachel Robertson) 是 Bright Horizons 的首席学术官。该公司在世界各地经营学前中心。它在教育中运用民主思想。 Robertson said that a child starts to be a “real community member” at around age three or four. She said the child starts “contributing to the classroom community and thinking a little bit broader about the world.” 罗伯逊说，孩子在三四岁左右开始成为“真正的社区成员”。她说，孩子开始“为课堂社区做出贡献，并对世界进行更广泛的思考”。 At ACCA in Virginia, children are given a lot of autonomy. There are hours spent doing free play. Children vote on what they study and eat. 在弗吉尼亚州的 ACCA，孩子们被赋予了很大的自主权。有几个小时可以自由玩耍。孩子们对他们学习和吃的东西进行投票。 On a recent day, one classroom had just finished studying sand because the children wanted to know about it after they visited beaches over the summer. The children also tried different apples and voted on which apples the school should order. 最近的一天，一个教室刚刚完成了对沙子的学习，因为孩子们在夏天参观了海滩后想了解沙子。孩子们还尝试了不同的苹果，并投票决定学校应该订购哪些苹果。The ACCA said the decision-making process is meant to affirm to children that their thoughts and the thoughts of their classmates are valuable. ACCA表示，决策过程旨在向孩子们确认他们的想法和同学的想法是有价值的。Reporters with the Associated Press recently visited an ACCA classroom. The reporters found the children taking a vote on who the best character was on Paw Patrol, an animated TV series. 美联社记者近日参观了ACCA教室。记者发现，孩子们正在投票选出动画片《狗狗巡逻队》中的最佳角色。 The three- and four-year-old children were choosing between two finalists: a German shepherd named Chase who wears a police uniform, and Skye, who wears a pink “pup pack.” 三岁和四岁的孩子在两名决赛选手中进行选择：身穿警服的德国牧羊犬蔡斯和身穿粉红色“小狗包”的斯凯。 Educators at ACCA say they are teaching ideas of civics to students early. Their goal, they say, is to raise good citizens and strengthen democracy.ACCA 的教育工作者表示，他们正在尽早向学生传授公民知识。他们说，他们的目标是培养好公民并加强民主。 The students are not learning about the structure and rules of government. But teachers say they are working with students on how to solve problems with classmates, how to deal with anger or disappointment and how to think of the needs of others. 学生们没有学习政府的结构和规则。但老师们表示，他们正在与学生一起学习如何解决与同学之间的问题、如何处理愤怒或失望以及如何考虑他人的需求。 Mary Folks is a teacher at ACCA. She said, “We’re all here to help develop these children to become better citizens…to be better problem-solvers and to be better equipped socially, emotionally…” 玛丽·福克斯 (Mary Folks) 是 ACCA 的一名教师。她说：“我们都在这里帮助这些孩子成为更好的公民……成为更好的问题解决者，并在社交和情感上拥有更好的装备……” María-Isabel Ballivian is the preschool’s executive director. She said she looks for ways to remind students that they are American. For example, she holds a large Fourth of July gathering. María-Isabel Ballivian 是该幼儿园的执行董事。她说她正在寻找方法提醒学生他们是美国人。例如，她举办了一场大型的国庆日聚会。 Ballivian said, “If we give them now a sense of belonging, that’s going to be a tool that they will have to become resilient once they face discrimination.” 巴利维说：“如果我们现在给他们一种归属感，这将成为他们在面临歧视时必须变得有弹性的工具。” Ballivian added, “I don’t see how we can change the adults…But I do know, if we work hard, we can prepare our children for a better future.” 巴利维补充道：“我不知道我们如何才能改变成年人……但我确实知道，如果我们努力工作，我们就能让我们的孩子为更美好的未来做好准备。” As for the class vote at ACCA, they narrowly supported Skye in their vote for best Paw Patrol character. 至于 ACCA 的班级投票，他们以微弱优势支持斯凯投票选出最佳狗狗巡逻队角色。 

NASA also chose American aerospace company Boeing to serve as a possible partner in its Artemis program. But the company’s Starliner rocket has faced major delays and difficulties during past test flights.美国宇航局还选择美国航空航天公司波音作为其阿尔忒弥斯计划的可能合作伙伴。但该公司的 Starliner 火箭在过去的试飞中遇到了严重的延误和困难。 In the last one, Starliner successfully transported two American astronauts – Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams – to the ISS in early June. The two were expected to stay in space for only a week. But ongoing technical issues with the Starliner spacecraft prevented a return trip. 在最后一艘中，Starliner 于 6 月初成功将两名美国宇航员——布奇·威尔莫尔和苏尼·威廉姆斯——运送到国际空间站。两人预计仅在太空停留一周。但 Starliner 航天器持续存在的技术问题阻止了返程。 NASA recently decided to have Starliner return to Earth without the astronauts. The plan is for Wilmore and Williams to return home from the ISS in February on a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. 美国宇航局最近决定让星际客机在没有宇航员的情况下返回地球。威尔莫尔和威廉姆斯计划于 2 月份乘坐 SpaceX Dragon 飞船从国际空间站返回家园。Before SpaceX’s latest mission, several Starship rockets exploded during the test flights. The last non-exploding test happened in June. During that flight, SpaceX reported some damage to heat-resisting tiles on the outside of Starship. But improvements made since then appeared to have succeeded. 在 SpaceX 执行最新任务之前，几枚 Starship 火箭在试飞期间发生爆炸。最后一次非爆炸测试发生在六月。在那次飞行中，SpaceX 报告称，星际飞船外部的耐热瓷砖出现了一些损坏。但此后所做的改进似乎取得了成功。 After Sunday’s flight, SpaceX chief Elon Musk said the rockets appeared to be generally in good condition, with just minor warping of some outer engine parts from intense heat. He noted that those parts could be fixed easily. 周日的飞行结束后，SpaceX 首席执行官埃隆·马斯克 (Elon Musk) 表示，火箭似乎总体状况良好，只是一些外部发动机部件因高温而出现轻微变形。他指出这些部件可以很容易地修复。Musk is also chief of the social media service X. On the service, he expressed excitement when the Starship booster rocket returned to the launch area and was “caught” by the structure. SpaceX calls the huge metal arms that capture and secure the booster rocket on land “chopsticks” because they move similarly to the eating instruments. 马斯克还是社交媒体服务 X 的负责人。在服务中，当 Starship 助推火箭返回发射区域并被结构“抓住”时，他表达了兴奋之情。SpaceX 将捕获并固定助推火箭在陆地上的巨大金属臂称为“筷子”，因为它们的移动方式与进食工具类似。“The tower has caught the rocket!!” Musk wrote in a message on X. “Big step towards making life multiplanetary was made today,” he added.“塔已经抓住了火箭！！”马斯克在 X 上的一条消息中写道。“今天朝着让生命多行星化迈出了一大步，”他补充说。The successful test flight was also praised on X by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. “Congratulations to @SpaceX on its successful booster catch and fifth Starship flight test today!” Nelson wrote. He added that “continued testing” will prepare NASA and its partners for a series of “bold missions” to come in the future. 成功的试飞也受到了 NASA 局长比尔·纳尔逊 （Bill Nelson） 在 X 上的赞扬。“祝贺 @SpaceX 今天成功成功进行助推器捕捉和第五次 Starship 飞行测试！”“纳尔逊写道。他补充说，“持续的测试”将使 NASA 及其合作伙伴为未来即将到来的一系列“大胆任务”做好准备。 

SpaceX has successfully completed a fifth test of its Starship rocket system. The uncrewed test was carried out Sunday at the American space company’s launch center in Boca Chica, Texas. SpaceX 已成功完成其 Starship 火箭系统的第五次测试。这次无人测试是周日在美国航天公司位于德克萨斯州博卡奇卡的发射中心进行的。 During the flight, the 121-meter-tall Starship was successfully pushed into space by a SpaceX Super Heavy booster rocket. After reaching a height, or altitude, of about 70 kilometers, the booster separated from Starship’s second stage, or top half, as planned. 在飞行过程中，这艘121米高的星舰被SpaceX超重型助推火箭成功送入太空。在达到约 70 公里的高度或高度后，助推器按照计划与星舰的第二级或上半部分分离。 The reuseable booster was then directed by ground controllers to return to the launch center. Before touching down on the landing pad, the rocket re-lit three of its 33 Raptor engines in order to slow the booster for a controlled landing. 随后，地面控制人员指示可重复使用的助推器返回发射中心。在降落在着陆场之前，火箭重新点燃了 33 个猛禽发动机中的三个，以减慢助推器的速度以实现受控着陆。The Super Heavy then positioned itself to land. For the first time, the booster was "caught“ and secured in place by a huge structure that includes large metal arms. Video of the landing provided by SpaceX showed the booster rocket being captured by the structure exactly as planned. 然后超重型飞机自行着陆。助推器第一次被一个包含大型金属臂的巨大结构“捕获”并固定到位。SpaceX 提供的着陆视频显示，助推火箭完全按照计划被该结构捕获。 A short time later, Starship’s second stage safely spashed down in the Indian Ocean. The test flight and successful landings demonstrated progress for SpaceX’s Starship system. 不久之后，星舰的第二级安全坠入印度洋。此次试飞和成功着陆展示了 SpaceX 星舰系统的进展。 The American space agency NASA is planning to use Starship to carry the next U.S. astronauts to the moon. Such a landing would be the first since NASA’s Apollo 17 mission in 1972. 美国宇航局美国宇航局正计划使用星际飞船将下一批美国宇航员送上月球。这是自 1972 年 NASA 阿波罗 17 号任务以来的首次着陆。 The next planned moon landing – which NASA officials have set for September 2026 – is part of NASA’s Artemis program. Artemis will also seek to establish a permanent base around the moon to support ongoing lunar visits and possible future trips to Mars. NASA 官员定于 2026 年 9 月进行的下一次登月计划是 NASA 阿尔忒弥斯计划的一部分。阿耳忒弥斯还将寻求在月球周围建立一个永久基地，以支持正在进行的月球访问和未来可能的火星之旅。SpaceX was chosen to lead NASA’s planned moon landing after numerous successful demonstrations and missions in recent years. The company’s rockets and spacecraft have been dependably transporting astronauts and materials to the International Space Station (ISS) since 2020. 近年来，经过多次成功的演示和任务，SpaceX 被选为 NASA 计划中的登月计划的领导者。自 2020 年以来，该公司的火箭和航天器一直在可靠地将宇航员和材料运送到国际空间站 (ISS)。 

Glasgow hosted an extremely successful Commonwealth Games in 2014. So, after Victoria's withdrawal, it was suggested the city could rescue the 2026 Games using existing infrastructure and venues. 格拉斯哥在 2014 年主办了一届极其成功的英联邦运动会。所以在维多利亚州退出后，便有人提出格拉斯哥可以利用现有的基础设施和比赛场馆来举办比赛，从而挽救 2026 年的运动会。 Today, the Scottish government approved a scaled-back version of the event after receiving assurances that no public money will be spent. The total budget for 2014 was £543m. This Games is set to cost about £114m, funded largely by the Commonwealth Games Federation. There will be 10 core sports, down from 17 in 2014 and only four venues as opposed to 14 a decade ago. 今天，在得到赛事官方对不动用公共资金的保证后，苏格兰政府批准运动会以较小的规模举行。2014 年运动会的总预算为 5.43 亿英镑。2026 年运动会预计将花费 1.14 亿英镑，其中的大部分资金由英联邦运动会联合会提供。和 2014 年的运动会相比，核心比赛项目将从 17 项缩减至 10 项，比赛场馆也将仅有 4 个，而非 2014 年的 14 个。词汇表hosted 主办withdrawal 退出infrastructure 基础设施venues 比赛场馆scaled-back 缩减的，缩小的assurances 保证public money 公共资金budget 预算core 核心的as opposed to 而非…

Flying has revolutionised the way we navigate the world. It's often the quickest and most convenient way to travel long distances. But there's a catch – it's one of the most carbon-intensive activities the average person is likely to do. In 2018, a small group of celebrities in Sweden led the 'flygskam' movement, meaning 'flight shame' in English, to encourage people to give up flying. But, for people who need or love to travel, what can we offer as green alternatives? 飞行彻底改变了我们探索世界的方式。它通常是长途旅行最快捷、最方便的方式。但有一个问题——这是普通人可能进行的碳密集程度最高的活动之一。2018年，瑞典的一小群名人发起了“flygskam”运动，在英语中意为“飞行耻辱”，鼓励人们放弃飞行。但是，对于需要或热爱旅行的人来说，我们可以提供什么作为绿色替代品呢？ For medium to long-distance travel, it seems trains are our best bet. Using a train instead of a domestic flight reduces emissions by 86%, according to the 2023 article 'Which form of transport has the smallest carbon footprint?'. A downside is that trains can be more expensive than flying with low-cost airlines. Another is that it might take hours longer to reach your destination, and most people don't want to spend a large part of their trip travelling from A to B. That's where sleeper trains come in. European rail networks are expanding, which means passengers can travel while sleeping and wake up in a new city or country! 对于中长途旅行，火车似乎是我们最好的选择。根据 2023 年文章“哪种交通方式的碳足迹最小？”，使用火车代替国内航班可减少 86% 的排放。缺点是火车可能比乘坐廉价航空公司的航班更贵。另一个原因是，到达目的地可能需要更长的时间，而且大多数人不想花大部分时间从 A 点到 B 点。这就是卧铺火车的用武之地。欧洲铁路网络正在扩张，这意味着乘客 可以在睡觉时旅行并在新的城市或国家醒来！ For shorter distances, many would be willing to swap cars for bicycles, but few would consider cycling internationally. Among those few, Matilda Welin. It took her 17 days to cycle from London to Sweden. Sadly, she concluded that her trip neither benefitted the planet nor saved her money. But, it did change her perspective. She says "As I pedalled, I felt I was experiencing the true distance of the journey I take so casually and so often with a plane." She describes how the world around her changed slowly; the languages, the architecture, the landscapes – something she wouldn't have appreciated on a flight. 对于较短的距离，许多人愿意将汽车换成自行车，但很少有人会考虑在国际范围内骑自行车。在这少数人中，玛蒂尔达·韦林（Matilda Welin）就是其中之一。她花了17天的时间从伦敦骑自行车到瑞典。可悲的是，她得出的结论是，她的旅行既没有给地球带来好处，也没有为她省钱。但是，这确实改变了她的看法。她说：“当我踩踏板时，我感觉自己正在体验我经常乘坐飞机随意旅行的真实距离。” 她描述了她周围的世界是如何慢慢变化的；语言、建筑、风景——这些都是她在飞机上不会欣赏的。 Unfortunately for the planet, air travel remains a popular option – around 100,000 planes take off globally per day. But, further investment in rail infrastructure and subsidising ticket fares could help get more people on trains than planes. 不幸的是，对于地球来说，航空旅行仍然是一种流行的选择——全球每天约有 100,000 架飞机起飞。但是，对铁路基础设施的进一步投资和票价补贴可能有助于让更多的人乘坐火车而不是乘坐飞机。 词汇表revolutionise 使彻底改变，在…方面引起突破性变革a catch 隐藏的问题carbon-intensive 碳排放最密集的flight shame 飞行羞耻green 绿色环保的best bet 最佳选择domestic flight 国内航班carbon footprint 碳足迹airline 航空公司destination 目的地from A to B 从一地到另一地sleeper train 卧铺列车rail network 铁路网passenger 乘客pedal 骑自行车infrastructure 基础设施subsidise 给予…补贴

The team began following Chrastil shortly before she became pregnant through in vitro fertilization. During the pregnancy and for two years after she gave birth, they continued doing MRI brain scans and blood tests to see how her brain changed. During this time, Chrastil’s sex hormones, like estrogen, increased and decreased. Some of the changes continued past pregnancy. 在克拉斯蒂尔通过体外受精怀孕前不久，研究小组开始追踪她。在她怀孕期间和产后两年内，他们继续进行核磁共振脑部扫描和血液测试，以了解她的大脑如何变化。在此期间，克里斯提尔的性激素（如雌激素）增加或减少。一些变化在怀孕后持续存在。 Emily Jacobs is with the University of California, Santa Barbara and was also a co-writer of the study. Jacobs said earlier studies had taken scans of the brain before and after pregnancy. But she said, none had shown changes in the brain as they were taking place. 艾米丽·雅各布斯 (Emily Jacobs) 来自加州大学圣巴巴拉分校，也是该研究的合著者。雅各布斯说，早期的研究已经在怀孕前后对大脑进行了扫描。但她说，没有一个实验显示出大脑在发生变化时发生的变化。 Unlike past studies, this one centered on many inner areas of the brain as well as the cerebral cortex, the outermost area, said Joseph Lonstein. He is a professor of neuroscience and psychology at Michigan State University and was not involved in the research. 约瑟夫·朗斯坦说，与过去的研究不同，这项研究集中于大脑的许多内部区域以及大脑皮层（最外层的区域）。他是密歇根州立大学神经科学和心理学教授，并未参与这项研究。 Lonstein said it is “a good first step to understanding much more about whole-brain changes that could be possible in a woman across pregnancy and postpartum.” 朗斯坦说，这是“更好地了解女性在怀孕和产后可能发生的全脑变化的良好第一步。” Research in animals has linked some brain changes with qualities that could help the animal care for an infant. The new study does not deal with what the changes mean in terms of human behavior. 对动物的研究发现，一些大脑变化与有助于动物照顾婴儿的品质有关。这项新研究并未涉及这些变化对人类行为意味着什么。 However, Lonstein said that it does describe changes in brain areas involved in social cognition, or thinking. This is how people act with others -- for example, how they understand their thoughts and feelings. 然而，朗斯坦表示，它确实描述了涉及社会认知或思维的大脑区域的变化。这就是人们与他人相处的方式——例如，他们如何理解自己的想法和感受。 The researchers have partners in Spain, and they are developing what they call the Maternal Brain Project. The Ann S. Bowers Women’s Brain Health Initiative and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative support the project. The researchers say they hope scientists can use findings from more than one woman to predict problems such as postpartum depression. 研究人员在西班牙有合作伙伴，他们正在开发所谓的母脑项目。安·S·鲍尔斯 (Ann S. Bowers) 女性大脑健康倡议和陈·扎克伯格倡议 (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) 支持该项目。研究人员表示，他们希望科学家能够利用不止一名女性的研究结果来预测产后抑郁症等问题。 “There is so much about the neurobiology of pregnancy that we don’t understand yet,…” Jacobs said. “关于怀孕的神经生物学，我们还不了解很多，……”雅各布斯说。 She added that this is not because women and pregnancy are too complex. More is not known about pregnancy and the brain, she said, because “biomedical sciences have historically ignored women’s health.” 她补充说，这并不是因为女性和怀孕太复杂。她说，关于怀孕和大脑的情况还不清楚，因为“生物医学历来忽视女性的健康。” 

When a brain scientist at the University of California, Irvine got pregnant at the age of 38, she saw a rare chance. Neuroscientist Liz Chrastil wanted to see how her brain changed while she was pregnant. 当加州大学欧文分校的一位脑科学家在 38 岁时怀孕时，她看到了一个难得的机会。神经科学家莉兹·克拉斯蒂尔想看看她怀孕期间大脑发生了怎样的变化。 Chrastil was among a group of researchers who presented their findings in a new study. It offers the first detailed map of one woman’s brain through the steps of pregnancy, also called gestation. 克拉斯蒂尔是一组研究人员之一，他们在一项新研究中展示了他们的发现。它提供了第一个女性在怀孕（也称为妊娠）各个阶段的大脑详细图谱。Researchers say that motherhood affects nearly every part of the brain. 研究人员表示，母性几乎影响大脑的每个部分。 The researchers studied the effects of pregnancy in only one person: Chrastil. But their study has started a large international research project that aims to scan the brains of hundreds of women. The study could one day provide information about disorders like postpartum depression. Postpartum means after birth has taken place. 研究人员只研究了怀孕对一个人的影响：克里斯提尔。但他们的研究已经启动了一个大型国际研究项目，旨在扫描数百名女性的大脑。这项研究有一天可能会提供有关产后抑郁症等疾病的信息。产后是指出生后发生的。 Chrastil said it has been a very long process. “We did 26 scans before, during and after pregnancy…” She said some of the findings were very noteworthy, or in her words “remarkable.” Chrastil is co-writer of the study that researchers published in Nature Neuroscience in September. 克拉斯蒂尔表示，这是一个非常漫长的过程。“我们在怀孕前、怀孕期间和怀孕后进行了 26 次扫描……”她说，其中一些发现非常值得注意，或者用她的话来说“非常了不起”。Chrastil 是研究人员于 9 月份在《自然神经科学》杂志上发表的这项研究的合著者。 More than 80 percent of the parts of the brain studied had reductions in the amount of gray matter, where thinking takes place. This is an average of about four percent of the brain. This amount is nearly the same as the amount of reduction that happens during puberty. Puberty is the biological changes that cause a person to become a fertile adult. 研究中超过 80% 的大脑区域的灰质数量减少，灰质是进行思考的地方。这平均约为大脑的百分之四。这个量几乎与青春期期间发生的减少量相同。青春期是导致一个人成为具有生育能力的成年人的生物变化。 However, the researchers said the reduction is probably not a bad thing. It might mean that networks of interconnected nerve cells called “neural circuits” are preparing for a new time in a woman's life. 然而，研究人员表示，减少可能并不是一件坏事。这可能意味着被称为“神经回路”的相互连接的神经细胞网络正在为女性生命中的新时代做好准备。 

When seismic sensors around the planet picked up the unusual signal emanating from Greenland, a group of geologists set out to solve the mystery of what was causing it. 当全球各地的地震感应器接收到格陵兰岛发出的 “地震” 信号后，一群地质学家开始着手解开有关该情况形成原因的谜团。 They eventually worked out that this vibration, that lasted an unprecedented nine days, came from a massive landslide that triggered a tsunami in a remote fjord in the east of the country. Before and after images revealed that a whole mountain top had collapsed there, sending a volume of rock equivalent to 25 Empire State Buildings slamming into the water. The depth and narrow shape of this 124-mile-long fjord in effect trapped the wave so it sloshed back and forth creating the vibrations. 这群地质学们最终发现这一史无前例地持续了九天的震动，来自于格陵兰岛的一场大规模山体滑坡，这场山体滑坡在该岛东部的一个遥远峡湾处引发了海啸。该峡湾在山体滑坡前后的图片对比显示，那里有一整座山峰倒塌，相当于一个体积为 25 个帝国大厦那么大的岩石猛地坠入水中。这个 124 英里长的峡湾的深度及其狭长的形状有效地限制了岩石坠入水中形成的巨浪，并使巨浪来回冲刷，形成了震动。Scientists say the landslide was caused by rising temperatures in Greenland melting the glacier that was supporting this mountain. As temperatures in the Arctic rise, the risk of these landslides is increasing – a destructive side effect of climate change. 有关科学家表示，此次山体滑坡是由于格陵兰岛气温升高而使支撑着这座山峰的冰川融化而导致的。随着北极地区气温上升，发生类似山体滑坡的风险也在升高，这也是气候变化具有破坏性的一个负面影响。 词汇表seismic sensors 地震传感器picked up 接收到emanating 发出，显示出geologists 地质学家set out to 开始，着手做vibration 震动unprecedented 前所未有的triggered 引发，引起remote 遥远的fjord 峡湾volume 体积slamming 猛地撞上sloshed 搅动side effect 副作用，负面影响

If you could work from any location in the world, where would you go? Picture filling in a spreadsheet on a sandy Caribbean island, or maybe a little rooftop cafe in Rome where you can sip an espresso while editing a social media video. More and more countries are offering digital nomad visas and therefore the chance to work remotely, from wherever you'd like to. 如果您可以在世界任何地方工作，您会去哪里？在加勒比海的一个沙滩上填写电子表格的图片，或者在罗马的一家屋顶小咖啡馆，您可以一边喝着浓缩咖啡一边编辑社交媒体视频。越来越多的国家/地区正在提供数字游牧签证，因此您有机会在任何地方进行远程工作。 This way of working is on the rise. A 2023 report found that 11% of US workers now consider themselves a digital nomad, and this type of worker is expected to increase in number by more than 20 million in the next five years. Traditionally, digital nomads have worked freelance. They might be social media managers, software developers or copywriters, but now even traditional professions like accountants and lawyers are taking the leap. But what is the life of a digital nomad really like? 这种工作方式正在兴起。2023年的一份报告发现，目前有11%的美国工人认为自己是数字游民，预计未来五年此类工人的数量将增加超过2000万。传统上，数字游牧者都是自由职业者。他们可能是社交媒体经理、软件开发人员或文案撰稿人，但现在即使是会计师和律师等传统职业也正在迈出这一步。但数字游牧民的生活到底是什么样的呢？ Rowena Hennigan, who writes for Harvard Business Review, is a digital nomad along with her family. They have a 'home base' in Spain but frequently go away for workcations that can last from weeks to months. She says that compared to a 'traditional' model of raising children, "remote working has allowed my family to move away from that kind of intensity, and this way, we all get to move at a more sustainable and healthy pace." Plus, her family are regularly exposed to new cultures, languages and natural beauty. Rowena Hennigan 是《哈佛商业评论》的撰稿人，她和她的家人都是数字游牧者。他们在西班牙有一个“大本营”，但经常外出工作，持续数周至数月。她说，与“传统”的抚养孩子的模式相比，“远程工作让我的家人摆脱了那种强度，这样，我们就能以更可持续、更健康的步伐生活。” 此外，她的家人经常接触新的文化、语言和自然美景。 Though it doesn't work for everyone. Francesca Specter, a writer for The Guardian, decided to country-hop where her 'office' included beaches, cafes and coworking spaces. But along with struggling to find reliable wi-fi and fighting bouts of loneliness, she wrote that she felt envious as she cooled her overheating laptop in the shade while holidaymakers relaxed by the pool. She said, "I was chronically firefighting unglamorous concerns such as missing luggage or sleep deprivation after an overnight flight delay." 虽然它并不适合所有人。《卫报》的作家弗朗西斯卡·斯佩克特 (Francesca Spectre) 决定去乡村旅行，她的“办公室”包括海滩、咖啡馆和联合办公空间。但除了努力寻找可靠的无线网络和与孤独作斗争之外，她写道，当度假者在泳池边放松时，她在阴凉处冷却过热的笔记本电脑，她感到很羡慕。她说：“我一直在解决一些乏味的问题，例如行李丢失或夜间航班延误后睡眠不足。” So, it's not for everyone, but if you ever feel like escaping the rat-race, why not give it a go? 所以，它并不适合所有人，但如果你想逃离激烈的竞争，为什么不尝试一下呢？ 词汇表remotely 远程地freelance 从事自由职业social media manager 社交媒体经理software developer 软件开发人员copywriter 广告文字撰稿人traditional profession 传统职业home base 相对固定的住所workcation 度假办公；边游玩边工作的假期remote working 远程办公pace 节奏，步调country-hop 在多个国家间居住和旅行coworking space 共享办公空间reliable wi-fi 稳定的无线网络overheating laptop 过热的笔记本电脑missing luggage 丢失的行李flight delay 航班延误rat-race “老鼠赛跑”，永无休止的竞争

Meta’s Instagram service recently introduced some built-in tools designed to protect young users. The changes also give parents more control over their children’s accounts to improve safety and limit the amount of time spent on the social networking app. Meta 的 Instagram 服务最近推出了一些旨在保护年轻用户的内置工具。这些变化还使父母能够更好地控制孩子的帐户，以提高安全性并限制在社交网络应用程序上花费的时间。 Instagram says the new tools aim to “reassure parents that teens are having safe experiences.” The main change was the establishment of Teen Accounts, which Meta says was developed “with parents and teens in mind.” Instagram 表示，新工具的目的是“让家长放心，青少年正在享受安全的体验”。主要的变化是青少年账户的建立，Meta 表示，该账户的开发“考虑到了父母和青少年”。 The Associated Press offers the following tips as a guide for parents to get the most out of the new tools. 美联社提供以下提示，作为家长充分利用新工具的指南。Instagram already restricts anyone under 13 from signing up for the service. Now, teen accounts will automatically be set to private. That means they will have to accept or reject requests from new followers. Other users will not be able to see a teen user's posts and videos or communicate with the account.Instagram 已经限制 13 岁以下的任何人注册该服务。现在，青少年帐户将自动设置为私人帐户。这意味着他们将不得不接受或拒绝新关注者的请求。其他用户将无法看到青少年用户的帖子和视频或与该帐户进行通信。 Teens will also face messaging restrictions. They can only receive direct messages from people they are following or who follow them. But they can still send messages to other accounts. 青少年还将面临消息传递限制。他们只能接收来自他们所关注的人或关注他们的人的直接消息。但他们仍然可以向其他帐户发送消息。 Teen Accounts will also restrict certain kinds of material, or content. This will include sensitive subjects such as videos of people fighting or content that pushes methods to improve appearance. In addition, Instagram's anti-bullying tools will be set to the highest level to prevent offensive words and phrases in comments and direct message requests. 青少年帐户还将限制某些类型的材料或内容。这将包括敏感主题，例如人们打架的视频或推动改善外观方法的内容。此外，Instagram的反欺凌工具将设置为最高级别，以防止评论和私信请求中出现攻击性词语和短语。 To restrict usage time, teens will get a message to stop using the app after it has been open for more than an hour. This message can be ignored, however. 为了限制使用时间，青少年将在应用程序打开超过一个小时后收到一条停止使用该应用程序的消息。不过，可以忽略此消息。The new limits will be turned on automatically for all teens. But 16 and 17-year-olds will have the ability to turn them off. Children under 16 will need parental permission to do so. 新的限制将自动对所有青少年启用。但 16 岁和 17 岁的孩子有能力将它们关闭。16 岁以下的儿童需要获得父母的许可才能这样做。 Teens might also seek to lie about their age to get around the restrictions. But Meta has made it more difficult for them to do so. Young users are required to confirm their ages by uploading an identification card or by sending a short video of themselves. 青少年还可能会谎报自己的年龄来规避这些限制。但 Meta 让他们更难做到这一点。年轻用户需要通过上传身份证件或发送自己的短视频来确认自己的年龄。Instagram says it will also begin testing artificial intelligence (AI) software early next year that will aim to prevent false birth dates from being accepted.Instagram 表示，它还将在明年初开始测试人工智能（AI）软件，旨在防止错误的出生日期被接受。If a parent does not think the limits for their child are strong enough, they can add more protective controls. For example, a parent has the ability to see who their teen has traded messages with within the past seven days. 如果父母认为对孩子的限制不够严格，他们可以添加更多的保护性控制措施。例如，家长能够查看他们的孩子在过去 7 天内与谁交换过消息。 The new tools also provide controls for parents to set daily limits for Instagram use. A parent can also block a teen from using Instagram during specific times of the day and follow subjects they are seeing. 新工具还为家长提供了控制功能，可以设置 Instagram 的每日使用限制。家长还可以阻止青少年在一天中的特定时间使用 Instagram 并关注他们看到的主题。To set up additional controls, a parent first needs to set up family supervision on his or her account. On the mobile app, this can be done by going into settings and scrolling to find the family center to activate the tools. 要设置额外的控制，家长首先需要为其帐户设置家庭监督。在移动应用程序上，可以通过进入设置并滚动找到家庭中心来激活工具来完成。 Next, the Teen Account will have to invite a parent. This will be in the form of a link the teen can send by text message to the parent. After accepting the invite, the teen user has 48 hours to confirm the parent's response. 接下来，青少年帐户必须邀请家长。这将以链接的形式出现，青少年可以通过短信发送给家长。接受邀请后，青少年用户有 48 小时的时间确认家长的回复。The restrictive tools will be automatically activated for anyone under 18 who now signs up for Instagram in the U.S., Britain, Canada and Australia. For existing accounts, the restrictions will be put in place by mid-November. 对于现在在美国、英国、加拿大和澳大利亚注册 Instagram 的 18 岁以下任何人，这些限制性工具将自动激活。对于现有账户，限制将于 11 月中旬实施。 The protections will be available for teens in the European Union’s 27 countries beginning later this year. And the rest of the world will get Teen Accounts for Instagram in January. Meta says it will also bring the changes to other services like Facebook next year. 从今年晚些时候开始，这些保护措施将适用于欧盟 27 个国家的青少年。世界其他地区将于一月份获得 Instagram 青少年账户。Meta 表示，明年还将对 Facebook 等其他服务进行更改。 

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, a Japanese organization of survivors of the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for its activism against nuclear weapons. 诺贝尔和平奖被授予日本飞段协（Nihon Hidankyo），这是一个由美国广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸幸存者组成的日本组织，因其反对核武器的积极行动而被授予。 The Nobel committee said it "wishes to honor all survivors who, despite physical suffering and painful memories, have chosen to use their costly experience to cultivate hope and engagement for peace." 诺贝尔委员会表示，“希望向所有幸存者致敬，尽管他们遭受了身体上的痛苦和痛苦的记忆，但他们选择利用他们代价高昂的经历来培养对和平的希望和参与。”Hidankyo's Hiroshima branch chairperson, Tomoyuki Mimaki, who was waiting at the city hall for the announcement, cheered and became emotional when he received the news. 正在市政府等待通知的飞段京广岛分会会长御牧智之得知这一消息后，兴奋不已，激动不已。"Is it really true? Unbelievable!" Mimaki screamed. “这是真的吗？难以置信！” 美牧尖叫起来。 The Nobel committee has honored efforts to ban nuclear weapons before. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons won the peace prize in 2017, and in 1995 Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs won for their efforts to reduce and ban nuclear weapons. 诺贝尔委员会此前曾表彰过禁止核武器的努力。国际废除核武器运动于 2017 年荣获和平奖，1995 年约瑟夫·罗特布拉特和帕格沃什科学与世界事务会议因其在减少和禁止核武器方面所做的努力而获奖。This year's prize was awarded as war continues in Ukraine. 今年的奖项是在乌克兰战争仍在继续的情况下颁发的。 In September, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a change in his country's nuclear policy. The change appeared to make it easier for Russia to use nuclear weapons if attacked. 9月，俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京宣布改变其国家的核政策。这一变化似乎使俄罗斯在受到攻击时更容易使用核武器。 Jørgen Watne Frydnes is chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. He said Friday the award was made as the ban “against the use of nuclear weapons is under pressure." 约尔根·沃特纳·弗里德内斯 (Jørgen Watne Frydnes) 是挪威诺贝尔委员会主席。他周五表示，该奖项是在“禁止使用核武器的禁令面临压力”的情况下做出的。 EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said on social media that the results of Hiroshima and Nagasaki still affect humanity. The United States bombed those two Japanese cities using atomic weapons to end World War II in 1945. 欧盟委员会主席乌苏拉·冯德莱恩在社交媒体上表示，广岛和长崎的后果仍然影响着人类。1945年，美国使用原子武器轰炸了这两个日本城市，结束了第二次世界大战。 Von der Layen said the work of Nihon Hidankyo is very important. “This Nobel Peace Prize sends a powerful message. We have the duty to remember. And an even greater duty to protect the next generations from the horrors of nuclear war," she said. 冯德莱恩表示，日本飞段协的工作非常重要。“诺贝尔和平奖传递了一个强有力的信息。我们有责任记住。保护下一代免遭核战争恐怖的更大责任，”她说。The United States military dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. An estimated 70,000 people died. Three days earlier, U.S. forces had dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima resulting in an estimated 140,000 deaths. The bombings resulted in Japan’s surrender on August 15, 1945, bringing World War II to an end. 1945 年 8 月 9 日，美国军方在长崎投下了一颗原子弹。估计有 7 万人死亡。三天前，美军在广岛投下一颗原子弹，造成约 14 万人死亡。这次爆炸导致日本于 1945 年 8 月 15 日投降，第二次世界大战结束。 Survivors of the atomic bombs and victims of nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific formed the group, Nihon Hidankyo, in 1956. At the time, the survivors were demanding government support for health problems. 原子弹的幸存者和太平洋核武器试验的受害者于 1956 年成立了“Nihon Hidankyo”组织。当时，幸存者要求政府支持解决健康问题。U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres said in a statement that the survivors selflessly brought attention to the human cost of nuclear weapons. 联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯在一份声明中表示，幸存者无私地引起了人们对核武器造成的人员伤亡的关注。 "Nuclear weapons remain a clear and present danger to humanity, once again appearing in the daily rhetoric of international relations," he added. "It is time for world leaders to be as clear-eyed as the hibakusha, and see nuclear weapons for what they are: devices of death that offer no safety, protection, or security." Hibakusha is a Japanese word that refers to survivors of the atomic bombs or the radiation they caused. 他补充说：“核武器仍然对人类构成明显而现实的威胁，再次出现在国际关系的日常言论中。” “世界领导人现在应该像原爆幸存者一样保持清醒的头脑，认清核武器的本质：无法提供安全、保护或保障的死亡装置。” Hibakusha 是一个日语单词，指原子弹或其造成的辐射的幸存者。 Alfred Nobel wrote that the peace prize should be awarded for "the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." 阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔写道，和平奖应该颁发给“为国家之间的兄弟情谊、废除或裁减常备军以及举办和促进和平会议所做的最多或最好的工作”。Last year's prize went to jailed Iranian activist Narges Mohammadi for her work supporting women's rights and democracy, and against punishment by death. 去年的奖项颁给了被监禁的伊朗活动家纳尔吉斯·穆罕默迪(Narges Mohammadi)，以表彰她支持妇女权利和民主以及反对死刑的工作。 In times of war, the Norwegian Nobel Committee sometimes chooses not to award a peace prize. The peace prize was not awarded 19 times since 1901, including during both world wars. The last time it was not awarded was in 1972. 在战争时期，挪威诺贝尔委员会有时会选择不颁发和平奖。自 1901 年以来，和平奖有 19 次未颁发，其中包括两次世界大战期间。上一次未获奖是在1972年。 The Nobel prizes are valued at about $1 million. The Nobel season ends Monday with the announcement of the winner of the economics prize. 诺

South Korean writer Han Kang won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature on Thursday. The Swedish Academy’s Nobel Committee said her work “confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.” 韩国作家韩康周四荣获 2024 年诺贝尔文学奖。瑞典学院诺贝尔委员会表示，她的作品“直面历史创伤，暴露了人类生命的脆弱”。 Born in 1970, Han Kang is the first South Korean to win the literature prize. Kang began her career in 1993 with the publication of several poems in Literature and Society. She published her first story in 1995 with Love of Yeosu. 韩康出生于1970年，是第一位获得文学奖的韩国人。康于1993年开始了她的职业生涯，在《文学与社会》上发表了几首诗。1995年，她发表了第一篇小说《丽水之恋》。 In 2016, Kang won the Man Booker International Prize for The Vegetarian. It tells the story of a woman’s decision to stop eating meat and her family’s worry about her mental health. The novel was the first of her books to be translated into English and was seen as her major international breakthrough. 2016年，康凭借《素食者》获得曼布克国际奖。它讲述了一名女性决定停止吃肉以及家人对她心理健康的担忧的故事。这本小说是她第一本被翻译成英文的书，被视为她在国际上的重大突破。 In a talk with the Booker Prizes, published last year, Kang said the book was written during a difficult period in her life. She questioned whether she could finish the story or even survive as a writer. 在去年出版的布克奖颁奖典礼上，康表示这本书是在她人生的困难时期写成的。她质疑自己能否完成这个故事，甚至能否作为一名作家生存下去。 "I was suffering from severe arthritis…To this day, I feel awkward when I hear about the novel's ‘success,'” she said. “我当时患有严重的关节炎……直到今天，当我听到这部小说的‘成功’时，我都感到很尴尬，”她说。 In the novel Human Acts, Kang explored the 1980 killing of hundreds of students and unarmed civilians by the South Korean military in the city of Gwangju, where she grew up. 在小说《人类的行为》中，康探讨了 1980 年韩国军队在她长大的光州市杀害数百名学生和手无寸铁的平民的事件。 "In seeking to give voice to the victims of history, the book confronts this episode with brutal actualization and, in so doing, approaches the genre of witness literature," the Academy said. 该学院表示：“为了向历史受害者发出声音，这本书以残酷的现实来面对这一事件，并以此接近了见证文学的类型。”Kang is the second South Korean to win a Nobel Prize. Former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000 for his efforts to restore democracy in the South and improve relations with North Korea. 康是第二位获得诺贝尔奖的韩国人。韩国前总统金大中因其在韩国恢复民主和改善与朝鲜关系的努力而获得2000年诺贝尔和平奖。 The literature prize has long faced criticism that it is too centered on European and North American writings. It has also been awarded mainly to male writers. Kang is only the 18th woman to receive the award among more than 100 winners. 长期以来，文学奖一直面临着过于以欧洲和北美作品为中心的批评。该奖项也主要颁发给男性作家。Kang是100多名获奖者中第18位获得该奖项的女性。 Past winners of the prize include well-known writers like Irish poet W.B. Yeats, American writer Ernest Hemingway and Colombia's Gabriel Garcia Marquez. In 2016, American singer Bob Dylan also received the prize “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” 该奖项的历届获奖者包括爱尔兰诗人 W.B. 叶芝、美国作家欧内斯特·海明威和哥伦比亚的加布里埃尔·加西亚·马尔克斯。2016年，美国歌手鲍勃·迪伦也因“在伟大的美国歌曲传统中创造了新的诗意表达方式”而获奖。 Mats Malm is Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy. He told reporters, “I was able to talk to Han Kang over the phone. She was having an ordinary day, it seems, she had just finished supper with her son." 马茨·马尔姆 (Mats Malm) 是瑞典学院常务秘书。他告诉记者，“我能够通过电话与韩康交谈。她今天过得很平常，好像刚刚和儿子吃完晚饭。” The prize comes with a money award of $1.1 million. 该奖项奖金为 110 万美元。 

A series of powerful hurricanes have affected millions of people in the United States in recent weeks. 最近几周，一系列强大的飓风影响了美国数百万人。 Some people are wondering if scientists could control extreme weather events. However, experts say hurricanes are far too powerful for humans to control. 有些人想知道科学家是否可以控制极端天气事件。然而，专家表示，飓风的威力太强大，人类无法控制。 Climate change is leading to increasingly powerful storms. This has led to greater attention on the possibilities of geoengineering. 气候变化正在导致越来越强大的风暴。这引起了人们对地球工程可能性的更多关注。 Geoengineering involves futuristic ideas for reversing or lessening climate change. But many scientists have serious concerns about unwanted results.地球工程涉及扭转或减轻气候变化的未来主义想法。但许多科学家对意外结果深表担忧。 Hurricanes are an example of the uncontrollable, disordered power of Earth's weather. Experts say there is no clear evidence from research to show humans might be able to control such strong storms. 飓风是地球天气无法控制、无序的力量的一个例子。专家表示，研究中没有明确的证据表明人类可能能够控制如此强烈的风暴。 Kristen Corbosiero is a professor of atmospheric and environmental sciences at the University at Albany. Corbosiero is a weather expert, or meteorologist. She said: "If meteorologists could stop hurricanes, we would stop hurricanes. If we could control the weather, we would not want the kind of death and destruction that's happened." 克里斯汀·科博西罗 (Kristen Corbosiero) 是奥尔巴尼大学大气与环境科学教授。Corbosiero 是一位天气专家或气象学家。她说：“如果气象学家能够阻止飓风，我们也会阻止飓风。如果我们能够控制天气，我们就不会想要发生这样的死亡和破坏。”National Hurricane Center tropical analysis chief Chris Landsea said that a fully developed hurricane releases heat energy that is the equal to a 10-megaton nuclear bomb every 20 minutes. That is more than all the energy used at a given time by human beings. 国家飓风中心热带分析负责人克里斯·兰德西表示，完全发展的飓风每20分钟释放的热能相当于10兆吨级核弹。这超过了人类在特定时间内使用的所有能量。 Chris Field is director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment in California. He said scientists are learning of the many ways that climate change is making hurricanes more powerful and destructive. Warmer oceans add energy and more water to the warming atmosphere. That water becomes strong rainfall. 克里斯·菲尔德（Chris Field）是加州斯坦福伍兹环境研究所所长。他说，科学家们正在了解气候变化使飓风变得更加强大和更具破坏性的多种方式。温暖的海洋为变暖的大气增添了能量和更多的水。那水变成强降雨。 Colorado State University hurricane researcher Phil Klotzbac said the amount of energy a hurricane generates is much more than humans have the power to control. But people have still made attempts to control the storms. 科罗拉多州立大学飓风研究员菲尔·克洛茨巴克表示，飓风产生的能量远远超出了人类控制的能力。但人们仍然在努力控制风暴。Jim Fleming is a professor at Colby College in Maine. He has studied historical efforts to control the weather. He said humans do not even come close to having the practical technology to successfully control the weather. 吉姆·弗莱明是缅因州科尔比学院的教授。他研究了历史上控制天气的努力。他说，人类甚至还没有接近拥有成功控制天气的实用技术。 Fleming described one attempt in 1947. The General Electric company partnered with the U.S. military to drop dry ice from Air Force planes into the path of a hurricane to try to weaken it. It did not work. 弗莱明描述了 1947 年的一次尝试。通用电气公司与美国军方合作，从空军飞机上将干冰投放到飓风路径上，试图削弱飓风。它不起作用。 Some attempts or ideas could even make the storms worse or cause greater harm. One especially dangerous idea was to use a nuclear bomb, which would cause radiation and not be strong enough to change the storm, Kristen Corbosiero said. 一些尝试或想法甚至可能使风暴变得更糟或造成更大的伤害。克里斯汀·科博西罗说，一个特别危险的想法是使用核弹，它会产生辐射，但强度不足以改变风暴。Bringing cooling icebergs or adding chemicals to cause rain also are ideas that do not work, scientists say. 科学家表示，让冰山冷却或添加化学物质来降雨也是行不通的。Modern geoengineers would operate differently. Today’s geoengineers are thinking about how to reverse the damage humans have already caused. 现代地球工程师的运作方式会有所不同。今天的地球工程师正在考虑如何扭转人类已经造成的损害。 Scientists in the field say one of the most promising ideas they see based on computer models is solar geoengineering. The method would involve lifting small particles into the upper atmosphere to return some of the sunlight back into space, cooling the planet a little. Still, supporters of the idea know that it comes with risks. 该领域的科学家表示，他们根据计算机模型看到的最有前途的想法之一是太阳能地球工程。该方法涉及将小颗粒提升到高层大气中，将部分阳光返回太空，从而稍微冷却地球。尽管如此，这个想法的支持者知道它伴随着风险。 Two years ago, the American Geophysical Union (AGU) announced it was forming an ethics agreement for climate intervention. The AGU is the largest society of scientists who study climate issues. 两年前，美国地球物理联盟（AGU）宣布正在制定一项气候干预道德协议。AGU 是研究气候问题的最大的科学家协会。 

Cunningham, who was not involved in the new study, said it is not clear why rates of severe obesity are going up. Cunningham also said it is not clear why severe obesity rates were higher among women. 坎宁安没有参与这项新研究，他表示目前尚不清楚严重肥胖率上升的原因。坎宁安还表示，目前尚不清楚为什么女性严重肥胖率更高。 Reasons could include the effects of hormones, the effects of childbearing or other causes that require further study, she said. 她说，原因可能包括激素的影响、生育的影响或其他需要进一步研究的原因。 The new study also found that obesity rates varied by education. Almost 32 percent of people with a bachelor’s degree or higher reported having obesity. In comparison, about 45 percent of those with some college or less had obesity. 这项新研究还发现，肥胖率因教育程度而异。近 32% 的拥有学士学位或更高学位的人表示患有肥胖症。相比之下，大约 45% 的受过大学或以下教育的人患有肥胖症。 The new report follows the release earlier this month of data from U.S. states and territories that showed that in 2023, the rate of obesity differed widely by place. 本月早些时候，美国各州和领地发布的数据显示，2023 年各地的肥胖率存在很大差异。 The highest obesity levels were in West Virginia. Around 41 percent of adults in the state are obese. 肥胖率最高的是西弗吉尼亚州。该州大约 41% 的成年人患有肥胖症。 The lowest levels were in Washington, D.C., with less than 24 percent of adults being obese. 华盛顿特区的肥胖率最低，成年人肥胖率不到 24%。 Obesity rates were highest in the Midwest and the South. 中西部和南部的肥胖率最高。 All U.S. states and territories had obesity rates higher than 20 percent. In 23 states, more than 1 in 3 adults had obesity, the data showed. Before 2013, no state had a rate that high, said Dr. Alyson Goodman, who leads a CDC team focused on population health. 美国所有州和地区的肥胖率均超过 20%。数据显示，在 23 个州，超过三分之一的成年人患有肥胖症。CDC 负责人口健康问题的团队负责人艾莉森·古德曼 (Alyson Goodman) 博士表示，2013 年之前，没有哪个州的发病率如此之高。Color-coded maps show the obesity rates across the U.S. 颜色编码的地图显示了美国各地的肥胖率 “Sometimes, when you look at all that red, it’s really discouraging,” Goodman said. “有时候，当你看到那些红色时，真的会令人沮丧，”古德曼说。 But, she added, recent attention on understanding obesity as a metabolic disease and new drug treatments give her hope. 但是，她补充说，最近人们对将肥胖理解为代谢疾病和新药物治疗的关注给了她希望。 Preventing obesity is most important, Cunningham said, starting in early childhood. And for people already dealing with obesity, preventing additional weight gain should be the goal. 坎宁安说，预防肥胖最重要，从幼儿期开始。对于已经患有肥胖症的人来说，防止体重进一步增加应该是目标。 

Body weight continues to be a big public health issue in the United States. New government research suggests that the condition of having far too much fat stored in the body – severe obesity – has increased greatly over the past ten years. 体重仍然是美国的一个重大公共卫生问题。新的政府研究表明，体内储存过多脂肪的情况——严重肥胖——在过去十年中大大增加。 The U.S. obesity rate is about 40 percent, says a 2021-2023 study of about 6,000 people. Almost one in 10 of those questioned reported severe obesity, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found. Women were nearly two times as likely as men to report severe obesity. 一项 2021 年至 2023 年对约 6,000 人进行的研究表明，美国的肥胖率约为 40%。美国疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 发现，近十分之一的受访者患有严重肥胖症。女性报告严重肥胖的可能性几乎是男性的两倍。 The overall obesity rate appeared to decrease in comparison to the 2017-2020 survey. But the change was not considered statistically meaningful. In other words, the numbers are small enough that there is a mathematical chance the rates did not truly drop. 与 2017-2020 年的调查相比，总体肥胖率似乎有所下降。但这一变化不被认为具有统计意义。换句话说，这个数字足够小，从数学上来说，利率有可能没有真正下降。 Dr. Samuel Emmerich is the CDC public health officer who led the latest study. He said it is too soon to know whether new treatments for obesity, including weight-loss drugs such as Wegovy and Zepbound, can help ease the disease.领导这项最新研究的疾病预防控制中心公共卫生官员塞缪尔·埃默里奇博士。他说，现在判断肥胖的新疗法（包括 Wegovy 和 Zepbound 等减肥药）是否有助于缓解这种疾病还为时过早。 “We simply can’t see down to that detailed level to prescription medication use and compare that to changes in obesity prevalence,” Emmerich said. He added, “Hopefully that is something we can see in the future.” 艾默里奇说：“我们根本无法详细了解处方药的使用情况，也无法将其与肥胖患病率的变化进行比较。” 他补充道：“希望我们将来能看到这一点。” The results show that the overall obesity rate in the U.S. has not changed much in ten years. The rate of severe obesity climbed from almost eight percent in the 2013-2014 study to almost 10 percent in the most recent one. 结果显示，美国的总体肥胖率十年来没有太大变化。严重肥胖率从 2013 年至 2014 年研究中的近 8% 攀升至最近一项研究中的近 10%。 Before that, obesity had increased quickly in the U.S. since the 1990s, federal studies showed. 联邦研究显示，在此之前，自 20 世纪 90 年代以来，美国肥胖率迅速上升。Measures of obesity and severe obesity are based on the body mass index (BMI), a computation involving height and weight. People with a BMI of 30 are considered obese. Those with a BMI of 40 or higher have severe obesity. 肥胖和严重肥胖的衡量标准是基于体重指数（BMI），这是一种涉及身高和体重的计算方法。BMI 为 30 的人被视为肥胖。BMI 为 40 或更高的人患有严重肥胖。 Solveig Cunningham is an Emory University global health professor who specializes in obesity. 索尔维格·坎宁安 (Solveig Cunningham) 是埃默里大学全球健康教授，专门研究肥胖问题。

Edgar Tapia works on the Homeless Outreach Team of San Francisco, California. He goes to places where people are living in the streets and tells them there is space for them in city shelters. He recently went into one San Francisco neighborhood on that mission. 埃德加·塔皮亚 (Edgar Tapia) 在加利福尼亚州旧金山无家可归者外展团队工作。他前往人们流落街头的地方，告诉他们城市避难所里有空间。他最近前往旧金山的一个社区执行这项任务。 He came to a group of tents, calling out greetings and offers of food and water bottles. He asked if anyone was interested in moving indoors. He had eight available beds in city shelters, he told them. 他来到一群帐篷前，大声打招呼并提供食物和水瓶。他询问是否有人有兴趣搬到室内。他告诉他们，城市避难所里有八张可用床位。 He reminded them that city street cleaners would be coming soon to clear the sidewalk. 他提醒他们，城市街道清洁工很快就会来清理人行道。 One woman in a tent asked for health care kits and clothing. "Can we get some socks?" she asked. 帐篷里的一名妇女索要医疗包和衣服。“我们可以买些袜子吗？” 她问道。 Finding people to enter the city shelter is not an easy job. There are more shelter beds than ever before. San Francisco’s mayor, London Breed, has said she will no longer permit people living outdoors when they know there is a place to stay indoors. 寻找进入城市避难所的人并不是一件容易的事。收容所床位比以往任何时候都多。旧金山市长伦敦·布里德表示，当人们知道有地方可以呆在室内时，她将不再允许人们住在户外。Sometimes a person wants to move inside, but there are no beds. Other times, a bed is open but the person refuses the offer. Reasons include use of drugs and alcohol. 有时有人想搬进去，但没有床位。其他时候，床位是空的，但该人拒绝提供。原因包括使用毒品和酒精。 But outreach workers keep trying. 但外展工作人员仍在继续努力。 Jose Torres is a Homeless Outreach Team manager. He said that people on the street sometimes want to stay with their friends or dislike the shelter. 何塞·托雷斯 (Jose Torres) 是无家可归者外展团队的经理。他说，街上的人们有时想和朋友住在一起，或者不喜欢避难所。 "Sometimes we get lucky and they accept the one thing we have available, and if that doesn't work, we try something else," he said. "It's that 'try again, try again' system." “有时我们很幸运，他们接受了我们现有的一种方法，如果这不起作用，我们就会尝试其他方法，”他说。“这就是‘再试一次，再试一次’的系统。” Tapia was happy because a man he had been talking to for two months said he may be ready to accept a place in a shelter. The first time they talked, Tapia said, the man asked no questions and showed little interest. But the next time, the man asked what the shelters were like. 塔皮亚很高兴，因为与他交谈了两个月的一名男子表示，他可能已经准备好接受庇护所的位置。塔皮亚说，他们第一次交谈时，这名男子没有提出任何问题，也没有表现出任何兴趣。但下一次，该男子询问避难所是什么样的。 Tapia said, "I want to see these people off the streets. I want to see them do good." 塔皮亚说：“我希望看到这些人离开街头。我希望看到他们做好事。”The 41-year-old woman who asked for socks said her name was Mellie M. She said her group wants hotel rooms or an apartment. She wants a secure place to stay because she was raped while homeless. 那位索要袜子的 41 岁女士说，她的名字叫 Mellie M。她说，她的团队想要酒店房间或公寓。她想要一个安全的住处，因为她在无家可归时遭到强奸。 "In order for us not to live in tents anymore," she said, "they need to give us a place that we can call home." “为了让我们不再住在帐篷里，”她说，“他们需要给我们一个可以称之为家的地方。”When Torres, the manager, arrived in one neighborhood, he got good news from other outreach workers. They told him that a client was moving into his own small apartment. That client is 71-year-old Larry James Bell. 当经理托雷斯到达一个社区时，他从其他外展工作人员那里得到了好消息。他们告诉他，一位客户要搬进他自己的小公寓。这位客户是 71 岁的拉里·詹姆斯·贝尔 (Larry James Bell)。Outreach worker Ventrell Johnson got emotional thinking about Bell. Just eight months ago, Bell was living under a plastic sheet. Johnson had gotten Bell a bed in a homeless shelter. Now, Bell was ready for his own place. 外展工作人员文特雷尔·约翰逊 (Ventrell Johnson) 对贝尔的想法充满感情。就在八个月前，贝尔还生活在塑料布下。约翰逊在无家可归者收容所给贝尔提供了一张床位。现在，贝尔已经为自己的位置做好了准备。 "I'd like to have a house one day," Bell said. “我希望有一天能拥有一所房子，”贝尔说。When Bell leaves the shelter, another bed becomes available for someone else. Johnson noted that people are a little more likely to accept shelter beds; now the city is pushing to remove the tents and temporary shelters from the streets. 当贝尔离开避难所时，另一张床就可供其他人使用。约翰逊指出，人们更有可能接受庇护床位。现在，该市正在努力拆除街道上的帐篷和临时避难所。 By the end of their workday, outreach workers had found seven people for seven shelter beds. 到工作日结束时，外展工作人员已经找到了七个人，可以容纳七张庇护床位。