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When's your next big birthday? How do you feel about that? Do you feel you need to do something spectacular to mark it? Are you excited by the prospect, or dreading the future?你的下一个重要生日是什么时候？你对它有什么感受？你是否觉得需要做一些特别的事情来纪念这个日子？你是对它感到兴奋，还是对未来感到担忧？We usually think of birthdays as a time to celebrate, but they can also cause stress and worry. Research suggests that this can be even stronger for '9-enders', the 29, 39 and 49-year-olds who are worried about the milestone they are about to reach. What is it that makes a number that ends in zero so daunting?我们通常认为生日是一个值得庆祝的时刻，但它们有时也会带来压力和焦虑。研究表明，这种情绪在“9结尾的人”中尤为明显——例如29岁、39岁和49岁的人，他们对即将到来的里程碑感到担忧。到底是什么让以“0”结尾的数字如此令人畏惧？New decades can seem like a fresh start where we evaluate how we are doing. The problem is that many of us look for something to compare with. This might be people that we know or that we follow on social media, or just what we think society expects us to have achieved by a certain age. Any differences can lead us to question ourselves. This links to other stresses that can come with getting older. We might worry that there is limited time to achieve society's expectations. We may also know people from older generations who had health problems at a certain age, and fear that the same thing will affect us.新的十年看起来像是一个新的开始，让我们重新评估自己过得如何。问题在于，很多人会寻找比较对象。这个比较对象可能是我们认识的人、在社交媒体上关注的人，或者是我们认为社会期望我们在某个年龄应该达成的成就。任何差距都可能让我们怀疑自己。这与随着年龄增长而来的其他压力相关联。我们可能会担心实现社会期待的时间已经不多了。我们或许还认识一些年纪更大的人，他们在某个年龄段出现了健康问题，因此害怕自己也会遭遇同样的事情。So, what can we do? Psychologists advise a few steps. Many agree that it's important to celebrate or mark your birthday in your own way. Do something you genuinely enjoy to avoid feeling the pressure of having to celebrate in a particular way. Another key piece of advice that psychologists offer is that we should use the opportunity to reflect on our lives, but in positive ways. First, consider what you have achieved recently and record those achievements. Then decide what you want to achieve next, and what steps you can take to get there. Having achievable goals can help give our lives greater purpose.那么我们该怎么办呢？心理学家提出了一些建议。许多人认为，用你自己的方式庆祝或纪念生日是很重要的。做一些你真正喜欢的事，避免因必须“按规定”庆祝而产生压力。心理学家的另一个关键建议是：要借这个机会积极地反思自己的生活。首先，思考你最近取得了哪些成就，并将它们记录下来。接着，决定你接下来想要实现什么目标，以及你可以采取哪些步骤来达成它。有现实可行的目标能让我们的生活更有意义。If we can celebrate our successes, set ourselves realistic and achievable goals, and find a way to spend our day that we really enjoy, then maybe we'll find it much easier to deal with those big milestone birthdays.如果我们能够庆祝自己的成就，设定现实可达的目标，并找到真正享受的方式度过这一天，那么，也许我们会更轻松地应对那些重要的生日节点。

Ballot pops up on my screen, and the ballot itself is simple and easy to use, and I go through it, I take my time, no rush. Whenever I'm ready, I hit submit. And when I hit submit, three things happen. First, my ballot is encrypted. Second, it's anonymized. Third, I get a tracking code, like if it were a FedEx package, so I can track the progress of my ballot all the way through the process.选票会在我的屏幕上弹出，整个选票设计得简单易用，我可以慢慢来，不着急。等我准备好，就点击“提交”。当我提交时，会发生三件事：第一，选票被加密；第二，身份被匿名处理；第三，我会收到一个追踪码，就像寄 FedEx 包裹那样，可以在整个流程中追踪我的选票状态。Then it goes back to the New York City Board of Elections, and they air-gap it, which means they take it offline. And once my ballot is no longer connected to the internet, then they decrypt it, a paper copy is printed out that gets mixed in with all of the other ballots.之后，选票会被送回纽约市选举委员会，他们会将其“隔离”，也就是断网处理。一旦选票完全脱离互联网环境，他们就会将其解密，然后打印出纸质副本，与其他所有纸质选票一起混合处理。I know where my ballot stands, because I can see from the tracking code that it was received, tabulated, printed and so on. And the underlying code itself is open source, which means that anyone can audit it. Anyone can verify it. It's totally transparent.我能清楚地知道我的选票走到哪一步了，因为从追踪码上可以看到它是否被接收、统计、打印等。并且，整个系统的底层代码是开源的，意味着任何人都可以审核、验证它，一切都是完全透明的。To me, that's a lot more secure than the way we vote right now. And we've already built it. We've already paid for it, and we're giving it away to anyone who wants to use it for free.对我来说，这种方式比我们现在的投票方式要安全得多。而且这个系统我们已经开发完成了，也已经为它买单了。现在，我们把它免费开放给任何想使用它的政府。And with a little more work, I think we could do even more. We could register people to vote on the app. We could give voters nonpartisan information about candidates or ballot measures so you actually know what you're voting on.再多做一点努力，我认为我们还可以做得更多。我们可以在应用中让人们注册为选民；我们可以向选民提供关于候选人或公投事项的非党派信息，让你真正知道自己在投什么票。And versions of this already do exist. Mobile voting in a way, exists in Estonia. They use it in party elections in the UK. Somemunicipalities here in Canada use it. But not in the US, and not in most democracies.事实上，这种形式的投票已经存在于一些地方。在爱沙尼亚，某种程度上已经实现了移动投票；英国的党内选举中也使用过；加拿大一些市政选举中也采用了。但在美国，还没有，在多数民主国家也还没有。And that's where the hard part really kicks in: getting politicians to let us use our phones to vote in elections, because in my experience, people in power don't like making it easier for other people to gain power. And that's -- Yeah, exactly.而最难的部分正是这里：让政治人物同意我们使用手机进行投票。因为根据我的经验，掌权者通常不喜欢让别人更容易获取权力。对，就是这样。And that's why I'm here. Because they're not just going to do it if I ask nicely. They're not just going to do it if I snarl at libertarians on X or at the liberals on Bluesky. They're only going to do it if you make it happen. If we all make it happen. And we can.这也是我为什么站在这里。因为光靠我礼貌地请求，政治人物不会做这件事；即使我在 X 上对自由意志主义者怒吼、在 Bluesky 上对自由派咆哮，也没用。他们只会在你们推动下才会动起来。如果我们大家一同努力，就能让它发生。我们做得到。Every major right that has ever been won, anywhere: the right to vote, the Civil Rights Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, same-sex marriage, anything, has only happened because enough people stood up loud enough and long enough and demanded their rights, and eventually the status quo had to give in历史上每一项重要权利的争取，无论在哪：投票权、《民权法案》、《美国残障人法案》、同性婚姻……所有这些，都是因为有足够多的人站出来，发出足够大的声音，持续足够长的时间，坚持要求自己的权利，最终旧有秩序不得不让步。And we can do that here, too. We can make voting easier and a lot more secure. We can bring regular people back into the process. We can take power away from the extremes. We can end the dysfunction and polarization that plagues our society today.而我们在这里，也完全可以做到。我们可以让投票更容易、更安全。我们可以让普通人重新参与到民主程序中。我们可以削弱极端派的权力。我们可以终结困扰当今社会的混乱与撕裂。We can give our politicians the cover and the courage they need to work together and to finally, finally get things done. We can do all of this in the next ten years. We can do it with mobile voting.我们可以为政治人物提供掩护和勇气，让他们彼此合作，终于——真的可以办成事。我们可以在接下来的十年内做到这一切。我们可以用“移动投票”来实现。

About a decade or so ago, I helped run a lot of the campaigns around the US to legalize Uber. And I know that now when you guys think of Uber, it's this giant corporation. But back then, we were a tiny little tech startup, and taxi was this big, politically powerful industry who really didn't like us.大约十年前，我协助推动了美国各地让 Uber 合法化的许多宣传活动。我知道现在大家一想到 Uber，就觉得它是一家巨头公司。但那时候，我们只是一个小小的科技初创企业，而出租车行业则是一个庞大且政治势力强大的产业，他们非常不喜欢我们。And we knew we couldn’t out-muscle them. And so instead, we turned to the people. And by making it possible for our customers to tell their elected officials, "Hey, I like this Uber thing, please leave it alone," we were able to mobilize millions of people through the app to advocate on our behalf.我们知道自己无法硬碰硬地打败他们。所以我们转而寻求人民的支持。我们让顾客可以通过应用程序直接告诉他们的民选官员：“嘿，我挺喜欢 Uber 的，请不要干涉。”就这样，我们动员了数以百万计的用户为我们发声。And when mayors and city council members started hearing from thousands of their constituents, that's exactly what they did. They left Uber alone. It's how we won at basically every market in the country.当市长和市议员们开始收到成千上万选民的来信后，他们确实就不再干涉 Uber 了。正是这样，我们几乎在全国每一个市场都赢得了胜利。And while this was happening, I just remember sitting there thinking, "God bless these people. They're making my job a lot easier." But my guess is they don't know who their city council member is. They don't vote in state Senate primaries. And you know, why would they? They're busy, they have kids, they have jobs, they have lives.在这一过程中，我记得我坐在那里想：“感谢老天，这些人真是帮了我大忙。”但我猜他们其实并不知道自己的市议员是谁，也不去参与州参议院初选。你想想，为啥他们要去投？他们很忙，有孩子、有工作、有生活要过。But when we made it really easy, when we let people reach their politicians directly from their phones, everything changed. So what if we could vote this way?但当我们把事情变得非常简单，让人们可以直接通过手机联系他们的政治代表，一切都改变了。那么，如果我们也能用这种方式来投票，会怎样？So in 2017, we created the Mobile Voting Project. And the first thing we did was work with election officials in seven states, red and blue, where either deployed military or people with disabilities were able to vote in real elections on their phones. Soldiers from West Virginia stationed in Afghanistan. People who are blind in Denver. In one election in Seattle, we let everyone participate. And after doing it for two years in a row, turnout tripled.于是，在2017年，我们创建了“移动投票项目”。我们首先做的是与七个红州蓝州的选务官合作，让驻外军人或残障人士能通过手机在正式选举中投票。比如驻扎在阿富汗的西弗吉尼亚州士兵，丹佛的盲人选民。在西雅图的一次选举中，我们甚至让所有人都能参与。连续两年之后，投票率增长了三倍。Denver did a poll of those who participated in their election, and 100 percent, so every single respondent, said, "Yeah, I like pressing a button better than having to go somewhere." Shocking, right? In other big news, water is wet, and ice cream tastes good.丹佛对参加那次投票的选民做了调查，结果是 100% 的受访者——也就是说每一个人——都表示：“是的，我更喜欢按个按钮，而不是跑一趟投票站。”是不是很震惊？呵呵，就跟“水是湿的、冰淇淋好吃”一样，是个“震惊的常识”。But that was for specific groups of voters. And we wanted everyone to be able to vote securely on their phones.但那还只是针对特定群体的投票。我们想让所有人都能安全地用手机投票。So four years ago, we started building our own mobile voting technology. We're almost done, we're going to finish it this summer. And when we do, it's going to be free and open-source to any government in the world that wants to use it.于是四年前，我们开始开发自己的移动投票技术。现在已经快完成了，预计今年夏天就会完成。一旦完成，它将免费开源，供全球任何愿意使用的政府采用。And to be clear, this is just an additional way to vote. If you like voting by mail, vote by mail. If you like voting in person, great, do that. Some people really like the ceremony that comes with going somewhere and waiting in line and all of that. And if that happens to be you, knock yourself out. But based on turnout, that's not most of you. So let's give people another option.需要说明的是，这只是一种额外的投票方式。如果你喜欢邮寄投票，那就邮寄；喜欢亲自到投票站，那就去吧。有些人真的很享受那种仪式感——走进投票站、排队等待这一套。如果你就是这种人，那请尽情享受。但根据目前的投票率来看，大多数人并不是这样的人。所以我们应该给人们提供另一个选择。So as I mentioned before, and as you can probably tell from my accent, I'm from New York, so I'm going to use that as the example for how it works. I go on the App Store, and I download the New York City Board of Elections app.正如我之前说过的，也如你可能从我的口音中听出来的，我来自纽约，所以我就用纽约来举例说明这个流程。我会打开 App Store，然后下载“纽约市选举委员会”的官方应用。And the first thing they do is say, OK, is Bradley really a registered voter here in New York City? I put in my address. Fine. Next thing is multi-factor authentication. So you know how, like, when you forget your Google password, they send you a code and you put it back into the app? Same thing here.首先，系统会核实：“Bradley 是否真的是纽约市的注册选民？”我输入我的地址。没问题。接下来就是多重身份验证。就像你忘了 Google 密码时，他们会发你一个验证码，然后你在应用里输入一样，这里也是同样的流程。Then we take a scan of your face, match that up against your government ID. And at this point we've fully established, OK, Bradley is really Bradley.然后我们会扫描你的脸部图像，并与政府颁发的身份证件进行比对。到了这一步，我们就完全确认了：好的，Bradley 就是 Bradley 本人。

So let me ask you a question. How many of you do your banking, your health care on your phones? Right, of course you do. How about like, your love life, your entertainment, travel planning, all that kind of stuff? Right. How many of you vote on your phones? That's the problem.那我问你们一个问题。你们当中有多少人是在手机上处理银行业务或健康事务的？对吧，当然是这样。那你们的恋爱、娱乐、旅行计划这些呢？也是如此，对吧？那有多少人是在手机上投票的？这就是问题所在。So I spent the first 15 years of my career working in US government and politics. City government, state government, federal government, you name it, I saw it from pretty much every angle. And the main thing that I took away from it, really, more than anything else, is why politicians make the decisions they make. Is it based on what they believe in? No. Is it what's best for their city or their state or their country? Not really. How about what's best for their constituents specifically? Not even that. It's actually a lot simpler. Virtually every politician makes every decision solely based on winning the next election and nothing else. And that's true for the next election and then the next election after that.我职业生涯的前15年都在美国政府和政治体系中工作。市政府、州政府、联邦政府……你能想到的层级我基本都经历过，从各个角度观察过。而我最大的收获之一就是：为什么政治人物会做出某些决策。他们是基于自己的信仰吗？不是。是为了他们的城市、州或国家的最佳利益吗？也不是。是为了他们选民的最大利益吗？甚至也不是。其实原因简单得多——几乎所有政治人物做每一个决定，都是为了赢得下一次选举，仅此而已。这适用于下一次选举，也适用于再下一次。And it's a problem in democracies all over the world, but it's especially pervasive in the United States because we have this corrupt practice known as gerrymandering. And what that allows the two political parties to do is divvy up all the legislative districts so that, as a result, the only election that ever really matters is the party primary.这是全球民主制度中的普遍问题，但在美国尤其严重，因为我们有一种腐败的操作方式，叫做“选区划分操控”（gerrymandering）。这种做法让两个主要政党得以重新划分所有立法选区，结果导致唯一真正重要的选举成了党内初选。Now we had a big election last fall. You guys might have heard something about it. And in that election, about two thirds of Americans voted. But that was for president. I live in New York City. In 2023, we had city council primaries. Turnout was 7.2 percent. So I don't know if you guys have ever been to New York, but if you have, you will know, we are not a shy people. And yet, in this city of 8.5 million highly opinionated people, you could win a council seat with just 8,000 votes. And the same thing is true in state legislative races, congressional, mayoral, you name it, and it's true everywhere.我们在去年秋天举行了一场大型选举。你们可能听说过一些情况。在那场选举中，大约有三分之二的美国人投票了，但那是总统选举。我住在纽约市。在2023年，我们举行了市议会初选，投票率只有7.2%。我不知道你们有没有来过纽约，但如果来过，你就知道我们可不是害羞的人。可就是在这个拥有850万意见强烈市民的城市里，只需要8000票就可以赢得一个市议会席位。州议会、国会、市长选举也是一样，到处都是如此。So who are those voters? They're typically the far right or the far left, or special interests that know how to move money and votes in low-turnout elections. They dictate not only who wins office but then what happens once they're in office. And that gets us one of two types of government. Either the chaos and dysfunction that we call Washington, DC, or totally one-sided governments, whether it's the state of Texas on the right or the city of San Francisco on the left. And if we were truly hopelessly divided, if we just couldn't agree on any issue, that'd be one thing, but we're not.那么这些投票的人是谁？通常是极左或极右的人，或者是懂得如何在低投票率选举中操控资金和选票的特殊利益集团。他们不仅决定了谁能当选，还决定了当选者上任后会做些什么。这种状况导致我们只有两种政府：要么就是我们称之为“华盛顿特区”的混乱与瘫痪，要么就是极端一边倒的政府，比如右派主导的德克萨斯州，或左派主导的旧金山市。如果我们真的如此严重分裂，任何议题都无法达成共识，那还情有可原——但事实上并不是这样。Most people agree on the solutions to most issues, whether it's education or health care or climate or taxes or let's take guns as an example. The vast majority of Americans would say that we should neither confiscate everyone's guns, but nor should it be easy to walk into a store and walk out with an assault rifle. But the problem is, those Americans, the people in the center, the people in the middle, they don't vote in primaries. So politicians ignore their views and cater only to the extremes. And when the next school shooting happens, and it will happen, all of us are going to bang our heads against the wall and say, Why can’t our politicians just do the right thing for once?”大多数人在大多数议题上其实是有共识的，不论是教育、医疗、气候还是税收。就拿枪支问题来说，大多数美国人都认为，我们既不应该没收所有人的枪，也不该让人随便走进一家店就能带着突击步枪走出来。但问题在于，那些处于中间立场的人——也就是大多数人——他们并不参加初选。所以政客们无视他们的观点，只迎合极端选民。当下一起校园枪击案发生时（而它确实还会发生），我们所有人又会撞墙大喊：我们的政客为什么就不能做一次正确的事？Why? I'll tell you why. Because they're held hostage by the extremes. They're stuck. We have to free them from their clutches. We have to make it possible for them to move back to the middle. And the only way to do that is to get a lot more people voting. And the only way to do that is to meet the people where they are: on their phones.为什么？我来告诉你为什么。因为他们被极端派俘虏了。他们被困住了。我们必须把他们从这些人的控制中解放出来。我们必须让他们有可能回到中间立场。而实现这一点的唯一方法，就是让更多人参与投票。而要让更多人参与，唯一的办法就是在他们所在的地方找到他们：在他们的手机上。

You listed travel as one of your passions.你说旅行是你的兴趣之一。Yeah. But actually my passion is airport to airport, what happens between airports.是的。但实际上，我热爱的部分是“从一个机场到另一个机场”，也就是机场之间发生的一切。So you like the flying then, the journey?所以你喜欢的是飞行本身，也就是这个旅程？Absolutely.完全是。What about that do you like?那你喜欢飞行中的什么？I love airplanes. Do I love airports? Not really. When I go to an airport I go to the window to look at the airplanes. Since the tender age of five I've always had this passion for airplanes, and my dream was to become an airline pilot.我喜欢飞机。我喜欢机场吗？不太喜欢。每次我去机场，我都会走到窗边去看飞机。从我五岁那年起，我就对飞机充满热情，我的梦想就是成为一名航空公司飞行员。Okay. Have you ever flown an airplane?好吧，那你飞过飞机吗？Have I ever flown in an airplane?你是说坐过飞机吗？Not in an airplane. Have you ever flown an airplane?不是坐飞机。我是问你有没有亲自驾驶过飞机？I've never flown an airplane. I've been in the flight deck of a number of aircraft, but I've never flown one.我从没开过飞机。我进过不少飞机的驾驶舱，但从没亲自飞过。Okay. So walk us through a trip with Tony. What's going through your mind along the journey from airport to airport?好吧，那就带我们体验一趟“托尼之旅”。在机场到机场的过程中，你脑子里在想些什么？Well, just like the other souls on board, I go on, I sit, I buckle my seatbelt. I obey the commands from the cabin crew. I hear the pilots talking over the Intercom. But I take it another step further. I actually listen to the details of what the pilots are saying. I'm thinking about what's the weather going to be like, what's the weather on the ground, what's the surface winds on the runway? All these things that regular passengers don't think about when they're sitting in the seat and they're just like.嗯，就像机上的其他乘客一样，我登机、坐下、系好安全带，听从机组人员的指示，听飞行员在广播中讲话。但我会更进一步去听，我会认真听飞行员在说什么细节。我会思考天气会怎么样？地面的天气如何？跑道上的风速和风向是怎样的？这些都是普通乘客坐在座位上完全不会想的事。Yeah. I certainly don't think about that, no. I am probably just relaxing, and maybe once in a while looking out the window, if I'm privileged enough to get a window seat. And just seeing how pretty it is.是啊，我肯定不会想这些。我通常是在放松，要是运气好坐到靠窗的位子，偶尔看看窗外，觉得风景挺漂亮的，仅此而已。And if you're looking out, and you say you have a seat just over the wing, you're looking out and you're like, oh, there's the wing. It looks nice, long, okay.如果你坐在机翼旁，看向窗外，也许你会说：“啊，那是机翼，看起来还挺长的，还不错。”I don't even think that much at any rate.我甚至连这种程度都不会去想。Yeah. Yeah. But to me, I'm looking at the wing and I'm like, that's the forward slats, those are the landing flaps, that's the spoiler. Oh, look at the winglet at the end. Yeah.是啊。但对我来说，我看着机翼会想：“那是前缘缝翼，那是着陆襟翼，那是扰流板。哦，看，翼尖还有个小翼。”Okay. No, I'm definitely not thinking that at all. So you actually don't care about the cities that you're traveling to, and seeing new places?好吧，我绝对不会那样想。所以说，你其实并不在意你去的城市，也不在意看新地方？No, no, no. Don't get me wrong. I actually do. I've had the fortune of visiting some really amazing places, like Glasgow, Scotland, which I do love. Meeting the people, meeting different people actually is something I look forward to. And the architecture and all the fun stuff, like art, artworks and crafts and all that stuff that when you travel you always try to secure before you return home. But yeah, I do, I do like the experiences outside of aviation when it comes to traveling. But for me, you may think it's weird, but it's still aviation for me. That's the top. That's definitely at the top of the list for me. When it comes to flight there are five critical phases. You have takeoff, climb out, cruise, descent and landing. Even at the end of a flight, coming to the end just before landing, the pilots are trying their best to keep the nose of the airplane training down the center line of the runway. After landing, when we're deplaning, I would often stop at the flight deck door and I'll be like, "What happened there just before touchdown?" And the pilots would laugh and be like, "Oh, just a little gust. Nothing really. But we're on the ground, we're safe."不是，不是，你别误会。其实我还是在意的。我有幸去过一些很棒的地方，比如苏格兰的格拉斯哥，我真的很喜欢那里。遇见新的人、不同的人，这也是我所期待的。而且像建筑啊、艺术啊、手工艺品这些旅行中必不可少的乐趣，我也会尽可能在回家前带一些。但对我来说，你可能觉得奇怪，但我最在意的始终还是航空。这是排在第一位的。一次飞行分为五个关键阶段：起飞、爬升、巡航、下降和着陆。即便是快要结束时，在落地前，飞行员还在尽力让飞机的机头保持在跑道的中心线上。飞机落地、下机的时候，我经常会停在驾驶舱门口，问飞行员：“刚才接地前那一下发生了什么？”飞行员会笑着说：“哦，就一阵小阵风，没什么事。但我们安全着陆了。”Oh my gosh. So basically you're grading the pilot as you are taking a trip somewhere.天啊。所以你基本上是在给飞行员打分，顺便去旅行？Weird. It's so weird, right?好奇怪吧，真的很奇怪，对吧？Absolutely. Absolutely weird.没错，确实很奇怪。That's what aviation buffs do.这就是航空迷的日常啦。Crazy. Crazy.疯了，疯了。

The phenomenon that many people believe is a mass psychogenic illness, with a particularly modern twist.许多人认为这是一种群体性心因疾病，但带有鲜明的现代特征。The thing about mass hysteria is that it's a line of sight thing, right? Part of the reason you get the symptoms is because you see somebody having the symptoms themselves.群体癔症的关键在于"视觉传染"——你出现症状，部分原因是你亲眼目睹了他人的症状。But with the advent of police body cams, each psychogenic overdose also creates a video. And that video then gets seen by other police officers, which potentially creates more psychogenic overdoses, which creates more videos -- you see the problem -- creating perhaps the perfect vector for spread.但随执法记录仪普及，每次心因性"吸毒过量"都会被录下。视频在其他警员间传播，可能引发更多案例，继而产生更多视频——这形成了完美的传播链条。Back in Le Roy, the outbreak there followed a pattern of many mass psychogenic illnesses. It came on strong, it wreaked havoc, and it faded away.勒罗伊事件符合典型群体心因疾病模式：猛烈爆发、造成混乱、逐渐消退。Why there? It's impossible to say for sure, but we do now know that some of the girls were experiencing their own personal, private, traumatic situations that may have contributed to their susceptibility.虽无法确定具体诱因，但现已得知部分女孩当时正经历个人创伤，这可能增加了她们的易感性。And of course, once mass hysteria sets in, it kind of brings its own stress and trauma, as does just being an American teenage girl today.当然，一旦群体癔症爆发，它本身就会带来压力与创伤——更何况当今美国少女本就承受着诸多压力。Before it was over, 19 girls at the high school came down with symptoms. All of them somehow connected to the others. Several of them were on the soccer team together. Several of them shared a very specific art class, and two of them were best friends.疫情结束前，该校共有19名女生出现症状，她们彼此都存在关联：有些是同队足球队员，有些共修特定艺术课，还有两人是挚友。By the time summer break arrived, the symptoms were all but gone from the high school. Almost. Remember Rose? She was the one with the tampon theory. Rose never caught those Tourette’s-like symptoms that ripped through the high school so severely because Rose already had Tourette's. She has since she was three.暑假来临，症状几乎从校园绝迹——但"几乎"不包括罗斯。就是提出卫生棉条理论的那个女孩。她没被传染类似妥瑞氏症的症状，因为她本就患有此症，三岁起便如此。I had always had very prominent tics from the time I was diagnosed, like I had facial twitches, I would go through spurts where I would be throwing things. I was always very loud, like I always have very loud vocal tics. You will always hear me. Everybody always knows who I am."确诊后我一直有明显抽搐，比如面部痉挛、突然扔东西。发声抽动尤其响亮，所有人老远就能认出我。"Unfortunately for Rose, when people with tic disorders are around other people who tic, both people tend to tic more severely. So you can imagine when 19 other girls are walking the halls ticking, Rose’s tics got worse. Much, much worse.的是，抽动症患者相处时会加重彼此症状。当19个女孩在走廊集体抽搐时，罗斯的症状急剧恶化。So I had a tic where I would punch myself right here in the face, over and over and over."我有个抽动动作是反复捶打自己脸部。"And your chin. That was your tic."还有下巴。"My tic was literally to coldcock myself. I have permanent damage in my right eye because my other tic was to punch myself in the eye. I was literally beating the shit out of myself."我会猛击自己眼部，右眼已留下永久损伤。那段时间我简直在自我殴打。"Rose had a really difficult year, to say the least. But it was something she told me about her life now that struck me about this idea of contagion and connection.至少可以说，罗斯那年过得异常艰难。但她现在的生活状态，让我对"传染与联结"有了新认识。So I volunteer at Tourette Syndrome Camp every summer, right?"我每年夏天都在妥瑞氏症夏令营做志愿者。"And I love it. It is one of the best things I do with my life every year. It's so amazing. But we all tic so much more because we’re all ticking."那是我生命中最美好的经历。虽然大家症状会相互加重，但实在太棒了。"Does that feel good or bad?"这种感觉是好是坏？"Oh, I love it."噢，我爱死它了。"At Rose's Tourette's Camp, when the contagion comes on, they let it happen. They don't hold back.在罗斯的夏令营里，当"传染"发生时，他们放任其发生。It is so worth every second of it, because you are having the best time and you are around your people. And there’s something called tic shopping. That’s the actual name for it. And you can pick up other people’s tics."每分每秒都值得，因为你和同类人共度美好时光。我们管这叫'抽动购物'——真的会不自觉地'买来'别人的症状。"They're literally sharing their symptoms. They're passing them back and forth unconsciously. And even if just for one weird, humid, buggy weekend in the summer, they're able to revel in those symptoms and really appreciate the connection that it gives them.他们共享症状，无意识地交换抽动。哪怕只是潮湿闷热、蚊虫肆虐的夏日周末，他们也能在症状中狂欢，珍视这种特殊的联结。So I always have to take the day after camp off, because I’ll come home with God knows what tics. But it's like the best feeling ever. It is the best feeling ever."每次夏令营后我都得休息一天，因为天知道会带回什么新症状。但那种感觉无与伦比。"The line between contagion and connection is a thin one. Sometimes it's hardly there at all.传染与联结的界限如此模糊，有时甚至根本不存在。

The spread of the contagion tends to be a function of how connected the victims are to each other. So students at a small town high school, or workers on a factory floor, or even nuns in a convent.这种"传染"的传播程度往往取决于受害者之间的关联性。比如小镇高中的学生、工厂工人，甚至修道院的修女。In the Middle Ages, there were several cases reported in Europe in convents, including one extended case in France where a nun supposedly began meowing uncontrollably, only to have that symptom spread to the rest of the nuns in the convent.中世纪欧洲就记录过数起修道院群体癔症，其中法国一起持续事件中，一名修女突然无法控制地学猫叫，随后症状传染了整个修道院。And then, of course, there's the witches of Salem, right? Perhaps the archetypical women being hysterical. Many now believe that that was a mass psychogenic illness.还有著名的塞勒姆女巫审判事件——如今许多人认为那正是一场群体性心因疾病，堪称"女性歇斯底里"的典型案例。Why does it happen? There's usually some sort of underlying stress or trauma affecting the people involved.为何会出现这种现象？通常与当事人承受的压力或创伤有关。Like, for example, in the fall of 2001, when a mystery rash broke out in grade schools around the country, at least dozens and dozens of schools, hundreds of students affected.例如2001年秋天，全美数十所小学爆发神秘皮疹，数百名学生受影响。The rash would pass from student to student during the day in the school but then often disappear when the kid went home at night. And then it would reappear the next day and begin spreading all over again.皮疹白天在校内传播，晚上学生回家后却常会消退，次日返校又再度爆发。Tests showed no bacteria, no virus, no toxic exposure that would explain it. Turns out what may have been happening is that it was fear of toxic exposure that caused the contagion.检测未发现细菌、病毒或毒素。真相可能是：对有毒物质的恐惧引发了这场"传染"。In fact, the mystery rash began on the very day that the news reported that a man in Florida had been diagnosed with anthrax, just weeks after they began appearing in envelopes after September 11th in people's mailboxes.事实上，神秘皮疹爆发当日，新闻正报道佛罗里达州发现炭疽病例——就在9·11事件后带炭疽菌信封出现的几周内。Many epidemiologists now believe that the post-9/11 rash was a mass psychogenic illness, a real physical expression of the collective anxiety those kids were feeling at the time.许多流行病学家现在认为，这场后9·11皮疹是群体性心因疾病，是孩子们集体焦虑的躯体化表现。It's actually why I don't even care for the phrase "mass psychogenic illness." It's more polite, perhaps, but it's "mass hysteria" that really gets the messiness of it.这正是我不喜欢"群体性心因疾病"这个术语的原因——它更礼貌，但"群体癔症"才真正捕捉到其中的混乱本质。It's not just medical. It's not just psychological. It's social. It's cultural. It's about all of us.它不仅是医学或心理学问题，更是社会文化现象，关乎我们所有人。And it's not just women. You may have heard of Havana Syndrome. That's the neurological medical mystery affecting foreign workers in the United States and in Canada. Many people believe that that is a mass psychogenic illness.不仅限于女性。比如"哈瓦那综合征"——这个影响美加外交人员的神经医学谜团，就被许多人认为是群体心因性疾病。And these things don't just happen anywhere. They tend to happen at the stress points in the culture. Or as one expert put it to me, they tend to happen in the fissures of society.这类事件往往爆发于文化压力点。正如一位专家所言："它们总在社会裂缝中滋生"。I want to play you some more tape. These are all taken from police body cams of police officers in the field. In each instance, the police officer has just come into contact with the street drug fentanyl.请听这些警用执法记录仪片段——每位警官都声称刚接触了毒品芬太尼。It's so weird, man. He said he's floating. His legs are tingling. Yeah, yeah, my toes are tingling. We have fentanyl! We have fentanyl! You're good, you're good. You're good. Keep breathing. Hey, stay with me, OK? It's warrant officer. Possible exposure to fentanyl. I’m getting my -- you got yours out? All right. Relax."太诡异了，他说自己在飘""我脚趾发麻""是芬太尼！坚持住！""我是巡警，可能接触了芬太尼""快拿解毒剂"...You may have seen or heard footage like this in the news. It pops up all the time. Local新闻最爱这种戏剧性画面。我们追踪到332起类似案例——警员因"接触芬太尼"出现昏厥、刺痛、心跳加速等症状。But of those 332 cases that we were able to track the number of actual toxicology reports that showed fentanyl in those police officers' system at the time, as far as we can tell, one.但在这332起案例中，有确切毒理学报告证明警员体内含芬太尼的——据我们核实——仅1例。At a state prison in Alaska. And even that one hasn't been independently confirmed. In fact, the American Society of Medical Toxicology says it is near impossible to overdose on fentanyl in this way.（那例还在阿拉斯加州监狱，且未获独立验证。）美国医学毒理学会明确指出：这种接触方式几乎不可能导致芬太尼过量。And yet, it keeps happening. But it doesn't happen to doctors and nurses who handle fentanyl in hospital settings. It doesn't even really happen to fentanyl abusers who are obviously handling the drug all the time.然而事件仍在发生。奇怪的是，医院接触芬太尼的医护从未出现类似症状，长期接触毒品的瘾君子也不例外。It's only in this one specific preexisting social group: police officers, male police officers, incidentally.唯独这个特定群体——顺便说一句，主要是男性警官——反复出现这种状况。

I make audio documentaries, and I recently spent some time in a town called Le Roy, New York. It's a town about 50 miles outside of Buffalo. It's a small town. Its claim to fame is that it's the birthplace of Jell-O.我制作音频纪录片，最近在纽约州一个叫勒罗伊的小镇待了一段时间。这个镇位于布法罗市外约50英里，是个小地方，最出名的是它是果冻（Jell-O）的诞生地。There's a museum and everything.那里甚至有个博物馆，应有尽有。Anyway, in 2011, at the beginning of the school year, something strange happened in Le Roy. A student at Le Roy Junior-Senior High School, a cheerleader, she wakes up from a nap with a stutter, like a severe stammer, trouble speaking. And pretty soon, that turns into head tics and facial twitches, and then blurting out sounds and words. Symptoms that you'd associate with something like Tourette's syndrome.2011年开学季，勒罗伊发生了一件怪事。当地初高中联合学校的一名啦啦队员午睡醒来后突然严重口吃，说话困难。很快，症状演变成头部抽动、面部痉挛，并开始不受控制地发出怪声和词语——类似妥瑞氏症的症状。A couple of weeks later, while she's dealing with that, another student at the school comes down with the same symptoms: tics, spasms, barks, blurting out sounds and words. And it happens from 0 to 60 overnight, out of nowhere. And then it happens to another student. And then two more.几周后，就在她还在应对这些症状时，另一名学生也出现了同样的抽搐、痉挛、怪叫和言语失控。症状一夜之间突然爆发，毫无预兆。接着是第三个、第四个……This is Rose. Rose was in eighth grade at the time of the outbreak. At first it was whispers. It was like, "Oh, it's this one girl. We don't know what's going on, blah blah blah." And the next thing I know, it's like doubling and tripling, and it's all these girls.这是罗斯，疫情爆发时她正读八年级。起初只是窃窃私语，比如"噢，就是这个女孩，我们也不知道怎么回事"之类的。但很快，患者数量成倍增加，而且全是女生。Jessica was a senior at the time. And I remember thinking, were they making it up? What is going on?杰西卡当时是高三学生。我记得我在想：她们是不是装的？到底发生了什么？People thought they were faking it. Everybody thought they might be faking it. And then my friend came to school the one day, and I was at my locker. And she came up to me and she was stuttering super bad. I'm like, "What are you doing? Stop fucking around. Why are you talking like that?"大家都觉得她们在装病。直到有一天，我在储物柜前遇到朋友，她口吃得厉害。我问："你在干嘛？别闹了，为什么这样说话？"And she's like, "I can't." She's, like, twitching, she's crying at that point, just trying to get out her words, and I'm like, "Holy shit. This is real. What happened?"她却说："我控制不了。"她抽搐着，哭了起来，拼命想说出话。我这才意识到："天啊，这是真的。到底怎么了？"Within weeks, the case count hits double digits. All at the high school. All girls. An investigation begins. They test for Lyme disease. They test for heavy metals in the blood. Back at the school, they test for the water safety. They test for the air quality. They test for mold. And the only thing spreading faster than the contagion are the theories about what's causing it.几周内，病例数突破两位数，全是高中女生。调查随即展开：莱姆病检测、血液重金属检测、学校水质检测、空气质量检测、霉菌检测……而传播得比疫情更快的，是各种病因猜测。I remember hearing at some point, since it was all girls, it must be a bad batch of tampons.我记得有人猜测，既然全是女生，可能是某批卫生棉条有问题。The tampon theory does not pan out. In fact, none of them do. After a month-long investigation, the state and the school board and the and the doctors involved, they come up with what they think is the answer. The outbreak ripping through the high school is a mass psychogenic illness, otherwise known as mass hysteria.卫生棉条理论被推翻，其他猜测也均不成立。经过一个月的调查，州政府、校方和医生们得出结论：这场席卷校园的疫情是"群体性心因性疾病"，即"群体癔症"。Emily was in eighth grade when she came down with the symptoms herself. This is what her doctor told her. Emily: She basically said, "It's all in your head. You're fine." How are you, as a medical professional, going to look your patient in the eye and be like, you're fine. Stop thinking about it. You're fine, you're fine.艾米莉八年级时也出现了症状。她的医生告诉她："这完全是心理作用，你没事。"作为一个医疗专业人士，怎么能看着病人的眼睛说"你没事，别多想"？And she should be skeptical, right? Especially because she's a woman. Even the word hysteria has its roots in the Greek for uterus. For centuries, doctors would blame the wandering womb for all sorts of problems that women were having with their bodies, without really understanding what it was medically.她当然该怀疑——尤其因为她是女性。"癔症"（hysteria）一词本就源于希腊语的"子宫"。几个世纪以来，医生们总把女性身体问题归咎于"子宫游走"，却从未真正理解医学原理。Back in Le Roy, this is how Jessica reacted to the diagnosis. I thought, "That's bullshit. I don't believe that. Seeing all these girls, they're not making it up. I just don't believe that that's the thing. After all of this, that's all it is? I just don't know how to believe that.在勒罗伊，杰西卡对诊断结果的反应是："胡扯！我不信。我亲眼看到那些女孩的痛苦，她们不是装的。经历了这么多，结果就这？我实在无法接受。"I love that. "I don't know how to believe that." Not just "I don't believe that." "I don't know how to believe it." Here's what I have come to believe. I think we all need to start learning how to believe in mass hysteria, because while it is very rare, it is also very real. So say neurologists, psychoanalysts, sociologists, so says the NIH.我喜欢这个说法——"我不知道该怎么相信"，而不仅仅是"我不信"。我的观点是：我们都需要学会接受"群体癔症"的存在，因为它虽罕见，却真实存在。神经学家、心理分析师、社会学家乃至美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）都证实了这点。And it's a very specific type of contagion that says a lot about how we're connected as people. Mass psychogenic illness is the rapid spread of real physical symptoms from one person to the other. But those

Piecing together thousands of fragments of 2,000-year-old plaster has been the ultimate archaeological jigsaw puzzle, but stunning frescoes have emerged.将数千块两千年前的灰泥碎片拼接在一起是一个终极的考古拼图挑战，不过好在这幅拼图向人们展现出了令人惊叹的壁画。The lower wall sections are pale pink and dotted with paint to imitate marble. Above them are bright yellow panels with soft green borders with beautifully drawn details of musical instruments, birds, flowers and fruit.较低的墙壁部分是淡粉色的，上面点缀着仿大理石的颜料。在它们上方的部分是明亮的黄色镶嵌板，并配有柔和的绿色边框，其中精美地绘制了乐器、鸟类、花卉和水果等装饰细节。The frescoes make up at least 20 walls of a luxurious villa, which was built soon after the Romans first founded London. And there are clues about who painted them. Some fragments are scored with the letters F, E, C, I, T – the Latin word for 'has made this'. But the piece where the name should be is missing. The archaeologists are still sifting through the fragments to see if it could be amongst them.这些壁画装饰了这座豪华别墅的至少 20 面墙壁，这栋别墅建于罗马人建立伦敦城后不久。对于壁画的创作者是谁，考古学家们已经有了一些线索。部分碎片上刻着 “F”、“E”、“C”、“I”、“T” 这几个字母，这些字母组成了拉丁语中表达 “由……制作” 的单词。但本应该刻有画师姓名的那块碎片却找不到了。考古学家们仍在碎片中仔细翻找，以确认那块带有署名的碎片是否还在其中。

It's been named Khankhuuluu mongoliensis, which means 'Dragon Prince of Mongolia', and the University of Calgary scientists say that this species is a window into how tyrannosaurus evolved to become the powerful predators that terrorised North America and Asia until the end of the reign of the dinosaurs. 这个新物种被命名为 “蒙古汗库鲁龙”，意思是 “蒙古龙王子”。卡尔加里大学的科学家们表示，这一物种为我们打开了一扇了解暴龙属是如何进化成为强大捕食者的窗口，它们曾统治着北美和亚洲大陆直至恐龙时代结束。 While the most famous tyrannosaur is the giant T. rex, fossils show that the earliest animals in this superfamily of dinosaurs were actually very small – fleet-footed hunters that scampered after rat-sized prey. 虽然最著名的暴龙属是巨大的霸王龙，但化石显示出暴龙超科中最早的成员实际上体型很小，它们是迅捷的猎手，会用轻快的步伐追捕老鼠大小的猎物。 But this newly identified horse-sized dinosaur represents an important evolutionary shift. The 86-million-year-old skeleton also shows early evolutionary stages of features that were key to tyrannosaur's domination as apex predators, including long hind limbs and powerful jaws. 但这个新发现的、马匹大小的恐龙代表了生物进化中一次重要的转折。这具 8600 万年前的骨骼还显示了许多处于早期进化阶段的特征，这些特征是暴龙属作为顶级捕食者称霸的关键，其中包括修长的后肢和强有力的下颚。

Picture your dream living room. You're sitting on the sofa with the window open. What do you hear? Is it the sound of a flowing river? The murmuring of human chatter as friends enjoy a hot drink at the neighbouring cafe? A soundscape is your aural environment – everything you can hear around you, and researchers say the soundscape where you live can influence your wellbeing.想象您梦dream以求的客厅。 您坐在沙发上，窗户打开。 你听到了什么？ 它是流动的河流吗？ 当朋友在附近的咖啡馆享用热饮吗？ 音景是您的听觉环境 - 您周围能听到的一切，研究人员说，您所处的声音会影响您的健康。In times gone by, soundscapes would've consisted of the sounds of nature, such as birdcall and the sound of crashing waves. The reality of human life in the 21st Century means that air travel, construction and traffic noises are now in the mix, and agricultural noise means that not even rural life is safe. Noise pollution can lead to heightened stress levels, impaired cognitive function and higher risk of cardiovascular disease in humans, according to an article published by the UK Parliament called 'The effects of artificial light and noise on human health'. Not only that, it can affect the behaviour and life cycles of species which rely on sound.在过去的时间里，音景将由自然的声音组成，例如鸟叫声和撞浪的声音。 21世纪人类生活的现实意味着现在的空中旅行，建筑和交通噪音现在已经存在，农业噪音意味着甚至农村的生活也不是安全的。 根据英国议会发表的一篇文章，噪声污染会导致应激水平升高，认知功能受损和人类心血管疾病的风险更高。 不仅如此，它还会影响依赖声音的物种的行为和生命周期。So, what can be done? Urban design is one trick. In Barcelona in Spain, urban planners designed 'superblocks', where traffic goes around big groups of buildings and the inner streets are pedestrianised, creating space for people and wildlife that is free from beeping horns and humming motors. In a 2025 article published in BMC Public Health, people in these areas reported an improvement in wellbeing, quality of sleep and reduction in noise.那么，怎么办？ 城市设计是一种技巧。 在西班牙的巴塞罗那，城市规划师设计了“超级块”，那里的交通围绕着大型建筑物和内部街道进行了行人，为人们和野生动植物创造了空间，这些空间没有蜂鸣声和嗡嗡声。 在2025年发表在BMC公共卫生中的一篇文章中，这些地区的人们报告说，健康状况的改善，睡眠质量和噪音的降低。Other techniques include tree buffers, where trees are planted in urban areas to absorb sound energy. In the Netherlands, they have created earth banks next to Schiphol airport to absorb noise from the runways and protect residents in the surrounding areas. England has a vast network of hedgerows – they'd stretch around the Earth almost ten times if lined up! And it turns out they make excellent sound barriers, particularly if the hedges are large, dense and evergreen.其他技术包括树缓冲液，在城市地区种植树木以吸收声音能量。 在荷兰，他们在史基菲尔机场旁边创建了地球银行，以吸收跑道的噪音，并保护周围地区的居民。 英格兰有一个庞大的树篱网络 - 如果排队几乎可以在地球上延伸十倍！ 事实证明，它们制造出极好的声音障碍，尤其是在树篱大，密集且常绿时。When we think about improving our environment, it's likely your mind jumps to reducing litter and air pollution. But reducing noise pollution is also important, to create a soundscape that works for everyone – people and wildlife. 当我们考虑改善环境时，您的大脑可能会跳下垃圾和空气污染。 但是，减少噪音污染也很重要，可以创建适合每个人（人和野生动植物）的音景。 

If they find themselves in a particularly cool environment, they can enter a dormant state and survive over a year without feeding. While bedbugs can easily move around, they usually stay within 20 feet of where their human host is regularly sitting or sleeping. So new infestations are most often the result of humans accidentally transporting bugs via furniture, clothing, or other items.如果它们身处特别凉爽的环境中，就会进入休眠状态，无需进食即可存活一年以上。虽然臭虫很容易四处移动，但它们通常待在距离人类宿主日常起居或睡眠场所 20 英尺以内的地方。因此，新的虫害通常是由于人类意外地通过家具、衣物或其他物品将臭虫带入室内造成的。Throughout human history, we've tried almost everything to prevent these itchy invasions. In Eastern Europe, for example, people used bean leaves, which can trap bedbugs in their tiny, hooked hairs. Another common trick was running lit candles along bed frames to burn any hiding insects. While these methods were occasionally effective, bedbugs continued to thrive. And in the early 1900s, as central heating made homes more livable to humans and bugs year-round, populations hit unprecedented heights.纵观人类历史，我们几乎尝试了所有方法来阻止这些令人瘙痒的入侵。例如，在东欧，人们使用豆叶，用它们细小的钩毛捕捉臭虫。另一个常用的伎俩是沿着床架点燃蜡烛，烧死任何藏匿的昆虫。虽然这些方法偶尔有效，但臭虫仍然猖獗。到了20世纪初，随着中央供暖系统的出现，房屋一年四季都更适合人类和臭虫居住，臭虫数量达到了前所未有的高度。But this bedbug renaissance was short lived. In the 1940s, the pest faced an existential threat in the powerful insecticide called dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. Also known as DDT, this neurotoxin disrupts insects’ nervous systems, causing spasms and death. For decades, DDT was used across the globe to control agricultural pests and combat insect-borne diseases. However, in the 1970s, scientists realized DDT had accumulated to dangerous levels in the environment, potentially putting human health at risk. Many countries began banning DDT, but not before it had rid the world almost entirely of bedbugs. Almost.但臭虫的复兴并未持续太久。20世纪40年代，一种名为二氯二苯三氯乙烷的强效杀虫剂曾一度威胁着这种害虫的生存。这种神经毒素又名滴滴涕（DDT），会破坏昆虫的神经系统，导致其痉挛甚至死亡。几十年来，DDT一直被世界各地用于控制农业害虫和对抗虫媒疾病。然而，到了20世纪70年代，科学家们意识到DDT在环境中的积累量已达到危险水平，可能危及人类健康。许多国家开始禁用DDT，但在此之前，它几乎彻底消灭了世界上的臭虫。After decades of quiet comfort, bedbugs reemerged in the early 2000s, shepherded by fast-moving international trade. Many of these insects have since become pesticide resistant, developing traits like thicker exoskeletons, and the enhanced ability to break down insecticide toxins in their bodies.在经历了数十年的平静之后，臭虫在21世纪初再次出现，这得益于快速发展的国际贸易。许多臭虫从那时起就对杀虫剂产生了抗药性，进化出了一些特性，例如外骨骼变得更厚，体内分解杀虫剂毒素的能力也更强。Thankfully, we still have options. People can utilize high heat, as most bedbugs and their eggs can’t survive temperatures above 45° Celsius. And despite their adaptations, bedbugs remain vulnerable to the suction of a vacuum cleaner. While simple, these tools warrant some gratitude. After all, unlike naval ships of the past, we no longer rely on the services of our other age-old nemesis, the cockroach.谢天谢地，我们还有其他选择。人们可以利用高温，因为大多数臭虫及其卵无法在45摄氏度以上的温度下生存。尽管臭虫已经适应了高温，但它们仍然容易受到吸尘器的吸力影响。虽然这些工具简单易用，但仍然值得感激。毕竟，与过去的海军舰艇不同，我们不再依赖另一个宿敌——蟑螂——的服务。

In 1834, the British Royal Navy ship, the Chanticleer, was dealing with a terrible cockroach infestation. The ship's surgeon, however, wrote enthusiastically about the stowaways, describing them as a “most valuable insect.” Their shining characteristic? Devouring every bedbug on board.1834年，英国皇家海军舰艇“雄鸡号”（Chanticleer）遭遇了严重的蟑螂侵扰。然而，船上的外科医生却热情洋溢地描述了这些偷渡者，称它们是“最珍贵的昆虫”。它们的闪光点是什么？吞噬船上的每一只臭虫。Bedbugs have tormented humans for millennia, so detested that their mere mention can make hearts race and arms itch. So why are these unwelcomed houseguests so difficult to defeat?臭虫折磨人类已有数千年，令人厌恶至极，以至于只要一提起它们，就会让人心跳加速、手臂发痒。那么，为什么这些不受欢迎的“客人”如此难以消灭呢？There are approximately 100 species of bedbugs. Thankfully, only three feed on humans, all of which are chestnut brown, half a centimeter long, and incredibly flat— as long as they haven’t eaten recently.臭虫大约有100种。值得庆幸的是，只有三种以人为食，它们都是栗褐色的，半厘米长，而且非常扁平——前提是它们最近没有进食。To find their next blood meal, bedbugs follow the biological signals our bodies release, such as carbon dioxide, odor, and body heat. Once located, they use their straw-like mouthparts to inject a cocktail of proteins that dilate blood vessels for easier feeding, along with an anesthetic to block any pain that might give them away. These compounds and other foreign proteins are what can trigger our immune response. While some people’s bodies don’t react to these bites, others develop itchy, red lesions that can stick around for several weeks. And these bites can appear anywhere on the body— it’s a myth that they always appear in neat rows or sets of three.为了找到下一顿血餐，臭虫会追踪我们身体释放的生物信号，例如二氧化碳、气味和体温。一旦找到位置，它们就会用类似吸管的口器注入一种混合蛋白质，扩张血管以便更容易吸血，同时还会注入麻醉剂来阻止任何可能暴露它们的疼痛。这些化合物和其他外来蛋白质能够触发我们的免疫反应。有些人的身体对这些叮咬没有反应，而另一些人则会出现发痒的红色病变，这些病变可能会持续数周。而且这些叮咬可能出现在身体的任何部位——它们总是成排或三个一组出现的说法是错误的。While they're not considered social insects like bees or ants, bedbugs cooperate in fascinating ways. They huddle together in piles, called refugia, stacking their flat bodies within wall cracks or furniture, which is thought to help them preserve precious moisture and energy reserves. They release chemical signals, known as pheromones, to alert each other to threats. And their feces are rich in volatile compounds that help guide feeding bedbugs back to the safety of the refugia in the dark.虽然臭虫不像蜜蜂或蚂蚁那样被认为是社会性昆虫，但它们的合作方式却令人着迷。它们会挤在一起，形成一堆被称为“避难所”的群体，将扁平的身体塞进墙壁缝隙或家具里，这被认为有助于它们保存宝贵的水分和能量储备。它们会释放化学信号，即所谓的信息素，来提醒彼此注意威胁。它们的粪便富含挥发性化合物，有助于引导正在进食的臭虫回到黑暗中安全的避难所。Once a colony is established, it has tremendous staying power. Bedbugs can go weeks or months without a meal.一旦建立了虫群，它们就会拥有强大的生存能力。臭虫可以几周甚至几个月不进食。

So a final thought experiment. Imagine trying to explain your life right now to a Luddite. Better yet, just imagine trying to explain the life of some ordinary British working-class stiff whose great, great, great, something, great grandfather was out there smashing machines. And I'm not just talking about the ordinary stuff about daily living standards like indoor plumbing. I mean, indoor plumbing is extremely awesome. But imagine trying to explain mass post-secondary education or the BBC. Nursing homes or bachelorette weekends. I mean, for that matter, weekends and standardized time. How about suburbs and pizza delivery? And a nation so rich that when a pandemic strikes, people can afford to wait that out at home while scientists, like -- "What is a scientist," asks the Luddite -- while scientists rush out a magic shot that helps keep people from dying.那么，让我们做最后一个思想实验。想象一下，你要向一个卢德主义者解释你当下的生活。更进一步，想象你要向某个普通的英国工人阶级顽固分子解释生活——他高祖父的某位先祖曾参与过捣毁机器的运动。我指的不仅仅是像室内管道这样的日常生活标准（虽然抽水马桶确实了不起），而是试着解释这些：全民高等教育或英国广播公司，养老院或单身女郎周末派对。对了，还有周末这个概念和标准时间制。郊区生活和披萨外卖呢？再比如，这个国家如此富裕，当疫情来袭时——"科学家是什么？"卢德主义者问道——民众能安然宅家等待，而科学家们能火速研制出神奇疫苗挽救生命。To a Luddite, that would have sounded like a fairy tale, and he'd be right. We are living in fairyland, and indeed, we all have magic wands in our pockets. I believe I see a few of you waving them around right now. And I'm sure he'd have asked, "But how could a spinning jenny lead to all that?" And it wasn't just a spinning jenny. It was an unprecedented wave of innovation after innovation.对卢德分子来说，这听起来就像童话故事，他说得没错。我们生活在仙境，的确，我们每个人口袋里都揣着魔杖。我相信现在我看到你们当中有些人正在挥舞着魔杖。我肯定他会问：“但是一台珍妮纺纱机怎么能带来这一切呢？” 而且这不仅仅是一台珍妮纺纱机。这是一波又一波前所未有的创新浪潮。Many of those innovations put people out of good jobs, but collectively, they also made it possible for us to be in this room together or listening on the internet, rather than huddled by a smoky fire knitting stockings to sell. The mill owners couldn't have imagined what was coming, any more than Henry Ford understood that he was helping to speed along the sexual revolution by creating mobile love buggies for teenagers.许多创新让人们失去了好工作，但总的来说，它们也让我们能够聚在一起，或者上网收听，而不是挤在烟雾缭绕的炉火旁织袜子兜售。工厂主们无法想象接下来会发生什么，就像亨利·福特无法想象他为青少年设计移动爱情车会加速性革命一样。They were just trying to make a profit. But we're the ones who profited the most. So to return to where we started. Yes, I am scared of AI.他们只是想赚钱。但我们才是最大的赢家。所以，回到最初的话题。是的，我害怕人工智能。I assume that the government is going to try to do something for displaced workers, maybe provide them job retraining. But like the Luddites, I'm a human being working in a proud tradition. I don't want a government handout. I want the career that I have spent more than 20 years building.我猜政府会尝试为失业工人做些什么，或许会为他们提供再就业培训。但就像卢德分子一样，我是一个秉承着自豪传统的人。我不想要政府的救济。我想要的是我花了20多年时间打造的事业。And still, when I'm lying awake at night and wishing and maybe trying to figure out some way that I could stop this thing, or at least slow it down a little, I remind myself, I try to remind myself of all the reasons I shouldn't want that, even if I could.然而，当我晚上躺在床上无法入睡，希望并试图找到某种方法来阻止这件事，或者至少让它慢下来一点时，我提醒自己，我试图提醒自己所有我不应该想要它的理由，即使我可以。I don't have any right to steal the future from our descendants, because I'm already living in someone else's future. And it is literally better than they could have imagined.我没有任何权利窃取我们后代的未来，因为我已经生活在别人的未来里了。而且它比他们想象的还要美好。

Very few people in this room have ever worried about how they were going to obtain food or shelter or heat, or how they were going to bury a child who died of diarrhea before its first birthday. Those worries are the normal condition of humanity. We escaped them only through massive chronological luck. That is a precious and totally unearned inheritance, and I think we have an obligation to pay that forward and leave an even bigger legacy for our descendants.在座的各位，很少有人曾经担心过如何获得食物、住所或取暖，或者如何安葬一个不到一岁就死于腹泻的孩子。这些担忧是人类的常态。我们之所以能逃脱这些担忧，完全是因为巨大的时间运气。这是一笔宝贵的、完全不劳而获的遗产，我认为我们有义务将其传承下去，为我们的后代留下更丰厚的遗产。To do otherwise, it's a kind of theft. It's stealing from the future. Picture what it would have looked like if the Luddites actually had managed to halt progress in its tracks. Effectively, they'd have been reaching forward in time and taking almost everything we have in order to enrich themselves.否则，就是一种偷窃。这是从未来窃取。想象一下，如果卢德分子真的成功阻止了进步，那会是什么样子。实际上，他们已经超越了时间，掠夺了我们几乎所有的东西，以充实自己。Now, obviously, that's not how they understood what they were doing. But it would have been true just the same. So picture that, really picture it. A spinner sells a few spools of thread and suddenly you don't have a car. A weaver sells a handloom cloak and whoops, there go your refrigerator, your central heating and your college education. A whole suit of clothes and thousands of kids just died of preventable disease.显然，他们并非如此理解自己在做什么。但这本来也无可厚非。想象一下，真的想象一下。一个纺纱工卖出几卷线，突然间你就没车了。一个织布工卖出一件手工织布斗篷，哎呀，你的冰箱、中央供暖和大学教育都泡汤了。整套衣服都没了，成千上万的孩子却死于可预防的疾病。So when you're tempted to halt the innovation that might compete for your job, you have to ask yourself, How much am I willing to steal from my grandkids? I mean, from everyone's grandkids.所以，当你想要停止那些可能抢走你饭碗的创新时，你必须问问自己，我愿意从我的孙辈那里偷走多少东西？我的意思是，从每个人的孙辈那里偷走多少东西。Now, I know some people in the audience are probably thinking, but that's different. We already have it really good, we've got airplanes and mRNA vaccines and HBO. But of course, a Luddite would have thought the same thing. They couldn't have imagined a future in which the average worker is literally leading a healthier and more comfortable life than 19-century royalty.我知道在座的有些人可能在想，但情况不一样。我们已经过得很好了，有飞机、mRNA疫苗和HBO。当然，卢德分子也会这么想。他们无法想象未来普通工人的生活会比19世纪的皇室贵族更健康、更舒适。Others might be asking, quite reasonably, but what about global warming and endangered species? I mean, is progress really all that great? Well, I'd ask you to remember your last trip to the dentist and then reimagine it without the Novocaine.其他人可能会问，这很有道理，但全球变暖和濒危物种怎么办？我的意思是，进步真的那么好吗？好吧，我建议你回想一下你上次去看牙医的情景，然后再想象一下没有使用奴佛卡因时的感受。Now I know the obvious retort. "That's a libertarian canard." You can want modern medicine without wanting us to have burned all that coal.现在我知道该如何反驳了。“那是自由意志主义的谎言。”你可以想要现代医学，但不必担心我们烧掉那么多煤。But my retort is that that doesn't work. The same Industrial Revolution that led to global warming has also made us so rich that we could afford to divert millions of workers from agriculture and weaving into science and medicine. It's also, as we've been hearing all week, giving us the tools to fight ecological disaster. But we couldn't have predicted any of that from the outset. We kind of had to live the change in order to understand what it meant.但我的反驳是，这根本行不通。导致全球变暖的工业革命也让我们变得如此富有，以至于我们有能力将数百万工人从农业和纺织业转移到科学和医学领域。正如我们这周一直在听到的，它也为我们提供了对抗生态灾难的工具。但我们从一开始就无法预测这一切。我们必须亲身经历这场变革才能理解它意味着什么。Now, actually, it's worse than that, because it's often quite easy to picture the near-term downsides. I mean, just read any article about AI. But the long-term upside is much harder to grasp because progress is cumulative, and the longer it accumulates, the weirder it gets.现在，实际上情况比这更糟，因为人们通常很容易想象短期的负面影响。我的意思是，随便读读任何一篇关于人工智能的文章就知道了。但长期的正面影响却难以把握，因为进步是累积的，积累的时间越长，就越奇怪。

Well, I gather I'm not the only one who spends a lot of time thinking about AI these days. And by think I mean panic.嗯，我想，最近花大量时间思考人工智能的人不止我一个。我说的“思考”指的是恐慌。I'm not even worried about the doomsday scenarios because I have no way to assess those. I just think about what's going to happen to jobs, because even if we solve the AI safety problem, it's still going to displace a lot of workers, maybe including me.我甚至不担心末日景象，因为我无法评估。我只是在想工作岗位会发生什么变化，因为即使我们解决了人工智能的安全问题，它仍然会取代很多工人，也许包括我在内。Twenty years ago, I decided to take my very expensive MBA and use it to become a journalist. That decision did not have what we MBAs like to call a "positive expected cash flow."二十年前，我决定攻读昂贵的MBA学位，并利用它成为一名记者。这个决定并没有带来我们MBA们所说的“正预期现金流”。When I was interviewing for a job at "The Economist," one of the interviewers actually just asked me, "Why are you doing this?" I told him, "I only have so much time on this planet, and I want to spend it doing something that matters. And also, by the way, something I really, really, really love to do."我在《经济学人》面试的时候，一位面试官直接问我：“你为什么要做这份工作？” 我告诉他：“我的生命有限，我想用这段时间做一些有意义的事情。顺便说一句，也做一些我非常非常热爱的事情。”I got lucky and it worked out. Today I'm a columnist at the "Washington Post." But every day, AI seems to get better and better at writing competent prose. And I don't know what I'm supposed to do if typing words in a row stops being a semi profitable occupation.我很幸运，成功了。如今我是《华盛顿邮报》的专栏作家。但人工智能似乎每天都在写出越来越优秀的文章。如果打字不再是一项半盈利的职业，我真不知道该怎么办。Now I'm a libertarian columnist, which means I believe in progress and creative destruction. But here’s something I also believe: The Luddites had a point.现在我是一位自由意志主义专栏作家，这意味着我相信进步和创造性破坏。但我也相信一点：卢德分子说得有道理。Look, you don't normally hear libertarians praising Luddites, so let me explain. Today, Luddite is a broad-spectrum term for technophobes. But the Luddites weren't your mom using a landline instead of a cell phone or sending you Hallmark cards with little words underlined. They were skilled artisans who made handcrafted textiles in an era when everyone wore lovingly handcrafted textiles.听着，你通常不会听到自由主义者赞扬卢德分子，所以让我解释一下。如今，“卢德分子”是一个泛指科技恐惧者的术语。但卢德分子可不是你妈妈用座机代替手机，也不是你妈妈给你寄带有下划线小字的贺卡。他们是技艺精湛的工匠，在那个人人都穿着精心制作的手工纺织品的时代，制作手工纺织品。Then mechanized mill owners started underpricing them using some of the most cutting-edge technology of their day, like, spinning jennies that could spin thread at record speeds. So they decided to destroy the machines.后来，机械化工厂的老板们开始压低价格，使用当时最先进的技术，比如能以创纪录的速度纺线的珍妮纺纱机。于是他们决定毁掉这些机器。Honestly, I have some sympathy. In fact, every time one of these companies issues a new model, I get more sympathetic.说实话，我有点同情他们。事实上，每当这些公司发布新车型，我的同情心就增加一分。We libertarians like to talk about the glories of freedom and progress, and they are glorious. But they are not free. Sometimes people get hurt. Often lots of people.我们自由意志主义者喜欢谈论自由和进步的荣耀，它们的确很荣耀。但它们并非自由。有时人们会受到伤害。通常情况下，很多人会受到伤害。The printing press democratized knowledge and also witch burnings and wars of religion. The Industrial Revolution raised living standards and offset them with grim factory jobs, squalid urban living conditions and choking pollution. Now modern governments can allay many of those costs, but they can't give people back the life they had. And we have an obligation to count those costs. I mean, if only because no one was ever persuaded by being told "Your fears are stupid."印刷机使知识民主化，也带来了焚烧女巫和宗教战争。工业革命提高了生活水平，但也带来了残酷的工厂工作、肮脏的城市生活条件和令人窒息的污染。如今，现代政府可以减轻许多此类成本，但却无法让人们重回他们曾经的生活。我们有义务计算这些成本。我的意思是，即使没有人会因为被告知“你的恐惧是愚蠢的”而被说服。So here's why, even after a full accounting, I think we should be willing to bear those costs and let the future unfold, because we're all the beneficiaries of previous decisions to prioritize future growth over protecting the present.因此，即使在全面核算之后，我认为我们仍然应该愿意承担这些成本，让未来自然发展，因为我们都是先前决定优先考虑未来增长而不是保护现在的受益者。

And finally, the ammonia in urine does indeed make for an excellent stain-fighting solution, which is why Roman launderers often placed buckets on street corners to collect the urine of passersby. That reminds me, next question!最后，尿液中的氨确实是一种极好的去污剂，这就是为什么罗马洗衣工经常在街角放置水桶来收集路人的尿液。这让我想起了下一个问题！A. Many Roman homes featured a vomitorium, a room where people could vomit after overindulging.A：许多罗马家庭都设有呕吐室，即人们在暴饮暴食后可以呕吐的房间。B. The Pythagoreans, who followed the teachings of the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, embraced a vegetarian diet.B. 毕达哥拉斯学派遵循希腊数学家毕达哥拉斯的教义，信奉素食。C. A favorite Roman condiment was sauce made from fermented fish guts.C. 罗马人最喜欢的调味品是用发酵的鱼内脏制成的酱汁。While vomit and vomitoria come from the same root, meaning “to spew forth,” a vomitorium is simply a passage through which spectators spewed from amphitheaters or arenas into the street. Purging was a common medical treatment, but it certainly wasn't prescribed to make room for more fish gut sauce. As for Pythagoras, there were more than three sides to the man, I’ll have you know. He was a philosopher, and his followers embraced his belief that eating animal flesh increased aggressive behavior.虽然“vomit”和“vomitoria”源于同一个词根，意为“喷涌而出”，但“vomitorium”实际上只是一条通道，供观众从圆形剧场或竞技场向街上喷吐。泻药是一种常见的医疗手段，但绝对不是为了给鱼内脏酱腾出空间。至于毕达哥拉斯，我得让你知道，他可不止三面。他是一位哲学家，他的追随者们也信奉他的理念，认为食用动物肉会增加攻击性行为。We’re all tied up. But this last question is sure to separate the true Romano-files from the Romano-flakes.我们都很忙。但最后一个问题肯定能区分出真正的罗马诺人与罗马诺人。A. The city of Rome was sacked twice during the 5th century CE. B. The last western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustulus. C. The Roman Empire fell in 476 CE.A. 罗马城在公元5世纪曾两次遭到洗劫。B. 最后一位西罗马皇帝是罗慕路斯·奥古斯都。C. 罗马帝国于公元476年灭亡。Just as I thought! The very idea that Rome fell is... complicated. It’s true that by 476 the empire looked very different. By the 4th century, it had permanently split into eastern and western halves, each with its own emperor. The last emperor in the west, Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown in 476 CE in a military coup. But the Germanic general who replaced him didn’t make sweeping changes. Roman political and cultural life endured, and military conquests continued— at least until the eastern Emperor Justinian led a devastating invasion of Italy in the 530s. In the east, the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years, becoming what you now call the Byzantine Empire.正如我所想！罗马帝国覆灭本身就……复杂。诚然，到了公元476年，帝国面貌大不相同。到了公元4世纪，它永久地分裂为东西两部分，两部分各有皇帝。西罗马的最后一位皇帝罗慕路斯·奥古斯都鲁在公元476年被军事政变推翻。但取代他的日耳曼将军并没有做出彻底的改变。罗马的政治和文化生活得以延续，军事征服也持续不断——至少在530年代东罗马皇帝查士丁尼率领军队对意大利发动毁灭性入侵之前是如此。在东罗马帝国存续了一千年，成为了如今所谓的拜占庭帝国。That makes contestant number 3 our big winner! Enjoy the spoils! As for our losers, better luck next time. Here's hoping there is one.这么说来，3号选手就是我们的大赢家了！好好享受这份战利品吧！至于输家们，祝他们下次好运。希望下次能有好运。

Are you not entertained? And this is what you think of us. O tempora! O mores!你们难道不开心吗？你们就是这么想我们的。啊，时代！啊，传统！Salvete! Minerva here— esteemed Roman goddess of reason, wisdom, handicrafts, and war. It’s come to my attention that many of you have been thinking about Ancient Rome... a lot. But how much do you really know? I’ll be the judge. Let’s play a little game I like to call duo vera et mendacium! Or, to the rest of you: two truths and a lie. Let's meet our three brave contestants.萨尔维特！我是弥涅耳瓦——备受尊崇的罗马理性、智慧、手工艺和战争女神。我注意到你们很多人都在思考古罗马……思考了很久。但你们到底了解多少呢？我来评判。我们来玩个小游戏，我喜欢叫它“两个真相和一个谎言”！或者，对你们其他人来说：两个真相和一个谎言。让我们来认识一下我们三位勇敢的参赛者。And let’s show them what they’re playing for! An all-expense paid cruise aboard one of Caligula’s pleasure barges! Prepare to be wined and dined on a trip you’ll never forget— well, you’ll probably forget. As for the losers...让我们让他们见识一下他们的本事！登上卡利古拉的豪华游船，享受全程免费游轮之旅！准备好享受这趟永生难忘的旅程吧——好吧，你很可能永远都忘不了。至于输家……The die is cast! Prepare to spot the lie! A. Gladiators had their own guilds. B. Most gladiatorial fights ended before anyone died. C. Gladiators were from an enslaved class.木已成舟！准备好揭穿谎言吧！A. 角斗士有自己的行会。B. 大多数角斗士的战斗在有人死亡之前就结束了。C. 角斗士来自奴隶阶层。And I thought this was an easy one. It’s true that from their introduction around the 3rd century BCE, Roman gladiators were often enslaved or convicted criminals, but this changed by the 1st century CE. After the opening of the Colosseum in 80 CE, freemen and former soldiers began signing up for a life in the arena, lured by the potential for fame and regular employment. They even formed their own guilds, which organized funerals and provided pensions for gladiators’ families if they were to die. But it took a lot of time and money to train a gladiator, so it wouldn’t make any sense to have them fighting to the death— at least not all the time.我以为这个问题很容易回答。的确，自公元前3世纪左右罗马角斗士出现以来，他们通常是奴隶或罪犯，但这种情况在公元1世纪发生了变化。公元80年罗马斗兽场开放后，自由民和退伍军人开始报名参加竞技场生活，被名声和稳定工作的潜在吸引力所吸引。他们甚至成立了自己的行会，负责组织葬礼，并在角斗士身亡后为其家人提供抚恤金。但训练一名角斗士需要花费大量的时间和金钱，所以让他们战斗至死毫无意义——至少不是一直如此。Moving on to fashion: A. The toga was the cornerstone of daily Roman dress. B. Many Roman women wore dresses made with Chinese silk. C. Urine was the primary laundry detergent for Roman clothes.再来说说时尚：A. 托加长袍是罗马人日常服饰的基石。B. 许多罗马女性穿着用中国丝绸制成的连衣裙。C. 尿液是罗马人洗衣的主要清洁剂。While male Roman citizens did wear togas, they were strictly for ceremonial and official events. And they were worn over clothing, like tunics, never on their own. That would be indecent. As indecent as some writers called the flimsy Chinese silk dresses that became fashionable amongst upper class Roman women in the 1st century CE.虽然罗马男性公民也穿托加长袍，但仅限于礼仪和官方场合。托加长袍通常穿在束腰外衣之类的衣服外面，不能单独穿着。那样会显得不雅。就像一些作家认为公元1世纪在罗马上流社会女性中流行的轻薄中国丝绸连衣裙一样，托加长袍也显得不雅。

We come out of the womb sterile, but that doesn't last for long. All the nooks and crannies of the human body soon become home to microbial life. In this study, scientists took stool samples from 1,000 newborns. Those first colonised by Bifidobacterium longum were half as likely to end up in hospital with a lung infection than those with different starter bacteria.我们从子宫里出来时是无菌的，但这种状态不会持续太久。人体的每个角落和缝隙很快就会成为微生物群落的家园。在这项研究中，科学家们采集了 1000 名新生儿的粪便样本。他们发现那些体内最早被长双歧杆菌占领建立菌群的婴儿，其日后因肺部感染住院的几率仅为携带其它初始菌群婴儿的一半。It's the first time the way our microbial ecosystem forms has been shown to reduce infections. The researchers at UCL and the Sanger Institute said it was a phenomenal finding. Early life is a critical period for developing the immune system and these latest findings could lead to the development of new therapies similar to a probiotic yoghurt to give good bacteria to babies.↳这是首次有研究显示我们体内微生物生态系统的形成方式可以减少感染。来自伦敦大学学院和桑格研究所的研究人员们称这一发现意义重大。生命早期是免疫系统发育的关键时期，这些最新研究成果可能会促进新疗法的开发，类似于益生菌酸奶那样，为婴儿提供有益细菌。

Once widespread around the UK, persecution from farmers and gamekeepers meant Britain's second biggest bird of prey had disappeared from England and Wales by the mid-19th Century.金雕曾广泛分布于英国，但由于受到农民和猎场看守人的迫害，作为英国第二大猛禽的金雕在 19 世纪中期就从英格兰和威尔士消失了。The numbers recovered a little after the two world wars, but England's last resident golden eagle, who'd lived alone for ten years in the Lake District, died in 2015.两次世界大战后，金雕的数量略有恢复，但最后一只居住在英格兰的金雕在湖区独自生活了十年后于 2015 年死亡。But from 2018 the South of Scotland Golden Eagle Project began moving young eagles from the Scottish Highlands. The birds are fitted with satellite trackers, and the data shows that at least three or four of them have begun venturing into England this year, with several sightings in Northumberland.但从 2018 年开始，苏格兰南部金雕项目开始将幼鹰从苏格兰高地迁移出去。这些鸟的身上被安装了卫星追踪器，追踪数据显示至少有三到四只金雕今年开始大胆地尝试飞到英格兰，人们在诺森伯兰郡多次目击金雕。Whether they will stay and nest is unclear, but their visits are welcome news for those who regard golden eagles as one of nature's most majestic creatures.它们是否会留下来并筑巢尚不清楚，但它们的到访对那些视金雕为大自然最雄伟的生物之一的人们来说无疑是个好消息。

Do you ever wake up with a fuzzy feeling in your head, you can't concentrate on anything, or find your memory just isn't working as it should? You're not alone. 39% of British people said they suffer brain fog on a regular basis in a FutureYou Cambridge study. But why do we get brain fog, and can we do anything to prevent it?您是否曾经以模糊的感觉醒来，您无法专注于任何东西，或者发现记忆无法正常工作？ 你并不孤单。 39％的英国人说，他们在以后的剑桥研究中定期遭受脑雾。 但是，为什么我们会遇到大脑雾，我们可以做任何防止它的呢？The technical word for brain fog is cognitive impairment. When you have it, you can't think as clearly as you normally can – just as if your brain was actually full of fog. Dr Brennan, a neuroscientist and author, says "Brain fog is different to these short-term disruptions, because it is persistent, occurs regularly and can interfere with the quality of your life, your relationships, and your work". The reality is that no-one knows exactly what causes it, though theories include chemical or blood flow changes in the brain, and low-level inflammation. What we do know are factors that make it worse.大脑雾的技术词是认知障碍。 当您拥有它时，您无法像往常一样清楚地思考 - 就像您的大脑实际上充满了雾一样。 神经科学家和作者布伦南博士说：“大脑雾与这些短期干扰不同，因为它是持久的，定期发生的，并且可能干扰生活质量，人际关系和工作的质量”。 现实是，尽管理论包括大脑的化学或血液流动变化以及低水平的炎症，但没有人确切知道是什么原因引起的。 我们所知道的是使情况变得更糟的因素。Fatigue, for example, is a key contributor to brain fog, making it hard to stay focused. This is because sleep deficiency can change activity in some parts of the brain, which means processing and recalling detail becomes harder. Pain and anxiety can also contribute to it – they interfere with cognitive speed because they are distracting. There are also medical conditions that can make it worse, like long Covid or autoimmune conditions like lupus disease.例如，疲劳是大脑雾的关键因素，因此很难保持专注。 这是因为睡眠不足可以改变大脑某些部分的活动，这意味着处理和回忆细节变得更加困难。 疼痛和焦虑也会促成它 - 他们会干扰认知速度，因为它们正在分散注意力。 也有一些医疗状况会使情况变得更糟，例如长期或自身免疫性状况（例如狼疮病）。So, if you're suffering from brain fog, what can you do to fix it? One thing you can do is avoidultra-processed foods(UPFs). Dr Megan Rossi, the founder of TheGutHealth Doctor, told the BBC that "UPFs are often low in essential nutrients like magnesium,omega-3 fatty acidsandiron, all of which are crucial for brain function andmental clarity". Therefore, we should pack our diets withnutrient-richfoods likewhole grains, vegetables and healthy fats. Blueberries are particularly rich inpolyphenolsand have been shown to improve cognitive function and memory in clinical trials.Hydration is also very important.因此，如果您患有大脑雾，您该怎么办才能解决它？ 您可以做的一件事是避免使用超级加工的食物（UPFS）。 肠道健康医生的创始人梅根·罗西（Megan Rossi）博士对英国广播公司（BBC）表示：“ UPFS通常很低，例如镁，omega-3脂肪酸和铁，所有这些营养素对于大脑功能和心理清晰度至关重要''。 因此，我们应该用富含营养的食物（如全谷物，蔬菜和健康脂肪）包装饮食。 蓝莓特别富含多酚，并且已被证明可以改善临床试验中的认知功能和记忆。 水合也非常重要。So, if you feel a bit foggy, try to get more sleep and consider making some changes to your diet.因此，如果您有些雾气，请尝试获得更多的睡眠，并考虑对饮食进行一些更改。

You've probably seen the impossible happen, or at least thought you have. When a magician makes a card disappear, or throws a ball into the air, only for it to vanish, it seems that they are using amazing powers. But the magic isn't happening on stage. It's actually all inside your brain.您可能看到了不可能发生的事情，或者至少认为自己有。 当魔术师使卡片消失或将球扔到空中时，只是为了消失时，他们似乎正在使用惊人的力量。 但是魔术并没有在舞台上发生。 实际上，它全部都在您的大脑内。These illusions work because of essential processes that happen in our brains. Our senses provide an enormous amount of information about our surroundings. Our brains have evolved ways of prioritising what's important. We tend to notice the things that are most significant and remember those which have most meaning for us. What we perceive that we see or remember that we saw is actually a mental image.这些幻觉是因为我们大脑中发生的基本过程而起作用。 我们的感官提供了有关周围环境的大量信息。 我们的大脑发展了优先考虑重要的方法的方法。 我们倾向于注意到最重要的事物，并记住那些对我们最有意义的事物。 我们认为我们看到或记得我们看到的实际上是一种心理形象。These mental processes are exploited by illusionists to trick us into perceiving things in a particular way. In one famous trick, a ball is thrown into the air twice and caught and then vanishes into thin air on the third throw. This third throw is actually just a hand movement. Our brains predict that the ball will leave the magician's hand so we think we see it. The same process makes a dog run for a stick when we pretend to throw it.这些心理过程被幻觉者利用，以欺骗我们以特定方式感知事物。 在一个著名的技巧中，将一个球扔到空中两次，然后抓住，然后在第三次掷球中消失在稀薄的空气中。 第三掷实际上只是手动。 我们的大脑预测球将离开魔术师的手，所以我们认为我们看到了它。 当我们假装扔掉它时，同样的过程使狗跑步。During a magic show, we are often manipulated to think that we have a freer choice than we actually do. Magician-turned-psychologist Gustav Kuhn highlights how a performer's gaze can direct our attention towards some things and divert it away from others. Even babies naturally tend to follow where someone is looking.在魔术表演中，我们经常被操纵认为我们有比实际选择更自由的选择。 魔术师转变为心理学家古斯塔夫·库恩（Gustav Kuhn）强调了表演者的凝视如何将我们的注意力转移到某些事物上，并将其转移到其他方面。 即使是婴儿也自然而然地跟随某人正在寻找的地方。Kuhn has become a researcher using the techniques behind different magic tricks to see what we can learn about how the brain works. He's even teamed up with a toy manufacturer to produce magic sets that explain our mental processes. Understanding these could be important because while magicians use these deceptions to entertain us, others use similar approaches to mislead us or spread disinformation.库恩（Kuhn）已使用不同魔术技巧背后的技术成为研究人员，以了解我们可以了解大脑的工作方式。 他甚至与玩具制造商合作制作了魔术套装来解释我们的心理过程。 理解这些可能很重要，因为虽然魔术师使用这些欺骗来娱乐我们，但其他人则使用类似的方法来误导我们或传播虚假信息。

One answer comes from 19th-century philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. He argues that control over our intellectual creations is crucial to the quest for personal fulfillment. For example, musicians making a new song aren't just mixing their labor with the world— they’re expressing themselves. And Hegel believes creators should have the right to control these creative extensions of their personalities. By using these ideas without permission or credit, we’re reducing a creator’s control over their life and legacy.一位答案来自19世纪的哲学家黑格尔（G.W.F. Hegel）。他认为，对我们智力创作的控制权，对实现个人价值至关重要。例如，音乐人创作一首新歌时，不只是将自己的劳动融入世界——他们是在表达自我。而黑格尔认为，创作者应该拥有控制这些创造性人格延伸的权利。如果我们在未经允许或不给予署名的情况下使用这些作品，就等于削弱了创作者对自己人生与遗产的掌控力。Alternatively, thinkers like Elizabeth Anderson and Michael Sandel have argued that commodifying certain things can debase them. For example, while you might think it’s fine to treat a luxury car as something to be bought and sold, it feels strange to say the same thing about a library card. That attitude feels somehow disrespectful to the pursuit of knowledge. And taken to the extreme, one might conclude that all knowledge should be completely free. But even without compensation, how would you feel if someone copied your work and took credit for it as their own? Outside a world where everyone abandons ownership over their ideas, it’s hard not to feel like some injustice would still be taking place.另一方面，像伊丽莎白·安德森（Elizabeth Anderson）和迈克尔·桑德尔（Michael Sandel）这样的思想家则认为，将某些事物商品化，可能会贬低它们的价值。比如，你可能觉得把一辆豪华汽车当作买卖商品是理所当然的，但如果用同样的态度对待一张图书馆借书证，就会显得很奇怪。这种态度似乎在某种程度上对“追求知识”是不敬的。如果将这种观点推向极端，有人可能会得出这样的结论：所有知识都应该完全免费。但即便不涉及报酬，如果有人抄袭了你的作品，并将其据为己有，你会作何感受？在一个人人都放弃对自己思想所有权的理想世界之外，我们很难不觉得这种行为仍然是一种不公正。That said, it also feels extreme to say intellectual property rights should always be respected. Scottish philosopher David Hume famously argued that, in times of famine, the government is justified in forcing wealthy citizens to open their granaries to the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic, similar reasoning led publishing companies to temporarily give free access to journal articles related to the deadly virus. In such an emergency, most agreed it was in everyone’s interest to prioritize saving lives over compensation.话虽如此，但说“知识产权应始终受到尊重”似乎也有些极端。苏格兰哲学家大卫·休谟（David Hume）曾著名地指出，在饥荒时期，政府有正当理由强迫富人向公众开放粮仓。在新冠疫情期间，出于类似的理由，一些出版公司临时免费开放了与病毒相关的学术论文访问权限。在这种紧急情况下，大多数人都同意：与其优先考虑报酬，不如优先拯救生命，这才符合全体利益。But do circumstances need to be this extreme to justify ignoring intellectual property rights? Or is your pursuit of knowledge enough for you to deny these mages their hard-earned coin? Your friend’s archive is waiting...但情势是否非得如此极端，才能成为无视知识产权的正当理由？又或者，仅仅因为你在追求知识，就足以让你否认那些法师辛苦所得的报酬？你朋友的档案馆已经在等待你的选择了……

The mystical city of Ockham is famous for its college of magic. Here, genius spellcasters invent incantations and publish them in enchanted scrolls that others can purchase. As an aspiring wizard, you study these scrolls to learn from the best. Specifically, you’re interested in making mathematical magic— like spells that conjure complex shapes— for researchers to study. Often, you can’t afford the latest scrolls in your field. But one day, a friend tells you he's been using an illegal duplication spell to copy scrolls, and, if you’re interested, you’re welcome to read his collection free of charge. So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls to further your own research?通过一次呼吸运动，她通过一个鼻孔呼吸，然后通过另一个鼻子呼吸。 她使用拇指或食指一次闭合一个鼻孔。神秘之城奥卡姆以其魔法学院而闻名。在这里，天才施法者发明咒语并将其发布在其他人可以购买的魔法卷轴中。作为一名有抱负的巫师，你研究这些卷轴，向最优秀的人学习。具体来说，您对创造数学魔法（例如变出复杂形状的咒语）感兴趣，以供研究人员研究。通常，您买不起您所在领域的最新卷轴。但有一天，一位朋友告诉你，他一直在使用非法复制咒语来复制卷轴，如果你有兴趣，欢迎你免费阅读他的收藏。那么，你会利用他的伪造卷轴来进一步进行你自己的研究吗？As a wizard, you know designing spells requires a lot of intellectual labor and creativity, which is why it’s widely agreed that mages should be able to make a living selling their work. And since this system is also how wizards build their reputation, most believe it elevates good work and makes high quality magic reasonably accessible. But this system has its problems. In fact, researchers on our less magical world are facing similar issues with how science is published. That system's issues are far more complex than Ockham's, but both share a core philosophical concern: intellectual property rights. While many philosophers agree that some version of intellectual property rights make sense, their justifications vary widely. For example, some thinkers draw on English philosopher John Locke, who argues that if you “mix your labor” with a plot of wild land, any crops it produces, as well as the land itself, should be under your control. This makes a certain kind of sense for farmers, but are spells, songs, or stories really like farmland? For one thing, land is limited— if one person uses it for farming, someone else can’t use it for building. This kind of all or nothing resource is what some philosophers call a rivalrous good. But there’s no limit on how many people can be inspired by a sunset. And people can even arrive at the same idea independently, whether or not they share an inspiration. So if we can all have ideas without interfering with one another, why assign rights over them at all?作为一名巫师，你知道设计咒语需要大量的智力劳动和创造力，因此大家普遍认为法师应该能够靠出售自己的作品谋生。而且由于这个体系也是巫师建立声誉的方式，大多数人认为它能凸显优秀的作品，并让高质量的魔法变得相对易得。但这个体系也有它的问题。事实上，我们这个魔法较少的世界里的研究人员，在科学出版方面也正面临类似的问题。虽然科学出版的问题比奥卡姆体系复杂得多，但两者都涉及一个核心的哲学关切：知识产权。虽然许多哲学家都认为某种形式的知识产权是合理的，但他们的论证理由却差别很大。例如，有些思想家借鉴了英国哲学家约翰·洛克的观点，他认为如果你“将劳动融入”一块荒地，那么无论是这片土地上产出的作物，还是土地本身，都应该归你所有。这种观点对农民来说似乎有其合理性，但咒语、歌曲或故事真的像农田那样吗？首先，土地是有限的——如果一个人用它来种地，别人就不能用它来建房。这种“非此即彼”的资源，被一些哲学家称为“竞争性物品”。但像落日这样的美景可以启发无限多人。而且人们即使没有共享灵感，也可能独立地得出相同的想法。所以，如果我们都能拥有想法而不会彼此干扰，那我们为什么还要对这些想法赋予权利呢？

In 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000 cases of broccoli cheddar soup over concerns they contained too much of an unintended ingredient. That ingredient? Bugs. We know insects regularly come into contact with our food— but how many are you actually eating? And is it okay? Let’s start with an extreme example: figs and their conspicuously close bond with certain bugs.2023 年，一家美国杂货店召回了 10,000 多箱西兰花切达干酪汤，原因是担心其中含有过多的非预期成分。那个成分？虫子。我们知道昆虫经常接触我们的食物，但您实际上吃了多少昆虫？可以吗？让我们从一个极端的例子开始：无花果及其与某些昆虫的密切联系。Around 80 million years ago, wasps started pollinating figs. And today, each of the approximately 750 fig tree species depends on at least one unique species of tiny wasps. Pollinator-plant relationships can get hyper-specific. And figs guard their flowers especially tight for fig wasps. Technically, a fig isn't a fruit, but a fleshy bundle derived from stem tissues that holds hundreds of internal flowers— like a hidden garden.大约八千万年前，黄蜂开始为无花果授粉。如今，大约 750 种无花果树中的每一种都依赖于至少一种独特的小黄蜂。传粉者与植物的关系可以变得高度特定。无花果对无花果黄蜂的保护特别严密。从技术上讲，无花果不是水果，而是由茎组织衍生的肉质束，内部有数百朵花，就像一个隐藏的花园。Humans typically harvest one species: the common fig. Its breeding system, called gynodioecy, is seen in less than 1% of flowering plants. It works with some common fig trees having seed-producing female parts, while others, called caprifigs, have both female seed-producing and male pollen-producing parts. Wasps get involved when a female fig wasp full of eggs follows odor cues to a common fig tree and thrusts herself into the minuscule hole at a developing fig’s base. From there, depending on whether it's a caprifig or a female fig, things go one of two ways, the outcome being either more wasps or more figs.人类通常收获一种物种：无花果。它的繁殖系统被称为雌花异株，只见于不到 1% 的开花植物。它适用于一些具有产生种子的雌性部分的常见无花果树，而其他称为无花果的无花果树，既有雌性产生种子的部分，也有雄性产生花粉的部分。当一只充满卵的雌性无花果黄蜂跟随气味线索来到一棵普通无花果树并将自己插入正在发育的无花果基部的小洞时，黄蜂就会介入。从那里开始，根据它是无花果还是雌性无花果，事情会以两种方式之一进行，结果要么是更多的黄蜂，要么是更多的无花果。If it’s a caprifig, the wasp deposits her eggs into the flowers’ ovaries, then dies. Instead of developing seeds, those flower ovaries turn into galls that nurture the wasp’s developing offspring. Wingless and blind, the males hatch first, open the remaining galls, and fertilize the developing females— yes, oftentimes their sisters, unless another wasp laid eggs here. Next, the males dig exit pathways they never use themselves because they die before leaving the fig. Finally, the already-fertilized females hatch, exit through the male-made holes, getting coated with pollen on the way, and fly off to other figs.如果是无花果，黄蜂会将卵产入花朵的子房中，然后死亡。这些花的卵巢不会发育出种子，而是变成虫瘿，滋养黄蜂正在发育的后代。无翅且盲目的雄性黄蜂首先孵化，打开剩余的虫瘿，使正在发育的雌性受精——是的，通常是它们的姐妹，除非有另一只黄蜂在这里产卵。接下来，雄性挖出他们自己从未使用过的出口通道，因为它们在离开无花果之前就死了。最后，已经受精的雌性孵化，从雄性制造的孔中出来，途中沾上花粉，飞向其他无花果。If a wasp winds up in a female fig, however, she can’t lay her eggs because the flowers are structured differently. So, she dies without offspring— but she did pollinate the fig’s flowers, so the tree can reproduce. Female wasps don’t know which kind of fig they’re entering— and whether it’ll give her offspring or use her to make its own— because fig trees smell the same, regardless of sex. This ensures that a good portion of common figs can also reproduce and not just further wasp-kind.然而，如果黄蜂最终进入雌性无花果体内，她就无法产卵，因为花朵的结构不同。所以，她死后没有留下后代，但她确实为无花果的花朵授粉，因此这棵树可以繁殖。雌性黄蜂不知道它们正在进入哪种无花果，也不知道它是否会生下自己的后代，或者用她来创造自己的后代，因为无论性别如何，无花果树的气味都是一样的。这确保了大部分普通无花果也可以繁殖，而不仅仅是进一步的黄蜂种类。That was how things went— until humans intervened. Archaeological records suggest that people in the Jordan Valley grew figs some 11,400 years ago, possibly making them the first domesticated crop. When a genetic mutation emerged that allowed the tree’s fruit to ripen without being pollinated, people began propagating it with cuttings. And suddenly the common fig wasn’t beholden to wasps; it had a new partner to multiply with.事情就是这样发展的——直到人类介入。考古记录表明，约 11,400 年前，约旦河谷的人们就开始种植无花果，这可能使它们成为第一种驯化作物。当基因突变出现，使树上的果实无需授粉即可成熟时，人们开始用插条繁殖它。突然之间，普通无花果不再受到黄蜂的侵害；它有了一个可以与之繁衍的新伙伴。The crop spread far and wide, and today we harvest more than 1.3 million tons of figs annually. So how many wasps are we eating? Well, store-bought fresh figs are typically of the common fig varieties that ripen without pollinators, so they’re wasp-free. Many that are sold dried, however, still require pollination. But, of these, we usually don’t eat caprifig fruits, where the mother wasp and her male offspring die. Instead, we eat dried figs from female trees, which may contain a female wasp that attempted—and failed— to lay her eggs in it. However, it’s also possible that the moisture and enzymes figs naturally release break her body down.无花果作物分布广泛，如今我们每年收获超过 130 万吨无花果。那么我们吃了多少黄蜂呢？好吧，商店购买的新鲜无花果通常是常见的无花果品种，无需传粉媒介即可成熟，因此它们没有黄蜂。然而，许多干燥出售的植物仍然需要授粉。但是，其中，我们通常不吃黄蜂果实，黄蜂妈妈和她的雄性后代会死在黄蜂果实中。相反，我们吃的是雌性树上的无花果干，其中可能含有一只雌性黄蜂，它试图在其中产卵，但失败了。然而，无花果自然释放的水分和酶也可能会破坏她的身体。Big picture, though, bugs are often harvested with our produce or attracted to food processing facilities. Eating them is kind of inevitable. The US Food and Drug Administration actually

Samsung, which sells Android smartphones, also indirectly described the issue in a small area at the bottom of a press release last month. Samsung said about RCS, “Encryption only available for Android-to-Android communication.”出售Android智能手机的三星也间接地描述了上个月新闻稿底部的小区域中的问题。 三星谈到RCS时说：“加密仅用于Android到Android通信。”To avoid getting caught out when exchanging texts, experts recommend using encrypted messaging apps.为了避免在交换文本时被抓住，专家建议使用加密的消息传递应用程序。Privacy supporters are big fans of Signal, which uses end-to-end encryption on all messages and voice calls. Signal is an app that is run by an independent nonprofit group based in Mountainview, California. It promises never to sell customer data. The group has also made its source code publicly available so that it can be examined by anyone “for security and correctness.”隐私支持者是信号的忠实拥护者，它在所有消息和语音呼叫上使用端到端加密。 Signal是一个由位于加利福尼亚州MountainView的独立非营利组织运行的应用程序。 它承诺永远不会出售客户数据。 该小组还公开提供了其源代码，以便任何人“为了安全性和正确性”对其进行检查。Signal’s encryption method is so respected that it has been included into competitor WhatsApp.信号的加密方法非常受尊重，以至于已将其包括在竞争对手WhatsApp中。End-to-end encryption is also the normal mode for Facebook Messenger, which like WhatsApp is owned by Meta Platforms.端到端加密也是Facebook Messenger的正常模式，就像WhatsApp一样，它归META平台拥有。Telegram is an app that can be used for one-on-one discussions, group chats and broadcast “channels.” But Telegram does not use end-to-end encryption normally. Users have to turn on end-to-end encryption. And Telegram’s end-to-end encryption does not work with group chats.电报是一个应用程序，可用于一对一的讨论，小组聊天和广播“频道”。 但是电报不正常使用端到端加密。 用户必须打开端到端加密。 Telegram的端到端加密与小组聊天不起作用。Cybersecurity experts have warned people against using Telegram for private communications.网络安全专家警告人们不要将电报用于私人通信。Instead of using your phone to make calls through a wireless cellular network, you can make voice calls with Signal and WhatsApp. Both apps encrypt calls with the same technology that they use to encrypt messages.您无需使用手机通过无线蜂窝网络拨打呼叫，而是用信号和WhatsApp进行语音呼叫。 这两个应用程序都使用与它们用于加密消息的技术相同的技术加密调用。There are other choices. If you have an iPhone, you can use Facetime for calls, while Android owners can use the Google Fi service. Both are end-to-end encrypted.还有其他选择。 如果您有iPhone，则可以将FaceTime用于呼叫，而Android所有者可以使用Google FI服务。 两者都是端到端加密的。However, with all these choices, the person on the other end will also have to have the app.但是，有了所有这些选择，另一端的人也必须拥有该应用程序。WhatsApp and Signal users can choose the privacy setting they want in the settings. Such choices include hiding an IP address during calls to prevent your general location from being guessed.WhatsApp和信号用户可以在设置中选择所需的隐私设置。 这样的选择包括在通话过程中隐藏一个IP地址，以防止您的一般位置被猜测。

U.S. cybersecurity officials are advising people to use encryption in their communications after a major hacking campaign.在重大黑客运动之后，美国网络安全官员建议人们在通信中使用加密。Federal officials released a list of security suggestions for U.S. telecommunications companies that were targeted.联邦官员发布了针对目标的美国电信公司的安全建议清单。The advice includes one suggestion that everyone can use: “Ensure that traffic is end-to-end encrypted to the maximum extent possible.”该建议包括每个人都可以使用的建议：“确保端到端的流量在最大程度上加密。”End-to-end encryption, also known as E2EE, means that messages are protected so that only the sender and receiver can see them. If anyone else gets the message, all they will see is disordered information that cannot be understood without the key.端到端加密（也称为E2EE）表示消息受到保护，因此只有发件人和接收器才能看到它们。 如果其他人收到信息，他们所看到的只是没有钥匙的无序信息。Law enforcement officials had until now resisted encryption. This resistance is because the encryption means the technology companies themselves will not be able to look at the messages. In addition, the companies will not be able to respond to law enforcement requests to turn the data over.执法人员到目前为止一直拒绝加密。 这种阻力是因为加密意味着技术公司本身将无法查看这些消息。 此外，两家公司将无法回应执法要求以将数据转换。The Associated Press (AP) recently offered some ways that normal people can use for end-to-end encryption :美联社（AP）最近提供了一些普通人可以用于端到端加密的方法：Officials said the hackers targeted the metadata of a large number of people. That included information on the dates, times and recipients of calls and texts. The hackers also got to see the information from texts from a much smaller number of people.官员们说，黑客针对了许多人的元数据。 其中包括有关呼叫和文本的日期，时间和接收者的信息。 黑客还必须从少数人数的文本中查看信息。If you are an iPhone user, information in text messages that you send to someone else who also has an iPhone will be encrypted end-to-end. Look for the blue text bubbles which mean that the messages are encrypted iMessages.如果您是iPhone用户，则在短信中发送给其他iPhone的人的信息将被端到端加密。 查找蓝色文本气泡，这意味着消息是加密的iMessages。The same goes for Android users sending texts through Google Messages. There will be a lock next to the timestamp on each message to show that the encryption is on.Android用户通过Google消息发送文本也是如此。 每条消息的时间戳旁边将有一个锁，以表明加密已打开。But there is a weakness. When iPhone and Android users text each other, the messages are encrypted only using Rich Communication Services (RCS). That is a common method for messaging that has replaced the older SMS and MMS methods.但是有一个弱点。 当iPhone和Android用户互相发短信时，仅使用丰富的通信服务（RCS）对消息进行加密。 这是通信的常见方法，它取代了较旧的SMS和MMS方法。Apple notes that RCS messages “aren’t end-to-end encrypted, which means they’re not protected from a third party reading them while they’re sent between devices.”Apple指出，RCS消息“不是端到端加密的，这意味着它们不受第三方的保护，而在设备之间发送它们。”

About one year ago, an American jury found that Google’s app store operates as an illegal monopoly. Then in August 2024, a federal judge ruled that Google had violated trade laws by operating its search engine as a monopoly. The ruling accused Google of paying smartphone makers to ensure that its search engine was set as the default system on new devices.大约一年前，美国陪审团发现Google的App Store是非法垄断的。 然后在2024年8月，一名联邦法官裁定Google通过将搜索引擎作为垄断而违反了贸易法。 该裁决指控Google向智能手机制造商支付了款项，以确保其搜索引擎被设置为新设备上的默认系统。As part of the case, the U.S. government proposed in November a series of measures to limit Google from anti-competition business activities. Google criticized the court’s ruling as an example of government overreach. U.S. officials have long warned that TikTok presents national security concerns.作为案件的一部分，美国政府在11月提出了一系列措施，以将Google限制在反竞争业务活动中。 Google批评法院的裁决，是政府过度审理的一个例子。 美国官员长期以来一直警告说，蒂克托克提出了国家安全问题。Earlier this month, video sharing service TikTok asked a U.S. appeals court to block a law requiring its Chinese parent, ByteDance, to divest itself of TikTok or face a U.S. ban. The request came after the same court had upheld a law forcing ByteDance to sell TikTok by January 19 or face the ban. Lawyers for ByteDance and TikTok are seeking to have the U.S. Supreme Court rule on the case.本月初，视频共享服务Tiktok要求美国上诉法院阻止一项法律，要求其中国父母，绑定自己，以剥离Tiktok或面临美国禁令。 该请求是在同一法院维持一项法律迫使野兽派出售Tiktok或面对禁令后的法律之后提出的。 BODEDANCE和TIKTOK的律师正在寻求就此案制定美国最高法院的统治。In May, U.S.-based Aurora Innovation said it was preparing to launch a series of driverless trucks to transport goods on a major public highway. Company officials said it planned to begin the service in Texas, with 20 tractor-trailers transporting goods between Dallas and Houston. The company hopes to expand the service to thousands of tractor-trailers within three to four years.5月，总部位于美国的Aurora Innovation表示，正准备推出一系列无人驾驶卡车，以在主要的公共高速公路上运输货物。 公司官员表示，计划在德克萨斯州开始这项服务，有20位拖车拖车在达拉斯和休斯顿之间运输货物。 该公司希望在三到四年内将服务扩展到成千上万的拖拉机拖车。In October, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced it had issued final rules for operating air taxis. It also set training and approval requirements for pilots. The FAA said air taxis belong to a kind of aircraft known as Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) flyers. They generally operate on their own on electrical power, with vertical take-off and landing abilities.10月，美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）宣布已发布了运营出租车的最终规则。 它还为飞行员设定了培训和批准要求。 美国联邦航空局（FAA）说，航空出租车属于一种称为高级空中移动（AAM）传单的飞机。 他们通常具有垂直起飞和着陆能力的电力自行运营。FAA Administrator Mike Whitaker said such aircraft represent “the first new category of aircraft in nearly 80 years.” He added that the new rules are meant to mark the beginning of possible widespread AAM operations across the U.S. in the future.FAA管理员迈克·惠特克（Mike Whitaker）表示，这种飞机代表了“近80年来的第一类新类别”。 他补充说，新规定旨在标志未来在美国可能广泛的AAM运营的开始。

Ever since Albert Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, one equation has been the bane of humans hoping to explore the stars: E=mc². In addition to informing our understanding of gravity, space, and time, this formula implies that traveling at or beyond light speed is impossible. And given how expansive the universe is, this speed limit severely restricts our ability to zip around the cosmos. But while most physics textbooks describe this speed limit, their explanations don’t always tell the whole story.自从 1905 年阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦发表狭义相对论以来，一个方程一直是人类探索恒星的祸根：E=mc²。除了加深我们对重力、空间和时间的理解之外，这个公式还意味着以光速或超光速旅行是不可能的。考虑到宇宙有多么广阔，这个速度限制严重限制了我们绕宇宙飞行的能力。但是，虽然大多数物理教科书都描述了这个速度限制，但他们的解释并不总是能说明全部情况。In Einstein’s equation, E stands for energy, m for mass, and c for a constant— specifically, the speed of light in a vacuum. C squared is a huge number, which means it requires enormous amounts of energy to move even small amounts of mass close to the speed of light. This relationship is why the only particles that can travel at light speed are those with no mass at all, such as photons.在爱因斯坦方程中，E 代表能量，m 代表质量，c 代表常数，特别是真空中的光速。 C平方是一个巨大的数字，这意味着即使是很小的质量也需要大量的能量才能接近光速。这种关系就是为什么唯一能够以光速传播的粒子是那些完全没有质量的粒子，例如光子。That’s the short answer for why objects with mass can’t reach or exceed light speed. But to make full use of Einstein's equation, physicists often include one more variable. This gamma represents the Lorentz Factor, which models how an object’s velocity changes the way that object experiences time, length, and other physical properties. Now, when an object’s velocity is a very small percentage of the speed of light, this variable resolves to 1, so it doesn’t impact the equation. However, when an object is moving fast enough, this denominator drops to 0. Since dividing by 0 is impossible, this breaks the equation and makes the variables therein mathematically impossible— hence the unbreakable speed limit.这就是为什么有质量的物体无法达到或超过光速的简短答案。但为了充分利用爱因斯坦方程，物理学家通常会多加入一个变量。该伽马代表洛伦兹因子，它模拟物体的速度如何改变物体经历时间、长度和其他物理属性的方式。现在，当物体的速度只占光速的很小一部分时，该变量解析为 1，因此不会影响方程。然而，当物体移动得足够快时，该分母就会降至 0。由于除以 0 是不可能的，这会破坏方程并使得其中的变量在数学上不可能 - 因此是牢不可破的速度限制。But what does it actually mean for this math to break down? To answer that, we need to understand the physical system its modeling: spacetime. After Einstein published his theory of special relativity, his mentor Hermann Minkowski realized that— if his student was right— it would mean space and time were not two separate entities, but one connected system. And everything in the universe travels through space and time simultaneously. However, traveling through one of these vectors limits the speed at which we can travel through the other. To picture this, imagine moving north at a fixed speed. You could turn to travel east at the same speed, but moving northeast would mean you move in both directions more slowly. The tradeoffs are the same when we move through spacetime. Since our typical movement through space is so much slower than the speed of light, we mostly perceive moving through time at a relatively steady speed. But if an object managed to move through space at the speed of light, it would no longer move through time. This is the kind of time dilation charted by the Lorentz Factor, which models how time slows down for objects moving at incredibly high velocities.但这个数学模型崩溃到底意味着什么呢？为了回答这个问题，我们需要了解其建模的物理系统：时空。爱因斯坦发表狭义相对论后，他的导师赫尔曼·明可夫斯基意识到——如果他的学生是对的——那就意味着空间和时间不是两个独立的实体，而是一个相互联系的系统。宇宙中的一切事物都是同时穿越空间和时间的。然而，穿过这些矢量之一会限制我们穿过另一个矢量的速度。为了描绘这一点，想象一下以固定速度向北移动。您可以以相同的速度转向向东行驶，但向东北移动意味着您在两个方向上移动的速度都会更慢。当我们穿越时空时，权衡是相同的。由于我们在空间中的典型运动比光速慢得多，因此我们大多认为以相对稳定的速度在时间中运动。但如果一个物体能够以光速在空间中移动，它就不再能在时间中移动。这是洛伦兹因子绘制的时间膨胀类型，它模拟了以极高速度移动的物体的时间如何减慢。This nuance is just one of several hiding in E=mc². For example, the c in Einstein’s equation refers specifically to the speed of light in a “vacuum,” which outer space approximates. But light’s speed is actually defined by what it’s traveling through. For example, when light travels through water, its speed is reduced by about 25%. And scientists can propel low mass particles like charged electrons through water at speeds faster than these photons. This means that underwater, some particles can travel faster than light; and doing so emits a ghostly blue glow known as Cherenkov radiation.这种细微差别只是 E=mc² 中隐藏的几个细微差别之一。例如，爱因斯坦方程中的 c 特指“真空”中的光速，即外层空间的近似值。但光速实际上是由它所穿过的物体决定的。例如，当光在水中传播时，其速度会降低约25%。科学家可以以比光子更快的速度推动带电电子等低质量粒子穿过水。这意味着在水下，一些粒子的运动速度可以超过光速；这样做会发出一种幽灵般的蓝色光芒，称为切伦科夫辐射。Despite these loopholes, the major takeaway of E=mc² remains true. As far as we know, we still can't travel faster than light in a vacuum. But this hasn't stopped scientists from theorizing what might happen if we did. If you were on a spacecraft approaching light speed, your vision would likely become kaleidoscopic. The direction your ship moved would appear blue-shifted, while the things next to and behind you would be red-shifted. And if you were somehow able to reach or exceed light speed, it might even manifest as some kind

Throughout 2024, we saw further development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and new legal action brought against technology companies. Here is a look back at some of the biggest tech stories we covered in 2024.在整个2024年，我们看到了人工智能（AI）系统的进一步发展以及针对技术公司带来的新法律行为。 这是回顾我们2024年涵盖的一些最大的技术故事。During the year, companies continued developing and deploying new AI tools.在这一年中，公司继续开发和部署新的AI工具。Among these were a new set of AI offerings announced by American software company Microsoft. Officials explained the new tools included “personal agents” designed to help users complete business activities with little or no human involvement.其中包括美国软件公司Microsoft宣布的一套新的AI产品。 官员们解释了新工具包括旨在帮助用户几乎没有人参与的业务活动的“个人代理”。Microsoft says it designed the agents to expand on so-called chatbots – AI tools that work by themselves to produce human-level writing or discussions. The company said it expects a full release of the agents sometime in 2025.微软表示，它设计了代理商来扩展所谓的聊天机器人 - 自身使用人为写作或讨论的AI工具。 该公司表示，预计该代理商将在2025年的某个时候全面发布。In September, technology company Apple announced it was launching several new iPhones equipped with special chips to support AI operations. Apple chief Tim Cook said the new models had been “designed for Apple Intelligence from the ground up.”9月，技术公司苹果公司宣布将推出几个配备特殊芯片的新iPhone，以支持AI操作。 苹果酋长蒂姆·库克（Tim Cook）表示，新车型是“从头开始为苹果情报设计的”。We reported in October about an effort by researchers to use AI to improve existing weather prediction models. One system works by combining past weather predictions with modern methods to provide the most complete picture of weather and climate data.我们在10月份报道了研究人员的努力，以利用AI来改善现有的天气预测模型。 一个系统通过将过去的天气预测与现代方法相结合，以提供天气和气候数据的最完整图景。In California, three legislative measures were enacted to ban the use of AI tools to create false images and videos during election campaigns. One main goal was to fight deepfakes. These are pieces of video or audio created to make it appear that people in it are saying or doing things they never said or did. Deepfakes were used in several world election campaigns in 2024.在加利福尼亚州，制定了三项立法措施，以禁止使用AI工具在竞选期间创建虚假的图像和视频。 一个主要目标是打击深击。 这些是创建的视频或音频片段，以使其中的人们在说或做他们从未说过或做过的事情。 2024年的几项世界大选运动中使用了深击。In May, an international gathering of major AI developers and top government officials in Seoul agreed on measures that aim to ensure that AI systems are safely built and deployed. Attendees from 16 different technology companies signed a promise to develop AI technology in ways that limit possible public harms.5月，首尔大型AI开发商和高级政府官员的国际聚会达成了措施，旨在确保AI系统安全地构建和部署。 来自16个不同技术公司的参与者签署了一种承诺，可以以限制可能的公共危害的方式开发AI技术。

Google, the most popular internet search engine, releases its “Year in Search 2023” this week.Google是最受欢迎的Internet搜索引擎，本周发布了其“搜索2023年”。Around the world, Google says the “war in Israel and Gaza” was the top search for news. The ongoing war topped searches for “Titanic submarine,” which imploded in June, and February’s “Turkey earthquake,” which killed at least 50,000 in Turkey and Syria.Google在世界各地说，“以色列和加沙的战争”是新闻的最佳搜索。 这场持续的战争最受了搜寻，以搜寻“泰坦尼克号潜艇”，该潜艇于6月爆炸，并在2月的“土耳其地震”中搜寻，该地震在土耳其和叙利亚造成了至少50,000人。Damar Hamlin was Google’s top trending person on search this year. He is an American football player who collapsed as his heart stopped suddenly during a game in January. People also searched for Travis Kelce. In case you have not heard, Kelce is another American football player who is dating singer Taylor Swift.达马尔·哈姆林（Damar Hamlin）是Google今年搜索的最热门人士。 他是一名美式足球运动员，他的心脏在一月份的一场比赛中突然停了下来。 人们还搜索了特拉维斯·凯尔斯（Travis Kelce）。 如果您没有听说过，凯尔斯是另一位与歌手泰勒·斯威夫特（Taylor Swift）约会的美式足球运动员。Among those who passed away, people want to know about Matthew Perry, a well-known actor in the American television show Friends. Singers Tina Turner of the United States and Sinéad O'Connor from Ireland rounded out the top three.在那些去世的人中，人们想知道美国电视节目《朋友》中著名演员马修·佩里（Matthew Perry）。 美国的歌手蒂娜·特纳（Tina Turner）和来自爱尔兰的辛纳·奥康纳（SinéadO'Connor）排名前三。In the world of movies, Barbie and Oppenheimer were not only the top Hollywood money-makers but also the top searches for the year. The two films topped Jawan, an Indian movie seen by millions on the streaming service Netflix.在电影的世界中，芭比娃娃和奥本海默不仅是好莱坞赚钱者的顶级赚钱者，而且还是当年的最高搜索。 这两部电影是贾万（Jawan），这是一部印度电影，由数百万在流媒体服务Netflix上观看。Yoasobi’s "アイドル (Idol)” was the most searched song on Google this year. The Japanese musical group is made up of producer Ayase and singer Ikura. Inter Miami CF, the new home of Argentine soccer player Lionel Messi, led Google’s sports teams search. And Bibimbap, a Korean meal of rice, vegetables, egg and protein, was the top search for a recipe.Yoasobi的“アイドル（偶像）”是今年Google上搜索最多的歌曲。 日本音乐团体由制片人Ayase和歌手Ikura组成。 阿根廷足球运动员莱昂内尔·梅西（Lionel Messi）的新家Inter Miami CF领导了Google的运动队搜索。 Bibimbap是韩国饭，蔬菜，鸡蛋和蛋白质的韩国餐，是对食谱的最佳搜索。Google says information on the top search results came from January 1 through November 27 of this year. Search results are presented worldwide as well as individually for nearly 50 countries.Google说，有关最高搜索结果的信息来自今年1月1日至11月27日。 搜索结果将在全球范围内以及近50个国家 /地区单独介绍。In India, the top news search was for Chandrayaan-3, the spacecraft that touched down on the moon in August. The successful landing made India only the fourth country to land on the moon.在印度，最新的新闻搜索是Chandrayaan-3，这是8月在月球上降落的航天器。 成功的登陆使印度仅是第四个登陆月球的国家。Typhoon Kanun and Jeon Cheongjo were the top news searches in South Korea. And Ashura and Güllaç, national dishes often made during religious celebrations, were the top recipes in Turkey.台风Kanun和Jeon Cheongjo是韩国的首要新闻搜索。 在宗教庆祝活动中经常制作的国家菜肴Ashura和Güllaç是土耳其的最佳食谱。To mark the search engine’s 25th birthday, Google also released top search data “of all time” across several areas. Since 2004 (when the company’s search data first became available worldwide), the most-Googled Grammy winner of all time has been Beyoncé. Portuguese soccer great Cristiano Ronaldo is the highest-searched athlete, and the most-searched movie or television program is Harry Potter.为了标记搜索引擎的25岁生日，Google还在几个领域发布了“有史以来”的顶级搜索数据。 自2004年（该公司的搜索数据首次在全球范围内获得）以来，有史以来最受欢迎的格莱美奖得主是碧昂斯。 葡萄牙足球伟大的克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（Cristiano Ronaldo）是最受欢迎的运动员，最受欢迎的电影或电视节目是哈利·波特（Harry Potter）。

The auction house described the item on sale as a 'standard Spanish waxy napkin'. Though it's safe to say the buyer is unlikely to use it to wipe their mouth.尽管拍卖行把拍卖物描述为 “普通的西班牙涂蜡餐巾纸”，不过可以肯定地说，买家不太可能用它来擦嘴。It carries a written commitment from Barcelona Football Club's then sporting director that he'll sign the 13-year-old player Lionel Messi.该纸上写有巴塞罗那足球俱乐部时任体育总监的书面承诺，他承诺要签下 13 岁的球员利昂内尔·梅西。The commitment was then witnessed by the club's transfer adviser and an Argentinian football agent. And it's seen as marking the start of what would become a phenomenally successful career.这纸承诺随后被巴塞罗那俱乐部的转会顾问以及一位阿根廷足球经纪人见证签字。这标志着梅西未来超凡成功球员生涯的开始。It's still not known who paid £762,000 for the napkin. For some, it will be seen as evidence of the devotion Lionel Messi still inspires. For others, proof that when it comes to top-level football, crazy amounts of money will follow not just the stars themselves, but even any artefacts associated with their playing.↳目前尚不清楚是谁买走了这张价值 762,000 英镑的餐巾纸。对一些人来说，这张价格不菲的餐巾纸是人们对梅西的热爱不减的证据。对另外一些人来说，这证明了在顶级足球方面，不仅巨星本身会带来巨额的金钱，甚至与他们赛事相关的任何物件也是如此

Do you need an energising blast of water in the morning to wake you up for the day? Or do you prefer a relaxing, warm shower in the evening to help you wind down as part of your nighttime routine? Maybe you just shower whenever you feel like it. For something so many of us do, this topic is bound to divide opinion and stir up passion from both sides. But is one really better than the other?您早上需要充满活力的水才能唤醒您一天吗？ 还是您喜欢晚上放松，温暖的淋浴，以帮助您作为夜间例行的一部分放松身心？ 也许只要您觉得，就可以洗澡。 对于我们许多人所做的事情，这个话题必定会分裂意见并激发双方的激情。 但是一个真的比另一个更好吗？After a long day in the outside world, picking up pollutants and allergens on your skin and in your hair such as dust and pollen, a reasonable instinct would be to wash it all off before getting into bed. That's what the evening shower enthusiasts would say. But, says microbiologist Primrose Freestone, no matter the air temperature, you will continue to sweat during the night. Bacteria on your skin then eat the nutrients in your sweat which is what causes BO. Showering at night also doesn't stop you shedding dead skin cells. All this means you may not wake up feeling as fresh as you had hoped. Showering in the morning, on the other hand, can help to remove dead skin cells, sweat or any bacteria you've picked up from your bed sheets. "As a microbiologist, I am a day shower advocate," she says.在外界漫长的一天之后，在您的皮肤和头发上捡起污染物和过敏原（例如灰尘和花粉），合理的本能是在上床睡觉之前将其全部洗净。 这就是晚间淋浴爱好者会说的。 但是，微生物学家培养馆说，无论空气温度如何，您都会在夜间继续出汗。 皮肤上的细菌然后吃汗水中的养分，这是导致BO的原因。 晚上淋浴也不会阻止您脱落死皮细胞。 这意味着您可能不会像您希望的那样醒来。 另一方面，早晨淋浴可以帮助清除死皮细胞，汗水或您从床单上捡起的任何细菌。 她说：“作为一名微生物学家，我是一日淋浴的拥护者。”But it's not all about cleanliness. Nancy Rothstein, who calls herself The Sleep Ambassador, is concerned with sleep quality. In her view, showering in the evening is an essential part of the 'preparing for bed' routine. "Call it an opportunity to shower yourself with mindfulness," she says. And research backs this up. A systematic review of research published in Sleep Medicine Reviews in 2019 found nightly warm showering or bathing one to two hours before bedtime can improve sleep.但这并不是全部关于清洁度。 南希·罗斯斯坦（Nancy Rothstein）称自己为睡眠大使，他关心睡眠质量。 在她看来，晚上洗澡是“准备床”例行的重要组成部分。 她说：“称其为正念洗澡的机会。” 并研究了这一点。 对2019年睡眠医学评论发表在《睡眠医学评论》上的研究的系统评价发现，每晚暖淋浴或在睡前沐浴一到两个小时可以改善睡眠。What it all boils down to is when you would like to feel freshest. If you're someone who can't fully relax in bed until you've showered, you're likely an evening shower person. Whereas, if you can't stand the idea of putting on fresh, clean clothes in the morning when you haven't showered, then a morning rinse is probably more your style. Whenever you choose to shower, Primrose Freestone says it's important to clean your bed sheets regularly to remove all the sweat, bacteria and dead skin cells that build up and can negatively affect the effectiveness of your showers.这一切都归结为当您想感到最新鲜时。 如果您是一个不能在洗澡之前完全放松的人，那么您可能是一个晚间淋浴的人。 鉴于，如果您不能忍受在没有洗澡时早上穿新鲜，干净的衣服的想法，那么早晨的冲洗可能是您的风格。 每当您选择淋浴时，Primrose Freestone都说，定期清洁床单以清除堆积的所有汗水，细菌和死皮细胞，并可能对淋浴的有效性产生负面影响。

Turner sold more than 150 million records worldwide and won 12 Grammys. The performer was voted along with Ike Turner into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991, and individually in 2021. Turner’s life story was made into a movie and Broadway musical.特纳在全球售出了超过1.5亿张唱片，并赢得了12个格莱美奖。 这位表演者与艾克·特纳（Ike Turner）一起在1991年被投票成摇滚名人堂，并在2021年个人。Mick Jagger of the music group The Rolling Stones called Turner “inspiring, warm, funny and generous” in an Instagram post. And he wrote that Turner “helped me so much when I was young, and I will never forget her.”音乐集团的米克·贾格尔（Mick Jagger）在Instagram的帖子中被称为特纳（Turner）“鼓舞人心，温暖，有趣和慷慨”。 他写道，特纳“我年轻的时候对我有很大帮助，我永远不会忘记她。”Several Nobel Prize winners died this year, including Japanese writer Kenzaburo Oe. The Nobel literature laureate wrote darkly poetic novels based on his childhood memories from Japan’s postwar occupation. He also wrote from his experiences as the parent of a disabled son. Oe died on March 3 at the age of 88.今年包括日本作家Kenzaburo OE在内的几位诺贝尔奖获奖者。 诺贝尔文学获奖者基于他的童年时代的记忆，创作了黑暗的诗意小说。 他还从作为残疾儿子的父母的经历中写道。 OE于3月3日去世，享年88岁。And the world lost its oldest resident in 2023. French religious worker, or nun, died at home in southern France a few weeks before her 119th birthday.全世界在2023年失去了最古老的居民。法国宗教工作者或修女在她119岁生日前几周在法国南部的家中去世。Sister André, as she was known, was born in the town of Alès, southern France, in 1904. The Gerontology Research Group, which confirms details about people thought to be 110 or older, listed her as the oldest known person in the world after the death of Japan’s Kane Tanaka, aged 119, in 2022.众所周知，安德烈姐妹（SisterAndré）于1904年出生于法国南部艾莱斯（Alès）。老年学研究小组，证实了有关被认为是110岁或110岁以上的人的细节，将她列为日本田纳克（Kane Tanaka）去世后，列为世界上最古老的人，他于2022年119岁。Sister André was also one of the world’s oldest survivors of COVID-19.安德烈姐妹（André）还是世界上世界上最古老的幸存者之一。She tested positive for the coronavirus in January 2021, shortly before her 117th birthday. She showed so few signs of the virus that she did not even realize she was infected. News media around the world reported her survival.她于2021年1月（117岁生日前不久）对冠状病毒的测试呈阳性。 她表现出很少的病毒迹象，以至于她甚至没有意识到自己被感染了。 世界各地的新闻媒体报道了她的生存。In April last year, she was asked about her exceptional longevity through two world wars. Sister André told French media, “Working…makes you live. I worked until I was 108.”去年4月，她通过两次世界大战询问了她的寿命。 安德烈姐妹告诉法国媒体：“工作……让你活着。我一直在工作直到108岁。”She was also known to enjoy a daily glass of wine and chocolate.众所周知，她每天都可以享用一杯葡萄酒和巧克力。

Kissinger helped restore ties between the United States and China. He also negotiated the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam.基辛格帮助恢复了美国和中国之间的联系。 他还谈判了美国从越南撤离。American former first lady Rosalynn Carter died on November 19. She was the closest adviser to her husband, former President Jimmy Carter.美国前第一夫人罗莎琳·卡特（Rosalynn Carter）于11月19日去世。她是丈夫前总统吉米·卡特（Jimmy Carter）的最亲密的顾问。She served as first lady from 1977 to 1981. She advocated for better mental health care and help for caregivers in millions of American families. Overseas, she fought disease, mass hunger and the abuse of women and girls. She continued humanitarian work with her husband for 40 years following their time in the White House.她从1977年至1981年担任第一夫人。她主张为数百万美国家庭的护理人员提供更好的心理保健和帮助。 在海外，她与疾病，大规模饥饿和虐待妇女和女孩作斗争。 在白宫工作后，她继续与丈夫进行人道主义工作40年。The couple had been married for 77 years when Rosalynn Carter died at the age of 96.罗莎琳·卡特（Rosalynn Carter）死于96岁时，这对夫妇已经结婚了77年。Others from the world of politics who died this year include: former Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi, former Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf, and former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang.来自今年去世的政治世界的其他人包括：前意大利总理席尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼（Silvio Berlusconi），前巴基斯坦领导人佩尔维斯·穆沙拉夫（Pervez Musharraf）。The world also lost cultural leaders in 2023, including the so-called “Queen of Rock ‘n’ Roll.”全世界在2023年也失去了文化领袖，其中包括所谓的“摇滚女王”。American Singer Tina Turner died in May at the age of 83.美国歌手蒂娜·特纳（Tina Turner）于5月去世，享年83岁。The entertainer teamed up with husband Ike Turner for a series of hit records and live shows in the 1960s and ’70s. Ike was abusive and beat Tina. She left the marriage and returned as a solo artist with a best-selling album, Private Dancer, in 1984.这位艺人与丈夫艾克·特纳（Ike Turner）合作，在1960年代和70年代进行了一系列热门唱片和现场表演。 艾克是虐待的，击败了蒂娜。 她离开了婚姻，并于1984年以最畅销的专辑《私人舞者》（Private Dancer）回到了独奏艺术家。“How do we say farewell to a woman who owned her pain and trauma and used it as a means to help change the world?” actor Angela Bassett said in a statement. Bassett played Turner in the 1993 movie What’s Love Got to Do With It.“我们如何与拥有她痛苦和创伤的女人告别，并以此作为帮助改变世界的手段？” 演员安吉拉·巴塞特（Angela Bassett）在一份声明中说。 巴塞特（Bassett）在1993年的电影中饰演特纳（Turner），这与它有什么关系。

2024 is just hours away. Before the world welcomes a new year, we remember some of the influential people who died in 2023.2024年只有几个小时的路程。 在世界欢迎新的一年之前，我们记得一些有影响力的人在2023年去世。We start with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor.我们从美国最高法院大法官桑德拉·戴·奥康纳（Sandra Day O’Connor）开始。O’Connor died on December 1. She made history in 1981 when she became the first woman appointed to the United States’ highest court. She served in the position for 25 years.奥康纳（O’Connor）于12月1日去世。 她任职25年。The judge was considered a centrist, or a moderate, in her court opinions. She was often considered the “swing vote” on major issues such as abortion, affirmative action and voting rights.在法院的意见中，法官被认为是中间派或温和的。 她经常被认为是关于堕胎，平权行动和投票权等重大问题的“摇摆投票”。Sandra Day O’Connor was born in El Paso, Texas in 1930. She grew up on a large cow farm there.桑德拉·戴·奥康纳（Sandra Day O’Connor）于1930年出生于德克萨斯州的埃尔帕索（El Paso）。The young Sandra was an excellent student and entered Stanford University in California when she was 16, earning a degree in economics. She went on to study law at Stanford. She graduated in the top 10 percent of her class in 1952.年轻的桑德拉（Sandra）是一名出色的学生，并在16岁时进入加利福尼亚的斯坦福大学（Stanford University），获得了经济学学位。 她继续在斯坦福大学学习法律。 她在1952年毕业于班级的前10％。President Ronald Reagan nominated her to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1981. In announcing his choice, he described the judge as “a person for all seasons.”罗纳德·里根（Ronald Reagan）总统于1981年提名她进入美国最高法院。在宣布自己的选择时，他将法官描述为“所有季节的人”。American President Joe Biden spoke at her funeral. He called her “a daughter of the West” and “a pioneer in her own right.” He praised her for seeking, in his words, “equal justice under law her whole life.”美国总统乔·拜登（Joe Biden）在葬礼上讲话。 他称她为“西方的女儿”和“自身的先驱”。 用他的话，他称赞她“一生都在法律下平等正义”。O’Connor died from problems linked to the disease dementia and a lung infection. She was 93 years old.奥康纳（O’Connor）死于与疾病痴呆和肺部感染有关的问题。 她93岁。The world also said goodbye to former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who died November 29.全世界还与前美国国务卿亨利·基辛格（Henry Kissinger）告别，后者于11月29日去世。He was 100 years old.他今年100岁。The German-born Jewish refugee served as the U.S. top diplomat under two presidents, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He won praise and severe criticism in the U.S. and around the world.德国出生的犹太难民在两位总统理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）和杰拉尔德·福特（Gerald Ford）的领导下曾担任美国顶级外交官。 他在美国和世界各地赢得了赞美和严厉的批评。

A French religious worker who survived COVID-19 celebrated her 117th birthday on Thursday.一名在Covid-19中幸存下来的法国宗教工作者在周四庆祝了她的117岁生日。Sister Andre is a nun who lives in a retirement home in the southern city of Toulon. She also is believed to be the world’s second-oldest person.安德烈姐妹是一个修女，住在南部城市土伦的退休住宅中。 她也被认为是世界上第二大的人。A spokesman for the retirement home, David Tavella, said Sister Andre tested positive for COVID-19 in the middle of January. She was separated from others at the home, but experienced few signs of the disease. Her survival story made news across the world.退休之家的发言人戴维·塔维拉（David Tavella）说，安德烈（Andre）姐姐在1月中旬对Covid-19的阳性测试。 她在家里与其他人分开，但很少有这种疾病的迹象。 她的生存故事在世界范围内成为新闻。Sister Andre, whose birth name is Lucile Randon, was to take part in a celebration with a small number of people at the home. Tavella said plans called for a big meal and a special religious observance in her honor.安德烈（Andre）姐姐的名字叫卢西尔·兰登（Lucile Randon），他将与少数人在家里参加庆祝活动。 塔维拉（Tavella）说，计划要求大餐和以她的荣誉进行特殊的宗教观察。Some of Sister Andre’s family members were also expected to join a video call with her. “It’s a big day,” Tavella said. “She is in great shape. I went to see her this morning. She is really happy. She wanted me to tell her the (plan) for the day again,” he added.预计安德烈（Andre）姐姐的一些家庭成员也将与她一起参加视频电话。 塔维拉说：“这是重要的一天。” 他补充说：“她的状态很好。我今天早上去见她。她真的很高兴。她想让我告诉她（计划）这一天。”The meal was to include some of Sister Andre’s food favorites, including a special chicken dish and Baked Alaska for dessert. “All of it washed down with red wine, because she drinks red wine,” Tavella said. “It’s one of her secrets of longevity.”这顿饭是包括安德烈姐妹的一些最喜欢的食物，包括一种特殊的鸡肉和阿拉斯加烤的甜点。 塔维拉说：“所有这些都用红酒冲了下来，因为她喝了红酒。” “这是她长寿的秘密之一。”As for loading up the cake with candles, Tavella said they had stopped trying that a long time ago. “Because even if we made big cakes, I’m not sure that she would have enough breath to blow them out. You would need a fire extinguisher.”至于用蜡烛装上蛋糕，塔维拉说，他们很久以前就停止了尝试。 “因为即使我们制作了大蛋糕，我也不确定她是否有足够的呼吸将它们吹出。您是否需要灭火器。”Tavella added that when people around the world started talking about Sister Andre’s story, he realized it was “because we all need a bit of hope at the moment.”塔维拉（Tavella）补充说，当世界各地的人们开始谈论安德烈（Andre）的故事时，他意识到这是“因为目前我们都需要一点希望。”Sister Andre was born on February 11, 1904. She survived two World Wars. The Gerontology Research Group confirms details about people thought to be 110 or older. The organization lists her as the world’s second-oldest living person. The oldest person on the list is Japan’s Kane Tanaka, who turned 118 on January 2.安德烈姐妹（Andre Sister Andre）于1904年2月11日出生。她在两次世界大战中幸存下来。 老年学研究小组确认有关被认为年龄在110岁以上的人的详细信息。 该组织将她列为世界上第二大的人。 名单上最古老的人是日本的田中凯恩（Kane Tanaka），他于1月2日满118岁。When recently asked if she had been scared to have COVID-19, Sister Andre told France’s BFM television, “No I wasn’t scared, because I wasn’t scared to die.” She added: “I’m happy to be with you, but I would wish to be somewhere else -- join my big brother and my grandfather and my grandmother.”当最近被问及她是否害怕参加Covid-19，安德烈姐妹告诉法国的BFM电视：“不，我不害怕，因为我不害怕死。” 她补充说：“我很高兴和你在一起，但我想去其他地方 - 加入我的哥哥，祖父和祖母。”

She started religious work when she was a teenager. She spent two years in Montevideo, Uruguay, before moving to Rio de Janeiro. She later settled in her home state of Rio Grande do Sul. Canabarro taught school for most of her life. One of her students was General João Figueiredo, a military leader and politician who served as the 30th president of Brazil from 1979 to 1985.她十几岁的时候就开始宗教工作。 在搬到里约热内卢之前，她在乌拉圭的蒙得维的亚呆了两年。 后来，她定居在自己家乡里奥格兰德·杜尔（Rio Grande Do Sul）。 Canabarro一生都在教学。 她的一位学生是乔·菲格雷多（JoãoFigueiredo）将军，他是一名军事领袖和政治家，他从1979年至1985年担任巴西的第30任总统。Sister Inah also started two marching bands at schools in two cities sharing the border between Uruguay and Brazil.伊纳（Inah）姐妹还在两个城市的学校开设了两个游行乐队，分享了乌拉圭和巴西之间的边界。Pope Francis honored Canabarro for her 110th birthday. She is the second-oldest nun ever known, after Lucile Randon of France, who was the world’s oldest person until her death in 2023 at the age of 118.教皇弗朗西斯（Francis）以110岁生日的身份向卡纳巴罗（Canabarro）致敬。 她是有史以来第二大的修女，仅次于法国的露西尔·兰登（Lucile Randon），她是世界上最古老的人，直到2023年去世，享年118岁。The local soccer club where Canabarro lives is named Inter. The club celebrates the birthday of its oldest fan every year. Her room is decorated with gifts in the team’s red and white colors, her nephew said.Canabarro Lives的当地足球俱乐部被命名为国际贸易委员会。 俱乐部每年都会庆祝其最古老的粉丝的生日。 她的侄子说，她的房间装饰着团队的红色和白色礼物。“White or black, rich or poor, whoever you are, Inter is the team of the people,” Canabarro said in one video posted on social media. The video shows her celebrating her 116th birthday with the club’s president.卡巴罗在社交媒体上发布的一段视频中说：“白人或黑人，富人或穷人，无论你是谁，国际群都是人民的团队。” 视频显示她与俱乐部主席一起庆祝她的116岁生日。LongeviQuest said Canabarro became the oldest living person following the death of Japan’s Tomiko Itooka in December. She now ranks as the 20th oldest documented person to have ever lived. The organization says Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment, who died in 1997 at the age of 122, was the oldest documented person ever.Longeviquest说，Canabarro在12月的日本Tomiko Itooka去世后成为了最古老的人。 她现在是有史以来第20大的有记录的人。 该组织说，法国女性珍妮·卡尔门特（Jeanne Calment）于1997年去世，享年122岁，是有史以来最古老的人。

Sister Inah Canabarro was born in 1908. She was six years old when The First World War began in 1914.艾纳·卡纳巴罗（Inah Canabarro）姐妹出生于1908年。1914年第一次世界大战开始时，她才六岁。The soccer-loving nun from Brazil is believed to be the world’s oldest living person at 116 years old.据信，来自巴西足球的修女是116岁那年的世界上最古老的人。LongeviQuest is an organization that keeps records of people over 110 years old around the world. It released a statement on Saturday saying that Canabarro is the world’s oldest person having proof of early life records.longeviquest是一个使全球110岁以上人士记录的组织。 它在周六发表了一份声明，称Canabarro是世界上最古老的人，有早期的记录证明。LongeviQuest filmed a video of Canabarro last February. Canabarro can be seen smiling, making jokes and sharing small paintings she used to make of wildflowers. The video also shows her saying a Catholic prayer called the Hail Mary.Longeviquest去年2月拍摄了Canabarro的视频。 可以看到Canabarro微笑着，开玩笑并分享她用来制作野花的小画。 该视频还显示她说的是天主教祈祷，称为冰雹玛丽。“I’m young, pretty and friendly — all very good, positive qualities that you have too,” the nun told visitors to her retirement home in the southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre.“我年轻，漂亮又友好 - 您也拥有非常好的，积极的品质，”修女告诉游客，她在巴西南部城市阿雷格雷（Porto Alegre）的退休之家。Canabarro says the secret to her long life is her Catholic religious belief.卡纳巴罗说，她长寿的秘密是她的天主教宗教信仰。Cleber Canabarro is her 84-year-old nephew. He told The Associated Press that Sister Inah was so thin during childhood that many people worried that she would not live to be an adult.克莱伯·卡纳巴罗（Cleber Canabarro）是她84岁的侄子。 他告诉美联社，伊纳（Inah）姐妹在童年时期很瘦，许多人担心她不会成年。Her nephew spends time with her every Saturday. He has been sending her voice messages between visits to help her feel better following two visits to the hospital that left her weak, with difficulty talking.她的侄子每个星期六都花时间与她在一起。 在两次访问后，他一直在访问两次访问后，他一直在访问之间发出声音信息，以帮助她感觉更好，这使她虚弱，这很难说话。“The other sisters say she gets a jolt when she hears my voice,” he said. “She gets excited.”他说：“其他姐妹们说，当她听到我的声音时，她会震动。” “她很兴奋。”LongeviQuest researchers say Canabarro was born on June 8, 1908, to a large family in southern Brazil. But her nephew said her birth was registered two weeks late and she was actually born on May 27.长寿研究人员说，卡纳巴罗（Canabarro）于1908年6月8日出生于巴西南部的一个大家庭。 但是她的侄子说，她的出生时间晚了两个星期，实际上是在5月27日出生的。

In some of the footage researchers have captured, an adult male dabs a wound with a leaf from a plant that's also gathered by local people for medicinal use. Another rather shaky but extraordinary video shows a young female dabbing chewed up plant material onto an injury on her mother's body. This is rare evidence of wild chimps using plants to tend to each other's injuries.在研究人员捕捉到的一些影像中，一只成年雄性黑猩猩用一种植物的一片叶子轻轻擦拭一个伤口。这种植物也是当地人采集的药用植物。在另一段画面十分晃动但非同寻常的视频中，一只年轻的雌性黑猩猩将嚼碎了的植物树叶涂抹在她母亲身上的伤口上。这是野生黑猩猩用植物为彼此疗伤的罕见证据。These animals are some of our closest living relatives. Studying them in the wild gives scientists insight into the origins of our own social behaviour, our communication, and now, how we care for one another.黑猩猩是现存与人类最为接近的亲缘物种之一。在野外研究它们能让科学家深入了解我们人类自身的社会行为和交流方式的起源，以及现在我们关爱他人的方式源自何处。

A new kind of exercise idea is becoming popular in the United States. Social media is bringing attention to “cozy cardio.” It means doing light cardiovascular exercise at home.一种新的运动想法在美国变得越来越流行。 社交媒体正在引起“舒适的有氧运动”的关注。 这意味着在家进行轻型心血管运动。Physical inactivity is a problem in the United States. The most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says 25 percent of Americans reported they had not done any physical activity in the past month.在美国，身体不活动是一个问题。 疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的最新数据说，有25％的美国人报告说，他们在过去一个月没有进行任何体育锻炼。The CDC says that one in two American adults do not get enough cardiovascular exercise. Inactivity can have serious health effects. So, many Americans are looking to develop a new exercise habit.疾病预防控制中心（CDC）说，两分之二的美国成年人没有得到足够的心血管运动。 不活动会产生严重的健康影响。 因此，许多美国人正在寻求培养一种新的运动习惯。“Cozy cardio” has gained popularity as an easy and painless way to increase physical activity levels. This method of calorie burning has gained popularity on TikTok and Instagram ever since a woman named Hope Zuckerbrow began posting videos in late 2022.“舒适的有氧运动”已成为提高体育锻炼水平的一种简单且无痛的方式。 自从一位名叫Hope Zuckerbrow的女性开始在2022年末发布视频以来，这种卡路里燃烧方法就在Tiktok和Instagram上广受欢迎。Cozy cardio involves walking in place by using a small treadmill or “walking pad.”舒适的有氧运动涉及使用小跑步机或“步行垫”来到位。No gym payments are involved.不涉及健身房付款。“I get so many messages from men and women – so many people – saying something along the lines of ‘thank you so much for…flipping my mindset on what I thought exercise is supposed to be,’” Zuckerbrow said. “This feels so doable.”Zuckerbrow说：“我从男人和女人那里收到了很多信息 - 很多人 - 在‘非常感谢您的心中说话……在我认为锻炼应该是的事情上倾听我的心态。’” “这真是太可行了。”Supporters say what is important about “cozy cardio” is the setup.支持者说，“舒适的有氧运动”的重要性是设置。You wear comfortable clothes and organize your environment to your liking. You can light candles, have a healthy drink, or even put on a favorite TV show or movie.您穿舒适的衣服，并组织环境。 您可以点燃蜡烛，喝健康的饮料，甚至可以放上喜欢的电视节目或电影。Alex Montoye of Alma College said, for some people, easy exercise such as “cozy cardio” could help them develop an exercise habit.阿尔玛学院（Alma College）的亚历克斯·蒙托伊（Alex Montoye）说，对于某些人来说，诸如“舒适的有氧运动”之类的简单运动可以帮助他们养成运动习惯。Montoye said for people who would otherwise watch TV while sitting, walking can help them make progress. That is especially true if exercise becomes a habit.蒙托耶说，对于那些坐在坐着电视的人来说，步行可以帮助他们取得进步。 如果运动成为习惯，尤其如此。People struggle to make healthy habits last over time. That is why cozy exercise is such a good idea, said Catherine Sanderson of Amherst College in Massachusetts. She wrote the health book, The Positive Shift: Mastering Mindset to Improve Happiness, Health, and Longevity.人们努力使健康的习惯持续使用。 马萨诸塞州阿默斯特学院的凯瑟琳·桑德森（Catherine Sanderson）说，这就是为什么舒适的运动是一个好主意的原因。 她写了健康书《积极的转变：掌握思维方式》，以改善幸福，健康和寿命。“It fits in with a lot of what we know about how to get people to actually maintain behavior change,” Sanderson said.桑德森说：“这符合我们对如何使人们真正维持行为改变的许多知识。”Along with removing the barriers to exercise, she said, “It very much relies on what psychologists would call positive reinforcement — the idea of, ’It’s not just that I’m exercising…I’m tapping into something I want to be doing already.”她说，除了消除运动障碍之外，“这在很大程度上取决于心理学家所说的积极强化 - '的想法，'不仅是我在锻炼……我正在利用我想做的事情。”As cozy cardio becomes more popular, Zuckerbrow said she hears from people who did not realize they could enjoy easy exercise.随着舒适的有氧运动变得越来越受欢迎，扎克罗说，她听到了那些没有意识到自己可以轻松锻炼的人的消息。Alyssa Royse, owner of Rocket Community Fitness in Seattle, has been mixing workouts at her gym and cozy exercise at home. Some days she turns off the sound on her Peloton exercise bicycle and watches TV because it takes her “brain somewhere else.”西雅图Rocket Community Fitness的所有者Alyssa Royse一直在她的健身房和家里舒适的锻炼中混合锻炼。 有时候，她关闭了Peloton锻炼自行车上的声音，并看电视，因为它使她的“大脑在其他地方”。“Too many people look at exercise as an all-or-nothing thing,” Royse said. “It doesn’t give people room to just be where they are today. And I think that’s incredibly important.”罗伊斯说：“太多的人将运动视为全有或全无的事情。” “这并不能使人们成为今天的位置。我认为这非常重要。”

Health officials in the American state of Alaska have known for nine years about a virus causing rare, mild illness. But a recent case that resulted in a man’s death has brought new attention to what is being called the Alaskapox virus.美国阿拉斯加州的卫生官员已经知道了一种病毒，导致罕见，轻度疾病。 但是，最近导致男人死亡的案件引起了人们对所谓的阿拉斯好病毒的新关注。Here’s some background on the virus:这是有关该病毒的一些背景：Alaskapox belongs to the family of orthopoxviruses that can infect animals and humans. These viruses usually cause lesions, or pox, on the skin. Some are more dangerous than others.阿拉斯泊斯属属于可以感染动物和人类的正质病毒家族。 这些病毒通常会在皮肤上引起病变或痘痘。 有些比其他更危险。Smallpox is the best-known member of the orthopoxvirus family. Others include camelpox, cowpox, horsepox and mpox (formerly known as monkeypox).天花是正托病毒家族中最著名的成员。 其他包括Camelpox，Cowpox，Horsepox和MPOX（以前称为Monkeypox）。Alaskapox was discovered in 2015 in a woman who lived near Fairbanks, Alaska. It mainly has been found in small mammals, including red-backed voles and shrews. But house animals, such as dogs and cats, can carry the virus, health officials say.Alaskapox于2015年在阿拉斯加费尔班克斯附近的一名妇女中发现。 它主要是在小型哺乳动物中发现的，包括红色的田鼠和sh。 卫生官员说，但是狗和猫等房屋动物可以携带病毒。Seven people in Alaska have become infected with it in the last nine years.在过去的九年中，阿拉斯加的七人感染了它。People with Alaskapox have developed one or more bumps on the skin. They also experience joint, or muscle pain and swollen parts of the body called lymph nodes.Alaskapox患者在皮肤上发生了一个或多个肿块。 他们还会经历关节或肌肉疼痛和人体肿胀，称为淋巴结。Nearly all patients had mild sickness that went away after a few weeks. But people with weak immune systems can be at risk of more severe sickness.几乎所有患者的疾病几乎都会在几周后消失。 但是，免疫系统弱的人可能会面临更严重的疾病。Officials believe Alaskapox spreads through contact with infected animals.官员们认为，阿拉斯张通过与感染动物的接触而扩散。There has been no documented case of it spreading from one person to another. But other viruses in the same family can spread when one person comes in contact with another person’s lesions.没有证件从一个人传播到另一个人的情况。 但是，当一个人与另一个人的病变接触时，同一家庭中的其他病毒可能会传播。So, Alaskan health officials are advising anyone with an Alaskapox lesion to cover it with a bandage.因此，阿拉斯加卫生官员正在建议任何患有阿拉斯好病变的人用绷带覆盖它。Alaska health officials say there have been seven people infected with Alaskapox since the virus was discovered. But the latest case represents the first time someone is known to have died from it.阿拉斯加卫生官员说，自从发现该病毒以来，已经有七人感染了阿拉斯加省。 但是最新的案件代表了某人首次死于它。The older man lived on the Kenai Peninsula. He was being treated for cancer and had a suppressed immune system because of the drugs. In September, he found a red sore under his right armpit and saw doctors over the next two months because of tiredness and burning pain. Alaska public health officials said he was hospitalized in November and died last month.年长的男人住在基奈半岛。 他正在接受癌症治疗，并因药物而受到抑制的免疫系统。 9月，他在右腋下发现了红色的痛，由于疲倦和灼痛，在接下来的两个月中看到了医生。 阿拉斯加公共卫生官员说，他于11月住院，上个月去世。The man lived in a forested area away from any town and did not travel. They said he had been repeatedly scratched by a cat that hunted small animals, and one of the scratches was in the area of the man’s armpit, officials said.该男子住在远离任何城镇的森林地区，没有旅行。 他们说，他曾多次被一只猎杀小动物的猫抓挠，其中一只划痕在该人的腋窝区域。Health officials believe that Alaskapox is rare.卫生官员认为，阿拉斯匹诺克斯很少见。That said, wildlife can carry infection risks and should not be kept at home. The best way to keep pets and family members safe is to keep a safe distance and wash your hands after being outdoors.也就是说，野生动植物可以承担感染风险，不应将其保存在家中。 保持宠物和家庭成员安全的最佳方法是保持安全距离并在户外后洗手。

A brain wasting disease called frontotemporal dementia has gained attention after television and film personalities said they suffered from it.电视和电影人物说，一种称为额颞痴呆症的脑部浪费疾病引起了人们的关注。In a statement, caregivers said doctors told talk show host Wendy Williams that she had the unusual form of dementia. It said Williams had undergone many medical tests to identify the condition. Actor Bruce Willis is also reportedly affected by the condition.看护人在一份声明中说，医生告诉脱口秀主持人温迪·威廉姆斯（Wendy Williams），她的痴呆症形式不寻常。 它说，威廉姆斯已经进行了许多医疗测试以识别这种情况。 据报道，演员布鲁斯·威利斯（Bruce Willis）也受到这种情况的影响。Frontotemporal dementia, or FTD, is a rare disease that affects parts of the brain controlling behavior and language. These parts of the brain shrink as the disease gets worse.额颞痴呆或FTD是一种影响大脑控制行为和语言的一部分的罕见疾病。 随着疾病恶化，大脑的这些部分收缩。FTD usually can affect people in their 40s through their early 60s. It can change a person’s personality, causing a loss of control or wild behavior. It is sometimes mistaken for mental health disorders like depression or bipolar disorder. It can take years for doctors to diagnose the condition.FTD通常会影响40多岁的人到60年代初。 它可以改变一个人的个性，导致失去控制或狂野的行为。 有时会误以为是抑郁症或躁郁症等精神健康障碍。 医生可能需要数年的时间才能诊断病情。Brenda Rapp is a scientist at Johns Hopkins University. Rapp described signs of the disease this way: “Maybe you’re doing things that are bothering people and you don’t really understand why they’re bothering people.”布伦达·拉普（Brenda Rapp）是约翰·霍普金斯大学（Johns Hopkins University）的科学家。 拉普以这种方式描述了这种疾病的迹象：“也许您正在做困扰人们的事情，而您并不真正了解他们为什么要困扰人们。”The disease is linked to primary progressive aphasia, which is a condition affecting a person’s ability to communicate. A person with this sort of FTD may have trouble finding words or understanding speech.该疾病与主要的进行性失语症有关，这是影响一个人沟通能力的疾病。 具有这种FTD的人可能难以找到单词或理解语音。Damage to neurons, the brain’s information carriers, is believed to be part of the problem but the root reasons for a case are often unclear. People with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it. But most people with FTD have no family history of dementia.据信神经元的损害是大脑的信息载体，是问题的一部分，但案例的根本原因通常不清楚。 具有这种状况的家族史的人更有可能发展。 但是大多数有FTD的人都没有痴呆症的家族史。There is no cure for FTD, but there are different ways to try to deal with it. People might get speech therapy if they have the kind that affects language. They might get physical therapy to improve movement.FTD无法治愈，但是有不同的方法可以尝试处理它。 如果人们拥有影响语言的那种言语疗法。 他们可能会得到物理疗法以改善运动。Some patients receive antidepressants or drugs for Parkinson’s, a nervous system disease, which has some of the same symptoms as FTD.一些患者接受抗抑郁药或药物的帕金森氏症，这是一种神经系统疾病，其症状与FTD相同。FTD can be a long illness, lasting two to 10 years. People with FTD will need caregiving or nursing support as their symptoms get worse.FTD可能是长期疾病，持续了两到十年。 FTD患者将需要照顾或护理支持，因为症状恶化。“The disease will spread throughout the brain,” Rapp said. “The rate at which it does that is extremely unpredictable. So, it’s very hard to know...how quickly someone will deteriorate.”拉普说：“这种疾病将遍及整个大脑。” “这样做的速度是极其不可预测的。因此，很难知道……有人会多快恶化。”The financial costs for a family can be high. The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that it costs $10,000 a year, on average, in the United States for health and long-term care for a person with dementia.家庭的财务成本可能很高。 阿尔茨海默氏症协会估计，在美国，平均每年的摄入症患者的健康和长期护理费用为每年10,000美元。

The number of marriages in South Korea rose in 2023 for the first time in more than ten years.十多年来，韩国的婚姻数量在2023年首次增加。The increase came after the pandemic which forced some couples to delay marriage plans. But the data did not point to a continued increase in the aging country.大流行迫使一些夫妇推迟婚姻计划之后，这一增加发生了。 但是数据并没有指出衰老国家的持续增加。The small rise in marriages last year comes as its fertility rate continued to decrease. South Korea’s fertility rate, or the average number of children born per woman, is already the world’s lowest. It is falling because women are concerned about their careers, the cost of raising children, or are deciding not to have babies.去年婚姻的较小升高是随着其生育率继续下降。 韩国的生育率或每个女性出生的孩子的平均人数已经是世界上最低的。 之所以下降，是因为妇女担心自己的职业，抚养孩子的成本或决定不生孩子。Government data showed a total of 193,657 couples got married last year. That is up 1.0 percent from 191,690 a year earlier. It is the first increase since 2011.政府数据显示，去年共有193,657对夫妇结婚。 这比去年同期的191,690％增长了1.0％。 这是自2011年以来的首次增长。That compares with a 0.4 percent drop in 2022. That was when South Korea started to ease restrictions on social gatherings put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The restrictions saw the number of marriages decrease 9.8 percent in 2021 and 10.7 percent in 2020.相比之下，2022年下降了0.4％。那时，韩国开始在19日大流行期间开始放松对社交聚会的限制。 限制的婚姻数量在2021年下降了9.8％，在2020年下降了10.7％。The 2023 number of marriages, however, remains well below the 239,159 marriages seen in 2019. And that compares to a yearly number of more than 320,000 recorded 10 years earlier.然而，2023年的婚姻数量远低于2019年的239,159次婚姻。这与10年前记录的年度超过320,000次相比。A government official said that couples delaying marriage was a reason for more marriages in the second half of 2022 and the first half of 2023.一位政府官员说，延迟婚姻的夫妻是2022年下半年和2023年上半年婚姻更多的原因。"In the second half of 2023, however, marriages fell year-on-year, indicating that people who had been delaying marriage due to COVID-19 have now mostly got married," the official told reporters.这位官员告诉记者：“然而，在2023年的下半年，婚姻同比下降，这表明人们延迟了由于19号而延迟婚姻的人现在已经结婚了。”The 2023 increase was also well below the increases seen in nearby China. Marriages in China rose 12.4 percent last year. That happened as more couples got married after delays caused by the pandemic.2023年的增长也远低于附近中国的增长。 去年中国的婚姻增长了12.4％。 发生了大流行造成的延误后，夫妻夫妇结婚了。Most South Koreans say high housing costs are the biggest reason for getting married. Many also see marriage as the first step before having a baby in the Asian country.大多数韩国人说，高住房成本是结婚的最大原因。 许多人还将婚姻视为在亚洲国家生孩子之前的第一步。The Yonhap news agency reported a recent study of 500 South Koreans aged between 19 and 23. It showed that 50.4 percent of those asked did not plan on getting married or having children.Yonhap新闻社报道，最近对500名19至23岁之间的韩国人进行了一项研究。这表明50.4％的人没有打算结婚或生孩子。The government says it will take “extraordinary measure” to deal the low birth rate. Political parties are promising public housing and easier loans for young South Koreans ahead of the April legislative election.政府表示，应采取“非凡措施”来处理低出生率。 政党在4月份的立法选举之前有望为年轻的韩国人提供公共住房和更容易的贷款。Marriages with a foreign national greatly increased for a second year, increasing 18.3 percent to 19,717.与外国国民的婚姻第二年大大增加了，增长了18.3％，达到19,717。

Apologising is one of the first relationship skills we're taught as children. "Say sorry to your friend for stealing his toy", "Apologise to your mother for being so rude!" Children often apologise because they are told to by adults, regardless of whether they mean it, and the recipient is often told to forgive, regardless of whether they feel it. But the skill of making a heartfelt, genuine apology must grow as we become adults if we want to nurture healthy relationships.道歉是我们小时候教授的第一个关系技能之一。 “对您的朋友偷了他的玩具，对不起”，“对您的母亲如此粗鲁道歉！” 孩子们经常道歉，因为成年人告诉他们，无论他们是什么意思，而且接受者经常被告知要原谅，无论他们是否感觉到。 但是，如果我们想培养健康的人际关系，那么随着我们成为成年人，做出衷心，真诚的道歉的技巧必须增长。Dr. Aaron Lazare, psychiatrist and apology expert, says a good apology should have four elements. The first is to acknowledge the offence and admit that you have wronged someone. Next, there's an opportunity to explain what happened, without excusing yourself – in fact, it's sometimes best to simply say, "There's no excuse for my behaviour." The third step is to express remorse and show that you understand how the behaviour has impacted the other person. Lastly, offer to make amends. If the mistake involved physical damage, have it repaired. If it involved emotional pain, promise to be more sensitive in the future.精神科医生兼道歉专家Aaron Lazare博士说，良好的道歉应该有四个要素。 首先是要承认犯罪，并承认您委屈了某人。 接下来，有机会解释发生了什么，而没有为自己辩解 - 实际上，有时最好简单地说：“我的行为没有借口。” 第三步是表达re悔并表明您了解行为如何影响对方。 最后，提出修改。 如果错误涉及身体损害，请修复。 如果涉及情绪痛苦，则承诺将来会更加敏感。Research shows that an apology is more effective when it is more costly to the apologiser, whether that's in terms of money, effort or time. For example, a study called 'Do sincere apologies need to be costly?' found people were more convinced by an apology if the apologiser had to inconvenience themself in order to deliver the apology. For example, if that person made a journey to say sorry, rather than just waiting for the next meetup. A 2025 study called 'Sorries seem to have the harder words', found that people use longer words when apologising than when they're not apologising. It also found that people perceived apologies with longer words as more apologetic than apologies with shorter words.研究表明，道歉对道歉者的成本更高时，无论是在金钱，努力还是时间方面都更加有效。 例如，一项名为“真诚道歉需要昂贵的研究？” 发现，如果道歉者不得不给自己带来不便以进行道歉，人们就会对人们的道歉更有说服力。 例如，如果那个人走了一个抱歉的旅程，而不仅仅是等待下一次聚会。 2025年的一项名为“摩尔利人似乎有更难单词”的研究发现，人们在道歉时使用的单词比没有道歉时使用的单词更长。 它还发现，人们对道歉的态度更长，比用更短的话道歉更为道歉。So, be sincere and own your mistakes, remembering that forgiveness can't be forced – the other person has the freedom to forgive or not to forgive. But what's better: harbouring guilt for the rest of your life, or taking that weight off your shoulders?因此，要真诚并拥有自己的错误，记住不能强迫宽恕 - 另一个人有宽恕或不宽恕的自由。 但是，还有什么更好的是：在您的余生中感到内gui，还是从肩膀上减轻体重？

In 2024, the number of babies born in South Korea increased for the first time in nine years. The change is welcome news for a country that is dealing with serious population problems.2024年，韩国出生的婴儿人数九年来首次增加。 对于一个正在处理严重人口问题的国家来说，这一变化是可喜的消息。South Korea’s statistics agency said recently that 238,300 babies were born last year, an increase of 8,300 from a year earlier.韩国统计局最近表示，去年有238,300名婴儿出生，比去年同期增加了8300名。The agency said the country’s fertility rate — the average number of babies born to each woman in her reproductive years — was 0.75 in 2024, up from 0.72 in 2023.该机构表示，该国的生育率 - 在生殖年中每个妇女出生的婴儿的平均数量 - 2024年为0.75，高于2023年的0.72。The data represents the first time that the yearly number of births has increased since 2015.数据代表自2015年以来每年的出生人数首次增加。Choi Yoon Kyung is an expert with the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Choi told the Associated Press that researchers must wait for more data over the next few years to see if increased births were driven by “structural changes.”Choi Yoon Kyung是韩国儿童保育和教育研究所的专家。 崔告诉美联社，研究人员必须在接下来的几年中等待更多数据，以查看增加的出生是否是由“结构性变化”驱动的。Park Hyun Jung is with the government agency Statistics Korea. Park said the agency believes the rise is partly due to an increase in marriages following postponements of such plans during the COVID-19 pandemic.公园贤荣（Park Hyun Jung）与韩国政府机构统计局一起。 帕克说，该机构认为，这一崛起的部分原因是婚姻推迟在19009年大流行期间婚姻的增加。Park said another reason for the increase is that a growing number of people entered their early 30s. She also noted a government study that shows a small increase in the number of young people hoping to have children after marriage.帕克说，增加的另一个原因是越来越多的人进入了30多岁。 她还指出，一项政府研究表明，希望结婚后生孩子的年轻人数量少了。Official data show South Korea’s fertility rate has been the lowest in the developed world in recent years. In 2022, South Korea was the only country with a fertility rate below one, among members of the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.官方数据显示，韩国的生育率近年来一直是发达国家的最低水平。 2022年，韩国是总部位于巴黎的经济合作与发展组织成员中唯一一个低于生育率的国家。The low fertility rate could threaten South Korea’s economic health. The country, Asia’s fourth largest economy, could face labor shortages and greater spending on public assistance programs. South Korea’s central and local governments have been increasingly offering several support programs to those who give birth to children.低生育率可能威胁到韩国的经济健康。 该国是亚洲第四大经济体，可能面临劳动力短缺和在公共援助计划上的支出。 韩国的中央和地方政府越来越多地向那些生下儿童的人提供几个支持计划。But experts say that it will be difficult to solve the country’s population problems. Many young people say they do not want to have babies. Their reasons include costly housing, low levels of upward social movement, the high costs of raising and educating children, and a culture that requires women to do more of the childcare.但是专家说，解决该国的人口问题将很难。 许多年轻人说他们不想生婴儿。 他们的原因包括昂贵的住房，较低的向上社会运动，养育和教育儿童的高昂成本以及一种要求妇女做更多育儿的文化。Park said that the fertility rate will likely stay on an upward movement at least for another year. But observers say it remains to be seen whether the rate will go back down as post-pandemic marriages even out. The country’s population structure will also change, with a drop in the number of people in their early 30s.帕克说，生育率至少可能会持续一年。 但是观察者说，随着大流行后的婚姻甚至均匀的婚姻，这一比率是否会降低。 该国的人口结构也将发生变化，30多岁的人数减少。Some experts argue that the government should pay more attention to supporting young couples who want to have babies.一些专家认为，政府应该更加关注支持婴儿的年轻夫妇。“There are still people with solid wills to have a family and babies. When we help them realize their hopes, our fertility rate won’t suffer a steep, 45-degree drop,” Choi said.崔说：“仍然有稳固的遗嘱拥有一个家庭和婴儿。当我们帮助他们意识到自己的希望时，我们的生育率不会遭受陡峭的45度下降。”

Prehistoric people may have hunted and killed other members of their own species and eaten them, but probably not for food.史前的人可能已经狩猎并杀死了自己物种的其他成员并食用它们，但可能不是为了食物。That is what a new study written by James Cole of the University of Brighton in England says. Cole says compared to large animals, humans do not provide much food. His study was published in the journal Scientific Reports.这就是英格兰布莱顿大学的詹姆斯·科尔（James Cole）撰写的一项新研究。 科尔说，与大型动物相比，人类没有提供太多食物。 他的研究发表在《科学报告》杂志上。Cole studied nine places where fossils have been found and where researchers have found evidence of cannibalism. Such signs include cutting marks on the bones.科尔研究了发现化石的九个地方，研究人员发现了食人的证据。 这样的迹象包括在骨骼上切割痕迹。Scientists dated the sites to between 14,000 and more than 900,000 years ago. That is the so-called Paleolithic period, also known as the Stone Age.科学家将这些地点的日期约为14,000至90万年前。 那是所谓的旧石器时代，也称为石器时代。Five of the sites had Neanderthal fossils, the remains of earlier human ancestors. Two sites had fossils of prehistoric members of our own species and the others had fossils from much earlier human ancestors.其中五个地点有尼安德特人的化石，这是较早的人类祖先的遗迹。 两个地点有我们自己物种的史前成员的化石，而其他物种的化石是从较早的人类祖先的化石。Cole estimated how many calories each of the bodies at each site had. He used earlier studies that found eating an average-sized modern-day human could provide up to 144,000 calories. He then made his estimates, based on the ages of the bodies at the sites.科尔估计每个地点的每个尸体都有多少卡路里。 他使用了早期的研究，发现一个普通大小的现代人类可以提供多达144,000卡路里的热量。 然后，他根据现场的尸体年龄进行了估计。The researcher found that the hunters would not get as much energy from the humans as they would from one large animal -- like a mammoth, a woolly rhino or a bear. So, Cole asked, why would the early humans hunt and kill their own species?研究人员发现，猎人不会从人类那里得到像从一只大动物那样的能量 - 例如猛mm，羊毛犀牛或熊。 因此，科尔问，为什么早期的人类会狩猎和杀死自己的物种？“You’re dealing with an animal that is as smart as you are, as resourceful as you are, and can fight back in the way you fight them,” Cole noted.科尔指出：“您正在与像自己一样聪明的动物打交道，像您一样足智多谋，可以反击他们的方式。”He says our ancestors may have eaten members of their species who had died because they did not have to be hunted. But he says cannibalism probably took place for reasons other than the need for food. He said it could have happened after times of violence or to defend territory.他说，我们的祖先可能已经吃掉了死亡的物种成员，因为他们不必被猎杀。 但是他说，出于食物的需要，可能是出于其他原因而发生的。 他说，这可能是在暴力或捍卫领土后发生的。Tim White of the University of California, Berkeley and Paola Villa of the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder said they do not know any scientists who believe our ancestors hunted each other for food. In an email, Villa said the new study “does not change our general understanding of human cannibalism.”加州大学，伯克利分校的蒂姆·怀特（Tim White）和博尔德分校博物馆的波拉维拉（Paola Villa）说，他们不认识任何科学家相信我们的祖先互相追捕食物。 维拉在一封电子邮件中说，这项新研究“不会改变我们对人类食人的一般理解”。But Palmira Saladie, of the Catalan Institute for Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution near Barcelona, Spain, said Cole’s study “will undoubtedly be key in the interpretation of new sites (and) the reevaluation of old interpretations.”但是西班牙巴塞罗那附近的加泰罗尼亚人类古生态学与社会进化研究所的帕尔米拉·沙拉（Palmira Saladie）表示，科尔的研究“无疑将是对新地点的解释（和）重新评估旧解释的关键。”In an email, she wrote that, to understand why our ancestors sometimes ate each other, “we still have a long way to go.”她在一封电子邮件中写道，要理解为什么我们的祖先有时会互相吃，“我们还有很长的路要走。”

Evidence of one of the last dinosaurs to live in Africa has been discovered in Morocco.在摩洛哥发现了最后一个居住在非洲的恐龙之一的证据。A fossilized dinosaur jawbone was recovered at a mine, which is about 100 kilometers west of the city of Marrakesh.在马拉喀什市以西约100公里处回收了一个化石的恐龙颚骨。Researchers say the bone belonged to a creature they are calling Chenanisaurus Barbaricus.研究人员说，骨头属于他们称为Chenanisaurus barbaricus的生物。Dinosaurs lived between about 230 and 65 million years ago. Then they died out. Scientists think an asteroid -- a huge rock from space – struck the Earth’s surface 66 million years ago.恐龙的生活在大约230至6500万年前。 然后他们消失了。 科学家认为，一只小行星 - 一块来自太空的巨大岩石 - 在6600万年前袭击了地球的表面。They believe this event led to the disappearance of dinosaurs on our planet. This marked the end of the time period known as the Cretaceous Period.他们认为，这一事件导致恐龙在我们地球上消失。 这标志着被称为白垩纪时期的时间段的终结。Nick Longrich identified the new dinosaur species. Longrich is a paleontologist at the University of Bath. He says what is important about the discovery is that it shows how Africa had its own dinosaurs.尼克·朗里希（Nick Longrich）确定了新的恐龙物种。 朗里希（Longrich）是巴斯大学（University of Bath）的古生物学家。 他说，这一发现重要的是它表明了非洲如何拥有自己的恐龙。"We have a pretty good picture of the dinosaurs from North America for this time period. For example, Triceratops and T. Rex are part of this fauna, this sort of twilight fauna of the last dinosaurs on Earth. But we don't have a good picture of what's going on in the rest of the world and we know almost nothing about the African dinosaurs from this time period."“我们对这一时期的北美恐龙有很好的了解。例如，三角龙和霸王龙是这个动物群的一部分，属于地球上最后的恐龙的暮色动物群。但我们对世界其他地方正在发生的事情没有很好的了解，而且我们对这一时期的非洲恐龙几乎一无所知。”“在这个时期，我们对来自北美的恐龙有很好的了解。Nick Longrich thinks the Chenanisaurus was similar in appearance to the larger Tyrannosaurus Rex, also called T. Rex. But there were differences.尼克·朗里希（Nick Longrich）认为，chenanisaurus的外观与较大的霸王龙相似，也称为T. Rex。 但是有差异。The Chenanisaurus had a shorter snout than the T. Rex. The area around its nose and mouth were not as big.Chenanisaurus的鼻子比T. Rex短。 鼻子和嘴巴周围的区域不那么大。Longrich suspects that the T. Rex probably had feathers like a bird, but the Chenanisaurus did not. He also thinks the Chenanisaurus was less intelligent than the T. Rex because it had a smaller brain.朗里希（Longrich）怀疑雷克斯（T. 他还认为Chenanisaurus比T. Rex聪明，因为它的大脑较小。Longrich said researchers know the fossil comes from a dinosaur bone because of the teeth. Dinosaur teeth are usually serrated, pressured from side to side.朗里希（Longrich）说，研究人员知道，由于牙齿，化石来自恐龙骨。 恐龙的牙齿通常是锯齿状的，一侧到另一侧是压力。In addition, the edges of the teeth were rounded, as if they bit into bone. This suggests that the Chenanisaurus, like the T. Rex, hunted for its food.另外，牙齿的边缘被圆形，好像它们咬在骨头上一样。 这表明，像T. Rex一样，Chenanisaurus狩猎了食物。For Longrich, the fossil discovery in Morocco is evidence for the theory of mass extinction of the dinosaurs.对于朗里希来说，摩洛哥的化石发现是恐龙大规模灭绝理论的证据。"It's interesting to see evidence confirming that dinosaurs remained successful and the fauna stayed pretty stable up until the end of the Cretaceous period in Africa. So I think there is no evidence as far as I'm concerned of a decline in dinosaur diversity approaching the extinction, and if it hadn't been for this asteroid, we'd probably still have dinosaurs here today."“很有趣的是，证据证明恐龙仍然取得成功，而动物群一直保持稳定，直到非洲的白垩纪结束时。因此，我认为没有证据表明，就我关注恐龙多样性的下降而接近灭绝的证据，如果没有这种小争吵，我们可能仍然在这里。”

The method used, known as oral immunotherapy, has already been successful in children and babies with peanut allergies. But it wasn't clear if adult allergies, which are more embedded, could be treated the same way.这个试验所使用的方法被称为口服免疫疗法，这种治疗方法已经在对花生过敏的儿童和婴幼儿中取得了成功。但研究者们尚不清楚的是，对于成年人更加根深蒂固的过敏症来说同样的疗法是否有效。At the start of the small trial, participants were given tiny doses of peanut powder mixed with food. And over many months, the quantities were gradually increased to whole nuts. All this happened under strict medical supervision.在这个小规模试验开始时，受试者被要求服下混在食物中的微量花生粉末。在接下来的数月中，花生粉末的量逐步增加到相当于整颗花生的含量。试验过程始终在严格的医学监督下进行。By the end of the trial, the average dose tolerated had increased by one hundred-fold with patients able to eat out, socialise and travel without worry. This is early research, and larger trials are now needed to find out more about who could benefit from this approach in the long run.到试验结束时，受试者对花生的平均耐受剂量提升了 100 倍，并且可以在外出就餐、社交和旅行时不必再担心出现过敏反应。这是早期的研究结果，而现在研究人员需要进行更大规模的研究来判断哪些人能长期受益于这项治疗方法。

Pretty, sparkly, and really hard to get rid of. Forms of glitter have been used for decoration since at least Aztec times and can be found on ornaments, clothes, greeting cards and cosmetics. However, today's glitter is often made of plastic, and this makes it more dangerous than it appears.漂亮，闪闪发光，真的很难摆脱。 从至少AZTEC时代开始，闪光的形式已被用于装饰，可以在装饰品，衣服，贺卡和化妆品上找到。 但是，今天的闪光通常是由塑料制成的，这使其比看起来更危险。Pieces of glitter are often washed into the water system, and from there into seas and rivers. Here, they become microplastic pollution. Fish often mistake small plastic particles for food and eat them. When something low in the food chain is eaten by predators, they also consume the microplastics left in their prey. If we eat seafood, that includes us. While there are still questions about the impact of this, microplastics have been linked with issues including DNA damage, organ dysfunction and cardiovascular problems. It's been estimated that humans may ingest between 74,000 and 121,000 microplastic particles each year.经常将片闪光从水系统冲入水系统，然后从那里进入海洋和河流。 在这里，它们成为微塑料污染。 鱼经常将小塑料颗粒误认为食物并食用。 当食物链中的食物链中的某些东西被掠食者食用时，他们还消耗了猎物中留下的微塑料。 如果我们吃海鲜，那包括我们。 尽管仍然存在有关此影响的问题，但微塑料与包括DNA损伤，器官功能障碍和心血管问题在内的问题有关。 据估计，人类每年可能摄入74,000至121,000个微塑料颗粒。Glitter only makes up a tiny part of the microplastics found in the ocean, but it can be particularly harmful. Firstly, while most microplastics in marine environments are formed by large pieces of plastic breaking down, glitter is manufactured as a microplastic. It is also made up of several different compounds which can leach toxins into the surrounding environment.闪光只构成了海洋中发现的微塑料的很小一部分，但它可能特别有害。 首先，尽管海洋环境中的大多数微型塑料都是由大量塑料分解而成的，但闪光是作为微型塑料制造的。 它也由几种不同的化合物组成，可以将毒素浸入周围环境中。Additionally, a recent study has suggested that glitter particles can encourage the formation of certain mineral crystals, changing the chemistry of the environment around them. Not only could this affect how sea life produces shells and skeletons, but the crystals can break up the particles further, forming nanoplastics. These are even more likely to be absorbed by marine organisms.此外，最近的一项研究表明，闪光颗粒可以鼓励形成某些矿物晶体，改变周围环境的化学性质。 这不仅会影响海洋生物产生壳和骨骼的方式，而且晶体可以进一步分解颗粒，形成纳米塑料。 这些甚至更有可能被海洋生物吸收。Biodegradable alternatives have been developed, although some studies suggest that these could be just as harmful. Maybe we should just find a different way to make decorations.已经开发了可生物降解的替代方法，尽管一些研究表明这些替代方法可能同样有害。 也许我们应该找到一种制作装饰的不同方法。