英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

A recent study by the U.N. children’s agency UNICEF found that more than 500 million children in East Asia and Pacific countries breathe unhealthy air. The pollution is linked to the deaths of 100 children under age 5 every day. June Kunugi, UNICEF’s Regional Director for East Asia, said the polluted air limits growth, harms lungs and affects thinking abilities.联合国儿童机构联合国儿童基金会最近的一项研究发现，东亚和太平洋国家有超过5亿儿童呼吸不健康的空气。 污染与每天5岁以下100名儿童的死亡有关。 联合国儿童基金会东亚地区主任六月库吉（June Kunugi）表示，污染的空气限制增长，伤害肺部并影响思维能力。“Every breath matters, but for too many children every breath can bring harm,” she said.她说：“每一次呼吸都很重要，但是对于太多的孩子来说，每个呼吸都会造成伤害。”Over 6,000 cities in 117 countries now record and follow air quality levels. Many mobile apps include air quality information as well. But it can be difficult to know how bad the air is by looking at these numbers.现在，117个国家 /地区有6,000多个城市记录并遵循空气质量水平。 许多移动应用程序还包括空气质量信息。 但是，通过查看这些数字，很难知道空气有多糟。To help people better understand air quality levels, many countries have established an air quality index, or AQI. Larger numbers on this index mean worse air.为了帮助人们更好地了解空气质量水平，许多国家已经建立了空气质量指数或AQI。 该指数上的数量较大，意味着空气较差。Different countries have different air quality standards. For example, India’s daily PM 2.5 limit is more than 1.5 times higher than in Thailand and 4 times higher than WHO standards.不同国家的空气质量标准不同。 例如，印度的每日PM 2.5限制比泰国高1.5倍，比WHON标准高4倍。For individuals, experts say the goal should be to limit exposure when air quality is bad, by staying indoors or wearing a mask. This is not always possible, though. Danny Djarum is with the World Resources Institute. He told the AP there are many people who live or work outside and “can’t really afford” to stay indoors.对于个人而言，专家说，目标应该是在空气质量不好，呆在室内或戴口罩时限制曝光。 但是，这并不总是可能。 丹尼·贾鲁姆（Danny Djarum）与世界资源研究所（World Resources Institute）在一起。 他告诉美联社，有很多人在外面生活或工作，并且“真的负担不起”留在室内。People also need to watch indoor air pollution that can be caused by common household activities like cooking or burning incense.人们还需要观看室内空气污染，这可能是由烹饪或燃烧香（例如烹饪或燃烧香）引起的。While air purifiers can help reduce indoor air pollution, experts say they do have limitations. The devices work by pulling air from a room and then pushing it through a filter that traps pollutants. The filtered air is then sent back into the room.虽然空气净化器可以帮助减少室内空气污染，但专家说它们确实有局限性。 设备通过从房间拉出空气，然后通过捕获污染物的过滤器将其推送出来。 然后将过滤的空气发送回房间。Air purifiers work best when used in small spaces and when people are nearby. This is because they can only clean a certain amount of air, said Rajasekhar Balasubramanian of the National University of Singapore. He added, “If we have a tiny air purifier in a large room, it won’t be effective.”空气净化器在小空间和附近的人们时使用最佳。 新加坡国立大学的Rajasekhar Balasubramanian说，这是因为他们只能清理一定数量的空气。 他补充说：“如果我们在一个大房间里有一个很小的空气净化器，那将不会有效。”

Air quality differs from place to place and day to day. But about 99 percent of the world’s population breathes air at some point that does not meet pollution guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO).空气质量每天都有不同的位置。 但是，在某个时候，大约99％的人口呼吸着空气不符合世界卫生组织（WHO）制定的污染指南。Different forms of air pollution kill about 7 million people each year, the U.N. health agency estimates. But health experts say there are some actions individuals can take to protect themselves, even in the world’s most polluted cities.联合国卫生局估计，每年不同形式的空气污染杀死约700万人。 但是健康专家说，即使在世界上最污染的城市中，个人也可以采取一些行动来保护自己。The first step is to start with the understanding that air is not only polluted when it looks smoky or smoggy, said Tanushree Ganguly. She is an air quality expert with the Energy Policy Institute of Chicago’s India program.Tanushree Ganguly说，第一步是从了解空气时不仅在看起来烟熏或烟雾时受到污染的第一步。 她是芝加哥印度能源政策研究所的空中质量专家。“Blue skies can’t guarantee you clean air,” Ganguly told The Associated Press.“蓝天不能保证您清洁空气，”甘加利对美联社说。Air pollutants often come from people burning things. Examples include fuels as well as clearing operations involving crops or trees. Pollutants can also be released from wildfires.空气污染物通常来自燃烧东西的人。 例子包括燃料以及涉及农作物或树木的清理操作。 污染物也可以从野火中释放出来。Among the most dangerous particles we can breathe in are called particulate matter. The smallest of these are known as PM 2.5. This is because they are less than 2.5 microns in diameter. These particles can travel deep inside human lungs and are mostly created by burning fuels. Larger particles, known as PM 10, are linked to agriculture, roadways, mining or wind-blown dust.在我们可以呼吸的最危险的颗粒中，称为颗粒物。 其中最小的被称为PM 2.5。 这是因为它们的直径小于2.5微米。 这些颗粒可以在人类肺部深处传播，并且主要是由燃烧燃料产生的。 较大的颗粒（称为PM 10）与农业，道路，采矿或风吹灰尘有关。Other dangerous pollutants include gases like nitrogen dioxide or sulfur dioxide, which are also produced from burning fuels. This information comes from Anumita Roychowdhury, an air pollution expert at the Center for Science and Environment in New Delhi.其他危险污染物包括诸如二氧化氮或二氧化硫等气体，这些气体也是由燃烧燃料产生的。 该信息来自新德里科学与环境中心的空气污染专家Anumita Roychowdhury。The American-based Health Effects Institute says air pollution is the second-largest risk factor for early death worldwide, behind high blood pressure.美国的健康影响研究所表示，空气污染是全球早期死亡的第二大危险因素，仅次于高血压。Short-term exposure can cause asthma attacks and increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke, especially in older people and those with existing medical problems. Long-term exposure can cause serious heart and lung problems that can lead to death.短期暴露会引起哮喘发作，并增加心脏病发作和中风的风险，尤其是在老年人和现有医疗问题的人中。 长期暴露会导致严重的心脏和肺部问题，导致死亡。

Steph: You listed travel as one of your passions.斯蒂芬：您将旅行列为您的激情之一。Tony: Yeah. But actually my passion is airport to airport, what happens between airports.托尼：是的。 但是实际上，我的热情是机场，机场之间发生了什么。Steph: So you like the flying then, the journey?斯蒂芬：所以你喜欢飞行，旅程吗？Tony: Absolutely.托尼：绝对。Steph: What about that do you like?斯蒂芬：你喜欢那呢？Tony: I love airplanes. Do I love airports? Not really. When I go to an airport I go to the window to look at the airplanes. Since the tender age of five I've always had this passion for airplanes, and my dream was to become an airline pilot.托尼：我喜欢飞机。 我爱机场吗？ 并不真地。 当我去机场时，我去窗户看飞机。 自从五岁的时候，我一直对飞机充满热情，我的梦想是成为航空公司飞行员。Steph: Okay. Have you ever flown an airplane?斯蒂芬：好的。 你曾经驾驶过飞机吗？Tony: Have I ever flown in an airplane?托尼：我曾经乘飞机飞行吗？Steph: Not in an airplane. Have you ever flown an airplane?斯蒂芬：不在飞机上。 你曾经驾驶过飞机吗？Tony: I've never flown an airplane. I've been in the flight deck of a number of aircraft, but I've never flown one.托尼：我从来没有飞过飞机。 我去过许多飞机的飞行甲板，但我从来没有飞过一架飞机。Steph: Okay. So walk us through a trip with Tony. What's going through your mind along the journey from airport to airport?斯蒂芬：好的。 因此，带我们和托尼一起旅行。 从机场到机场的旅程中，您的想法会发生什么？Tony: Well, just like the other souls on board, I go on, I sit, I buckle my seatbelt. I obey the commands from the cabin crew. I hear the pilots talking over the Intercom. But I take it another step further. I actually listen to the details of what the pilots are saying. I'm thinking about what's the weather going to be like, what's the weather on the ground, what's the surface winds on the runway? All these things that regular passengers don't think about when they're sitting in the seat and they're just like.托尼：好吧，就像船上的其他灵魂一样，我继续，我坐着，我系好安全带。 我遵守机舱工作人员的命令。 我听到飞行员在对讲机上说话。 但是我再进一步。 实际上，我听取了飞行员在说什么的细节。 我在想天气如何，地面上的天气是什么，跑道上的表面却发生了什么？ 当他们坐在座位上时，普通乘客的所有这些事情都不会考虑。Steph: Yeah. I certainly don't think about that, no. I am probably just relaxing, and maybe once in a while looking out the window, if I'm privileged enough to get a window seat. And just seeing how pretty it is.斯蒂芬：是的。 我当然不会考虑，不。 我可能只是在放松，如果我有足够的特权靠窗座位，也许有时会偶尔看着窗外。 只是看到它有多漂亮。Tony: And if you're looking out, and you say you have a seat just over the wing, you're looking out and you're like, oh, there's the wing. It looks nice, long, okay.托尼：如果您看着，并且说您在机翼上有一个座位，那么您就会看着，就像，哦，有机翼。 看起来不错，漫长，还好。Steph: I don't even think that much at any rate.斯蒂芬：无论如何，我什至不太认为。Tony: Yeah. Yeah. But to me, I'm looking at the wing and I'm like, that's the forward slats, those are the landing flaps, that's the spoiler. Oh, look at the winglet at the end. Yeah.托尼：是的。 是的。 但是对我来说，我看着机翼，我想，那是前板，那是着陆襟翼，那就是扰流板。 哦，看看末端的小翼。 是的。Steph: Okay. No, I'm definitely not thinking that at all. So you actually don't care about the cities that you're traveling to, and seeing new places?斯蒂芬：好的。 不，我绝对不会这么认为。 因此，您实际上不在乎您前往的城市，看到新地方吗？Tony: No, no, no. Don't get me wrong. I actually do. I've had the fortune of visiting some really amazing places, like Glasgow, Scotland, which I do love. Meeting the people, meeting different people actually is something I look forward to. And the architecture and all the fun stuff, like art, artworks and crafts and all that stuff that when you travel you always try to secure before you return home. But yeah, I do, I do like the experiences outside of aviation when it comes to traveling. But for me, you may think it's weird, but it's still aviation for me. That's the top. That's definitely at the top of the list for me. When it comes to flight there are five critical phases. You have takeoff, climb out, cruise, descent and landing. Even at the end of a flight, coming to the end just before landing, the pilots are trying their best to keep the nose of the airplane training down the center line of the runway. After landing, when we're deplaning, I would often stop at the flight deck door and I'll be like, "What happened there just before touchdown?" And the pilots would laugh and be like, "Oh, just a little gust. Nothing really. But we're on the ground, we're safe."托尼：不，不，不。 不要误会我的意思。 我实际上做。 我有幸参观了一些我喜欢的苏格兰格拉斯哥，例如苏格兰的格拉斯哥。 我期待着认识人，实际上与不同的人见面。 以及建筑和所有有趣的东西，例如艺术，艺术品和手工艺品以及所有旅行时的所有东西，您总是会在返回家园之前尝试确保固定。 但是，是的，我确实喜欢旅行时的航空公司以外的经历。 但是对我来说，您可能认为这很奇怪，但这对我来说仍然是航空。 那是顶部。 这绝对是我的榜首。 在飞行方面，有五个关键阶段。 您已经起飞，爬出来，巡游，下降和着陆。 即使在飞行结束时，在着陆之前到达末端，飞行员也在尽力将飞机的鼻子保持在跑道的中心线下。 着陆后，当我们脱机时，我经常会在飞行甲板门上停下来，我会说：“触地得分之前发生了什么？” 飞行员会笑着说：“哦，只是一点点狂风。没什么。但是我们在地面上，我们很安全。”Steph: Oh my gosh. So basically you're grading the pilot as you are taking a trip somewhere.斯蒂芬：哦，天哪。 因此，基本上，当您在某个地方旅行时，您正在对飞行员进行评分。Tony: Weird. It's so weird, right?Steph: Absolutely. Absolutely weird.斯蒂芬：绝对。 绝对很奇怪。Tony: That's what aviation buffs do.托尼：这就是航空迷的作用。Steph: Crazy. Crazy.斯蒂芬：疯狂。 疯狂的。

Physical fitness is all about cardio exercises and weightlifting… right? If you've ever finished a run and then jumped straight into the rest of your day without stretching, only to wake up the next day feeling stiff and with aching muscles, then listen up. Flexibility plays a big role in our lives – even bending down to pick something up off the floor requires flexibility – but it's often ignored and neglected. So, why and how should we stretch?身体健康是关于有氧运动和举重的全部……对吗？ 如果您曾经完成跑步，然后直接跳入剩下的一天而不会伸展，只是醒来第二天会感到僵硬，肌肉酸痛，然后聆听。 灵活性在我们的生活中起着很大的作用 - 即使弯腰从地板上捡起东西也需要灵活性 - 但通常被忽略和忽视。 那么，为什么以及如何伸展？When athletes stretch, it's not just for show, they do it to prevent injury. A review of research called 'Effects of Stretching on Injury Risk Reduction and Balance' highlighted that stretching not only reduces injury risk by improving the flexibility of the muscles, it also improves balance, which reduces the risk of falls and those associated injuries. Stretching can also help maintain good posture by keeping our muscles long and loose, which is especially important if you spend hours hunched over a desk. In the modern world, many of us spend a large proportion of our days sitting, which can lead to chronic pain, particularly in the neck and shoulders. Stretching can alleviate this tension and boost blood circulation.当运动员伸展运动时，这不仅是为了表演，还可以防止受伤。 对称为“拉伸对降低伤害风险和平衡影响的影响”的研究的综述强调，不仅可以通过提高肌肉的灵活性来降低伤害风险，还可以改善平衡，从而降低了跌倒和相关伤害的风险。 伸展运动还可以通过使我们的肌肉长而松动，从而有助于保持良好的姿势，如果您花费数小时弯腰在桌子上，这一点尤其重要。 在现代世界中，我们中的许多人都花了很大一部分时间坐着，这可能导致慢性疼痛，尤其是在脖子和肩膀上。 拉伸可以减轻这种张力并增加血液循环。What's the best way to reap these benefits? While stretching advice varies, the ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal provides guidelines which include stretching the major muscle groups such as the hamstrings and quadriceps at least two or three times per week. A 2017 review of research, published in the Sports Med journal, suggests that dynamic stretches, where you stretch in slow, repeated movements, have greater benefits in a pre-exercise warm-up than static stretches, where you hold a pose. Stretching is better after a quick warm-up because the muscle is more pliable, reducing the risk of muscle strains.获得这些好处的最佳方法是什么？ 尽管伸展建议有所不同，但ACSM的健康与健身杂志提供了指南，其中包括每周至少两次或三次伸展主要的肌肉群，例如腿筋和股四头肌。 2017年对《体育医学杂志》上发表的研究的评论表明，动态延伸（您以缓慢而重复的动作延伸）在运动前的热身中比静态伸展运动具有更大的好处。 快速热身后，伸展运动更好，因为肌肉更加柔韧，从而降低了肌肉菌株的风险。Stretching isn't just for athletes and fitness lovers. "Stretching is also an accessible way to unwind and destress during or after a busy day," says Jessica Matthews, professor of kinesiology and author of 'Stretching to Stay Young'. So why not finish the day relaxing in a child's pose, a spinal twist or a happy baby?伸展运动不仅适合运动员和健身爱好者。 运动机能学教授，'Stretaking tim nough''的作者杰西卡·马修斯（Jessica Matthews）说：“在繁忙的一天或之后，伸展运动也是一种让人的放松和破坏的方法。” 那么，为什么不完成一天的姿势，脊柱转折或快乐的婴儿放松呢？词汇表stretching 伸展运动，拉伸stiff 僵硬的aching 酸痛的injury 受伤，伤病posture 身体姿态hunch over 弯腰驼背chronic pain 慢性疼痛tension 紧绷感blood circulation 血液循环reap the benefits 收获某事带来的好处hamstring 大腿后侧肌群，腘绳肌quadriceps 股四头肌dynamic stretches 动态拉伸static stretches 静态拉伸pliable 柔韧的，柔软的muscle strain 肌肉拉伤unwind 放松，松弛destress 缓解压力child's pose 儿童式（一种瑜伽姿势）spinal twist 扭脊式（一种瑜伽姿势）happy baby 快乐婴儿式（一种瑜伽姿势）

At America’s 149th Westminster Kennel Club dog show, Monty the giant schnauzer won the top prize. 在美国第149 Westminster养犬俱乐部狗展上，巨型Schnauzer Monty赢得了最高奖项。 The lively schnauzer beat six other finalists in New York City to become the first of his breed to win Westminster’s “best in show.” The prize is the most important and respected in the U.S. dog show world. 活泼的Schnauzer击败了纽约市的其他六名决赛入围者，成为他的第一位赢得威斯敏斯特“最佳表演”的品种。 该奖项是美国狗展界最重要和受人尊敬的。While Monty came close to winning Westminster the past two years, he fell short of the big prize. In December 2024, the dog won another big prize, the huge American Kennel Club championship. 在过去两年中，蒙蒂接近赢得威斯敏斯特，但他没有大奖。 2024年12月，这只狗获得了另一个大奖，即巨大的美国养犬俱乐部冠军。But for dog show lovers, Westminster is considered the Super Bowl of all shows. This year the comparison is especially fitting. That is because the most respected U.S. dog competition opened on the same weekend as the Super Bowl -- the most important game in American professional football. This rare happening came after the dates of both competitions changed in recent years. 但是对于狗表演爱好者来说，威斯敏斯特被认为是所有表演的超级碗。 今年的比较特别合适。 那是因为最受尊敬的美国狗比赛与超级碗的同一个周末开幕 - 这是美国职业足球中最重要的比赛。 在近年来两次比赛的日期发生变化之后，这种罕见的事情发生了。At Westminster, dogs first compete against other members of their breed. Then, the winner of each breed goes up against other dogs within different competition “groups.” Among the groups are sporting, working, toy, and herding. Group winners then compete in the final round. 在威斯敏斯特，狗首先与其品种的其他成员竞争。 然后，每个品种的获胜者都在不同竞争“群体”中与其他狗抗衡。 其中包括运动，工作，玩具和放牧。 然后，团体获胜者在最后一轮比赛中竞争。 The best in show winner gets an award – a large, shiny cup called a trophy – and a place in dog-world history. The top prize, however, does not include money. 表演中最好的获奖者获得了一个奖项 - 一个名为A Trophy的大型闪亮杯 - 在Dog-World History中的位置。 但是，最高奖项不包括钱。 In her report on the dog show, Learning English’s Caty Weaver explains that the Westminster show dates back to 1877. It centers on the traditional purebred judging that leads to the best in show prize. But over the last few years, the organization has added agility and obedience events open to mixed-breed dogs. 在她关于狗展的报告中，Learning English的Caty Weaver解释说，威斯敏斯特秀的历史可以追溯到1877年。它以传统的纯种判断为中心，这导致了最佳的表演奖。 但是在过去的几年中，该组织增加了敏捷性和服从事件，向混合狗开放。 In 2024, Sage, a miniature poodle, won best in show at the 148th Westminster Kennel Club dog show. 2024年，小型贵宾犬Sage在第148 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show中赢得了最佳表演。And in 2023, a petit basset griffon Vendéen, named Buddy Holly, won best in show at Westminster. The breed he represents is known for its rabbit-hunting abilities. 在2023年，一个名叫巴迪·霍莉（Buddy Holly）的小宝贝格里芬·旺德恩（GriffonVendéen）在威斯敏斯特（Westminster）赢得了最佳表现。 他所代表的品种以其兔子的能力而闻名。

Every Monday at 2 p.m., he plans the task he is most likely to delay finishing. And to keep from becoming too busy, he even sets his daily activities, like walking his dog and eating lunch. 每个星期一下午2点，他计划任务最有可能推迟完成。 为了避免变得太忙，他甚至进行了日常活动，例如walking狗和吃午餐。If workers have a hard time saying no, they can write down what to say beforehand. And it can also help to say it out loud. 如果工人很难说不，他们可以事先写下话。 而且这也可以大声说出来。 Cara Houser is a workplace engagement coach. She says workers do not always have to explain themselves when turning down a request. They can simply explain they are not available, thank the person for asking, and suggest when they might be available. Cara Houser是一名工作场所的参与教练。 她说，在拒绝请求时，工人并不总是必须解释自己。 他们可以简单地解释它们不可用，感谢该人的询问，并建议他们何时可用。 Amber Krasinski grew up in a working-class environment where saying "no" to a manager could mean losing pay. As the founder of marketing company IvyHill Strategies, Krasinski worries that she will lose business if she turns down a project. Amber Krasinski在一个工人阶级的环境中长大，对经理说“不”可能意味着失去薪水。 作为营销公司Ivyhill Strategies的创始人，Krasinski担心如果她拒绝了一个项目，她会失去业务。So, she often says “not yet” when one more project is too much. “That phrase has helped me through a lot of situations,” she said. 因此，当另一个项目太多时，她经常说“还没有”。 她说：“这句话帮助我度过了很多情况。”When asked for help, workers may want to agree immediately. However, when faced with a new work request, it can be better to take time before answering. Use the time to consider such things as workload, energy level, and interest.当被要求寻求帮助时，工人可能想立即达成共识。 但是，面对新的工作请求时，最好花时间回答。 利用时间来考虑工作量，能量水平和兴趣等事情。Israa Nasir is a psychotherapist in New York. She suggests that workers pay attention to the activities and interactions that leave them feeling tired or stressed. Those kinds of events can be put on a “No List” to be dealt with later.以赛亚纳西尔（Israa Nasir）是纽约的心理治疗师。 她建议工人关注活动和互动，使他们感到疲倦或感到压力。 这些事件可以列入以后要处理的“无列表”。Experts say that just because mobile devices can keep people connected to work all the time, they do not have to interfere with a person’s non-working life.专家说，仅仅因为移动设备可以使人们一直保持连接工作，因此他们不必干扰一个人的不工作生活。For example, Nasir said she found herself checking email far too often on weekends. So, during weekends, she moved the Gmail app from her iPhone’s homepage to the second page. This extra step helped her avoid checking her email. 例如，纳西尔说，她发现自己在周末经常检查电子邮件。 因此，在周末，她将Gmail应用程序从iPhone的主页移到了第二页。 此额外的步骤帮助她避免检查电子邮件。Experts also suggest using an email signature as another tool to manage expectations. This tool can include more than just your name and contact information. You can also use it to let others know your working hours or upcoming vacation plans. 专家还建议使用电子邮件签名作为管理期望的另一种工具。 该工具不仅包括您的姓名和联系信息。 您也可以使用它来让他人知道您的工作时间或即将到来的假期计划。

People might find it hard to set work limits or say “no” before taking on too many responsibilities. But experts say it is important for workers to learn to set such limits, or boundaries. 人们可能会发现在承担太多责任之前，很难设定工作限制或说“否”。 但是专家说，对于工人来说，学习设定这样的局限或界限很重要。 These limits can be important in helping workers protect their physical and mental health. And as with any new skill, setting boundaries gets easier with practice. 这些限制对于帮助工人保护他们的身心健康可能很重要。 与任何新技能一样，练习的设置界限变得更加容易。 Justin Stewart is a 36-year-old who works as a news show production assistant. He told The Associated Press that in the past, he had problems setting clear limits in his work life. 贾斯汀·斯图尔特（Justin Stewart）是一名36岁的年轻人，担任新闻节目制作助理。 他告诉美联社，过去，他在工作生活中遇到了明显的限制。 Stewart explained that when starting his career, he held several jobs. In addition to his full-time position, he also rented cars at the airport and did sales at a store. He said his life was so busy that he said he would sometimes sleep in his car between jobs. After a time, he had to be hospitalized for extreme tiredness and an infection. 斯图尔特（Stewart）解释说，在开始职业生涯时，他担任了几项工作。 除了他的全职职位外，他还在机场租了汽车，并在一家商店进行了销售。 他说自己的生活很忙，他说他有时会在两次工作之间睡在汽车上。 一段时间后，他必须因极度疲倦和感染而住院。 Stewart said that over time, his busy work life finally caught up with him. “While people around me praised my hustle, I eventually paid the price.” He added, “The doctor looked at me and said, ‘I don’t know what lifestyle you’re living, but you’re too young to be this stressed. You’re going to have to quit something.’”斯图尔特说，随着时间的流逝，他忙碌的工作生活终于赶上了他。 “当我周围的人称赞我的喧嚣时，我最终付出了代价。” 他补充说：“医生看着我，说：‘我不知道你的生活方式，但是你太年轻了，无法感到压力。 您将不得不退出一些东西。’” As a result, Stewart began trying to set boundaries. He gave up his side jobs after deciding he could live without the extra money. If people from the news show contacted him to work after-hours, he told them he was not available and suggested other people who might be able to help. 结果，斯图尔特开始尝试设定界限。 他决定没有额外的钱可以生活后放弃了自己的工作。 如果新闻节目中的人们与他联系下班后工作，他告诉他们他不可用，并建议其他可能会提供帮助的人。 However, experts say making such changes can be difficult. Many people already have a hard time turning down work requests –from both co-workers and managers. For example, it might make some people feel good to be needed or to please others. But as with any new skill, setting boundaries can get easier over time. 但是，专家说，进行这种更改可能很困难。 许多人已经很难拒绝工作请求 - 从同事和经理们都拒绝。 例如，这可能会使某些人感到满意或取悦别人。 但是，与任何新技能一样，随着时间的推移，设置边界会变得更加容易。 Here are some suggestions from employment experts and workers for effectively setting meaningful work limits. 以下是就业专家和工人有效设定有意义的工作限制的一些建议。If your goal is to do less, adding things to your daily plans may seem like a bad idea. But it can actually provide more control over your time. 如果您的目标是少做，那么将事情添加到您的日常计划中似乎是个坏主意。 但是它实际上可以提供更多的控制时间。 Bobby Dutton is the founder of event production company GBM6. 鲍比·达顿（Bobby Dutton）是活动生产公司GBM6的创始人。

A recent study about the smell of Egyptian mummies reached some surprising findings. The ancient bodies did not smell bad, the researchers found. Instead, they say, the remains mostly smelled good. 最近关于埃及木乃伊气味的研究提出了一些令人惊讶的发现。 研究人员发现，古老的身体闻起来并不闻。 他们说，相反，遗体大部分闻起来很香。 Cecilia Bembibre is director of research at University College London's Institute for Sustainable Heritage. “In films and books, terrible things happen to those who smell mummified bodies,” she said. “We were surprised at the pleasantness of them." Cecilia Bembibre是伦敦大学可持续遗产研究所的研究主任。 她说：“在电影和书籍中，那些闻到木乃伊的身体的人会发生可怕的事情。” “我们对他们的愉悦感到惊讶。” The researchers reported the leading descriptions of the smells as “woody,” “spicy” and “sweet.” They also reported a floral or flowery smell. That smell could be from pine and juniper resins used in mummification; a process designed to protect the body from decay. 研究人员报告了气味的主要描述为“木质”，“辣”和“甜”。 他们还报告了花香或花香的气味。 这种气味可能来自用于木乃伊化的松树和杜松树脂。 旨在保护身体免受衰减的过程。The study appeared recently in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. It used both chemical examinations and several human smellers to study nine mummies. The mummies, some around 5,000 years old, had been housed at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. 该研究最近发表在《美国化学学会杂志》上。 它使用化学检查和几种人气味来研究九个木乃伊。 木乃伊大约有5，000年的历史，已在开罗的埃及博物馆住所。Bembibre, one of the report’s writers, said the researchers wanted to study the smell of mummies because it has long been a subject of interest for the public and researchers alike. 该报告的作家之一Bembibre说，研究人员想研究木乃伊的气味，因为它长期以来一直是公众和研究人员感兴趣的主题。 She added that even fiction writers have written pages of work on the subject — for good reason. 她补充说，即使是小说作家也已经写了有关该主题的作品 - 这是有充分理由的。Scent, or smell, was an important consideration in the mummification process. This process used oils and plant-based materials to protect the body and its spirit for the afterlife. Mummification was largely used for powerful people such as pharaohs and other leaders. 气味或气味是木乃伊化过程中的重要考虑因素。 该过程使用油和植物性材料来保护人体及其来世的精神。 木乃伊化主要用于法老王和其他领导人等强大的人。 Pleasant smells were linked with purity and gods. Bad smells were signs of corruption and decay. 宜人的气味与纯洁和神灵有关。 气味不佳是腐败和衰败的迹象。 Researchers did not want to directly measure the mummies, because doing so might be damaging. Instead, researchers were able to take measurements that did not involve touching the mummies. Researchers from UCL and the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia were able to measure smells, pesticides, and other effects due to mold, bacteria or microorganisms. 研究人员不想直接测量木乃伊，因为这样做可能会造成破坏。 取而代之的是，研究人员能够进行不涉及接触木乃伊的测量值。 来自UCL和斯洛文尼亚卢布尔雅那大学的研究人员能够测量由于霉菌，细菌或微生物而引起的气味，农药和其他影响。Using technical instruments to measure air molecules released from sarcophagi was very important, said Matija Strlič, a chemistry professor at the University of Ljubljana. 卢布尔雅那大学的化学教授MatijaStrlič表示，使用技术仪器测量从石棺释放的空气分子非常重要。 "It tells us potentially what social class a mummy was from and therefore reveals a lot of information about the mummified body...." he said. “We believe that this approach is potentially of huge interest to other types of museum collections.” 他说：“它可能告诉我们A Mummy来自哪些社会阶层，因此揭示了有关木乃伊身体的大量信息。” “我们认为，这种方法可能对其他类型的博物馆收藏具有巨大的兴趣。”Barbara Huber of the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology in Germany was not involved in the study. Huber said the findings provide important data on compounds that could preserve or damage mummified remains. The information could be used to better protect the ancient bodies for future generations.德国马克斯·普朗克（Max Planck）地球人类学研究所的芭芭拉·胡伯（Barbara Huber）没有参与这项研究。 休伯说，这些发现提供了有关可以保留或损害木乃伊遗骸的化合物的重要数据。 该信息可用于更好地保护不久的世代的古代机构。Huber said that over thousands of years, differing conditions have changed the scents of the mummies in a major way. 休伯说，在数千年的时间里，不同的条件以主要方式改变了木乃伊的气味。 Huber wrote a study two years ago that examined a jar that had contained mummified organs of a woman. The goal was to identify the material used to preserve the organs and what that would show about ancient trade paths. 休伯（Huber）两年前撰写了一项研究，该研究检查了一个罐子，其中包含一个女人的木乃伊器官。 目的是确定用于保存器官的材料以及有关古代贸易道路的内容。 Researchers of the current study hope to do something similar. They want to use their findings to develop “smellscapes” to recreate the scents they discovered. They also want to change the experience for future museumgoers. 当前研究的研究人员希望做类似的事情。 他们想利用自己的发现来开发“气味景观”来重现他们发现的气味。 他们还想改变未来博物馆的经验。 Bembibre said museums generally ask visitors to experience everything with their eyes. She added that seeing mummies through “a glass case reduces the experience because we don’t get to smell them.” Bembibre说，博物馆通常要求游客用眼睛体验一切。 她补充说，通过“玻璃盒子降低了这种体验，因为我们没有闻到它们的气味”。 Smelling the scents of mummification would improve the museum visitors’ experiences, she suggested, as smell is one of the ways that people understand the world. 她建议，闻到木乃伊化的气味会改善博物馆游客的经历，因为气味是人们了解世界的一种方式。

Researchers recently reported new evidence from a study of a medical device placed inside the body, a spine-stimulating implant. 研究人员最近报道了一项对放置在体内的医疗装置的研究的新证据，这是一种刺激脊柱的植入物。 Three people with a muscle-destroying disease got a little stronger after using the implant. They were able to stand and walk more easily because of electrical stimulation to their spinal cord. 使用植入物后，三个患有肌肉疾病的人会变得更强大。 由于对脊髓的电刺激，他们能够更容易站立和走路。 Marco Capogrosso is an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburg, or Pitt, who led the research. "These people were definitely not expecting an improvement," he said. Capogrosso said, "They were getting better and better," over the study that lasted one month. Marco Capogrosso是匹兹堡大学或皮特大学的助理教授，他领导了这项研究。 他说：“这些人绝对不会期望有所改善。” Capogrosso说：“他们越来越好，”持续一个月的研究。The implant was able to return some muscle function, at least temporarily. The implant was already being tested to treat paralysis in other patients. This new evidence suggests it might also aid diseases of the nervous system like spinal muscle atrophy, or SMA. 植入物至少能够暂时恢复某些肌肉功能。 该植入物已经被测试以治疗其他患者的麻痹。 该新证据表明，它也可能有助于神经系统（如脊柱肌肉萎缩或SMA）的疾病。SMA is a genetic disease that slowly destroys motor neurons, nerve cells in the spinal cord that control muscles. That leads muscles to waste away, especially in the legs, hips, and shoulders and sometimes those involved with breathing and swallowing. There is no cure. A gene therapy can save the lives of very young children with a severe form of the disease, and there are some medicines to slow the disease in older patients. SMA是一种遗传疾病，慢慢破坏了控制肌肉的脊髓中的运动神经元，神经细胞。 这会导致肌肉浪费，尤其是在腿部，臀部和肩膀上，有时甚至是呼吸和吞咽的肌肉。 无法治愈。 基因疗法可以挽救患有严重形式疾病的非常小儿童的生命，并且有一些药物可以减慢老年患者的疾病。 Stimulating the spinal cord with low levels of electricity has long been used to treat chronic, or long-term, pain. Capogrosso's team also has tested it to help people paralyzed by strokes or spinal cord injury move their arms and legs with assistance. The system sends electrical signals to nerves that have stopped reacting. This has the effect of activating the muscles. 长期以来，用低水平的电刺激脊髓来治疗慢性或长期疼痛。 Capogrosso的团队还对其进行了测试，以帮助瘫痪或脊髓损伤瘫痪的人们在帮助的情况下移动手臂和腿部。 该系统将电信号发送到停止反应的神经。 这具有激活肌肉的作用。Capogrosso wondered if that same technology might help patients with SMA by stimulating sensory nerves to signal damaged muscle cells causing them to move. The researchers at the University of Pittsburgh published their study in Nature Medicine. Capogrosso想知道，同一技术是否可以通过刺激感觉神经来帮助肌肉细胞发出导致其移动的肌肉细胞来帮助患有SMA的患者。 匹兹堡大学的研究人员发表了他们的自然医学研究。 They implanted electrodes over the lower spinal cord of the three adults with SMA. Using the device did not return normal movement but with a few hours of spinal stimulation a week, all soon experienced improvements in muscle strength and function, the researchers wrote. 他们将电极植入了三个成年人的下脊髓上。 研究人员写道，使用该设备没有返回正常运动，而是每周进行几个小时的脊柱刺激，所有这些都很快就会改善肌肉力量和功能。Fifty-seven-year-old Doug McCullough took part in the study. "With a progressive disease you never get any better," he said, adding, “So having any improvement is just a really surreal and very exciting benefit." 57岁的道格·麦卡洛（Doug McCullough）参加了这项研究。 他说：“有了进步性疾病，您永远不会变得更好，因此，任何改进只是一个非常超现实和非常令人兴奋的好处。” All three subjects increased how far they could walk in six minutes by the study's end. 所有三个受试者都增加了他们在研究结束时可以在六分钟内步行多远。 Capogrosso said they could walk farther because they got less tired and “even a person this many years into the disease can improve." Capogrosso说，他们可以走得更远，因为他们的疲倦减少了，“即使是多年来疾病的人也可以改善”。 Researchers found the improvements did not disappear as soon as the stimulator was turned off. But they did decrease a few months after the study ended. 研究人员发现，一旦关闭刺激器，这些改进就不会消失。 但是在研究结束几个月后，他们确实减少了。 Neuroscientist Susan Harkema led similar studies of stimulation for spinal cord injuries while at the University of Louisville. She warned that the new study is small and did not last very long but said it was an important test of the device. She said it should be tested next with other muscle-degenerating diseases. 神经科学家苏珊·哈克玛（Susan Harkema）在路易斯维尔大学（University of Louisville）进行了类似的对脊髓损伤刺激的研究。 她警告说，这项新研究很小，持续很长时间，但表示这是对该设备的重要测试。 她说，接下来应该对其他肌肉脱生疾病进行测试。 Capogrosso said some small but longer studies are beginning. Capogrosso说，一些很小但更长的研究开始了。

Although they're common in Europe, this will be the first city-wide tourist tax in the UK. 虽然游客税在欧洲已经十分常见，但这个新设的游客税将是英国首个覆盖整个城市的游客税。 The Scottish Parliament passed legislation paving the way last year, and now Edinburgh councillors are set to introduce the charge. It will apply to anyone booking overnight accommodation including hotels, AirBnBs, hostels and campsites. The 5% charge will be capped at five consecutive nights. 苏格兰议会于去年通过的相关法案为收取游客税铺平了道路，而如今爱丁堡的政务委员们已经做出了施行这项税法的决定。该游客税将适用于所有在爱丁堡预定宾馆、民宿、青年旅舍和露营地等住宿场所的游客。这项税收将收取每晚住宿费用的 5%，以连续收费五晚为上限。 Edinburgh City Council believes that the levy could eventually raise up to £50 million a year with the funds reinvested in the city to support housing, infrastructure and cultural events. 爱丁堡市政务委员会相信这项税收最终每年能带来近五千万英镑的收入，这部分资金会被重新投资于该市，以支持住宅建设、基础设施建设和举办文化活动。 But a number of accommodation operators are sceptical about the scheme. Concerns have been raised about the time scale, and some self-catering operators have argued that this is an extra burden on top of a new licensing scheme that was introduced in 2023. 但不少住宿设施的经营者都对这项税收计划持怀疑态度。已经有人提出了对游客税中时间规定的担忧，一些提供自炊住宿的经营者还认为这项税收是 2023 年引入的新经营许可证要求之外新增的额外负担。 But, despite these complaints, the direction of travel seems clear. A number of other Scottish councils are developing their own proposals for a similar visitor levy.尽管有这些抱怨，但设立旅游税的发展趋势似乎十分明显。许多苏格兰城市政务委员会都在起草自己的方案，以收取类似的游客税费。词汇表city-wide 全市范围的，覆盖全市的paving the way 为…铺平道路，为…打下基础are set to 准备好capped 以…为上限，被限制在…内levy 税收，税款sceptical 持怀疑态度的burden 负担direction of travel 行进方向，发展趋势

Do you have a friend who happily agrees to your plans, only to disappear when the time eventually comes? Maybe they flake on you and cancel last minute, or just don't tell you and then ghost you completely. Or just maybe, it's you that sometimes lets people down. What lies behind this reluctance to keep to engagements? 您是否有一个朋友愉快地同意您的计划，只是在时间到来时就消失了？ 也许他们在您身上涂抹并取消最后一分钟，或者只是不告诉您，然后完全鬼魂。 或者，也许，有时候您会让人们失望。 这种不愿继续参与的背后是什么？ It could be our personality traits. According to psychology professor Richard Koestner, less conscientious or agreeable people tend to have less concern for others and are more likely to overbook themselves socially. While this can be due to bad time management, it can also be because people are afraid of confrontation and saying no to their friends, so end up agreeing to things that they don't really want to do. 这可能是我们的性格特征。 根据心理学教授理查德·科斯特纳（Richard Koestner）的说法，不太认真或愉快的人对他人的关注往往较少，并且更有可能在社交上超额预订自己。 尽管这可能是由于时间管理不佳，但也可能是因为人们害怕对抗并对他们的朋友说不，所以最终同意他们不想做的事情。 Technology could be another factor behind people's willingness to back out of social commitments. Firstly, being able to cancel plans with a simple text message or pressing a 'not attending' button on an invitation, rather than doing it face-to-face or through an awkward phone call, is a much more frictionless way to say you have changed your mind. On top of this, people have become used to the instant gratification offered by social media and streaming platforms. Does this make real-life interaction seem mundane and arduous by comparison? Could it be generational? A 2017 study found that 45% of American millennials saw nothing wrong with withdrawing from social arrangements. Older generations were less likely to pull out of events that they had been invited to. 技术可能是人们愿意退出社会承诺的另一个因素。 首先，能够通过简单的短信取消计划或按邀请上按下“不参加”按钮，而不是面对面或通过尴尬的电话进行，这是一种更无摩擦的方式来表明您有 改变了你的主意。 最重要的是，人们已经习惯了社交媒体和流媒体平台提供的即时满足。 相比之下，这是否使现实生活中的互动看起来平凡而艰巨？ 会是世代相传的吗？ 2017年的一项研究发现，有45％的美国千禧一代从社会安排中退出没有错。 老一辈不太可能摆脱被邀请的活动。 Whatever lies behind it, psychologists have advice for us. Kurt Gray from the University of North Carolina recommends a simple phone call to reinforce human connection. Andrea Bonior from Georgetown University tells us to gently let our friends know that being let down disrupts us and makes us feel less valued. Caution is important though. Life coach Kira Asatryan reminds us that sometime people withdraw, not out of disrespect, but because they themselves feel anxious, stressed or sad. 无论其背后是什么，心理学家都会为我们提供建议。 北卡罗来纳大学的库尔特·格雷（Kurt Gray）推荐一个简单的电话来加强人际关系。 乔治敦大学（Georgetown University）的安德里亚·邦尼尔（Andrea Bonior）告诉我们，让我们的朋友知道，让我们失望的是打扰我们，并使我们感到不受重视。 谨慎很重要。 生活教练基拉·阿萨特里安（Kira Asatryan）提醒我们，有时人们会撤出，而不是出于不尊重，而是因为他们自己感到焦虑，压力或悲伤。词汇表flake on someone 放弃遵守与某人的约定last minute 最后一刻ghost 突然消失，不再联系（某人）keep to 遵守，坚持engagement 约定，约会personality trait 人格特质conscientious 认真自觉的agreeable 随和的overbook 做出过多的约定time management 时间管理confrontation 争执，冲突back out 食言，变卦social commitment 社交活动frictionless 没有摩擦的，顺畅的instant gratification 即时满足mundane 平平无奇的，稀松平常的arduous 艰难的，费力的generational 代际的，代与代之间的withdraw 放弃，退出human connection 人与人之间的联系

However, the shorter the cooking time, the more nutrients are kept in the food. That advice comes from Amber Pankonin, a dietitian in the U.S. state of Nebraska. 但是，烹饪时间越短，食物中保留的营养越多。该建议来自美国内布拉斯加州的营养师Amber Pankonin。 Cooking over boiling water, or steaming, and in a microwave are considered the most nutritious methods. These two methods use little time and require no fat.用沸水或蒸以微波炉烹饪被认为是最营养的方法。这两种方法几乎没有时间，不需要脂肪。Another healthy method is blanching. This is when you boil vegetables in water for a minute or two. But not too long. Boiling vegetables runs the risk of losing water-soluble nutrients including vitamin C, B1 and folate. 另一个健康的方法是烫发。这是当您在水中煮蔬菜一两分钟的时候。但是不久。沸腾的蔬菜有失去水溶性营养素（包括维生素C，B1和叶酸）的风险。Thomas explained the reason boiling is not good for vegetables: The nutrients are "... leaching into the water, and you’re tossing out the water.” 托马斯（Thomas）解释了沸腾的原因对蔬菜不利：养分是“ ...浸入水中，您正在扔水。” However, you could save the water from boiled vegetables and use it for other purposes, such as soups, or just drink it. 但是，您可以从煮沸的蔬菜中节省水，并将其用于其他目的，例如汤，或者只是喝。Dietitians say there is no problem using a small amount of fat. Besides making vegetables taste better, a little cooking oil helps the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, said Pankonin. 营养师说使用少量脂肪没有问题。Pankonin说，除了使蔬菜味道更好，少量食用油还可以帮助人体吸收脂溶性维生素。 That means more vitamin A from squash, carrots, and sweet potatoes; more vitamin D from mushrooms; more vitamin E from bell peppers, leafy greens and asparagus; and more vitamin K from greens, broccoli and onions. 这意味着从南瓜，胡萝卜和地瓜中获得更多的维生素A；来自蘑菇的维生素D更多；贝尔辣椒，绿叶蔬菜和芦笋的维生素E更多；以及更多来自绿色，西兰花和洋葱的维生素K。For pan frying or sauteing, Pankonin suggests cooking with enough oil so the vegetables do not stick to the pan. The amount of oil will depend on the quantity of vegetables and the size of the pan. 对于锅煎炸或炒菜，Pankonin建议用足够的油烹饪，以免蔬菜粘在锅上。油的量将取决于蔬菜的数量和锅的大小。 For roasting, you will likely need more oil. Despite the longer cooking time, roasting will still keep some nutrients and will increase the flavor with the heating of natural sugars. 对于烘烤，您可能需要更多的油。尽管烹饪时间较长，但烘焙仍会保留一些营养，并随着天然糖的加热而增加风味。 “Flavor is king,” Pankonin said. “I would much rather see people roasting their vegetables and enjoying them.” “风味是国王，”潘科宁说。“我宁愿看到人们烤蔬菜并享用它们。” 

Carlene Thomas is a dietitian, a person who gives advice about healthy foods to eat. 卡琳·托马斯（Carlene Thomas）是一名营养师，他是一个关于健康食品的建议。 When it comes to eating healthy vegetables, Thomas says there are two kinds of people who ask her for advice. 在吃健康的蔬菜方面，托马斯说，有两种人向她寻求建议。 The first kind wants to know how different cooking methods affect the nutrition in vegetables. The other kind of person wants to know how to eat more vegetables. Thomas’ simple answer to both groups is this: The best vegetables are the ones you actually want to eat. 第一种想知道不同的烹饪方法如何影响蔬菜的营养。另一种人想知道如何吃更多的蔬菜。托马斯对这两组的简单答案是：最好的蔬菜是您实际想吃的蔬菜。 Thomas told the Associated Press that many people buy vegetables that they think they will eat. Maybe the produce is popular or someone is bringing attention to it on social media. But then they end up not using it. That means the vegetable gets thrown away after it goes bad. 托马斯告诉美联社，许多人购买了他们认为会吃的蔬菜。也许该产品很受欢迎，或者有人在社交媒体上引起人们的关注。但是随后他们最终不使用它。这意味着蔬菜变坏后被扔掉。In that case, Thomas said, “It doesn’t matter how you cook them, because if they’re going in the trash, they’re not in your body.” 在这种情况下，托马斯说：“烹饪它们都没关系，因为如果它们要陷入垃圾，它们就不在您的体内。” However, Thomas said research shows cooking methods do affect nutrition. But it is not as simple as comparing raw, or uncooked, vegetables to cooked ones. Cooking methods can include steaming, roasting, boiling, or sauteing. 但是，托马斯说，研究表明烹饪方法确实会影响营养。但这并不像将原始或未煮过的蔬菜与煮熟的蔬菜进行比较那么简单。烹饪方法可以包括蒸，烘烤，煮沸或炒。 So, are raw vegetables healthier than cooked? Not always. 那么，生蔬菜比煮熟的健康吗？并非总是如此。 When vegetables are cooked with high heat for a long period of time many nutrients break down. However, cooking softens the cell walls in vegetables, making them easier for the body to digest. 当蔬菜长时间以高热量煮熟时，许多营养物质破裂了。但是，烹饪会使蔬菜中的细胞壁变软，从而使人体更容易消化。 Cooking changes the structure of vegetables which increases what dietitians call bioavailability. This is the body’s ability to use the nutrients in vegetables, Thomas said. 烹饪改变了蔬菜的结构，从而增加了营养师所谓的生物利用度。托马斯说，这是人体在蔬菜中使用养分的能力。Cooked food is often more nutritious than raw food. For example, cooked tomatoes release more of the antioxidant lycopene than raw tomatoes, she said. Lycopene is believed to have qualities that prevent cancer. 煮食物通常比生食更营养。她说，例如，煮熟的西红柿比生番茄释放更多的抗氧化剂番茄红素。番茄红素被认为具有预防癌症的品质。 Also, cooked carrots have more beta-carotene that can be absorbed by the body. Roasting pumpkins, carrots and sweet potatoes increases available carotenoids. These antioxidants are thought to prevent inflammation in the body. 另外，煮熟的胡萝卜具有更多的β-胡萝卜素，可以被人体吸收。烤南瓜，胡萝卜和地瓜增加了可用的类胡萝卜素。这些抗氧化剂被认为可以防止体内炎症。 

A new museum of laughter in Croatia is offering to help people deal with the negativity of modern life. 克罗地亚的新笑博物馆正在提供帮助人们应对现代生活的消极情绪。 Visitors to the HaHaHouse in the Croatian capital Zagreb walk into a little cloud of white smoke when they step inside. Its purpose is to blow away their worries before they climb into a "giant washing machine". 克罗地亚首都萨格勒布（Zagreb）的访客踏上了一小撮白烟。它的目的是在爬进“巨型洗衣机”之前吹散他们的担忧。 Then they move down a twisting slide into a space filled with little white balls where their trip to a happier place starts. 然后，他们向下移动一张扭曲的滑梯，进入一个充满白色小球的空间，他们到一个更快乐的地方的旅行开始。 Forty-three-year-old Andrea Golubic is the museum’s creator. Golubic said she got the idea during the COVID-19 pandemic. At that time, many people were feeling down, depressed and alone: "I realized that I had a mission -- to heal people with laughter." 四十三岁的安德里亚·古鲁比奇（Andrea Golubic）是博物馆的创作者。古鲁比奇说，她在Covid-19-19大流行期间得到了这个想法。当时，许多人感到沮丧，沮丧和孤独：“我意识到自己有一个使命 - 用笑声治愈人们。” The idea "came straight from the heart", Golubic told the French News Agency (AFP). She had ideas for many of the museum elements in one day: “that's how the HaHaHouse began." 古鲁比奇告诉法国新闻社（法新社），这个想法“直接来自心脏”。她有一天对许多博物馆元素都有想法：“这就是哈哈斯的开始。” Golubic said a picture of her when she was seven-year-old inspired her. “I was constantly joking as a kid," she added. 戈卢比奇（Golubic）七岁的时候说她的照片启发了她。她补充说：“我小时候一直在开玩笑。” Visitors press a button to be "disinfected from negativity" as soon as they step inside the museum, which has eight interactive zones, or areas. 访问者在拥有八个互动区或区域的博物馆内走进博物馆后立即按下一个按钮要“消除否定性”。 One has rubber chickens singing cheerfully. They sing songs like ABBA's "Dancing Queen." There is a karaoke room with distorted voices and a "Sumo Arena" for wrestling in puffed up clothes. 一个让橡胶鸡很高兴地唱歌。他们唱着阿巴（Abba）的《跳舞女王》（Dancing Queen）等歌曲。有一个带有扭曲声音的卡拉OK室和一个“相扑竞技场”，可以穿着蓬松的衣服摔跤。 There is also some serious history of humor from ancient to modern times told through theatre, film or the internet. 从古代到现代的幽默也有一些严肃的历史，通过戏剧，电影或互联网讲述。 The museum also explains different kinds of humor. These include word play, slapstick, dark humor and satire. 博物馆还解释了各种幽默。其中包括单词播放，闹剧，黑暗的幽默和讽刺。Golubic said the HaHaHouse is popular with everyone from small children to older people. Adults say it is a good excuse to act like a child. 古鲁比奇说，哈哈胡斯很受欢迎，从小孩子到老年人。成人说，像孩子一样表现是一个很好的借口。 "All those who still feel a bit of childish joy and embrace their inner child, will recharge themselves," she said. 她说：“所有仍然感到有点幼稚的快乐并拥抱自己的内心孩子的人都会为自己充实。” Retiree Bruno Dadic told AFP he was pleased by his visit "as there is never enough humor in life. 退休人员布鲁诺·达迪克（Bruno Dadic）告诉法新社，他对自己的访问感到高兴“因为生活中永远没有足够的幽默。 "Laughter is a medicine for the soul," he said. 他说：“笑是灵魂的药物。” Aleksandar Suka celebrated his fifth birthday with a visit. Visiting with his mother, the little boy said he liked lying on the "Bed of Nails" since they tickled him. Aleksandar Suka通过访问庆祝了他的五岁生日。小男孩和母亲一起拜访，说他喜欢躺在“指甲床”上，因为他们挠了他。 Singer Zorica Bucic, from the coastal town of Split, said the museum was just right for our times. 来自沿海地区Split的歌手Zorica Bucic说，博物馆恰好适合我们时代。 "Entering here is like entering childhood, being relieved of all problems,” she said. Bucic added that if you could come to museum often, you would not need to visit a psychologist.她说：“进入这里就像进入童年，摆脱所有问题。” Bucic补充说，如果您经常来博物馆，就不必拜访心理学家。Psychologist Petar Kraljevic told AFP that laughter is a kind of weapon which gives people strength to face their problems. He said that if doctors could advise their patients to have "three hours of laughter” a day, people would feel much better. 心理学家Petar Kraljevic告诉法新社，笑声是一种使人们面对问题的武器。他说，如果医生可以建议患者每天有“三个小时的笑声”，人们会感觉好多了。 

The most legendary Celtic woman was Boudica, the warrior queen who led a revolt against the Romans almost 2,000 years ago. But new analysis suggests she might have been the norm, not the exception. 最赫赫有名的凯尔特女性是布狄卡，这位女武士王后曾在近 2000 年前带头反抗罗马人的统治。但最新的分析结果显示，她所代表的女性统治者在当时可能是一种常态而非特例。 Archaeologists excavated 57 skeletons of people from the Durotriges tribe in Dorset. DNA sequencing of the genes passed from mother to daughter, compared to from father to son, revealed that most of the women were blood relatives. By contrast, the men were from lots of different communities, effectively outsiders. Dr Lara Cassidy, from Trinity College, Dublin, says this shows the society was matrilocal, meaning men moved to join their wives and families. 考古学家在多赛特郡挖掘出了属于杜罗特里吉部落成员的 57 具骨架。由母亲遗传给给女儿的基因的 DNA 测序结果与父亲遗传给儿子的相比，显示出大多数女性之间都具有血缘关系。而与普遍具有血缘关系的女性不同，男性则来自许多不同的家族，实际上都是血缘关系中的外来人。都柏林大学圣三一学院的劳拉·卡西迪博士说，这个研究结果显示出当时的社会有入赘的习俗，即男性会迁移以陪伴其妻子和家庭。 Inheriting land and wealth did not mean the daughters were political rulers, but they would have had significant influence. The scientists discovered the same DNA pattern in other Iron Age cemeteries. Perhaps Boudica was just one in a land of powerful women calling the shots at a time of great upheaval. 虽然继承土地和财富并不意味着女性后代会成为政治上的统治者，但她们可能有着显著的影响力。科学家们在其它铁器时代的墓葬中发现了相同的女性血缘更普遍的 DNA 遗传模式。也许在那段动荡的历史中，布狄卡只是在这片土地上做主的有权势的女性中的一员。 

Are you the kind of person who needs a pristine, orderly environment for you to feel relaxed? Or perhaps being surrounded by your clutter isn't a big deal – it might even bring you comfort. 'Professional organisers', who help people declutter their space, have grown in popularity in recent years, particularly on the internet. But does shedding your possessions always make you happier? Or, does clutter matter? 您是那种需要原始，有序的环境以使您感到放松的人吗？也许被您的混乱包围并不是什么大问题 - 甚至可能为您带来安慰。帮助人们整理空间的“专业组织者”近年来越来越受欢迎，尤其是在互联网上。但是，放弃您的财产总是会让您更快乐？还是杂物很重要？ Living in a messy space can have various negative effects on our lives. For example, a study called 'No Place Like Home' by Repetti and Saxbe, found that mothers with messy homes had higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol and an increased depressed mood throughout the day. Messy homes can also make it harder to fall asleep, according to the 2021 study 'The association between sleep and late life hoarding', and no one wants that! 生活在一个混乱的空间中会对我们的生活产生各种负面影响。例如，一项名为Repetti和Saxbe的名为“ No Toble Home”的研究发现，拥有凌乱的房屋的母亲的压力激素皮质醇水平更高，并且全天的情绪降低。根据2021年的研究“睡眠与晚期ho积之间的关联”，杂乱无章的房屋也很难入睡，没有人想要！ So perhaps Marie Kondo, author of 'The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying', was on to something when she said, "tidying can transform your life". To achieve Kondo's style of minimalism, she recommends gathering all your things together, choosing which items 'spark joy' and then discarding the rest. Some may find it invigorating to begin again on a clean slate, while others, particularly extreme hoarders, can find the process anxiety-inducing, because of an attachment to their belongings. 因此，也许玛丽·昆多（Marie Kondo）是《整洁生活的魔法》的作者，他说：“整理可以改变您的生活”。为了实现Kondo的极简主义风格，她建议将所有的东西聚集在一起，选择哪些项目“ Spark Joy”，然后丢弃其余的东西。有些人可能会发现重新开始以干净的板岩开始令人振奋，而另一些人，尤其是极端ho积者，由于对物品的依恋，可以找到引起焦虑的过程。 Then there are those who simply enjoy collecting. Vintage style expert Kate Beavis has a home filled with handbags, toys, phones and cookware from the 1960s. Others may call this clutter, but she argues that minimalist homes are "boring and bland". Some items may not have a practical use, but instead hold sentimental value, and spark joy in a nostalgic way. And things that "evoke happy memories are valuable, especially to people with memory problems," says Chris Stiff, senior lecturer in psychology at Keele University. 然后有些人只是喜欢收集。复古风格的专家凯特·比维斯（Kate Beavis）拥有一个房屋，里面有1960年代的手袋，玩具，电话和炊具。其他人可能会称这个混乱，但她认为极简主义的房屋“无聊而平淡”。有些项目可能没有实际用途，而是具有感性的价值，并以怀旧的方式引发喜悦。Keele大学心理学高级讲师Chris Stiff说，“唤起人们的回忆唤起幸福的回忆是有价值的，尤其是对记忆问题的人来说都是有价值的。”Maybe a giant mess isn't all bad. And as Albert Einstein once said, "If a cluttered desk is a sign of a cluttered mind, of what, then, is an empty desk a sign?" 也许巨大的烂摊子并不是全部不好。正如阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）曾经说过的那样：“如果杂乱无章的桌子是杂乱无章的迹象，那么什么是空的桌子呢？”词汇表pristine 整洁的，崭新的orderly 井然有序的clutter 杂乱的东西declutter 清理，整理shed 丢弃possession 所有物messy 脏乱的，不整洁的cortisol 皮质醇hoarding 囤积tidy 整理，使…整洁on to something 发现某事的真相minimalism 极简主义spark joy 激发快乐，引起愉悦discard 丢弃invigorating 令人充满活力的clean slate 一张白纸，比喻崭新的开始hoarder 喜欢囤积东西的人collecting 收集，收藏sentimental value 情感价值nostalgic 怀旧的

Bowel cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, and experts believe poor diet is behind half of all cases. 肠癌是英国第四大最常见的癌症，而专家认为引起一半肠癌病例背后的原因都是不健康的饮食习惯。 Researchers at Oxford University, funded by Cancer Research UK, looked at data from more than half a million UK women over more than 16 years. It found that those with an extra 300 milligrams of calcium in their diets, equivalent to a large glass of milk a day, had a 17% lower risk of bowel cancer. 牛津大学研究人员在英国癌症研究基金会的资助下对 50 多万名英国女性在超过 16 年间的医学数据展开了研究。研究发现，每天在饮食中额外摄入 300 毫克钙的人，即等同于每天多喝一大杯牛奶，患肠癌的风险降低了 17%。 Researchers also said dark, leafy greens, white wholemeal bread and some non-dairy milks, which contain calcium, also had a protective effect. 研究人员还表示，同样含钙的深色绿叶蔬菜、全麦白面包以及部分种类的非乳制牛奶也具有一定的保护效果。 

How often do you go to the park? Is it part of your everyday life, or a trip that you plan? Many large urban parks are situated far from where people live, meaning they are a destination for planned visits rather than everyday life. For example, only 14% of the population of Los Angeles have a park within walking distance. Also, the distribution of such parks is often relatively unequal, meaning that they benefit some areas and groups of people much more than others. A number of studies have shown that it is often disadvantaged neighbourhoods that lack easy access to green spaces. It's rarely practical to address this by creating large new parks, but designating small parcels of land, empty lots, or even parts of quiet streets as pocket parks can have a major impact on residents' quality of life. 您多久去公园一次？这是您日常生活的一部分还是您计划的旅行？许多大型城市公园远离人们居住的地方，这意味着它们是计划访问而不是日常生活的目的地。例如，只有14％的洛杉矶人口在步行距离之内。同样，这种公园的分布通常相对不平等，这意味着它们比其他地区更受益。许多研究表明，缺乏容易进入绿色空间的弱势街区。通过创建大型新公园来解决这一问题是很不可取的，但是指定一小片土地，空地，甚至安静的街道作为袖珍公园可能会对居民的生活质量产生重大影响。Often no larger than a few tennis courts and located within neighbourhoods close to where people live, these green spaces can strengthen community bonds. They provide a place to meet neighbours, or a play area for children. Green gyms or ball game areas can give local people a space to exercise in, improving public health outcomes. Local businesses can use spaces to promote their products or organise events to help them grow. A study by the University of Philadelphia, showed that crime was reduced in neighbourhoods with pocket parks, compared to those which left empty spaces derelict. Studies report that where space is used to make pocket parks, communities feel greater ownership of and attachment towards their neighbourhood. 这些绿色空间通常不超过几个网球场，位于人们居住的社区内，可以加强社区纽带。他们提供了一个见面邻居或儿童游乐区的地方。绿色的健身房或球游戏区域可以为当地人提供锻炼的空间，从而改善公共卫生结果。当地企业可以使用空间来推广其产品或组织活动以帮助他们成长。费城大学的一项研究表明，与遗弃空间的空间相比，在袖珍公园的社区中犯罪减少了。研究报告说，在使用空间来制造袖珍公园的地方，社区对他们附近的拥有更大的所有权和依恋。 As well as benefits for the human population, an increase in green space can benefit the local environment. Pocket parks can act as stepping stones, allowing wildlife to travel across the city, as well as providing habitats for different species. Parks provide increased tree canopy cover, offering shade which can counteract urban heat island effects, helping to reduce temperatures. Trees also help to reduce air pollution, and green space allows water to drain away, reducing flood risks. Could pocket parks be a relatively cheap way to strengthen communities and improve local environments? 除了对人口的利益外，绿色空间的增加还可以使当地环境受益。袖珍公园可以充当垫脚石，使野生动植物可以穿越整个城市，并为不同物种提供栖息地。公园提供了增加的树冠覆盖物，提供阴影，可以抵消城市热岛的影响，有助于降低温度。树木还有助于减少空气污染，绿色空间使水可以排出，从而减少洪水风险。袖珍公园是否可以是增强社区和改善当地环境的相对便宜的方式？ 

Arjun Gopalaswamy is an ecologist who knows how to measure wildlife populations. He said that estimates from India’s official tiger observation program have been undependable. He said some of the numbers in the study are much higher than past estimates of tiger populations from the same datasets. But he added that the study's findings seem to have corrected a data problem noted repeatedly by scientists since 2011 related to tiger population size and their range. Arjun Gopalaswamy是一位生态学家，知道如何测量野生动植物种群。他说，印度官方老虎观察计划的估计是不可依赖的。他说，研究中的一些数字远高于同一数据集对老虎种群的过去估计。但是他补充说，这项研究的发现似乎已经纠正了科学家自2011年以来反复指出的数据问题，与老虎人口规模及其范围有关。 The study said tigers disappeared in some areas. These included habitats that were not near national parks or other protected areas, and areas of increased development, increased human use of forest resources and areas with armed conflict. 研究说，老虎在某些地区消失了。这些包括不在国家公园或其他保护区附近的栖息地，以及增加人类对森林资源和武装冲突地区的使用增加。 “Without community support and participation and community benefits, conservation is not possible in our country,” said Jhala. 贾拉说：“没有社区的支持和参与和社区福利，我们国家就无法进行保护。” That means local people need to see good results from their efforts to save tigers. 这意味着当地人需要从挽救老虎的努力中看到良好的结果。 Tigers are spread across about 138,200 square kilometers of India. But just 25 percent of the area is rich in tiger prey and is protected. Another 45 percent of tiger habitat is shared with about 60 million people, the study said. 老虎分布在印度约138,200平方公里。但是，只有25％的面积富含老虎猎物并受到保护。这项研究说，另外45％的老虎栖息地与约6000万人共享。 Jhala said strong wildlife protection legislation is the “backbone” of tiger conservation in India. “Habitat is not a constraint, it's the quality of the habitat which is a constraint,” he said. 贾拉说，强大的野生动植物保护立法是印度老虎保护的“骨干”。他说：“栖息地不是约束，而是栖息地的质量是一种约束。” Wildlife biologist Ravi Chellam, who did not take part in the study, praised the tiger conservation efforts as promising. But, he said, such efforts need to be extended to other wild animals to better care for the whole ecosystem in India. 没有参加这项研究的野生动植物生物学家拉维·切兰姆（Ravi Chellam）称赞老虎保护工作是有希望的。但是，他说，需要将这种努力扩展到其他野生动物，以更好地照顾印度的整个生态系统。 Chellam said several kinds of Indian wildlife are “on the edge,” and need more attention. Chellam说，几种印度野生动植物“处于边缘”，需要更多的关注。 

A recent study says India has doubled its tiger population in 12 years. 最近的一项研究表明，印度在12年内已将其老虎人口翻了一番。 Researchers said the gain came from efforts to protect the big cats from hunters, and to protect against the loss of tiger habitat and prey, among other things. 研究人员说，收益来自保护大猫免受猎人的努力，并防止老虎栖息地和猎物的丧失等。 The National Tiger Conservation Authority said the number of tigers grew from an estimated 1,706 in 2010 to around 3,682 in 2022. Those numbers mean India is home to about 75 percent of the total tiger population. 国家老虎保护局说，老虎的数量从2010年的1,706人增加到2022年的3,682。这些数量意味着印度是大约75％的老虎人口的家园。 The research shows that a reduction in conflict between humans and wildlife also played a part in the population growth. The study credited efforts to improve economic conditions for communities near tiger habitats. The researchers said the growth in the tiger population also led to improvements in local economies through increased ecotourism. 研究表明，人类与野生动植物之间的冲突减少也在人口增长中发挥了作用。该研究归功于改善老虎栖息地附近社区的经济状况。研究人员说，老虎人口的增长也通过增加生态旅游导致了当地经济的改善。 The study appears in the publication Science. It said India's success demonstrates that wildlife protection can help both biodiversity and nearby communities. 该研究出现在出版科学中。它说，印度的成功表明，野生动植物保护可以帮助生物多样性和附近社区。 “The common belief is that human densities preclude an increase in tiger populations," said Yadvendradev Jhala. Jhala is a scientist at Bengaluru-based Indian National Academy of Sciences and was the study’s lead writer. “What the research shows is that it's not the human density, but the attitude of people, which matters more.” Yadvendradev Jhala说：“普遍的信念是，人类的密度排除了老虎人群的增加。人类密度，但人们的态度更重要。” Wildlife conservationists and ecologists welcomed the study. But they said making the source data available to a larger group of scientists would aid tigers and other wildlife in India. The study was based on data collected by Indian government-supported organizations. 野生动植物保护主义者和生态学家欢迎这项研究。但是他们说，将源数据提供给较大的科学家，将帮助虎和其他野生动植物在印度。该研究基于印度政府支持的组织收集的数据。 

But the joint operation between British Airways and Air France suffered several business difficulties that led to the decision to stop flying the supersonic planes. Some of the difficulties were linked to publicity about a deadly Concorde crash in 2000. That incident involved an Air France airliner crashing shortly after taking off from Paris. The crash claimed a total of 113 lives. 但是，英国航空公司与法国航空公司之间的联合行动遭受了几个业务困难，导致决定停止飞行超音速飞机。一些困难与2000年致命的协和撞车事故有关。该事件涉及一架法国航空公司从巴黎起飞后不久坠毁。坠机事故总共夺走了113人的生命。 Boom Supersonic says its planned Overture airliner will be designed to transport passengers from the U.S. East Coast across the Atlantic to Europe in about 3-and-a-half hours. The flight with normal passenger jets takes about eight hours. Boom Supersonic表示，其计划的越野客机将旨在在大约3个半小时内从美国东海岸的乘客运送乘客到欧洲。带有普通乘客喷气机的飞行大约需要八个小时。Amy Marino Spowart is the president and chief executive officer at the National Aeronautic Association. She told The Associated Press the latest supersonic test flight suggests “the future of aviation is here and now.” Spowart added, “Not only is there hope for faster and better commercial flight, but Boom proves that it can be done sustainably.” 艾米·马里诺·斯波特（Amy Marino Spowart）是国家航空协会的主席兼首席执行官。她告诉美联社，最新的超音速测试飞行表明：“航空的未来在这里和现在。” Spowart补充说：“不仅有希望更快，更好的商业飞行的希望，而且Boom证明了它可以可持续地完成。” Boom Supersonic has said its planned supersonic airliner will be designed to run on up to 100 percent sustainable aircraft fuel. Such sustainable fuels are made from non-petroleum products, such as food waste or other biomass materials. Both XB-1 and Overture are made mostly from a carbon-based composite material to provide “a strong, lightweight structure,” the company said. Boom Supersonic表示，其计划的超音速客机将设计为可持续飞机燃料的100％。这种可持续的燃料由非高甲基产品（例如食物浪费或其他生物质材料）制成。该公司表示，XB-1和序曲主要由碳基复合材料制成，以提供“强大，轻质的结构”。 NASA’s supersonic aircraft – built together with Lockheed Martin – is called X-59. It is also an experimental plane that is seeking to test the level of noise produced by supersonic travel. Currently, supersonic flights are banned over land because of the loud noise they produce. NASA的超音速飞机与洛克希德·马丁（Lockheed Martin）一起建造，称为X-59。这也是一个实验平面，正在寻求测试超音速行进产生的噪声水平。目前，由于它们产生的噪音，超音速航班被禁止在陆地上。NASA has explained it plans to carry out testing this year of the X-59 aircraft, which has been designed and engineered to operate at lower noise levels than other supersonic aircraft. The tests – to take place at supersonic test centers in California – are designed “to prove the quiet supersonic technology works as designed.” 美国宇航局（NASA）解释说，它计划在今年的X-59飞机上进行测试，该飞机的设计和设计为比其他超音速飞机的噪声水平较低。这些测试是在加利福尼亚的超音速测试中心进行的 - 旨在“证明按设计的安静的超音速技术工作。” NASA said that after that testing is done, the agency plans to begin community reaction studies, beginning in 2026. These will involve flying the X-59 over several cities and then asking people on the ground to share their thoughts on the level of noise they heard. 美国国家航空航天局说，在进行测试之后，该机构计划从2026年开始开始社区反应研究。这些将涉及将X-59飞越几个城市，然后要求地面上的人们分享他们对他们的噪音水平的想法 听到。 NASA has said the X-59 – which measures 30 meters long and nine meters wide – is expected to fly at 1.4 times the speed of sound. That is about 1,500 kilometers per hour. NASA表示，X-59长30米，宽9米，预计将以声音速度飞行1.4倍。每小时约为1,500公里。 

An experimental aircraft developed by a private American company broke the sound barrier during a recent flight test. 一家美国私人公司开发的实验飞机在最近的飞行测试中打破了声音障碍。California-based company Boom Supersonic built the plane, named XB-1. The company said the aircraft reached a speed of Mach 1.05 during a test on January 28. The test flight operated from the Mojave Air & Space Port in Mojave, California. 总部位于加利福尼亚的公司Boom Supersonic建造了该飞机，名为XB-1。该公司表示，这架飞机在1月28日的测试中达到了1.05马赫的速度。测试飞行从加利福尼亚州莫哈韦的莫哈韦空气和太空港口运行。 Any speed greater than Mach 1.0 breaks the sound barrier and is considered supersonic. The American space agency NASA explains that at sea level, the speed of sound is estimated to be about 1,236 kilometers per hour. 大于1.0马赫的任何速度都会打破声音屏障，被认为是超音速。美国航天局NASA解释说，在海平面上，估计声音速度约为每小时1,236公里。 In a statement, Boom Supersonic said the XB-1 demonstrator aircraft climbed to more than 35,000 feet before reaching Mach 1.0. It recorded the speed within 11 minutes of taking off. The company also released a video feed of the supersonic test flight. Boom Supersonic在一份声明中说，XB-1示威飞机在达到1.0马赫之前攀升至35,000英尺以上。它在起飞的11分钟内记录了速度。该公司还发布了超音速测试飞行的视频供稿。The company said in a press release, “Historically, supersonic aircraft have been the work of nation states, developed by militaries and governments.” But the latest flight made the XB-1 “the world’s first independently developed supersonic jet” to break the sound barrier, Boom Supersonic said. 该公司在新闻稿中表示：“从历史上看，超音速飞机一直是由军队和政府发展的民族国家的工作。” Boom Supersonic说，但是最新的航班使XB-1“世界上第一个独立开发的超音速喷气机”打破了声音障碍。 The company’s founder and chief executive officer, Blake Scholl, said, “XB-1’s supersonic flight demonstrates that the technology for passenger supersonic flight has arrived.” 该公司的创始人兼首席执行官布雷克·肖尔（Blake Scholl）表示：“ XB-1的超音速航班表明，乘客超音速飞行技术已经到来。” Boom Supersonic launched in 2014 “with the goal of making high-speed travel mainstream and enabling a new world of human connection.” With that in mind, the company has been working to develop a supersonic passenger airliner called Overture. The aircraft would carry up to 80 passengers. Boom Supersonic于2014年推出：“目的是建立高速旅行主流并实现人类联系的新世界。” 考虑到这一点，该公司一直在努力开发一架名为Overture的超音速客机。飞机最多可容纳80名乘客。 Boom Supersonic is one of several American companies seeking to develop supersonic flight vehicles. NASA is also working on a supersonic aircraft in partnership with a U.S. contractor. Boom Supersonic是希望开发超音速飞行车辆的几家美国公司之一。NASA还与美国承包商合作生产了超音速飞机。The last time supersonic travel was available to passengers was 2003. That is the year the Concorde – the world’s first supersonic passenger jet aircraft – stopped service. Britain and France jointly operated the Concorde. 乘客上次可以进行超音速旅行是2003年。那一年，与世界上第一艘超音速飞机飞机的协和一年停止了服务。英国和法国共同经营协和。 

Japan's space agency says it successfully launched a navigation satellite on its new H3 rocket. The latest launch on February 2 took place as the country aims to develop a more precise positioning system. 日本航天局表示，它成功地在其新的H3火箭上推出了导航卫星。2月2日的最新发布会是该国旨在开发更精确的定位系统的。 The H3 rocket carrying the Michibiki 6 satellite lifted off from the Tanegashima Space Center on a southwestern Japanese island. 载有Michibiki 6卫星的H3火箭从日本西南部的Tanegashima太空中心抬起。 Makoto Arita oversees the H3 project for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency known as JAXA. Arita said everything went smoothly and the satellite successfully separated from the rocket as planned about 29 minutes after liftoff.Makoto Arita监督日本航空航天勘探局的H3项目，称为Jaxa。阿里塔（Arita）说，一切都顺利进行，卫星在升空后约29分钟后成功地与火箭分离。 Officials said it should reach its target orbit around Earth in the middle of February. 官员说，它应该在2月中旬到达地球周围的目标轨道。 Japan’s current system is called the quasi-zenith satellite system, or QZSS. It started operating in 2018 and has four satellites that serve a regional navigation system. The Michibiki 6 will be the fifth satellite in the network. 日本当前的系统称为准Zenith卫星系统或QZSS。它从2018年开始运行，并拥有四个为区域导航系统服务的卫星。Michibiki 6将是网络中的第五颗卫星。 Michibiki's signals are used to supplement the American satellite system called the Global Positioning System (GPS). It will also improve positioning data for smartphones, car navigation, navigation at sea and drones. Michibiki的信号用于补充称为全球定位系统（GPS）的美国卫星系统。它还将改善智能手机，汽车导航，海上航行和无人机的定位数据。 Japan plans to launch two more navigation satellites to have a seven-satellite system by March 2026. The Japan Science and Technology Agency hopes that will create a more precise global positioning ability without depending on foreign services, including GPS. By the late 2030s, Japan plans to have an 11-satellite network. 日本计划在2026年3月之前发射另外两条导航卫星，以建立七个卫星系统。日本科学技术局希望，它将创造更精确的全球定位能力，而不会依赖包括外国服务（包括GPS）。到2030年代后期，日本计划拥有一个11卫星网络。Sunday's launch was the fourth successful flight in a row for the H3 system. The first attempt to launch last year failed and the rocket had to be destroyed with its payload. 周日的发布是H3系统连续第四次成功的航班。去年发射的首次尝试失败了，火箭必须用有效载荷摧毁。 Japan considers the ability to regularly put satellites into orbit as important to its space program and national security. It has been developing two new leading rockets. One is the large H3 from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The other is a much smaller Epsilon system with the aerospace unit of IHI corporation. Japan hopes to meet the needs of companies for space launch services and improve its position in the growing satellite launch market. 日本认为能够定期将卫星放入轨道上对其太空计划和国家安全至关重要。它一直在开发两个新的领先火箭。一个是来自三菱重工业的大型H3。另一个是IHI Corporation的航空航天单元的一个小得多的Epsilon系统。日本希望满足公司对太空发射服务的需求，并提高其在不断增长的卫星发射市场中的地位。 

A new study warns that millions of Europeans could die from heat-related causes by the end of the century. 一项新的研究警告说，到本世纪末，数百万欧洲人可能死于与热有关的原因。 The study was based on computer simulations of predicted climate activity in 854 different European cities. It found that extreme temperatures, mostly heat, could kill as many as 2.3 million people in Europe by 2100. 该研究基于对854个不同欧洲城市预测气候活动的计算机模拟。它发现，到2100年，欧洲的极端温度（大部分为热量）可能会杀死多达230万人。 The researchers said the number of predicted deaths could be reduced if nations are able to find better ways of cutting carbon pollution levels and dealing with extreme heat. 研究人员说，如果国家能够找到切割碳污染水平并处理极端热量的更好的方法，则可以减少预测的死亡人数。 Currently, cold weather kills far more people in Europe than hot weather. But the study found that as temperatures continue to rise, deaths from cold weather will lessen over time. However, heat-related deaths are predicted to rise sharply. 目前，寒冷的天气在欧洲造成的人数比炎热的天气多得多。但是研究发现，随着温度的继续升高，随着时间的流逝，寒冷天气的死亡将减少。但是，与热有关的死亡预计将急剧上升。 Scientists at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine led the research. The results appeared recently in a study in the publication Nature Medicine. 伦敦卫生与热带医学学院的科学家领导了这项研究。结果最近出现在出版自然医学的一项研究中。 The researchers urged increased efforts to reduce greenhouse gases and expand indoor air-cooling systems and cooling centers in parts of Europe. Without such efforts, places in Italy, southern Spain and Greece are likely to see large increases in heat deaths related to climate change, the study found. 研究人员敦促增加努力减少温室气体，扩大欧洲部分地区的室内空气冷却系统和冷却中心。该研究发现，如果没有这样的努力，意大利，西班牙南部和希腊的地方很可能会看到与气候变化有关的热死亡人数大幅增加。 On the other hand, much of Scandinavia and Britain are predicted to see fewer temperature-related deaths, largely because low temperatures are expected to become more moderate. 另一方面，预计斯堪的纳维亚半岛和英国的大部分与温度有关的死亡人数较少，这主要是因为预计低温会变得更加温和。 Pierre Masselot studies the environmental effects of human health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He helped lead the research.皮埃尔·马斯洛特（Pierre Masselot）研究了伦敦卫生和热带医学学院人类健康的环境影响。他帮助领导了这项研究。 Masselot told the Associated Press that drops in cold deaths in northern parts of Europe are happening in areas not as populated as places further south. “The Mediterranean is a so-called climate hotspot," he said. "It's a region that is warming much quicker than the rest of the world. And Malta is right in the middle of it.” 马斯洛特（Masselot）告诉美联社，欧洲北部北部地区的寒冷死亡人口不如南部地区那样发生。他说：“地中海是一个所谓的气候热点。这个地区比世界其他地方快得多。马耳他正好在其中。” The study predicts Malta’s temperature-related deaths will increase by 269 people for every 100,000 individuals by the end of the century. On the other hand, Ireland’s rate is expected to drop slightly to 15 per 100,000 people. 该研究预测，到本世纪末，马耳他与温度有关的死亡人数将增加269人。另一方面，爱尔兰的税率预计将略微下降至每10万人。 European officials reported several heat waves have killed thousands of people in recent years across the continent. The highest number was in 2003, when about 70,000 deaths were recorded. 欧洲官员报告说，近年来在整个非洲大陆上有数千人炸死了数千人。最多的数字是2003年，当时大约有70,000人死亡。Among the areas predicted to see the most deaths from future temperature rises is Barcelona, Spain. The study found almost 250,000 people could die from temperature-related causes in that city by 2100. And the study warned that Rome and Naples could have up to 150,000 deaths.在预计，未来温度升高最多的地区是西班牙巴塞罗那。该研究发现，到2100年，该城市的温度相关原因可能有近25万人死亡。The study predicted that more than 5.8 million extra heat deaths would be linked to climate change. At the same time, the study found cold-related deaths would drop by 3.5 million. 研究预测，超过580万的热死亡将与气候变化有关。同时，该研究发现与冷死亡人数将下降350万。 

The dinosaur tracks were first discovered by a worker at the quarry. Scientists have now unearthed 200 huge footprints criss-crossing the limestone floor. They were made by two different types of dinosaurs. Giant long-necked sauropods left one-metre-wide circular prints, while smaller three-toed marks were created by the carnivorous Megalosaurus. 这些恐龙的足迹最初被一名采石场的工人发现。科学家目前已经在石灰岩地面上挖掘出了 200 个重叠交错的巨大脚印。这些脚印来自于两种不同的恐龙。体型巨大的长颈蜥脚类恐龙留下的是直径一米宽的圆形脚印，而另外一种较小的三趾脚印则来自于肉食性的巨齿龙。 Scientists aren't sure how they were preserved but think the footprints were perhaps covered with sediment during a storm. Some tracks extend for 150 metres but could reach even further under parts of the quarry not yet excavated.科学家们不能确定这些脚印是如何被保存下来的，但他们认为这些脚印可能是被一场风暴中的沉积物所掩盖。一些行迹延续了 150 米，但还可能会继续延伸到采石厂中尚未被挖掘的部分。 词汇表tracks 行迹，足迹unearthed 挖掘出criss-crossing 重叠交错的limestone 石灰岩three-toed 三趾的carnivorous 食肉的sediment 沉积物excavated 被挖掘的

At school you're surrounded by people your own age. Of course you spend a lot of time with them, and so some of the best friendships are forged at school. But later in life, it's easy to lose touch – you work full-time, maybe start a family, and your old friends might be scattered across the country or even the world. A 2016 study in Finland found that after the age of 25, the number of friends someone has falls very quickly, and this number continues to decrease throughout a person's life. So when you're in your mid-to-late 20s, how can you make new friends? 在学校，您被自己年龄的人包围。当然，您花了很多时间与他们在一起，因此在学校建立了一些最好的友谊。但是在后来的生活中，很容易失去联系 - 您全职工作，也许是一个家庭，您的老朋友可能会散布在全国甚至世界各地。2016年在芬兰进行的一项研究发现，25岁以后，某人的朋友人数很快就会降低，并且这个数字在一个人的一生中继续减少。因此，当您20多岁时，如何结交新朋友？ Radhika Sanghani, a BBC journalist, tasked herself with making new friends by saying 'yes' to any invitations that came her way. If a colleague asked her for lunch, she didn't shy away from it, and she soon made some of the closest friends she'd ever had. "We all message several times a week often leaving rambling voice notes; we host dinners at each other's houses; and we've all cried on each other at least once (the true mark of friendship)" she wrote in a 2018 article. 英国广播公司（BBC）的记者拉迪卡·桑格尼（Radhika Sanghani）要求自己结交新朋友，以“是”对自己的邀请说“是”。如果一位同事要求她吃午餐，她就不会回避吃午餐，她很快就结交了一些她有过的最亲密的朋友。她在2018年的一篇文章中写道：“我们每周几次都有几次消息，经常留下漫不经心的语音笔记；我们在彼此的房屋中举办晚餐；我们都至少哭一次（友谊的真实标记）。” The website Talk Twenties recommends joining a local class or group, like taking up running or joining a choir. Having something in common gives you something to talk about with your new acquaintances, which will hopefully then translate into meaningful relationships. When you don't have mutual interests with someone, it can be difficult to get past the small talk stage, where conversation can quickly fizzle out, and a class can help avoid this. 网站谈话二十年代建议加入本地班级或小组，例如跑步或加入合唱团。有一些共同点可以使您与新熟人讨论，希望随后转化为有意义的关系。当您与某人没有共同的兴趣时，很难超越小型言论阶段，在那里对话很快就会消失，课程可以帮助避免这种情况。 Nowadays, there are also apps for meeting new people, like Bumble BFF or Meetup. Dr Robert Puff who writes for Psychology Today says solid friendships are essential for two main reasons. One is to help make life more enjoyable, and two is for support in difficult times – to make hardships more tolerable! 如今，还有一些应用程序可以结识新朋友，例如Bumble BFF或Meetup。今天为心理学写作的罗伯特·普夫（Robert Puff）博士说，牢固的友谊至关重要，这是两个主要原因。一种是帮助使生活更加愉快，而两个是在困难时期的支持 - 使艰辛更加容忍！ As we grow up, we can feel like we're not in control of what's happening around us, but we can control our social life, so enrich your life with fulfilling friendships.随着我们的成长，我们会感觉自己无法控制周围发生的事情，而是可以控制我们的社交生活，因此可以通过充实的友谊来丰富您的生活。 词汇表forge 缔造，形成lose touch 失去联系scattered 分散的invitation 邀请shy away 畏缩，回避closest 最亲近的voice note 语音消息host 举办，组织in common 共同的，同样的acquaintance 认识的人，熟人meaningful 重要的，有意义的mutual 共有的，彼此的small talk 闲聊，寒暄fizzle out 以失败告终BFF (Best Friends Forever) 永远的最好的朋友solid friendship 牢固的友谊social life 社交生活enrich 使…丰富或充实

A group of sheep on farmland in the American state of Texas work together to complete a job: eating the grass growing beneath hundreds of solar panels. 美国得克萨斯州农田里的一群羊共同完成一项工作：吃掉数百块太阳能电池板下生长的草。 Sheep have become a symbol of a growing solar industry as large-scale solar farms appear across the United States. 由于大型太阳能农场出现在美国，绵羊已成为不断发展的太阳能行业的象征。In Milam County, Texas, SB Energy operates the fifth-largest solar project in the country. It can produce 900 megawatts of power across 1,618 hectares. Energy 在德克萨斯州米拉姆县运营着该国第五大太阳能项目。它占地 1,618 公顷，可发电 900 兆瓦。 So, how does the company deal with all the grass that grows on such a large piece of land? It deploys about 3,000 sheep that keep the grass cover low. Sheep, unlike devices such as lawnmowers, can fit between small spaces and work in all kinds of weather conditions. 那么，该公司如何处理在如此大的土地上生长的所有草？它部署了约3,000只绵羊，使草覆盖较低。与割草机等设备不同，绵羊可以适合小空间，并在各种天气条件下工作。 The work of the sheep, and sometimes other animals, is called solar grazing. It is considered part of the larger idea of agrivoltaics --- the use of land for both solar energy production and agriculture.绵羊，有时甚至其他动物的工作称为太阳放牧。它被认为是Agrivoltaics更大概念的一部分 - - 将土地用于太阳能生产和农业。The U.S. Department of Agriculture suggests that solar grazing may help the environment in several ways. These include making grassy areas safer for wild animals, like nesting ground birds, and by reducing fuel use and air pollution. 美国农业部表示，太阳能放牧可以通过多种方式改善环境。其中包括使草地对野生动物（例如筑巢的地面鸟类）更加安全，以及减少燃料使用和空气污染。Agrivoltaics is on the rise with more than 60 solar grazing projects in the U.S., the National Renewable Energy Laboratory says. The American Solar Grazing Association says 27 states take part in solar grazing. 国家可再生能源实验室说，Agrivoltaics在美国有60多个太阳能放牧项目正在上升。美国太阳能放牧协会说，有27个州参加了太阳能放牧。Putting the animals to work on solar fields also provides some help to the sheep and wool market, which has struggled in recent years. The number of sheep and lambs in Texas fell to 655,000 in January 2024, a 4 percent drop from the year before. That information comes from the most recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 让动物在太阳能发电场工作也为近年来陷入困境的绵羊和羊毛市场提供了一些帮助。2024 年 1 月，德克萨斯州的绵羊和羔羊数量下降至 655,000 只，比上年下降 4%。该信息来自美国农业部的最新数据。 Because solar fields use sunny, flat land that is often good for animals to eat grass on, the power plants have been used in cooperation with farmers rather than against them.由于太阳能田使用晴朗，平坦的土地，通常适合动物在上面吃草，因此发电厂已与农民合作而不是与它们合作。Sheep farmer JR Howard accidentally found himself in the middle of Texas’ move to clean energy. In 2021, he and his family began working with solar farms. Howard’s sheep ate the grass on these large areas of land. 养羊户 JR 霍华德 (JR Howard) 意外地发现自己正处于德克萨斯州向清洁能源转型的过程中。2021 年，他和家人开始从事太阳能发电场的工作。霍华德的羊吃掉了这大片土地上的草。What was once a small business has turned into a larger operation with more than 8,000 sheep and 26 employees. 曾经的小企业现已发展成为拥有 8,000 多只羊和 26 名员工的大型企业。 “Just the growth has been kind of crazy for us,” said Howard, who named his company Texas Solar Sheep. “It’s been great for me and my family.” “这种增长对我们来说有点疯狂，”霍华德说，他将自己的公司命名为“Texas Solar Sheep”。“这对我和我的家人来说都很棒。”Some agriculture experts say Howard’s success shows how solar farms have become a big help for some ranchers. 一些农业专家表示，霍华德的成功表明太阳能农场如何为一些牧场主提供了很大的帮助。 Reid Redden is a sheep farmer and solar vegetation manager in San Angelo, Texas. Redden said a successful sheep business requires agricultural land that has become increasingly hard to find. 里德·雷登 (Reid Redden) 是德克萨斯州圣安吉洛的一名养羊户和太阳能植被经理。雷登说，成功的养羊业需要农业用地，而农业用地已经变得越来越难找到。 “Solar grazing is probably the biggest opportunity that the sheep industry had in the United States in several generations,” Redden said.“太阳能放牧可能是美国养羊业几代人以来所拥有的最大机会，”雷登说。 Redden suggested that people in the rural communities near where he raises sheep have been very positive about solar grazing. 雷登表示，他养羊的地方附近的农村社区的人们对太阳能放牧非常积极。Agrivoltaics itself is not new. Solar farms use a lot of land and require a lot of space that could be used for food production. Agrivoltaics本身并不是什么新鲜事物。太阳能农场使用大量土地，需要大量可用于粮食生产的空间。 Agrivoltaics helps with the problem by permitting the two industries to coexist, whether growing food or caring for livestock. Agrivoltaics通过允许两个行业共存，无论是种植食物还是照顾牲畜，可以帮助解决问题。 There is a lot still unknown about the full effects of solar grazing, said Nuria Gomez-Casanovas of Texas A&M University. 德克萨斯农工大学的Nuria Gomez-Casanovas说，太阳能放牧的全部影响仍然不明。 Not enough studies have been done to know the long-term environmental effects, such as how good the soil will be for future agriculture. However, Gomez-Casanovas suspects solar grazing may improve sheep productivity. 目前还没有足够的研究来了解长期的环境影响，例如土壤对未来农业的有利程度。然而，戈麦斯-卡萨诺瓦斯怀疑太阳能放牧可能会提高羊的生产力。 “We really have more questions than answers,” Gomez-Casanovas said. 戈麦斯 - 卡萨诺瓦斯说：“我们的问题比答案要多。” 

In many parts of the world, winter brings cold temperatures and, in some places, snowfall. For people who like planting things, gardening may seem far away. 在世界许多地方，冬季气温寒冷，有些地方还会降雪。对于喜欢种植东西的人来说，园艺似乎很遥远。 However, during winter weather, there are still things a gardener can do to prepare for the spring. Gardening expert Jessica Damiano recently wrote about such preparatory tasks for the Associated Press. We can also call these tasks "prep work." 但是，在冬季的天气中，园丁仍然可以为春季做准备。园艺专家杰西卡·达米诺（Jessica Damiano）最近为美联社写了有关此类准备任务的文章。我们还可以称这些任务为“准备工作”。First let’s talk about seeds. 首先我们来谈谈种子。If you have seed packets, she suggests checking their expiration date. That is the date by which they go “bad” or will not grow. Damiano says the seeds are usually considered “fresh” within a year of being packaged. But they can be used for longer than that. 如果你有种子包，她建议检查它们的有效期。那是它们变“坏”或不再生长的日期。达米亚诺说，这些种子通常在包装后一年内被认为是“新鲜”的。但它们的使用时间可以更长。 However, you cannot be sure if the seeds are still good just by looking at a date. She suggests testing them.然而，你不能仅通过查看日期来确定种子是否仍然完好。她建议对它们进行测试。To do this, she places several seeds on a wet paper towel and then puts that into a plastic container. In about 10 days, she will look to see how many seeds have sprouted. 为此，她将几种种子放在湿纸巾上，然后将其放入塑料容器中。在大约10天的时间里，她将希望看到有多少种子发芽。 This gives her an idea of how many seeds to use to get the desired number of plants. However, if less than 50 percent of the seeds sprout, she throws them away. 这让她知道需要使用多少种子才能获得所需数量的植物。然而，如果不到 50% 的种子发芽，她就会把它们扔掉。 Damiano tests her old seeds in the winter before the busy spring gardening season. That is when seed and plant stores, or nurseries, can run out of seeds. 达米亚诺（Damiano）在繁忙的春季园艺季节之前的冬季测试了她的旧种子。那是种子和植物储存或托儿所的种子用完的时候。She also inspects her gardening equipment. 她还检查了园艺设备。 For example, if you use grow lights — lights especially made for plants — make sure they still work. You might have to buy new bulbs. 例如，如果您使用种植灯（尤其是为植物制造的灯），请确保它们仍然有效。您可能必须购买新灯泡。 Damiano brings out her grow lights and inspects each bulb. If necessary, she will order replacement bulbs. That way she is prepared to plant at any time, even six to eight weeks in the future. 达米亚诺拿出她的生长灯并检查每个灯泡。如有必要，她将订购更换灯泡。这样她就可以随时种植，甚至是未来六到八周的时间。 She also makes sure she has sterile seed-starting potting mix. This is special soil for planting in containers. 她还确保自己有无菌种子的盆栽混合物。这是在容器中种植的特殊土壤。 Damiano sharpens her cutting tools, such as pruning shears. Larger tools like lawnmowers should be inspected every year. Like nurseries, places that service lawn equipment might be busier in the spring. You can get ahead of the crowd by getting your tools fixed early. 达米亚诺（Damiano）锐化了她的切割工具，例如修剪剪切。每年应检查诸如割草机之类的较大工具。像托儿所一样，在春季，为草坪设备提供服务的地方可能会更忙。您可以通过尽早修复工具来领先人群。Clean your gardening hand tools, like trowels and spades. Cover them lightly with oil. This will help keep them in good working order. 清洁您的园艺手工工具，例如抹子和黑桃。用油轻轻盖住它们。这将有助于他们保持良好的工作状态。 Inspect things like hoses, sprinklers and other water systems for damage. Make a list of anything you may need to replace or repair. 检查软管、喷头和其他供水系统等是否有损坏。列出您可能需要更换或修理的所有物品。 Damiano says that you could wait until spring to take care of all these things—but why? Once spring arrives, you will have these tasks done. 达米亚诺（Damiano）说，您可以等到春季来照顾所有这些事情，但是为什么呢？春季到来后，您将完成这些任务。 

Archeological research has uncovered another treasure of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii: a large private bathhouse. 考古研究发现了古罗马城市庞贝城的另一个宝藏：一个大型的私人浴室。 The explosion of Mount Vesuvius in 70 AD buried Pompeii in thick ash, wreckage, and lava, or hot liquid rock. Archeologists are continuing to find remains of the city under the ground. 维苏威山（Mount Vesuvius）在70年的爆炸中爆炸，将庞贝（Pompeii）埋在厚的灰烬，残骸和熔岩或热液体岩石中。考古学家继续在地面下找到城市的遗体。 The bathhouse was part of a large private house, the scientists said. The bathhouse holds a series of rooms that would have provided hot, warm, or cold conditions. The art and design of the complex, including mosaic works, also suggest the owner was wealthy. 科学家们说，该浴室是一座大型私人住宅的一部分。浴室里有一系列房间，可以提供热、暖或冷的环境。该建筑群的艺术和设计，包括马赛克作品，也表明主人很富有。 “We have here perhaps the largest thermal complex in a private house in Pompeii,” said Gabriel Zuchtriegel, director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park. “我们这里可能是庞贝古城私人住宅中最大的温泉综合体，”庞贝考古公园主任加布里埃尔·祖赫特里格尔 (Gabriel Zuchtriegel) 说。 He explained that Pompeii’s powerful and wealthy set up large spaces at their homes to hold major gatherings for ceremonies and other purposes. 他解释说，庞贝有强大而富裕的人在家里建立了很大的空间，以举行大型聚会，以供仪式和其他目的。 “It was an opportunity to show the wealth in which they lived and also to have a nice thermal treatment," he said. “这是一个展示他们生活的财富以及享受良好热处理的机会，”他说。The baths were unearthed in the so-called Regio IX, a large central area of Pompeii Park that is still unexplored. 浴室在所谓的Regio IX中发掘出来，Regio IX是庞贝公园的一个大中央地区，但仍未探索。Recently, archeologists working in the same area found a bakery, a laundry and two homes. They also found the bones of three people who died in the volcanic burst.最近，在同一地区工作的考古学家发现了一家面包店，洗衣房和两个房屋。他们还发现了在火山爆发中死亡的三人的骨头。Pompeii was not the only city destroyed in the explosion. It also buried the city of Herculaneum. 庞贝并不是唯一在爆炸中被摧毁的城市。它还埋葬了赫库兰尼姆市。Zuchtriegel said wealthy citizens of Pompeii often would first take a bath and then attend a banquet, or a big meal. The private thermal complex permitted them to do so together at the home where the banquet was held. Zuchtriegel说，庞贝的富裕公民经常首先洗个澡，然后参加宴会或大餐。私人热综合体允许他们在宴会举行的家中一起这样做。 “There is room for about 30 people who could do the whole routine, and that could also be done in public baths. So there is the caldarium, a very warm environment, and also a large tub with cold water,” he said.“大约可以容纳 30 人，可以完成整个日常活动，也可以在公共浴室进行。所以这里有高温浴室，一个非常温暖的环境，还有一个装有冷水的大浴缸，”他说。 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned a chemical widely used to color some food products red. The ban of the coloring chemical, called dye, came nearly 35 years after it was removed from skin products because of a possible cancer risk. 美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 已禁止使用一种广泛用于将某些食品染成红色的化学物质。这种名为染料的着色化学物质因可能存在癌症风险而被从皮肤产品中去除近 35 年后，该化学物质被禁止使用。 A group of food safety and health supporters issued a petition in 2022 seeking to have the FDA ban Red No. 3 in food. 一组食品安全和健康支持者在2022年发出了请愿书，试图在食品中获得FDA禁令3号。 The earlier ban was ordered in 1990, after two studies showed Red No. 3 caused cancer in male rats eating high levels of the chemical. At the time, however, the FDA only acted to ban the coloring mixture in products put on the skin or in drugs taken by mouth. 较早的禁令是在 1990 年下令实施的，当时两项研究表明，食用高浓度红色 3 号化学物质的雄性老鼠会患癌症。然而，当时 FDA 仅禁止在皮肤产品或口服药物中使用着色混合物。 Health activists had long sought FDA approval to expand the ban to food products. In November, nearly two dozen members of Congress sent a letter demanding that FDA officials ban Red No. 3. 健康活动家长期以来一直寻求FDA批准，将禁令扩展到食品。11月，近二十名国会议员发了一封信，要求FDA官员禁止3号红色。 Some of the most common products containing Red No. 3 include sweets, icing, strawberry milk, maraschino cherries, strawberry protein drinks, as well as some gummy vitamins and medications. 一些包含红色3号的最常见产品包括糖果，糖霜，草莓牛奶，maraschino樱桃，草莓蛋白饮料以及一些软糖维生素和药物。The FDA said food manufacturers will have until January 2027 to remove the dye from their products. FDA表示，食品制造商必须在2027年1月之前从其产品中清除染料。 Other countries still permit certain uses of the dye. But any imported products will still have to meet the new U.S. requirement. Red No. 3 is already banned for food use in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, except in certain kinds of cherries. 其他国家仍然允许某些染料使用。但是，任何进口产品仍然必须满足新的美国要求。除了某些种类的樱桃外，欧洲，澳大利亚和新西兰的红色3号已经被禁止用于欧洲，澳大利亚和新西兰。 The dye will be banned in California starting in January 2027. And lawmakers in Tennessee, Arkansas and Indiana have also proposed limits on certain dyes, especially from foods offered in public schools. 该染料将于2027年1月开始在加利福尼亚州被禁止。 Jim Jones is the FDA's deputy commissioner for human foods. He noted that even though the agency had established the new ban, “the way that FD&C Red No. 3 causes cancer in male rats does not occur in humans." FDA officials said the ban was enacted because of a U.S. rule called the Delaney Clause. This legal policy requires the FDA to ban any additive found to cause cancer in people or animals. 吉姆·琼斯是 FDA 负责人类食品的副局长。他指出，尽管该机构制定了新的禁令，“FD&C Red 3 号导致雄性老鼠患癌症的情况在人类身上不会发生。” FDA 官员表示，该禁令的颁布是因为美国一项名为“德莱尼条款”的规定 这项法律政策要求 FDA 禁止任何被发现会导致人类或动物癌症的添加剂。 Dr. Peter Lurie is director of the consumer activist group the Center for Science in the Public Interest. He helped lead the latest effort to remove Red No. 3 from food products. Lurie told The Associated Press, "This is a welcome, but long overdue, action from the FDA.” 彼得·卢里（Peter Lurie）博士是公共利益的消费者激进组织科学中心主任。他帮助领导了最新的努力，以从食品中删除3号红色。卢里对美联社说：“这是FDA的欢迎，但早就应该做的。” The International Association of Color Manufacturers has repeatedly said Red No. 3 is safe in levels usually taken in by humans. The group pointed to research carried out by scientific experts from the United Nations and the World Health Organization. One study, released in 2018, confirmed the safety of Red 3 in food. 国际颜料制造商协会一再表示，红 3 号在人类通常摄入的水平下是安全的。该组织提到了联合国和世界卫生组织的科学专家进行的研究。2018 年发布的一项研究证实了 Red 3 在食品中的安全性。 Some food manufacturers have already changed their products to remove Red No. 3. One example is Sensient Food Colors, a St. Louis-based supplier of food colors and flavorings. In its place, the company uses beet juice, a dye made from insects and other coloring mixtures. 一些食品制造商已经更改了产品以删除第3号红色。一个例子是Sensient Good Colors，这是位于圣路易斯的食用色彩和调味料的供应商。该公司代替了甜菜汁，一种由昆虫和其他着色混合物制成的染料。 

Meta’s new Community Notes system is similar to the method used by the social media service X. A statement by Meta said changes to this system will have to be made by users, not anyone from the company. Meta 的新社区注释系统与社交媒体服务 X 使用的方法类似。Meta 的一份声明表示，对该系统的更改必须由用户而不是公司的任何人进行。 Meta said, “Just like they do on X, Community Notes will require agreement between people with a range of perspectives to help prevent biased ratings.” The company also invited any users to register to be among the first to try out the system. Meta 说：“就像他们在 X 上所做的那样，社区注释将要求具有不同观点的人们达成一致，以帮助防止有偏见的评级。” 该公司还邀请所有用户注册成为第一批试用该系统的人。The International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) criticized Meta’s latest decision. It said the move threatened to "undo nearly a decade of progress."国际事实核查网络（IFCN）批评了 Meta 的最新决定。报告称此举可能会“抵消近十年的进步”。 The group rejected Zuckerberg's claim that the fact-checking program had become a "tool to censor" users. It noted, that "the freedom to say why something is not true is also free speech." 该组织拒绝了扎克伯格关于事实核查程序已成为“审查”用户的工具的说法。它指出，“说出为什么某事不真实的自由也是言论自由。” Milijana Rogač is executive editor of the Serbian fact-checking outlet Istinomer. She told Reuters news agency that she thinks Meta's decision would end up hurting the media industry. Rogač noted that research suggests that many citizens use Meta services as their main source for information. Removing independent fact-checkers “further hinders access to accurate information and news," Rogač said. Milijana Rogač 是塞尔维亚事实核查媒体 Istinomer 的执行编辑。她告诉路透社，她认为 Meta 的决定最终会损害媒体行业。罗加奇指出，研究表明许多公民使用元服务作为他们的主要信息来源。罗加奇表示，取消独立的事实核查人员“进一步阻碍了人们获取准确信息和新闻”。Not a lot of research has been done on how effective Community Notes systems are. But one effort carried out by the University of California and Johns Hopkins University found in 2024 that community notes entered on X for COVID-19 misinformation were accurate. The research showed the notes used both moderate and high-quality sources and were attached to widely read posts.关于社区注释系统的有效性，目前还没有进行很多研究。但加州大学和约翰霍普金斯大学在 2024 年开展的一项工作发现，在 X 上输入的有关 COVID-19 错误信息的社区注释是准确的。研究表明，这些笔记使用了中等和高质量的来源，并附在广泛阅读的帖子中。However, the number of people taking part in that study was small. Also, the effects the system had on users' opinions and behavior is unknown. 然而，参与该研究的人数很少。此外，该系统对用户意见和行为的影响尚不清楚。A 2023 study, from the Journal of Online Trust and Safety, said it was harder for users to agree when they examined content related to political issues.《在线信任与安全杂志》2023 年的一项研究表示，用户在检查与政治问题相关的内容时更难达成一致。 

Facebook parent company Meta recently announced changes to the way it tries to identify misinformation and harmful material published on its social media services. Facebook 母公司 Meta 最近宣布改变其识别社交媒体服务上发布的错误信息和有害材料的方式。 Meta chief Mark Zuckerberg explained in a video that the company had decided to make the changes because the old system had produced “too many mistakes and too much censorship.” Meta 首席执行官马克·扎克伯格在一段视频中解释说，该公司决定做出这些改变是因为旧系统产生了“太多的错误和太多的审查”。Zuckerberg said the moderation system Meta had built needed to be “complex” to examine huge amounts of content in search of material that violated company policies. 扎克伯格表示，Meta 建立的审核系统需要“复杂”，以检查大量内容，以查找违反公司政策的材料。 However, he noted the problem with such systems is they can make a lot of errors. The Meta chief added about such systems, “Even if they accidentally censor just one percent of posts, that’s millions of people.” 然而，他指出此类系统的问题是它们可能会犯很多错误。这位 Meta 负责人对此类系统补充道，“即使他们不小心只审查了百分之一的帖子，那也涉及数百万人。” So, he said the company had decided to move to a new system centered on “reducing mistakes, simplifying our policies, and restoring free expression.” 因此，他表示公司决定转向一个以“减少错误、简化我们的政策和恢复言论自由”为中心的新系统。The new method turns over content moderation duties to a “Community Notes” system. The company said this system aims to “empower the community” to decide whether content is acceptable or needs further examination. 新方法将内容审核职责移交给“社区注释”系统。该公司表示，该系统旨在“赋予社区权力”来决定内容是否可以接受或需要进一步检查。 The changes will be effective for Meta’s Facebook, Instagram and Threads services. Meta said the new system would become available first to U.S. users in the coming months. 这些变化将对 Meta 的 Facebook、Instagram 和 Threads 服务生效。Meta 表示，新系统将在未来几个月内首先向美国用户开放。 Meta’s former moderation system involved the use of independent, third-party fact-checking organizations. Many of these were large media companies or news agencies. The efforts included digital tools as well as human workers to fact-check content and identify false, inappropriate or harmful material. Meta 以前的审核系统涉及使用独立的第三方事实核查组织。其中许多是大型媒体公司或新闻机构。这些努力包括使用数字工具和人类工作人员来对内容进行事实核查并识别虚假、不适当或有害的材料。 Meta said the third-party moderation method ended up identifying too much information for fact-checking. After closer examination, a lot of content should have been considered “legitimate political speech and debate.” 梅塔表示，第三方审核方法最终识别出了太多用于事实核查的信息。仔细一看，很多内容本应被视为“合法的政治言论和辩论”。 Another problem, the company said, was that the decisions made by content moderators could be affected by their personal beliefs, opinions and biases. One result was that “a program intended to inform too often became a tool to censor.” 该公司表示，另一个问题是内容审核者做出的决定可能会受到个人信仰、观点和偏见的影响。一个结果是“一个旨在提供信息的程序经常成为一种审查工具。” 

"If you can't do that, then you should probably go see a physical therapist," he said. A physical therapist treats people with conditions or injuries that affect body movement. “如果你做不到，那么你可能应该去看物理治疗师，”他说。物理治疗师治疗患有影响身体运动的病症或损伤的人。 Another at-home test is called TUG, for "timed up and go." Hartley suggests doing this test with supervision. You begin the test from a seated position. Then, stand up and start a timer immediately. Walk three meters, turn and walk back to your seat. Stop the timer as soon as you sit down. If the test takes you longer to complete than 15 seconds, your risk for falling is very high. But, if you do it in 12 seconds or less, your fall risk is almost zero. 另一种在家测试称为 TUG，意思是“计时开始”。哈特利建议在监督下进行这项测试。您从坐姿开始测试。然后，站起来并立即启动计时器。步行三米，转身走回座位。你一坐下就停止计时器。如果您完成测试的时间超过 15 秒，那么您跌倒的风险就非常高。但是，如果您在 12 秒或更短的时间内完成，那么您跌倒的风险几乎为零。 Also, The National Council on Aging offers an online set of questions to predict your risk of a fall. 此外，国家老龄化委员会还提供了一系列在线问题来预测您跌倒的风险。Because muscle mass lessens in most people during their 30s, geriatricians say the best way to keep good balance is to stay physically active throughout life. Anmolsingh says it is never too late to act on that advice. 由于大多数人在 30 多岁时肌肉质量会减少，因此老年病学家表示，保持良好平衡的最佳方法是终生保持身体活跃。安莫尔辛格表示，按照这一建议采取行动永远不会太晚。 Activities including tai chi and yoga are good for older adults because they involve controlled movements while shifting body weight. There also are simpler exercises people can work into their everyday lives. 太极拳和瑜伽等活动适合老年人，因为它们涉及在转移体重的同时控制运动。人们还可以在日常生活中进行一些更简单的练习。 Anmolsingh says standing on one foot while waiting in line at a store is good. Or, at home, sit down and stand up several times straight without using a support. Another easy exercise is the three-way leg lift. Hold on to a support, then lift a leg to the front, then to the side and then to the back.安莫尔辛格说，在商店排队等候时，单脚站立是件好事。或者，在家里，不使用支撑物，坐下并站直几次。另一种简单的练习是三向抬腿。抓住支撑物，然后将一条腿向前抬起，然后向侧面抬起，然后向后抬起。The National Institute of Aging says people should spend at least 150 minutes per week in general physical activity to improve balance and overall health. 美国国家老龄化研究所表示，人们每周应至少花 150 分钟进行一般体育活动，以改善平衡和整体健康。 Hartley said exercises done on a usual basis help train the brain to react correctly when you start to fall. 哈特利说，平时进行的锻炼有助于训练大脑在你开始跌倒时做出正确的反应。 "Just like an athlete needs to do repetition to train for a sport, you're doing repetition to train for everyday balance activities," he said. “就像运动员需要重复训练一项运动一样，你也需要重复训练日常平衡活动，”他说。  

To age well, doctors say we should remember the importance of good balance. It matters when you wash yourself, put clothing on and, generally, move around in your home and elsewhere. As we age, good balance permits us to live more independently. 医生说，要健康地老去，我们应该记住良好平衡的重要性。您何时洗澡、穿衣服以及在家中和其他地方四处走动都很重要。随着年龄的增长，良好的平衡使我们能够更独立地生活。 Difficulties with balance can be dangerous. The United States Centers for Disease Control reports that three million older people in America seek medical care for fall-related injuries each year. But we can prevent some falls, said Roopa Anmolsingh. She is a geriatrician, a doctor who specializes in treating old people. She is also the creator of the balance class program at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. She said that "Some people have a misconception that part of getting old is, you're going to fall. That's not true. You can control how you fall, or if you fall." 平衡困难可能很危险。美国疾病控制中心报告称，美国每年有 300 万老年人因跌倒受伤而寻求医疗护理。但我们可以防止一些跌倒，鲁帕·安莫辛格说。她是一名老年科医生，专门治疗老年人的医生。她也是俄亥俄州克利夫兰诊所平衡课程项目的创始人。她说：“有些人有一种误解，认为变老的一部分就是你会跌倒。但事实并非如此。你可以控制自己如何跌倒，或者是否跌倒。” To prevent falls, geriatricians say people should start asking themselves questions about their balance as early as 50 years old. Here are the questions: 老年病学家表示，为了防止跌倒，人们早在 50 岁时就应该开始问自己有关平衡能力的问题。以下是问题：If you feel unsteady, or lose balance, from time to time, ask your doctor to check all your body systems that can affect balance. Along with muscle and bone problems, unsteadiness can also result from poor blood pressure, inner-ear problems, nervous system issues and more. 如果您时不时感到不稳定或失去平衡，请要求医生检查所有可能影响平衡的身体系统。除了肌肉和骨骼问题之外，血压不佳、内耳问题、神经系统问题等也可能导致不稳定。 Maybe you do not have unsteadiness but wonder about your skill at balancing. You can test yourself easily and at home to find out if you need any medical intervention. 也许您并没有不稳定，但想知道自己的平衡能力。您可以在家轻松地进行自我测试，以确定是否需要任何医疗干预。 Stand next to a wall or something that can provide support if needed. Raise one leg. Can you hold that position for 10 seconds? Now try the other leg. If you can stand on each leg alone for 10 seconds, you should be fine, said Greg W. Hartley, a professor of physical therapy specializing in geriatrics at the University of Miami in Florida. 如果需要，请站在墙边或可以提供支撑的物体旁边。抬起一条腿。你能保持这个姿势10秒钟吗？现在尝试另一条腿。佛罗里达州迈阿密大学老年医学专业物理治疗教授格雷格·W·哈特利 (Greg W. Hartley) 表示，如果你能单条腿站立 10 秒钟，那就没什么问题了。

Humpback whales are known for having one of the longest migrations of any mammal, migrating from their summer feeding grounds to breed in warmer waters closer to the equator. 座头鲸是哺乳动物中迁徙距离最长的物种，并以此闻名，它们从夏季的觅食地迁徙到靠近赤道的温暖水域进行繁殖。 But international researchers say this adult male humpback had one of the longest and most unusual migrations ever recorded, visiting breeding grounds in both the Pacific and the Indian Ocean over the course of several years. 但是有关国际研究人员称这头成年雄性座头鲸进行了有记录以来最漫长且最不寻常的迁徙之一，在几年的时间里抵达了太平洋和印度洋的繁殖地。They think this epic journey might be down to climate change shrinking populations of krill, the tiny, shrimp-like creatures humpback whales feed on. Or it could be an ocean odyssey to find a mate. 他们认为这次极其漫长的迁徙旅程可能是由气候变化导致磷虾的数量减少造成的，因为这种微小的虾状生物是座头鲸的食物。另外，这也有可能是一次寻找伴侣的海洋冒险之旅。 The researchers hope a citizen science project analysing hundreds of thousands of photographs of whales through artificial intelligence will help give an answer. Whales can be identified through the individual shapes and patterns of their tails, allowing their movement around the globe to be mapped. 研究人员希望一个通过人工智能分析数十万张鲸鱼照片的公民科学项目能够帮忙找到答案。人们可以通过鲸鱼独特的尾部形状和纹理来识别它们，从而绘制出它们在全球范围内的迁徙路线。 词汇表humpback whales 座头鲸migrations 迁徙mammal 哺乳动物feeding grounds 觅食地breed 繁殖krill 磷虾odyssey 漫长而惊险的旅途mate （动物的）配偶artificial intelligence 人工智能mapped 绘制

There are two types of people: those who would jump from a plane, hungry to feel the rush of adrenaline in those moments before the parachute opens up, and those who would rather not tempt fate, and instead find pleasure in remaining safely on firm ground, perhaps enjoying a nice view. An extreme sport is one where a small mistake could result in a serious injury, even death. What is it that separates extreme sports enthusiasts from others who prefer to avoid such activities? 有两种类型的人：一类人会从飞机上跳下来，渴望在降落伞打开前的那一刻感受到肾上腺素的激增，而另一类人则宁愿不去尝试命运，而宁愿安全地留在坚实的地面上寻找乐趣 ，或许还能欣赏到美景。极限运动是一项小错误就可能导致严重伤害甚至死亡的运动。极限运动爱好者和那些喜欢避免此类活动的人的区别是什么？ "There has to be something wrong with them." That's an assumption that many people, including researchers, have historically held. Why else would a person participate in sports such as base jumping and free solo climbing, which are characterised by such high risk? But Eric Brymer, behavioural scientist who studies the psychology of adventure, has met many extreme athletes in his career and challenges the view that they are all reckless thrill-seekers. "Most people were very careful and took years to develop their skills," he said. Many don't even consider their sports risky because they spend so much time minimising risk. “他们肯定有什么问题。” 这是包括研究人员在内的许多人历来持有的假设。否则为什么一个人会参加诸如定点跳伞和自由攀岩等风险如此高的运动呢？但研究冒险心理学的行为科学家埃里克·布赖默(Eric Brymer)在他的职业生涯中遇到了许多极限运动员，他挑战了“他们都是鲁莽的寻求刺激者”的观点。“大多数人都非常小心，花了数年时间来培养自己的技能，”他说。许多人甚至不认为他们的运动有风险，因为他们花了很多时间来尽量减少风险。 In fact, a desire to manage risks was a trait identified in extreme athletes in a 2024 study called 'What factors explain extreme sport participation?'. The authors also found that athletes enjoyed feeling at one with nature and being part of a community of like-minded people. Another theme was a drive to succeed. In this sense, extreme athletes might not differ much from traditional athletes – they are all united in wanting that sense of achievement. Lastly, while many extreme athletes are thrill-seekers, others use extreme sports for emotion regulation. For those who struggle to confront their emotions, extreme sports can provide an outlet. 事实上，管理风险的愿望是 2024 年一项名为“哪些因素解释极限运动参与？”的研究中发现的极限运动员的一个特征。作者还发现，运动员喜欢与大自然融为一体的感觉，并成为志趣相投的社区的一部分。另一个主题是成功的动力。从这个意义上说，极限运动员可能与传统运动员没有太大区别——他们都团结一致地想要那种成就感。最后，虽然许多极限运动员是寻求刺激的人，但其他人则利用极限运动来调节情绪。对于那些难以面对情绪的人来说，极限运动可以提供一个出口。 Alex Honnold is the first and currently only person to free solo climb El Capitan, a rock formation in Yosemite National Park, from base to summit. When asked why he free climbs, he said "I'm searching more for that feeling of having done something well and being deeply content – it's more than the quick hit of adrenaline. It's personal." You might not feel the need to free solo climb a massive rock face to feel fulfilled, but the feeling of achieving goals outside of our comfort zone is something many of us can relate to. 亚历克斯·霍诺德 (Alex Honnold) 是第一个也是目前唯一一个徒手攀登优胜美地国家公园 El Capitan 岩层（从山脚到山顶）的人。当被问及为什么进行自由攀登时，他说：“我更多地寻找那种做好某件事并深深满足的感觉——这不仅仅是肾上腺素的快速冲击。这是个人的。” 您可能不需要徒手攀登巨大的岩石表面才能感到满足，但在我们的舒适区之外实现目标的感觉是我们许多人都能体会到的。 词汇表feel the rush 感受（某物的）激增adrenaline 肾上腺素parachute 降落伞tempt fate 冒不必要的危险pleasure 乐趣enthusiast 爱好者base jumping 定点跳伞free solo climbing 徒手攀岩reckless 不计后果的，鲁莽的thrill-seeker 追求刺激的人at one with nature 与自然融为一体drive 欲望，强烈的动力sense of achievement 成就感emotion regulation 情绪调节outlet （情绪的）发泄途径summit 山峰，顶峰comfort zone 舒适区

Fistfights over a flat-screen TV, hours in a queue for cookware, arguments over air-fryers. Why is it that discounts and deals can turn a simple shopping trip into a rampage through a retail park? What is it that makes a bargain so irresistible? 为了平板电视而打架，为了购买炊具排几个小时的队，为了空气炸锅而争吵。为什么折扣和优惠可以将一次简单的购物之旅变成一场零售公园的横冲直撞？是什么让讨价还价如此难以抗拒？ The answer might be in our heads. An fMRI study, where brain activity is measured, has shown that when we think about money we might spend, brain areas sensitive to pain are activated. When we think about the thing that we want to buy, areas sensitive to pleasure are triggered. Our medial prefrontal cortex evaluates these responses and makes a decision. If it looks like a good deal, we're more likely to make the purchase and get a hit of dopamine. Writer Mark Elwood, who has written a book all about bargains, tells us that we get even more dopamine from something that's unexpected, such as when something is surprisingly cheap. Our brains are keen to reward us for finding bargains and many shops are keen to take advantage of this. 答案可能就在我们的脑海里。一项测量大脑活动的功能磁共振成像研究表明，当我们想到可能花的钱时，对疼痛敏感的大脑区域就会被激活。当我们思考我们想买的东西时，对快乐敏感的区域就会被触发。我们的内侧前额叶皮层会评估这些反应并做出决定。如果看起来很划算，我们就更有可能购买并获得多巴胺的刺激。作家马克·埃尔伍德（Mark Elwood）写了一本关于讨价还价的书，他告诉我们，我们从意想不到的事情中获得更多的多巴胺，例如当某件事出奇便宜时。我们的大脑热衷于奖励我们找到便宜货，许多商店也热衷于利用这一点。 Anchoring is a pricing strategy where we are shown an initial price, and then the real one. Popular items may be positioned next to something much more expensive, or we may see a very high previous price, next to the heavily reduced one currently available. The initial price, or anchor, conditions how we evaluate what something actually costs. Inflated anchor prices can make unreasonably high actual prices seem fair, and our brains are happy to reward us when we make the purchase. Other strategies include time limits, threatening to deprive us of our dopamine hit if we're not quick enough, and charm pricing, where we're much less worried about paying £9.99 than £10. 锚定是一种定价策略，我们会看到初始价格，然后是真实价格。受欢迎的商品可能会被放置在更昂贵的商品旁边，或者我们可能会看到以前的价格非常高，而当前的商品大幅降价。初始价格或锚点决定了我们如何评估某物的实际成本。虚高的锚定价格会让不合理的高实际价格看起来很公平，当我们购买时，我们的大脑很乐意奖励我们。其他策略包括时间限制，如果我们速度不够快，就会威胁我们剥夺多巴胺的刺激，以及魅力定价，我们更不用担心支付 9.99 英镑，而是支付 10 英镑。 If we know this about how our brains work and how retailers might act, what should we do? It can be useful to take time to consider what we're buying, hold on to something and walk around the shop before buying to give ourselves more time to evaluate a potential purchase. It can also be sensible to research prices before shopping, to get a better idea of what represents good value. 如果我们了解我们的大脑如何工作以及零售商如何行动，我们应该做什么？在购买之前花点时间考虑一下我们要买的东西，抓住一些东西并在商店里走一圈，这样可以让自己有更多的时间来评估潜在的购买。在购物前研究价格也是明智之举，以便更好地了解什么东西代表物有所值。 词汇表cookware 炊具，厨房用具discount 折扣，减价deal 特惠retail park 零售商业区，购物区bargain 便宜货，低价好物irresistible 不可抗拒的，难以抵挡的medial prefrontal cortex （大脑）内侧前额叶皮层purchase 购买dopamine 多巴胺cheap 便宜的，廉价的anchoring （价格）锚定pricing strategy 定价策略price 价格expensive 昂贵的heavily reduced 大幅降价的dopamine hit 多巴胺刺激charm pricing 尾数定价（以零头尾数结尾）retailer 零售商evaluate 评估value 价值

Buddhist nuns in Nepal are once again performing martial arts for the public after a five-year break caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. 尼泊尔的佛教尼姑在因新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行而中断五年后，再次为公众表演武术。 The women recently put on a show for onlookers at their religious community, called a monastery, outside the capital Kathmandu. The performance was attended by reporters from Reuters news agency. 这些妇女最近在首都加德满都郊外的一个名为修道院的宗教社区为旁观者举办了一场表演。路透社记者出席了演出。 Members of the hilltop Druk Amitabha Monastery are part of the 1,000-year-old Drukpa religious organization. The group gives nuns equal status to male community members called monks. 山顶天竹阿弥陀佛寺的成员是拥有 1000 年历史的竹巴宗教组织的一部分。该组织给予修女与被称为僧侣的男性社区成员同等的地位。 The Drukpa lineage includes the only female order in the male-led Buddhist monastery system. The nun community was established in 2009 and now has 300 members between the ages of six and 54. 竹巴传承是男性主导的佛教寺院系统中唯一的女性僧团。该修女社团成立于2009年，现有300名成员，年龄在6岁至54岁之间。The nuns come from Bhutan, India and Nepal. They are all trained in kung fu, the ancient Chinese style martial art that promotes self-defense and strength. 修女们来自不丹、印度和尼泊尔。他们都接受过功夫训练，这是一种增强自卫能力和力量的中国古代武术。 In their recent performance, the nuns were seen moving their hands quickly and kicking their legs high, with some holding swords. Hundreds of people gathered to watch the performance and cheered the group on. 在最近的表演中，可以看到修女们双手快速移动，双腿高高踢起，有的还拿着剑。数百人聚集在一起观看表演并为团体加油。 Usually, such religious organizations expect nuns to cook and clean and not practice any form of martial arts. But one monk, Gyalwang Drukpa, decided to train women in kung fu to improve their health and spiritual well-being. He has a position just slightly below the Dalai Lama in the Tibetan Buddhist leadership. 通常，此类宗教组织希望尼姑做饭和打扫卫生，而不是练习任何形式的武术。但一位名叫嘉旺竹巴 (Gyalwang Drukpa) 的僧侣决定对女性进行功夫训练，以改善她们的健康和精神福祉。他在藏传佛教领导层中的地位略低于达赖喇嘛。Jigme Jangchub Chosdon is a 23-year-old nun who came from Ladakh in India. She told Reuters, “We do kung fu to keep ourselves mentally and physically fit, and our aim is to promote women's empowerment and gender equality." Jigme Jangchub Chosdon 是一位来自印度拉达克的 23 岁修女。她告诉路透社，“我们练习功夫是为了保持身心健康，我们的目标是促进女性赋权和性别平等。”Another performer was 24-year-old Jigme Yangchen Gamo, a nun from Ramechhap in Nepal. She said, "With the confidence from kung fu, I really want to help the community, young girls to build their own strength." 另一位表演者是24岁的吉美央钦嘎莫(Jigme Yangchen Gamo)，她是来自尼泊尔拉梅恰普的尼姑。她说：“凭借功夫带来的自信，我很想帮助社会、年轻女孩们增强自己的力量。” The nuns’ website explains that the combination of gender equality, physical strength and respect for all living things represents the order's return to its "true spiritual roots." 修女们的网站解释说，性别平等、体力和对所有生物的尊重相结合，代表着该修道会回归其“真正的精神根源”。In the past, the nuns have traveled long distances on foot and by bike in the Himalayas to raise money for disaster relief and to promote environment-friendly living. 过去，尼姑们徒步和骑自行车长途跋涉穿越喜马拉雅山，为救灾筹集资金并倡导环保生活。Another member of the group is Jigme Konchok Lhamo, a 30-year-old nun from India. She said her main goal for the future is to reach enlightenment like Lord Buddha, who founded Buddhism 2,600 years ago. 该组织的另一名成员是来自印度的 30 岁尼姑晋美·康却·拉姆 (Jigme Konchok Lhamo)。她说，她未来的主要目标是像2600年前创立佛教的佛陀一样获得开悟。She added, "But for now as I am a normal person... I think I will be focusing more on helping others. Helping others is our religion." 她补充道，“但现在我是一个正常人……我想我会更多地关注帮助别人。帮助别人是我们的宗教。” 

Even as temperatures kept dropping in China’s northeastern “ice city” of Harbin, excitement rose among a group of swimmers who enjoy jumping into freezing waters. 尽管中国东北“冰城”哈尔滨的气温持续下降，一群喜欢跳入冰冷水域的游泳者却兴奋不已。 The daily event, known as ice swimming, is a winter tradition in Harbin. Swimmers train daily throughout the year to get their bodies ready for the unusual swim. Reporters from The Associated Press recently visited the city and spoke with some of the swimmers. 这项每日活动被称为冰泳，是哈尔滨的冬季传统活动。游泳运动员全年每天都进行训练，让身体为不同寻常的游泳做好准备。美联社记者最近访问了这座城市并与一些游泳运动员进行了交谈。 To create a pool in the Songhua River, the swimmers first had to break a 10-centimeter thick cover of ice. Then they removed the ice pieces, took off all clothes except bathing suits and prepared to enter. One by one, they jumped into a freezing, 10-meter-long pool. 为了在松花江上建造一个水池，游泳者首先必须打破10厘米厚的冰层。然后他们把冰块拿掉，脱掉除泳衣外的所有衣服，准备进去。他们一一跳进了十米长的冰冷水池中。Some of the swimmers reported that their legs and arms quickly went numb after entering the water. The outside temperature was about minus 13 degrees Celsius and the water temperature remained near freezing. 一些游泳者反映，入水后他们的腿和手臂很快就麻木了。室外温度约为-13摄氏度，水温保持在冰点附近。 One of the swimmers was Chen Xia. She came from Zhejiang province about 1,700 kilometers further south. She decided to jump into the river even though she had a cold. Chen said the winter waters where she lives are warmer than those in Harbin. 其中一名游泳运动员是陈霞。她来自更南约1700公里的浙江省。尽管感冒了，她还是决定跳进河里。陈女士说，她居住的冬天水域比哈尔滨温暖。 She said the experience strengthened her confidence in winter swimming. She has been taking part in the activity for about 20 years. 她说，这次经历增强了她对冬泳的信心。她参加这项活动已有约20年了。The 56-year-old Chen said the freezing waters made her skin feel like small pins were attacking her body. But, she added that the experience still brought her happiness. “I felt prickling all over my body. But it still made me feel blissful,” she said. 56岁的陈女士说，冰冷的海水让她的皮肤感觉就像小针在攻击她的身体。但她补充说，这段经历仍然给她带来了快乐。“我感觉全身都在刺痛。但它仍然让我感到幸福，”她说。Yu Xiaofeng lives in Harbin, a city that sits near the border with Russia. The 61-year-old said winter swimming in the city dates back to the 1970s. At that time, locals saw Russian Orthodox religious believers being baptized in the river. Later in 1983, an official winter swimming group was established in Harbin. 于晓峰住在靠近俄罗斯边境的哈尔滨市。这位 61 岁的老人说，这座城市的冬泳历史可以追溯到 20 世纪 70 年代。当时，当地人看到俄罗斯东正教信徒在河里接受洗礼。1983年晚些时候，哈尔滨正式成立了冬泳团体。The city also holds an ongoing winter celebration known for its huge, detailed ice and snow sculptures. 该市还持续举办冬季庆祝活动，以其巨大而细致的冰雪雕塑而闻名。Winter swimming is considered a sport in China. But it gained popularity much faster in Harbin than in other parts of the country. Today, Yu said the city is considered a “holy land” for winter swimming. 冬泳在中国被认为是一项运动。但它在哈尔滨的普及速度比全国其他地区要快得多。如今，于说，这座城市被认为是冬泳的“圣地”。 Yu said the winter swimmers appear to have better health than others. She added that she has felt a great sense of family and joy in the community during her 30 years of winter swimming. 于说，冬泳运动员的健康状况似乎比其他人要好。她补充说，在30年的冬泳生涯中，她感受到了巨大的家庭感和社区的快乐。While the AP reporters did not quote medical experts for this story, some of the swimmers said they believe ice swimming is good for their health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the group even came up with a new saying to describe the experience. They would rather “suffer through winter swimming than line up at the hospital,” Yu said.虽然美联社记者没有引用医学专家的话，但一些游泳者表示，他们相信冰泳对健康有益。在新冠肺炎疫情期间，该组织甚至想出了一句新话来描述这种体验。他们宁愿“忍受冬泳的痛苦，也不愿在医院排队”，余说。You Decang is a 76-year-old winter swimmer who said he believes the activity helps keep him healthy. He noted that he has never caught a cold. You added, “If I go just one day without winter swimming, I feel quite uncomfortable.” 尤德仓是一位 76 岁的冬泳运动员，他说他相信这项活动有助于保持健康。他指出，他从未感冒过。你补充道，“如果有一天不去冬泳，我就会感觉很不舒服。” 

Greenland is the world’s largest island and a self-governed territory of Denmark. About 57,000 people live there, mainly along its coasts. Most of Greenland lies north of the Arctic Circle, under thick sheets of ice. 格陵兰岛是世界上最大的岛屿，也是丹麦的自治领土。大约有 57,000 人居住在那里，主要居住在沿海地区。格陵兰岛的大部分地区位于北极圈以北，覆盖着厚厚的冰层。 The island plays a large part in the weather experienced by billions of people every day and in climate changes around the planet, experts say. 专家表示，该岛在数十亿人每天经历的天气以及全球气候变化中发挥着重要作用。American President-elect Donald Trump is expressing interest in buying Greenland from Denmark. He said something similar during his first term in office as well. The United States has a large military base on the island. 美国当选总统唐纳德·特朗普表示有兴趣从丹麦购买格陵兰岛。他在第一个任期内也说过类似的话。美国在岛上拥有大型军事基地。Geologists say Greenland has huge amounts of oil and natural gas below the ice and valuable elements known as rare earth minerals. Rare earth minerals are needed in communication technologies, including phones. 地质学家表示，格陵兰岛冰层下蕴藏着大量石油和天然气，以及被称为稀土矿物的宝贵元素。通信技术（包括电话）需要稀土矿物。 Most of these resources are trapped under Greenland’s ice. However, warming temperatures in recent years have increased melting on the island. As more ice melts, some of these resources may become easier to reach. 这些资源大部分都被困在格陵兰岛的冰层下。然而，近年来气温升高加剧了岛上的融化。随着更多的冰融化，其中一些资源可能会变得更容易获取。 Geoff Dabelko is a security and environment professor at Ohio University. He thinks other countries are becoming interested in Greenland because China is currently the supplier of more than half of the world’s rare Earth minerals. 杰夫·达贝尔科 (Geoff Dabelko) 是俄亥俄大学安全与环境教授。他认为其他国家对格陵兰岛越来越感兴趣，因为中国目前是世界一半以上稀土矿物的供应国。From 1992 to 2020, Greenland lost an average of 169 billion metric tons of ice each year, with losses reaching 444 billion metric tons in 2019. 从1992年到2020年，格陵兰岛平均每年损失1690亿吨冰，2019年损失达到4440亿吨。 Mark Serreze is director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado. He told The Associated Press that melting from Greenland will be a central issue through the 21st century. That is because melting ice adds to rising sea levels. Serreze noted that the amount of melting will likely increase in the future. 马克·塞雷兹 (Mark Serreze) 是科罗拉多州博尔德国家冰雪数据中心的主任。他告诉美联社，格陵兰岛融化将成为整个 21 世纪的一个中心问题。这是因为冰融化会导致海平面上升。Serreze 指出，未来融化量可能会增加。Greenland also serves as the engine for an important ocean current that influences Earth's climate in many ways, including storm activity. The current is called the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or AMOC. The current is slowing down because more fresh water from Greenland’s melting ice is entering the ocean, Serreze said. 格陵兰岛也是重要洋流的引擎，洋流以多种方式影响地球气候，包括风暴活动。该洋流被称为大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）。塞雷兹说，由于格陵兰岛融化的冰越来越多的淡水进入海洋，洋流正在减慢。 A shutdown of the current could lead to long-term freezes in Europe and parts of North America. 电流的关闭可能会导致欧洲和北美部分地区长期冻结。 “If this global current system were to slow substantially or even collapse . . .as we know it has done in the past — normal temperature and precipitation patterns around the globe would change drastically,” said climate scientist Jennifer Francis of the Woodwell Climate Research Center, a non-profit based in the American state of Massachusetts. “如果当前的全球体系大幅放缓甚至崩溃。。“正如我们所知，过去的情况是——全球的正常气温和降水模式将发生巨大变化，”美国马萨诸塞州非营利组织伍德韦尔气候研究中心的气候科学家詹妮弗·弗朗西斯说。 She added that the changes would have very damaging effects on farming and ecosystems. 她补充说，这些变化将对农业和生态系统产生非常破坏性的影响。As more ice melts, Greenland is also changing color from the white of ice to the blue and green of water and land. These darker colors hold more heat from the sun and can increase the speed of warming. 随着更多的冰融化，格陵兰岛的颜色也从冰的白色变为水和陆地的蓝色和绿色。这些较深的颜色会吸收更多来自太阳的热量，并会加快变暖的速度。 Greenland lies in between northern Canada, northern Europe, and Russia. That area may become more valuable to countries if melting in the Arctic Ocean continues to increase and more ships pass through the area. 格陵兰岛位于加拿大北部、北欧和俄罗斯之间。如果北冰洋的融化继续增加并且更多的船只经过该地区，该地区可能对各国变得更有价值。 

The American Kennel Club, or AKC, has named another kind of dog to its registry. 美国养犬俱乐部（AKC）已将另一种狗列入其登记册。 Say hello to the Danish-Swedish farmdog. Or maybe say "hej," the word for hello in Swedish and Danish. 向丹麦瑞典混血农场狗问好。或者可以说“hej”，瑞典语和丹麦语中的“你好”。 AKC officials announced the addition to its list on January 2. The recognition means the breed now may compete for many best in show prizes. It also will probably create wider interest in the small, lively dogs. Fans of the breed are happy for the honor, but some also worry about the effect increased attention will have on the dog. AKC 官员于 1 月 2 日宣布将其添加到名单中。这一认可意味着该品种现在可以争夺许多最佳的比赛奖项。它还可能会引起人们对活泼的小型犬的更广泛的兴趣。该品种的粉丝们为这一荣誉感到高兴，但有些人也担心增加关注会对狗产生影响。Carey Segebart is one of the people who worked to get Danish-Swedish farmdogs recognized by the AKC. "We're excited about it. We're looking forward to it," she said. She plans to show one of her own at a dog show this month near her home in the American state of Iowa. Carey Segebart 是致力于让丹麦-瑞典农场犬获得 AKC 认可的人之一。“我们对此感到兴奋。我们很期待，”她说。她计划本月在美国爱荷华州她家附近的一场狗展上展示自己的一只狗。 Still, she thinks more attention can have both good and bad results for the breed. "We don't want the breed to just explode too quickly," she said. 尽管如此，她认为更多的关注对这个品种来说既有好也有坏的结果。“我们不希望这个品种爆发得太快，”她说。 The Danish-Swedish Farmdog Club of America says the breed, DSF for short, goes back centuries in parts of what are now Denmark, southern Sweden and some other European countries. 美国丹麦瑞典农场狗俱乐部表示，这个品种（简称DSF）可以追溯到几个世纪前，生活在现在的丹麦、瑞典南部和其他一些欧洲国家的部分地区。"They're interesting, fun little dogs," said Segebart, who has owned them since 2011 and is the club's incoming president. She said they will try anything and “succeed at most everything." “它们是有趣、有趣的小狗，”Segebart 说，他自 2011 年以来一直拥有它们，也是俱乐部即将上任的主席。她说他们会尝试任何事情，并且“几乎一切都会成功”。 In their homelands, the dogs' main job was to control small animals called rodents. However, they also can herd, act as watchdogs and be playful with children. The club says some Danish-Swedish farmdogs have even performed in circuses. 在它们的家乡，狗的主要工作是控制称为啮齿动物的小动物。然而，它们也可以放牧、充当看门狗并与孩子们玩耍。该俱乐部表示，一些丹麦瑞典混血的农场狗甚至曾在马戏团表演。 After Denmark and Sweden became more developed in the 20th century, DSF fans decided to make the breed official in both nations. Kennel clubs there began registering the breed in 1987. 20 世纪丹麦和瑞典变得更加发达后，DSF 爱好者决定在这两个国家正式认定该品种。那里的养犬俱乐部于 1987 年开始注册该品种。 In the United States, many of the about 350 Danish-Swedish farmdogs nationwide already compete in agility, obedience or other sports that are open to all dogs, including mixed breeds. 在美国，全国约 350 只丹麦瑞典混血农场犬中的许多已经参加了敏捷性、服从性或其他对所有狗（包括混种狗）开放的运动项目。 Until now, the dogs could not enter the traditional breed-by-breed judging that leads to best in show prizes at major dog shows. They may appear later this year at two major televised events, the National Dog Show and the AKC National Championship. 到目前为止，这些狗还无法进入传统的逐品种评审，从而在大型犬展上获得最佳表演奖。它们可能会在今年晚些时候出现在两项主要的电视赛事中：全国犬展和 AKC 全国锦标赛。 The Danish-Swedish farmdog is the AKC's 202nd breed and "a wonderful addition to a family that is able to provide it with the exercise and mental stimulation that it needs," said the AKC’s Gina DiNardo. 丹麦-瑞典农场犬是 AKC 的第 202 个品种，AKC 的吉娜·迪纳尔多 (Gina DiNardo) 表示，“它是家庭的绝妙补充，能够为它提供所需的运动和精神刺激”。Danish-Swedish farmdog lovers talked for several years about whether they should try to get AKC recognition and the attention that is likely to come with it, Segebart said. The number of people wanting to buy a young farmdog, or puppy, has grown quickly over the last ten years. The wait for a DSF puppy is usually a year or more, she said. Segebart 说，丹麦和瑞典的农场狗爱好者多年来一直在讨论他们是否应该尝试获得 AKC 的认可以及可能随之而来的关注。过去十年里，想要购买年轻农场狗或小狗的人数迅速增加。她说，等待 DSF 小狗的时间通常是一年或更长时间。 Fans of the breed worry that its appealing, relatively easy-care nature could make it quickly become too popular for its own good. They are not the first to worry. Similar concerns surround the French bulldog, which the AKC now says is the most popular breed in the country. Breeding for desired qualities has led to many health problems for the dogs. 该品种的粉丝担心，它的吸引力和相对容易照顾的性质可能会使其很快变得太受欢迎，而不利于其自身的利益。他们并不是第一个担心的人。类似的担忧也围绕着法国斗牛犬，AKC 现在表示法国斗牛犬是该国最受欢迎的品种。为了获得所需的品质而进行的繁殖导致了狗的许多健康问题。 

Fox added that such studies can provide valuable information “about the workings of stars across the universe to aid in our search for habitable worlds beyond our home planet.” 福克斯补充说，此类研究可以提供“有关整个宇宙恒星运作的宝贵信息，以帮助我们寻找我们家乡星球之外的宜居世界”。NASA’s statement noted the agency’s earlier preparation and operations were all leading up to the latest mission. To help it get into the right position, the Parker Solar Probe received assistance from several flybys of the planet Venus. The last flyby happened on November 6, 2024. 美国宇航局的声明指出，该机构早期的准备和运作都是为了最新的任务。为了帮助它进入正确的位置，帕克太阳探测器多次飞越金星并获得了帮助。最后一次飞越发生在 2024 年 11 月 6 日。 These gravitational assists had put the spacecraft “an ideal distance” from the sun every three months, NASA explained. This distance was “close enough to study our sun’s mysterious processes,” but not “to become overwhelmed by the sun’s heat and damaging radiation.” 美国宇航局解释说，这些引力辅助使航天器每三个月就与太阳保持“理想距离”。这个距离“足够近，足以研究太阳的神秘过程”，但又不会“被太阳的热量和破坏性辐射淹没”。 Developers of the spacecraft say it was built with a shield made with carbon material to protect it from the extreme heat released by the sun’s corona. The shield was designed to survive temperatures reaching 1,400 degrees Celsius. NASA says the data-gathering instruments are placed behind the shield. 该航天器的开发人员表示，它是用碳材料制成的防护罩建造的，以保护其免受太阳日冕释放的极端热量的影响。该防护罩设计可承受 1,400 摄氏度的高温。美国宇航局表示，数据收集仪器位于防护罩后面。 Nour Rawafi is the project scientist for Parker Solar Probe at NASA’s Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Maryland. His team designed, built, and operates the spacecraft. He said Parker had performed as planned although it operates in “one of the most extreme environments in space.” 努尔·拉瓦菲 (Nour Rawafi) 是美国宇航局马里兰州约翰·霍普金斯应用物理实验室帕克太阳探测器的项目科学家。他的团队设计、建造和操作航天器。他表示，尽管帕克在“太空中最极端的环境之一”中运行，但它的表现仍按计划进行。Rawafi added that the mission had brought “a new golden era of space exploration, bringing us closer than ever to unlocking the sun’s deepest and most enduring mysteries.” 拉瓦菲补充说，这次任务带来了“太空探索的新黄金时代，使我们比以往任何时候都更接近解开太阳最深、最持久的奥秘。” Dr. Joseph Westlake is director of NASA’s Heliophysics Division, the part of the agency that studies the sun. Westlake noted that his team is preparing for more flybys in the future and hopes to capture more valuable data. Already, flybys of Venus have gathered information about the natural radio waves coming from Venus. 约瑟夫·韦斯特莱克 (Joseph Westlake) 博士是美国宇航局太阳物理学部的主任，该部门负责研究太阳。韦斯特莱克指出，他的团队正在为未来更多的飞越做准备，并希望捕获更多有价值的数据。飞越金星已经收集了有关来自金星的天然无线电波的信息。 In 2023, scientists announced they had learned new information about solar wind from data collected by Parker. Data showed that solar wind can reach speeds up to 1.6 million kilometers per hour. Solar wind forms a large magnetic barrier known as the heliosphere. It protects Earth and other planets from the continuous flow of high-energy particles from the sun’s corona.2023年，科学家宣布他们从帕克收集的数据中了解了有关太阳风的新信息。数据显示，太阳风的速度可达每小时160万公里。太阳风形成一个巨大的磁屏障，称为日光层。它保护地球和其他行星免受太阳日冕持续不断的高能粒子流的影响。 

NASA says a spacecraft that has been examining the sun’s outermost atmosphere recently got closer to our Earth’s star than any past explorer has. 美国宇航局表示，一艘一直在检查太阳最外层大气层的航天器最近比任何过去的探测器都更接近我们的地球恒星。 The American space agency announced its Parker Solar Probe passed within 6.1 million kilometers of the sun’s outer corona on December 24. Mission leaders established communication with the spacecraft after the operation and said the orbiter was safe.美国航天局宣布帕克太阳探测器于12月24日通过距太阳外日冕610万公里以内的区域。任务负责人在操作后与航天器建立了联系，并表示轨道飞行器是安全的。 NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe in August 2018. Its mission is to study the sun’s powerful corona and solar wind. Solar wind is created by a continuous flow of charged particles, called plasma, into space from the corona. NASA于2018年8月发射了帕克太阳探测器，其任务是研究太阳强大的日冕和太阳风。太阳风是由带电粒子（称为等离子体）从日冕持续流入太空而产生的。 In 2021, NASA announced the orbiter had passed into the solar atmosphere for the first time. Researchers said at the time, the spacecraft had successfully “touched” the sun. Parker was believed to be about 13 million kilometers from the center of the sun when it crossed over into the sun’s outer atmosphere. 2021年，美国宇航局宣布轨道飞行器首次进入太阳大气层。研究人员当时表示，飞船已经成功“接触”太阳。当帕克进入太阳外层大气层时，据信距离太阳中心约 1300 万公里。In a statement, NASA’s Associate Administrator Nicky Fox praised the spacecraft’s latest pass-by of the sun. “Flying this close to the sun is a historic moment in humanity’s first mission to a star,” she said. Fox leads the agency’s Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. 美国宇航局副局长尼基·福克斯在一份声明中赞扬了航天器最近一次经过太阳。“飞得如此接近太阳是人类首次恒星任务的历史性时刻，”她说。福克斯领导位于华盛顿特区的美国宇航局总部的科学任务理事会。 The Parker Solar Probe is believed to have traveled at speeds up to 692,000 kilometers per hour during the mission. NASA said this was “faster than any human-made object has ever moved.” 据信帕克太阳探测器在任务期间以高达每小时 692,000 公里的速度行驶。美国宇航局表示，这“比任何人造物体移动的速度都要快”。 Fox said she hopes data collected by the spacecraft can help scientists better understand how the sun behaves and influences other elements in our solar system and beyond. “By studying the sun up-close, we can better understand its impacts throughout our solar system, including on the technology we use daily on Earth and in space.” 福克斯表示，她希望航天器收集的数据能够帮助科学家更好地了解太阳的行为以及对太阳系及其他地区其他元素的影响。“通过近距离研究太阳，我们可以更好地了解它对整个太阳系的影响，包括对我们日常在地球和太空中使用的技术的影响。” 

In a group of more than 1,000 people, scientists found the most popular resolutions involved exercise, weight loss and eating habits. Other resolutions had to do with self-improvement, personal finance, and ways to take care of mental health and to reduce stress. 在 1000 多人的小组中，科学家发现最受欢迎的决心涉及锻炼、减肥和饮食习惯。其他决议与自我完善、个人理财以及照顾心理健康和减轻压力的方法有关。 Among the 55 percent of people who said they had kept their resolutions after one year, nearly 60 percent of them had made resolutions involving goals. This is compared with 47 percent who chose to avoid behaviors. 55%的人表示一年后仍坚持自己的决心，其中近60%的人制定了涉及目标的决心。相比之下，选择避免行为的人为 47%。 Involve other people Involving others in your efforts might also help. Other people can offer support and hold you accountable. When we are held accountable, we are responsible for our actions.让其他人参与进来 让其他人参与你的努力也可能会有所帮助。其他人可以提供支持并让你承担责任。当我们被追究责任时，我们就要对自己的行为负责。 Someone who decides to start exercising more, for example, might join a running group or sign up for a gym class with friends. This can also make exercising more fun. 例如，决定开始更多锻炼的人可能会加入跑步团体或与朋友一起报名参加体育课程。这也可以让锻炼变得更加有趣。Experts also suggest using planners to help you keep your resolutions. For example, you can plan your activities for a specific period every morning or evening. 专家还建议使用规划器来帮助您保持决心。例如，您可以计划每天早上或晚上的特定时间段的活动。 Use reminders and timers on your smartphone. And use group texts for group activities. 使用智能手机上的提醒和计时器。并使用小组文本进行小组活动。Be kind to yourself Changing our behavior is difficult, so do not expect perfection. There will be times when it feels impossible to keep your resolution, and you will want to give up. 善待自己 改变我们的行为很困难，所以不要期望完美。有时候，你会觉得不可能坚持你的决心，你会想放弃。 “A great resolution might be, ‘I will be less judgmental with myself,’” said Tamara Russell of the British Psychological Society. “Research shows that the more we develop self-compassion, the more compassionate we can become towards others.” 英国心理学会的塔玛拉·拉塞尔说：“一个伟大的决心可能是‘我不再对自己做出评判’。” “研究表明，我们越发展自我同情心，我们对他人就越有同情心。”Review and make changes To better keep resolutions, Russell suggests reviewing each week. Ask yourself: what has worked? What has not? 检查并做出更改 为了更好地保持决心，拉塞尔建议每周回顾一次。问问自己：什么有效？什么还没有？ She said, “Study your own behavior like a scientist.” Russell added that we should not be afraid to change our resolutions. 她说：“像科学家一样研究你自己的行为。” 拉塞尔补充说，我们不应该害怕改变我们的决议。Choose the right time The last piece of advice might be the most important. 选择合适的时间 最后一条建议可能是最重要的。 If January 1 feels like a bad time to create a new resolution, make the changes when it makes sense for you. 如果 1 月 1 日感觉不是制定新决议的最佳时机，请在对您有意义的时候进行更改。 Russell said it makes “no sense at all” to make resolutions connected to the calendar year. Winter is usually a time of rest for much of the natural world. 拉塞尔表示，制定与日历年相关的决议“根本没有意义”。冬季通常是自然界大部分地区的休息时间。 She said that spring is the season of growth and renewal. So, depending on your life’s situation, spring might be a better time for most people to make changes. 她说，春天是万物生长、万物复苏的季节。因此，根据您的生活情况，春天对于大多数人来说可能是做出改变的更好时机。 

As the new year begins, some people see an opportunity for change and improvement. 随着新的一年的开始，一些人看到了改变和改进的机会。 Experts say January can be a good time to think about self-improvement. Many people make resolutions. But these promises we make to ourselves require effort to become part of our daily lives. They are meant to last a long time. 专家表示，一月可能是思考自我提升的好时机。许多人都做出了决定。但我们对自己做出的这些承诺需要努力才能成为我们日常生活的一部分。它们应该能够持续很长时间。 Studies have shown that up to 70 percent of people who make New Year’s resolutions quit their plans within months. 研究表明，高达 70% 的人在制定新年计划后几个月内就放弃了他们的计划。Recently, experts gave advice on keeping New Year's resolutions to the Associated Press. 近日，专家们向美联社提出了保留新年决心的建议。It is difficult to make big changes. Behavioral health experts suggest breaking big goals into smaller targets. For example, if your goal is to improve your health, you could start with small changes. For some meals, you could trade unhealthy foods for heathy ones, or you could exercise for 10 minutes each day. 做出大的改变是很困难的。行为健康专家建议将大目标分解为小目标。例如，如果您的目标是改善健康，您可以从小的改变开始。对于某些膳食，您可以将不健康的食物换成健康的食物，或者每天锻炼 10 分钟。 Once you start reaching smaller goals, the bigger one might not seem so daunting. 一旦你开始实现较小的目标，较大的目标可能看起来就不那么令人畏惧了。Psychologist Lynn Bufka suggests being realistic about resolutions. She is with the American Psychological Association based in Washington, D.C. 心理学家林恩·布夫卡（Lynn Bufka）建议，对于决心要现实一些。她是位于华盛顿特区的美国心理学协会的成员。 “It’s quite daunting to say that you want to lose 50 pounds and thus, will never eat dessert again,” she said. “It might be more helpful to say, you’re only going to have dessert on the weekends and for special occasions.” “说你想减掉 50 磅，然后再也不吃甜点是相当令人畏惧的，”她说。“这样说可能更有帮助，你只会在周末和特殊场合吃甜点。”Think about what your resolution is helping you to achieve. Do not think about what you are giving up. This can be a powerful way to change your mindset. 想想你的决心可以帮助你实现什么目标。不要去想你要放弃什么。这可能是改变你的心态的有效方法。 Bufka said that thinking positively about your end goal and the benefits of your changed behavior can increase your motivation, or drive to succeed. 布夫卡说，积极思考你的最终目标和改变行为的好处可以增加你的动力，或推动成功。 Bufka gave this example. “If I put money in a jar for what I would have spent on chocolate every day, that starts to add up,” she explained. 布夫卡举了这个例子。“如果我把每天花在巧克力上的钱放进一个罐子里，那钱就会开始增加，”她解释道。 A study of New Year’s resolutions published in 2020 found that people who pay attention to specific goals are more successful than those simply trying to give up bad habits. 一项针对 2020 年新年决心的研究发现，关注具体目标的人比那些仅仅试图戒掉坏习惯的人更成功。 

The world's tropical rainforests are home to more than 16,000 different mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, from colourful monkeys and parrots living high in the canopy, to weird and wonderful frogs and toads on the forest floor. 世界上的热带雨林是超过 16000 种不同的哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖动物和爬行动物的家园：这里有生活在上层树冠区域的色彩鲜艳的猴子和鹦鹉，也有生活在森林地面上奇特又奇妙的青蛙和蟾蜍。 But now a study by Canadian scientists has revealed that while there may be tree cover remaining, most of the tropical rainforests across the globe are too degraded by logging, mining and roads to provide good quality habitat for wildlife. 但现在，加拿大科学家开展的一项研究表明，尽管许多热带雨林可能还被树木覆盖，但全球大多数热带雨林都因伐木、采矿和修路的破坏而严重退化，无法为野生动物提供优质的栖息地。 They're calling for urgent conservation action to protect tracts of undisturbed forest before extinction for many rainforest species becomes a foregone conclusion. And they say as rainforests are one of nature's best defences against climate change, this would also help stabilise the Earth's climate. 科学家们呼吁各国采取紧急保护行动，以保护大片未受侵扰的森林，否则许多热带雨林物种的灭绝将成为定局。他们表示，热带雨林是大自然抵抗气候变化的最佳屏障之一，这也将有助于稳定地球的气候。 词汇表canopy 树冠tree cover 树木覆盖logging 伐木mining 采矿habitat 栖息地conservation action 保护行动tracts 大片土地undisturbed 未被打扰的species 物种foregone conclusion 预料中的必然结局defences 保护，防御stabilise 使…稳定

Some people may not be able to buy them. They can be costly. A quality weighted blankets can cost between $50 to over $300. This depends on the size, weight and material. 有些人可能买不起。它们可能成本高昂。优质的加重毯子价格可能在 50 美元到 300 美元以上。这取决于尺寸、重量和材料。 Some people use them for other reasons than sleep. Rhonda James gets under her blanket to relax as she watches television or drinks a glass of wine. 有些人出于睡眠以外的其他原因使用它们。朗达·詹姆斯 (Rhonda James) 躲在毯子下放松地看电视或喝一杯酒。 Lucy Taylor, a writer from Wales, also uses a weighted blanket. Her anxiety increases during the winter. So, she uses her blanket during cold months to fall asleep. She says when her body is relaxed, her mind relaxes too.来自威尔士的作家露西·泰勒也使用加重毯子。冬天她的焦虑会加剧。因此，在寒冷的月份里，她会用毯子入睡。她说，当她的身体放松时，她的思想也会放松。For most healthy adults, experts say to choose a blanket that is about 10 percent of your body weight. 专家表示，对于大多数健康的成年人来说，选择重量约为体重 10% 的毯子。 However, the blankets are not good for everyone. 然而，毯子并不适合所有人。 For example, some people may find them too hot to use, especially during warmer weather. 例如，有些人可能会发现它们太热而无法使用，尤其是在天气温暖的时候。 People with breathing problems or disorders such as sleep apnea should check with a doctor before using a weighted blanket. 患有呼吸问题或睡眠呼吸暂停等疾病的人在使用加重毯之前应咨询医生。Experts say to not use weighted blankets for children under three years old. The weight can limit their movement and breathing. 专家表示，三岁以下的儿童不要使用加重毯子。重量会限制他们的运动和呼吸。 Some people may not be able to buy them. They can be costly. A quality weighted blankets can cost between $50 to over $300. This depends on the size, weight and material. 有些人可能买不起。它们可能成本高昂。优质的加重毯子价格可能在 50 美元到 300 美元以上。这取决于尺寸、重量和材料。 Some people use them for other reasons than sleep. Rhonda James gets under her blanket to relax as she watches television or drinks a glass of wine. 有些人出于睡眠以外的其他原因使用它们。朗达·詹姆斯 (Rhonda James) 躲在毯子下放松地看电视或喝一杯酒。 Lucy Taylor, a writer from Wales, also uses a weighted blanket. Her anxiety increases during the winter. So, she uses her blanket during cold months to fall asleep. She says when her body is relaxed, her mind relaxes too. 来自威尔士的作家露西·泰勒也使用加重毯子。冬天她的焦虑会加剧。因此，在寒冷的月份里，她会用毯子入睡。她说，当她的身体放松时，她的思想也会放松。 Can weighted blankets improve sleep? There is little scientific research on whether weighted blankets help with sleep, anxiety, or other health issues. The studies that exist involve small groups of people. And most of the study subjects are people with conditions including sleep problems, long-term pain, and mental and developmental disorders. 关于加重毯子是否有助于睡眠、焦虑或其他健康问题的科学研究很少。现有的研究涉及一小群人。大多数研究对象都是患有睡眠问题、长期疼痛以及精神和发育障碍等疾病的人。 A study on 120 people with insomnia, an inability to get enough sleep, found that the weighted blankets helped them sleep better compared to a light blanket. 一项针对 120 名失眠症患者（无法获得足够睡眠）的研究发现，与轻薄的毯子相比，加重的毯子可以帮助他们睡得更好。 Another study considered 67 children with the developmental and brain disorder autism. That research found that weighted blankets did not affect the children’s sleep at all. However, it also found that the study subjects liked the weighted blankets more than non-weighted blankets. 另一项研究对 67 名患有发育和大脑障碍自闭症的儿童进行了研究。该研究发现加重的毯子根本不会影响孩子们的睡眠。然而，研究还发现，研究对象比非加重毯子更喜欢加重毯子。 A third study on 94 adults with chronic pain found that a heavier weighted blanket did not affect sleep. But it was better at reducing pain than a lighter blanket. 第三项针对 94 名患有慢性疼痛的成年人的研究发现，较重的毯子不会影响睡眠。但它比更轻的毯子更能减轻疼痛。 So, there is not much scientific evidence to support health improvement claims about weighted blankets. However, in most cases they also cannot hurt, sleep experts say. 因此，没有太多科学证据支持加重毯子改善健康的说法。然而，睡眠专家表示，在大多数情况下，它们也不会造成伤害。 Dr. Daniel Barone is a sleep medicine expert at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City. He suggests the use of weighted blankets to his patients after they try other traditional treatments and medicines. 丹尼尔·巴龙 (Daniel Barone) 博士是纽约市威尔康奈尔医学院的睡眠医学专家。他建议患者在尝试其他传统疗法和药物后使用加重毯子。 “If it doesn’t hurt and it may help, it’s worth a shot,” he said. “如果它没有伤害并且可能有帮助，那就值得一试，”他说。

When her husband gave her a weighted blanket to help her sleep, Rhonda James did not think it would work. In other words, she was skeptical. But five minutes after covering herself with the blanket, she was asleep. 当她的丈夫给她一条加重的毯子帮助她入睡时，朗达·詹姆斯认为这不起作用。换句话说，她是持怀疑态度的。但盖上毯子五分钟后，她就睡着了。 “It felt like a really big hug,” said James. She is a banker who lives in Charleston, South Carolina. “这感觉就像一个非常大的拥抱，”詹姆斯说。她是一位住在南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿的银行家。 As temperatures drop, a weighted blanket can be a popular choice to help you keep warm. But some people say the extra pressure of the cover also helps to ease their worries and fall asleep faster. 随着气温下降，加重的毯子可能是帮助您保暖的流行选择。但有些人表示，被子的额外压力也有助于减轻他们的担忧，更快入睡。 However, research on the effectiveness of weighted blankets is limited. The Associated Press recently reported on what is known about weighted blankets.然而，关于加重毯子有效性的研究有限。美联社最近报道了有关加重毯子的已知情况。Weighted blankets are filled with small glass balls, cotton or another filling. This makes them heavier than usual blankets. 加重毯子里填充有小玻璃球、棉花或其他填充物。这使得它们比普通的毯子重。Scientists may not know exactly how the blankets comfort, but they have a few ideas. 科学家们可能并不确切知道毯子的舒适度如何，但他们有一些想法。 The heavy, even feeling from a weighted blanket may calm the brain’s fight-or-flight response, said Dr. Neal Walia. He is a sleep medicine expert at University of California, Los Angeles Health. 尼尔·瓦利亚博士说，加重的毯子带来的沉重、均匀的感觉可能会平息大脑的战斗或逃跑反应。他是加州大学洛杉矶分校健康中心的睡眠医学专家。 He said, “The evenly distributed weight on you tells your body..." you are in a "...calm environment.’” 他说，“你身上均匀分布的重量告诉你的身体……”你处于“……平静的环境中。” The extra pressure also may cause the brain to release the hormone oxytocin. Sometimes called the “love hormone,” the body creates oxytocin during loving moments, such as hugging. Oxytocin can also lower anxiety, Walia said. 额外的压力还可能导致大脑释放催产素。有时被称为“爱情激素”，身体在爱的时刻（例如拥抱）会产生催产素。瓦利亚说，催产素还可以降低焦虑。For most healthy adults, experts say to choose a blanket that is about 10 percent of your body weight. 专家表示，对于大多数健康的成年人来说，选择重量约为体重 10% 的毯子。However, the blankets are not good for everyone. 然而，毯子并不适合所有人。 For example, some people may find them too hot to use, especially during warmer weather. 例如，有些人可能会发现它们太热而无法使用，尤其是在天气温暖的时候。 People with breathing problems or disorders such as sleep apnea should check with a doctor before using a weighted blanket. 患有呼吸问题或睡眠呼吸暂停等疾病的人在使用加重毯之前应咨询医生。 Experts say to not use weighted blankets for children under three years old. The weight can limit their movement and breathing. 专家表示，三岁以下的儿童不要使用加重毯子。重量会限制他们的运动和呼吸。