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There were a lot of mysterious processes that my team and I have had tounravelover the past two weeks that were implemented by the previous press shop,and so I can commit to a greater access and transparency,which I believe we already have,by ensuring that the 440 journalists whose credentials were revoked will be reinstalled.在过去的两周里，我的团队和我不得不理清许多由前任新闻办公室实施、但十分神秘的流程，因此，我可以承诺提供更大的开放度和透明度，我相信我们现在已经做到了这一点，通过确保那 440 名被撤销采访证的记者都能恢复他们的证件。They will get their credentials if they wish to.We've also, of course, opened up a new seat to new media,and as far as open press events here, if we tell you it's open press, it's open press.只要他们愿意，他们就能取回自己的采访证。当然，我们也为新媒体开放了一个新的席位，至于这里的公开采访活动，如果我们告诉你是开放采访，那它就一定是开放采访。

A new live video platform that builds communities around interactive conversations with leaders and content creators from every subject area, Mark and his colleagues welcome all voices into discussions that are spirited but respectful.一个全新的直播视频平台，围绕与各领域领袖及内容创作者的互动对话来建立社群。Mark 和他的团队欢迎所有声音参与讨论——既充满活力，也保持尊重。They have over 375 million video views, over 36 million watch time hours since the platform began just last year.自平台于去年推出以来，已累积超过3.75 亿次视频观看量，以及 超过 3,600 万小时的观看时长。This is new media in its truest sense allowing the people to ask questions, make comments and be an active part of engagement on the most important issues facing the country and our world.这是真正意义上的“新媒体”——让公众能够直接提问、发表评论，并主动参与到有关国家及世界重大议题的讨论之中。

The study looked at more than 33,000 adults aged 40 to 79 in the UK who walked fewer than 8,000 steps a day. The researchers, from the University of Sydney and the Universidad Europea in Spain, tracked their health over eight years.这项研究分析了英国 33000 多名成年人，他们的年龄在 40 岁到 79 岁之间，每天走路的步数少于 8000 步。来自悉尼大学和西班牙马德里欧洲大学的研究人员在八年间对这些人的健康状况进行了追踪。People who walked in longer stretches had a lower risk of heart problems than those who walked in short bursts. Whether that's because they were fitter to begin with isn't fully clear from the study, but the researchers did try to control for this by taking into account factors such as whether the person smoked, was obese or had high blood pressure.每次走路时间更长的人比多次短距离走路的人出现心脏问题的风险更低。研究并未判明这是否是由于走路时间更长的人原本身体就更健康，但研究人员确实已经尝试了通过把多种因素考虑在内来控制这个变量，比如这个人是否曾吸烟、肥胖或患有高血压。Even among the least active, those who walked under 5,000 steps a day, longer walks appeared to make a difference.即使是在最不活跃的、每天步行少于 5000 步的人当中，进行更长距离的步行也显示出了一定的效果。

If you've ever felt the benefit of a loved one's warm embrace when you're feeling stressed or sad, it might not surprise you that strong relationships can do wonders for your wellbeing. Research over the years has shown that people with strong social ties tend to be healthier, but a 2025 study, published in Brain, Behaviour and Immunity now suggests that it could also slow down the ageing process.如果你曾在压力大或情绪低落时，从挚爱的人温暖拥抱中得到力量，那么你大概不会惊讶：稳固的人际关系对身心健康有奇效。多年来的研究显示，拥有强大社会联系的人往往更健康；而 2025 年发表在《大脑、行为与免疫》上的一项研究更指出，人际关系甚至可能减缓衰老过程。Researchers in the United States came up with a measure called 'cumulative social advantage', which takes into account the benefits of maintaining strong, supportive relationships over time, rather than just newer relationships. They looked at things like support from parents growing up, participation in the community, and ongoing support from friends and family. People who had these things were more likely to have a younger biological age and less inflammation in the body. Co-author of the study, Anthony Ong, says "Think of social connections like a retirement account. The earlier you start investing and the more consistently you contribute, the greater your returns".美国研究人员提出了一个名为“累积社会优势”的指标，它强调的是长期维持稳定且具支持性的人际关系所带来的效益，而不仅仅是新建立的关系。他们考察的因素包括：成长过程中来自父母的支持、参与社区活动的程度，以及来自亲友的持续支持。具备这些条件的人，往往拥有更年轻的生物年龄和更低的身体炎症水平。该研究的合著者安东尼·翁（Anthony Ong）说：“把社交联系当作退休账户。越早开始投资、越持续投入，回报就越大。”So, how are friendships so powerful? Humans have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years as social beings – we're wired for connection. For our ancestors, being part of a group wasn't just about having company, it kept us safe and made it easier to find and share food and raise offspring. And it now appears that these connections affect our bodies on a biological, cellular level.那么，友谊究竟为什么如此强大？人类在数十万年的演化中始终是社会性动物——我们生来就需要连接。对祖先而言，成为群体的一部分不仅意味着有伙伴，更是保护自身安全、寻找食物、分享资源与养育后代的重要方式。而现在看来，这些连接甚至会在生物学与细胞层面影响我们的身体。"While it is always good to make new friends, there is often a greater sense of trust and dependability with people you've known for a longer time," says Hillary Ammon, a clinical psychologist at the Center for Anxiety and Women's Emotional Wellness. Of course, maintaining relationships as we get older can be difficult as people closest to us move away, or prioritise other things. Hillary says not to worry if your friends are newer, as connection is what really matters. A strong network of friends not only adds years to your life, it adds life to your years.“虽然结交新朋友当然很好，但与认识更久的人往往更容易建立深度的信任与可靠感。”来自焦虑与女性情绪健康中心的临床心理学家希拉里·阿蒙（Hillary Ammon）说。当然，随着年龄增长，维持关系变得更困难——朋友可能搬离，或将生活重心转向其他事情。希拉里强调，即便你的朋友比较新，也无需担心，关键是“连接本身”。稳固的友谊网络不仅能延长生命，更能让生命更有质量。

This group of young Iraqis shows how life is slowly returning to normal in Mosul,这群年轻的伊拉克人展示了摩苏尔的生活如何逐渐回归正轨the country's second largest city, which was destroyed by the Islamic State and the war against the terror group.这座伊拉克第二大城市曾被极端组织伊斯兰国及其反恐战争摧毁。These athletes all lost limbs during the fighting, but they did not lose their will to survive and thrive.这些运动员都在战斗中失去了肢体，但他们没有丧失生存和奋斗的意志。And now they play in a volleyball league designed for people with disabilities.现在他们参加了一个专为残障人士设计的排球联赛。I used to lead a normal life, just like everybody else during the Islamic State's occupation.在“伊斯兰国”占领期间，我曾过着和其他人一样的正常生活。One day, our house was bombed and I got wounded and was taken to hospital for about a month. Then I found this volleyball team in Mosul and decided to join them.有一天，我们的房子被炸了，我受了伤，在医院里住了大约一个月。后来我在摩苏尔发现了这支排球队，决定加入他们。Some are with prosthetic legs, others in wheelchairs. The players meet every day at Mosul and a loose hall to train and play in a country struggling on every front.有人装着假肢，有人坐着轮椅。球员们每天在摩苏尔一个简陋的大厅里训练和比赛，而这个国家正面临重重困境。The players credit this private volunteer initiative with providing them a meaning in their lives.球员们认为这项私人志愿活动为他们的生活赋予了意义。I saw my colleagues were playing in this club for free and are very respectful of each other. They have a purpose.我看到同事们在这家俱乐部免费踢球，彼此非常尊重，他们有着明确的目标。I realized I should be like them too and have a purpose. Thank god, everything is going very well, and I can say I'm a good player now.我意识到我也应该像他们一样，有一个目标。谢天谢地，一切都进展得非常顺利，我可以说我现在是个好球员了。In addition to volleyball, the manager of the project says he's working on expanding it to other sports such as table tennis.除了排球，该项目经理表示他正致力于将其扩展到乒乓球等其他运动项目。To make the sports team sustainable in the long run, he said, he needs government support.他说要让体育团队长期可持续发展就需要政府的支持。This is the first team of its kind in the name of our province.这是以本省名义组建的首支此类团队。We will continue to open new centers like this for the disabled, especially those who were impacted by the IS terror group's activities.我们将继续为残疾人开设更多这样的中心，尤其是那些受伊斯兰国恐怖组织活动影响的人。Some players have set their sights on playing larger competitions on a global level.一些选手已将目光投向全球范围内的大型赛事。I hope I can become a better player and play higher level games for the Iraqi national team. If god is willing, I will get there.我希望我能成为一名更出色的球员，为伊拉克国家队参加更高水平的比赛。若蒙天佑，我必能达成所愿。When they had done training for the day, the players have to change in the open on the court.当天训练结束后，球员们只能在球场上露天更衣。Neither the lack of facilities nor their disabilities, however, has discouraged them from attempting to reach their potential.然而，设施的匮乏和自身的残疾都没能阻止他们去挖掘自身的潜力。

We're talking about branding. And in particular, we're looking at one brand. We're looking at the British cycling team, Team Sky, and how, after only two years of racing, they were the most recognised of all the teams on the Tour, the Tour de France.我们今天讨论的是品牌塑造。特别是，我们要讨论一个品牌：英国自行车队——天空车队（Team Sky）。他们在仅仅参加两年比赛后，就成为环法自行车赛中辨识度最高的车队之一。Yeah, so how did that happen, eh, Richard? Well we should say, of course, that they are an incredibly ambitious and successful team. They didn't start until 2010, did they? And they had this amazing aim to create the first British winner of the Tour de France within five years.是啊，所以这是怎么做到的，理查德？当然必须先说，他们是一支雄心勃勃而且非常成功的团队。他们直到 2010 年才成立，对吧？但他们设下了一个惊人的目标：五年内培养出第一位英国籍的环法冠军。Mmm, and they actually achieved it within two.嗯，而他们实际上只用两年就达成了目标。Bradley Wiggins won the Tour de France to become the first British rider in 2012. And then his Sky teammate, Chris Froome, won it the following year. So an amazing achievement for a fairly new company.布拉德利·威金斯在 2012 年赢得环法，成为第一位英国冠军。接着他的队友克里斯·弗鲁姆在次年再次赢得冠军。对一个如此年轻的团队来说，这是了不起的成就。Going back to 2010, the Sky team, they needed to create a brand that would inspire the world's best riders, didn't they? And to get everyone, their partners and the fans behind it, but without ever having won anything.回到 2010 年，天空车队必须打造一个能激励世界顶尖车手的品牌，对吧？他们需要让所有人、合作伙伴和粉丝都支持他们，而当时他们还没赢得任何比赛。The man behind Team Sky, the brains, if you like, Dave Brailsford, he approached a British design company... Antidote. ...called Antidote, and they developed together their idea, and they called it The Line.团队背后的关键人物，说是“大脑”也不为过——戴夫·布莱尔斯福德，他找了一家英国设计公司 —— Antidote。他们一起开发了一个概念，并称之为“那条线”（The Line）。It's been brought to life across everything. The kit, the bikes, the vehicles, the website, the advertising, and the team merchandise. And in fact, it's referred to explicitly in editorials by journalists as well.这个概念被应用在所有地方：队服、赛车、车辆、网站、广告以及队伍周边产品。事实上，甚至记者的专栏文章中也明确提到这个概念。The Sky team, The Line. Exactly.“天空车队，那条线。”没错。So where did they get this idea then for The Line? Well, it was an idea that the graphic design company came up with that developed from the team philosophy, this idea that there's a thin line between winning and losing, between failure and success, between good and great.那么他们从哪得到“那条线”的灵感？——这是设计公司基于团队哲学提出的概念：胜利与失败、成功与挫折、优秀与卓越之间，只有一条非常细微的界线。And Team Sky think it's a fine line that challenges everything that they do. Yes, and now they say, isn't it, we ride the line every day. Yeah.天空车队认为，这条细线是他们所做的一切的挑战。是的，他们现在常说：“我们每天都在那条线上骑行。”没错。I quite like the idea as well that The Line represents the line of cyclists that you see when you watch the Tour de France, when you see the peloton stretched out. I quite like that idea as well.我也很喜欢另外一种解释：那条线代表你在环法比赛中看到的车队长龙，整队车手延伸成一条线。我也很喜欢这种说法。But they took this line, this idea of The Line, the graphic designers, and they put that amazing bright blue strip all the way down the back of the riders against their black shirts.而设计团队将“那条线”视觉化，在车手的黑色队服背后加入了一条非常醒目的亮蓝色线条。And it's extraordinarily striking. Yes, and it's practical as well because obviously that line of blue stands out against the black so the riders can pick each other out more easily during races, as do the fans on the roadsides and those watching on TV.效果极其抢眼。是的，而且很实用，因为亮蓝色在黑色背景上非常突出，车手在比赛中更容易辨认队友，路旁的粉丝和电视观众也能更清楚看到。Yeah, the helicopters. When the helicopter goes over, you can see the Sky train. Exactly.对，尤其是直升机拍摄时——一飞过，你就能看到“天空列车”（Sky train）。没错。And the interesting thing is though, it's not the colours of Sky, they're sponsors either.有趣的是，它甚至不是天空电视台（赞助商）的品牌颜色。It's a completely separate colour that they've developed just for the cycling team. A whole new concept that goes with the team.这是他们专门为车队设计的全新颜色，是一个全新的品牌概念。Well, it's certainly worked, hasn't it, Richard, in creating a strong identity.这一切显然非常成功，不是吗，理查德？成功打造了强烈的品牌识别度。It's certainly a strong, very strong corporate identity. 它的确建立了非常强大的企业识别形象。

Miami beaches have traditionally been a very attractive destination for both tourists and local residents.迈阿密海滩向来是游客和当地居民都十分向往的旅游胜地。But keeping them clean and attractive is a job that often falls to a dedicated group of volunteers that pick up trash under the scorching sun.但让它们保持干净和美观的工作通常落在志愿者肩上，他们顶着烈日捡拾垃圾。You don't want to go and see there in a dirty, trashy beach.你不想去那里看到肮脏的、充满垃圾的海滩。And so for me I want people to experience what the real Miami, the beautiful Miami, right, which is clean water not just for us but also for our wildlife.对我来说，我希望人们能体验真正的迈阿密，美丽的迈阿密，那里有干净的水，这不仅是为了我们，也是为了我们的野生动物。And so that's why I spend most of my time cleaning instead of tanning, which is well, I still get pretty dark.这就是为什么我大部分时间都在打扫卫生而不是晒日光浴，不过呢，我还是晒得挺黑的。Originally from Colombia, Maria Algarra came to Miami from New York,玛丽亚·阿尔加拉原籍哥伦比亚，她从纽约来到迈阿密，got a law degree and started working as a paralegal, spending her weekends cleaning up the beach with some of her friends.获得了法学学位，开始担任律师助理工作，周末则与一些朋友一起清理海滩。Soon Algarra realized working in the fresh air was more fulfilling than dealing with legal contracts in stuffy offices.不久，阿尔加拉意识到在新鲜空气中工作比在闷热的办公室处理法律合同更有成就感。That's when she had the idea of founding the volunteer organization clean this beach up.就在那时，她有了成立志愿者组织的想法，把这个海滩打扫干净。I didn't want to be on a 9-5 working towards something that wasn't inspiring me or my passion.我不想朝九晚五地工作，去追求那些无法激励我或让我提不起热情的东西。So when I was able to find what I really wanted to do which is this, I decided to quit my job and dedicate myself to run clean this beach head full time.当我终于找到自己真正想做的事时，我决定辞职，全身心投入这片海滩的清洁工作。Yet Algarra's family supported her decision to quit a high-paying legal job.阿尔加拉的家人支持她辞掉高薪法律工作的决定。Back in my country, I'm from Colombia. They see picking up trash as you know a job, a dirty job.在我的祖国哥伦比亚，人们认为捡垃圾是脏活。But it's the most rewarding thing ever, and so now they understand that and they feel really proud.但这是最值得做的事，现在他们明白了，他们感到非常自豪。Today dozens of volunteers help Algarra clean the beach, and hundreds more people take part in the events she organizes.今天，几十名志愿者帮助阿尔加拉清理海滩，还有数百人参加了她组织的活动。Together with her team, she's trying to turn cleaning the beaches into something festive.她和团队正努力把清洁海滩变成一件有节日氛围的事情。There's music, snacks and even a collective warm-up before each cleaning session.这里有音乐、零食，甚至在每次清理前集体热身。When I first started doing these kinds of things, I think she was one of the first people I met like this organization.当我刚开始做这类事情时，我想她是我在这个组织中最早结识的人之一。And she was like really nice and like she just like took me in. So I think without her, maybe I would have been just like doing here and there.她人很好，接纳了我。我想如果没有她，我可能就会东一榔头西一棒子地混日子了。But I joined her organization. I've been doing it like almost every week.但我加入了她的组织。我几乎每周都这么做。The group now has over 2,000 volunteers to help pick up trash.该组织目前有超过2000名志愿者帮忙捡垃圾。And so far they've collected over ten thousand kilograms of garbage.到目前为止，他们已经收集了超过一万公斤的垃圾。

We're talking about hashtags. Hashtags for Twitter.我们今天要谈的是标签（hashtag）。Twitter 上使用的标签。I'll stop you right there, Jackie.杰姬，我先打断你一下。You know I don't know hardly anything about Twitter whatsoever, but can you just clarify for me the difference between the hashtag and I've also seen the at symbol used for Twitter.你知道我对 Twitter 几乎一无所知，不过你能不能帮我解释一下 hashtag 和我在 Twitter 上看到的 @ 符号之间的区别？OK. So, the hashtag is basically a way for people to search for tweets that have the same topic or specific theme, whereas the at symbol is followed by the username.好的。Hashtag 基本上是一种让人们搜索同一主题或特定话题推文的方法，而 @ 符号后面则接的是用户名。It's the person's Twitter handle. It's used by a specific user.那是一个人的 Twitter 帐号，也就是某个特定用户使用的标识。Okidoki.好的，明白了。So, if we take the British Council or any other language organisations, learners or teachers of English, if they put in hashtag EFL, then they'll find all the tweets put up by people interested in that topic – English as a foreign language.例如，如果我们以英国文化协会或其他语言机构为例，英语学习者或教师输入 #EFL，他们就能看到所有有关该主题（英语作为外语）的推文。Right, OK. So, it's a bit like just simply Googling a topic.好，明白。所以这有点像直接用 Google 搜索一个主题。Exactly. But if you want to write someone, you'd put at.没错。但如果你想写信给某个人，你就用 @。Right. You're writing directly to that user.对，你是在直接留言给该用户。OK. So, anybody can make up a hashtag then on any topic they want?所以任何人都可以随意创建一个 hashtag，对任何主题都可以吗？Yes.是的。So, what's the issue then with businesses or organisations using the hashtag?那么企业或组织在使用 hashtag 时会遇到什么问题？Well, as we've said, the hashtags are shared, OK? So, if you take the University of Georgia, their hashtag is UGA, OK?如我们之前说过，hashtag 是共享的。比如佐治亚大学，他们的 hashtag 是 UGA。Right.好。Now, the problem is that during the Olympics, UGA was the three-letter code used by... Uganda.问题是，在奥运会期间，UGA 也是乌干达的三字母代码。Exactly.没错。And Twitter decided that all countries with their three-letter code would have a little flag attached to the code. So, it was hashtag UGA with a Ugandan flag.Twitter 决定所有国家的三字母代码都会附上一个小国旗。所以 #UGA 就自动加上了乌干达国旗。Right, OK.好，我知道了。So, the University of Georgia, which is American, their hashtag suddenly had a Ugandan flag attached to it.所以美国的佐治亚大学，他们的 hashtag 突然变成带有乌干达国旗的 #UGA。And people got confused when they were making searches, presumably.而用户在搜索时自然就产生了困惑。Well, exactly.完全正确。So, hashtag GBR for the Great Barrier Reef suddenly had a Union Jack.例如，大堡礁（Great Barrier Reef）的 hashtag #GBR 也突然变成带有英国国旗。For the great British Olympic team.因为英国奥运队的国家代码也是 GBR。Yeah.没错。So, businesses kind of had... you have to be careful that you might have your hashtag hijacked.所以企业必须小心，因为你的 hashtag 可能会被“挟持”。Mmm.嗯。Now, going back to hashtag EFL, right?回到 #EFL 这个例子。Yes. English as a foreign language.对，英语作为外语。Now, the problem there is the Football League in the UK, you're probably aware, has been completely rebranded.问题在于英国的足球联盟（Football League），你可能知道，他们已经完全重新品牌化。Yes.是的。They've got the Premier League but the other teams are in different leagues. They've branded themselves now as the English Football League. With their new logo.除了英超联赛，其他球队组成的联盟现在改名为“英格兰足球联赛”（English Football League），并启用了新的标志。So, they have started a Twitter account. They have a Twitter handle, at EFL.他们开了一个 Twitter 帐号，账号名称是 @EFL。Right.好。But if anyone puts the hashtag EFL, they'll get a mixture of the English Football League and English as a foreign language.但如果有人使用 hashtag #EFL，他们会同时看到英语足球联赛和英语作为外语两方面的内容。Exactly. It's like getting information about goals, like getting information about football rather than phonology.没错——你会看到进球信息，而不是语音学内容。Right, OK.好，我明白了。So, if you're a company, you've got to be very careful about what hashtags you choose for your company.所以，如果你是企业，你必须非常小心选择你的 hashtag。And we certainly can't use hashtag pie for obvious reasons.而我们当然不能用 #pie，这原因显而易见。Yes, exactly. So, businesses, just maybe do a little research before you choose the hashtag that goes with your tweet.没错。因此企业在选择 hashtag 时，最好先做一点研究。

We're talking about computer hacking. So Richard, what exactly do we mean by hacking? Accessing a computer without authorisation.我们今天要谈的是电脑骇客行为。那么，Richard，我们所说的 hacking（骇客行为）到底是什么意思？就是未经授权访问电脑系统。So why is it in the news? Well, there's been a huge attack recently – a DDoS attack.那为什么最近上新闻了呢？因为最近发生了一起大规模攻击——也就是 DDoS 攻击。Hold on, hold on. DDoS? Which is? A Distributed Denial of Service attack. Explain what that means.等一下，DDoS？是什么意思？它是“分布式阻断服务攻击”。你解释一下那是什么吧。We're hosted on a server.我们的网站托管在一台服务器上。Right. It happens to be in Germany.对，这台服务器刚好位于德国。Now, if millions and millions of people throughout the world all typed on their computer to get into our website, it would completely take the website down.如果全世界有成百万上千万的人同时试图访问我们的网站，网站就会完全瘫痪。Because? It can't handle so many people accessing our website at the same time.为什么？因为服务器无法同时处理这么多访问量。So is that a kind of hacking, though?那这算是一种骇客攻击吗？Well, it is the way it was done because, obviously, you can't just get millions of people to attack a website, can you?是的，根据他们的做法来看算是。因为你不可能真的叫到上千万的人同时去攻击一个网站，对吧？No. So what the hackers have done, they created a piece of malware.没错。所以骇客做了什么呢？他们制作了一种恶意软件。OK, OK, that is bad software, isn't it? Yes. We've all, we've heard of viruses and worms, etc.好，好，恶意软件就是坏软件，对吧？对。我们都听说过病毒、蠕虫这些东西。Malware is the generic term. And with this malware, they took control of millions and millions of computers. And those computers then attacked these websites.“Malware” 是所有恶意软件的统称。骇客用这种恶意软件控制了成百万上千万台电脑，再利用这些电脑发起攻击。And who did these computers belong to? Just normal, everyday people?那这些电脑原本是谁的？就是普通人的电脑吗？Well, that's the interesting thing about this attack. When you have this network of bad computers, it's called a botnet.嗯，这次攻击有个很有趣的地方。当你有一大堆被感染的电脑时，这网络叫做“僵尸网络”（botnet）。But the interesting thing about this attack is that they were all, they're called the Internet of Things.而特别之处在于，这次被控制的设备很多属于所谓的“物联网设备”。They're computers like, for instance, controlling fridges or webcams or garage doors.这些设备包括用来控制冰箱、网络摄像头、车库门之类的小型电脑。They're all these little bits of, little computer-like instruments that are throughout the world now. And they took control of these.它们都是一些遍布全球的小型电脑装置，而骇客成功控制了这些装置。How did they take control of things like that?那他们是怎么控制这种设备的？Well, all of these things, they're connected to the Internet. And often people, they have the default username and password, which this piece of software could easily guess.因为这些设备都连着网络，而很多人从来不更改默认的账号和密码，恶意软件很容易就破解了。And that's how it, that's how they did it.他们就是靠这种方式入侵的。So who's doing this, Richard?那到底是谁干的，Richard？A very good question. No one knows.这是个好问题。没人知道。Now then, because it's such a big attack, some people immediately suspected governments, Russia or China.因为攻击规模巨大，有些人马上怀疑是某些政府，例如俄罗斯或中国。Because they're attacking well-known websites, aren't they?因为目标是知名网站，对吧？They were well-known websites based in the US of A. Right.这些都是设在美国的知名网站。没错。So that was why they thought it might have been foreign governments. But then it could also have been even teenage hackers in their bedroom.因此有人认为可能是外国政府所为。但也有可能只是青少年骇客在自己房间操作。And also, there are cyber criminals involved as well.此外，还有网络犯罪分子可能参与。Because cyber criminals harness these, as I mentioned, botnets to blackmail companies.因为网络罪犯会利用这些“僵尸网络”来勒索公司。They say to a company, we are going to attack your company unless you give us lots of money.他们会威胁公司说：“给钱，否则我们就攻击你的网站。”So there are lots of cyber criminals as well.所以网络犯罪分子也非常多。Now, we're a fairly small site, Richard. Are we safe?我们的网站相当小，Richard。我们安全吗？I hope so.我希望如此。But having said that, our website did go down for two hours a couple of days ago. And we're not sure why.但话说回来，我们的网站前几天确实瘫痪了两小时，我们也不知道原因。The first for us.这是我们第一次遇到这种事。So what about you, the listeners? Have you been affected by this denial-of-service attack?那么你呢，正在收听的朋友？你有没有受到这种阻断服务攻击的影响？Have you been hacked at all? Or have you noticed where lots of websites you've tried to access have gone down?你有没有被骇过？或者你有没有注意到，最近很多你想访问的网站都突然打不开？

Kindness is the word that inspired Emmy award-winning filmmakers Kahane Cooperman and John Hoffman to make "The Antidote".“善良”一词启发了荣获艾美奖的电影制作人卡汉·库珀曼和约翰·霍夫曼制作《解药》。The documentary focuses on how American communities across the country are coming together in times of need.这部纪录片聚焦于美国各地社区如何在需要时团结一心。My name is O'connell. I'm Dr O'connell. What do you need? Anything? I need mental health.我叫欧康奈尔。请问你需要什么？什么都行？我需要心理健康。Dr James O'connell, founder of Boston healthcare for the homeless, goes out in the streets to treat homeless people.詹姆斯·欧康奈尔医生是波士顿流浪者医疗中心的创始人，到街上去治疗无家可归的人。In Amarillo, Texas, Russell Lowery-Hart, President of Amarillo College, helps underprivileged students manage their personal lives, thrive academically and escape generational poverty.在德克萨斯州的阿马里洛，阿马里洛学院院长拉塞尔·劳瑞·哈特帮助贫困学生管理个人生活，在学业上取得成功并摆脱代际贫困。At Peter Johansen High School in Modesto California, Sherry Mcintyre teaches a class about religious tolerance and the diversity of faith in America.在加州莫德斯托的彼得·约翰逊高中，雪莉·麦金太尔教授一门关于宗教容忍和美国信仰多样性的课程。We need to protect the rights of the smallest minority, because in doing that we're protecting our own rights.我们需要保护最弱势群体的权利，因为这样做就是在保护我们自己的权利。We can't get too comfortable; we have to stand up for each other. The stories go on and on.我们不能太过安逸，必须互相支持。故事还在继续。We came up with six questions that completely informed our creative process,我们提出了六个问题，完全反映了我们的创作过程，which are how do we raise our children, how do we teach our children,分别是：我们如何养育孩子？我们如何教导孩子？how do we take care of the sick and the dying, how do we live and work together, how do we welcome the stranger and how do we lead.我们如何照顾病人和临终者？我们如何共同生活和工作？我们如何接纳陌生人？我们如何领导他人？Hoffman says the film was made as a counterpoint to the growing political and social divisions in America.霍夫曼说，这部电影是为了对抗美国日益增长的政治分歧和社会分歧。Those stories are all examples of working to write these systemic bonds that we call fundamental on kindnesses.这些故事都是努力书写我们称之为基于善意的系统性纽带的例证。It's you know fundamentally unkind to not have a safe place to sleep; fundamentally unkind to not have access to health care.没有一个安全的地方睡觉，从根本上说是不人道的；无法获得医疗保健，从根本上来说也是不人道的。Racism is fundamentally unkind, homophobia is fundamentally unkind, sexism is fundamentally unkind.种族主义本质上是不友善的，恐同症本质上是不友善的，性别歧视本质上是不友善的。Cooperman says that although the film was made just before the country was ensnarled in the grip of the pandemic, it is relevant today.库珀曼说，尽管这部电影是在美国深陷疫情之前拍摄的，但它在今天仍有现实意义。More relevant perhaps than when we even started. Certainly with COVID, it was about communities coming together.甚至比我们刚开始的时候更有意义。尤其是在新冠疫情期间，关键在于社区团结起来。Such as how communities in Anchorage Alaska are welcoming African refugees, or how elderly communities in Portland Oregon are caring for children in foster care.比如阿拉斯加安克雷奇的社区接纳非洲难民，俄勒冈州波特兰市的老年社区照顾寄养儿童。The filmmakers hope the documentary inspires people to reach out to one another and to feed the force of good rather than found the flames of hatred and divisiveness.电影制作人希望这部纪录片能激励人们相互伸出援手，弘扬善的力量，而非煽动仇恨与分裂的火焰。

We're talking about Airbnb. What is Airbnb? Well, Airbnb is an online community marketplace for holiday rentals. It connects people with rooms to share with people who need a place to stay.我们今天要谈的是 Airbnb。什么是 Airbnb？嗯，Airbnb 是一个线上社区型的短租市场平台。它把有空房可分享的人与需要住宿的人连接起来。Right, so Airbnb has really taken off recently, hasn't it? Yes. June 2015, the company was priced at $25.5 billion. Wow.是的，Airbnb 最近真的发展得很快，不是吗？是的。2015 年 6 月，这家公司估值达到 255 亿美元。哇。I know, and ranked the third most valuable start-up business in the world. Hmm, so how many properties do they have on their books then?我知道，它被评为全球第三有价值的创业公司。嗯，那他们的平台上到底有多少房源呢？Over 2 million listings, Richard, in more than 190 countries. So it's truly worldwide.超过 200 万条房源，Richard，分布在 190 多个国家。可以说是真正的全球化。Yeah, over 65 million people have used it already. And counting. Exactly.是的，已有超过 6500 万人使用过它，而且数字还在持续上涨。确实如此。And it's mainly in cities, isn't it? And I think it's come up with a few problems though recently.而且它主要集中在城市，对吧？不过我觉得最近也出现了一些问题。Yeah. For this podcast, we're going to look at some concerns that city authorities have on the Airbnb business.是的。今天的播客里，我们会探讨一些城市管理当局对 Airbnb 所提出的担忧。I can imagine the first one is a lot of these people renting out their rooms. They're not declaring their tax, are they?我可以想象，第一个问题就是很多人把房间出租出去，但并没有申报纳税，对吧？Yeah, the illegality issue, of course, is probably number one. Landlords don't always register their property or pay taxes on their income.是的，违法问题当然是首要的。房东并不总是登记他们的房产，也不一定会为他们的租金收入缴税。In New York, it's illegal to sublet a room for fewer than 30 days if you aren't actually living there. But, of course, people will though, won't they?在纽约，如果房东本人不住在房子里，那么把房间出租少于 30 天是违法的。但当然，人们还是会这么做，对吧？Yeah, and in Barcelona, any flat rented to tourists must be registered with the Catalan Tourist Board. And local laws also prohibit renting out rooms in private residencies.是的，而在巴塞罗那，任何出租给游客的公寓都必须向加泰罗尼亚旅游局登记。此外，当地法律也禁止在私人住所中出租房间。Hmm, I think that's the big thing, isn't it?嗯，我想这就是最大的问题，对吧？Yeah, that's not happening either. So, the city recently fined Airbnb 30,000 euros because the properties listed were not legal.是的，但这些规定也没有真正落实。所以，这座城市最近对 Airbnb 罚款了 3 万欧元，因为平台上列出的许多房源都是违法的。Hmm. Another problem, Richard, that cities have, as a result of Airbnb's popularity, there are fewer rental properties for local people and rates have increased.嗯。Richard，另一个问题是，因 Airbnb 的流行，当地居民可租的房源变少，租金也上涨了。So that the local people are getting priced out of the market.导致当地人被迫离开原本能负担得起的社区。Yeah, landlords have quickly realised that they can make more money by renting their apartments to tourists.是的，房东很快意识到，把房子租给游客可以赚更多钱。Short-term rather than the long-term, Brett.相比长期租客，短租更赚钱，Brett。Exactly, exactly. So, many urban neighbourhoods, for example, New Orleans, right, they have become fun, cheap places to stay in if you're a tourist, but an unaffordable area for people who used to live there.完全正确。例如许多城市社区，比如新奥尔良，已经变成游客觉得好玩又便宜的住宿地，但对于原本住在那里的人来说却变得负担不起。Hmm. So, what are cities doing about that then?嗯。那么城市在对此采取什么措施呢？Well, good question. Another city, Berlin, they reckon that private online bookings represent an additional 6.1 million overnight stays a year.好问题。以柏林为例，他们估计私人在线预订每年增加 610 万个过夜量。Wow.哇。So, in an effort to keep housing affordable for local people, the city has passed a new law. Landlords are now limited to renting out only rooms.因此，为了保持住房对当地居民的可负担性，这座城市通过了新法令。房东现在只能出租单个房间。It's no longer possible for landlords to rent out whole apartments.房东不再能出租整套公寓。Well, let's see if that makes a difference then.好吧，那就看看这会不会带来改变。Right, so all these people coming into the city, it must put a lot of pressure on the infrastructure as well.是的，这么多人涌进城市，也必然给基础设施带来很大压力。Another good point, Richard. If you take Iceland, it's only got a population of 335,000, right?你提得很好，Richard。以冰岛为例，它的人口只有 33.5 万，对吧？Most of them in Reykjavik, yes, the capital.大多数集中在雷克雅未克，也就是首都。Exactly. Now, 2016 saw 1.6 million tourists.没错。而在 2016 年，冰岛接待了 160 万名游客。Wow, that's a lot of people descending on a small town.哇，那对这么小的城市来说实在太多人了。Yeah, and unsurprisingly, the number of Airbnb properties has risen, especially in the capital, Reykjavik, where most tourists stay.是的，不意外地，Airbnb 的房源也大幅增加，特别是在游客最集中的雷克雅未克。So, what's the problem there then?那那里出现了什么问题呢？Well, the Icelandic Tourist Board doesn't want Reykjavik to become a city centre devoid of citizens, right?冰岛旅游局不希望雷克雅未克的市中心变成没有居民的地方，对吧？And also, the lack of infrastructure on the island is a concern, particularly lack of public toilets and parking facilities and things like that.此外，岛上的基础设施不足也是个问题，尤其是缺乏公共厕所、停车设施等。So, what are they doing about it then?那他们对此采取什么措施呢？Now, a special licence is needed for any apartment rented out for more than 90 days a year, and these are going to be tightly controlled.现在，凡是一年出租超过 90 天的公寓，都必须取得特别许可证，而且管控会非常严格。Interestingly though, if you have a flat in an apartment block and you want to rent out the flat or a room there, you have to have approval from the other residents in the building before you can advertise on Airbnb.有趣的是，如果你住在一栋公寓楼里，想把整间或部分房间出租，你必须先得到楼里其他住户的同意，才能在 Airbnb 上

About a change he has made in his career.关于他在职业生涯中做出的一个改变。OK Jonny, what did you used to do?好的，Jonny，你以前是做什么的？I used to work in financial services and we found hedge fund managers and determined what their characteristics were and then we found institutional investors who would be interested in investing in those particular funds with those particular characteristics and we would try and match them up, arrange meetings and road shows and hopefully they would invest in the funds that we presented to them.我以前在金融服务业工作，我们会寻找对冲基金经理，判断他们基金的特性，然后再找出愿意投资具有这些特性基金的机构投资者，把双方撮合起来，安排会面和路演，希望投资者能投资我们推荐的基金。How long did you do that for?你做这份工作做了多久？We set up the business in 2004, so it's been going now for a dozen years.我们在2004年创立了这家公司，到现在已经有十二年左右了。Yeah, OK, well over ten years. OK Jonny, so that's not what you do now. What do you do now?是的，超过十年了。好，Jonny，但你现在已经不是做这个的了。那你现在是做什么？A completely different career.一个完全不同的职业。So I'm now very interested in the built heritage, so historic buildings and particularly the aspects of their history and restoring them.我现在对建筑遗产很感兴趣，也就是历史建筑，尤其是它们的历史面向和修复工作。In Britain?在英国吗？It's all in Britain, yes.是的，全都在英国。Right, so that is completely different.好吧，那真的是完全不同的工作了。So obviously my next question is going to be, what on earth, what prompted you to make such a career change, to go from finance basically to buildings, architecture? What happened?我接下来的问题显然是：究竟是什么促使你做出这么大的职业转变，从金融转到建筑和修复？发生了什么？I had always been interested in buildings and older buildings and architecture, but with a young family and the needs of all the finance, I worked in what I considered to be a conventional career first and it was really only with the departure of my children and feeling that I was free once again, that I made the formal transition into the built heritage environment.我一直对建筑、老建筑和建筑学感兴趣，但因为那时我有年幼的家庭，需要经济稳定，我选择了较为传统的职业。直到孩子们长大离家，我感觉自己重新获得自由，才正式转向建筑遗产领域。I'd been doing that same job, having set up the business for nearly ten years and so I'd learnt an enormous amount and it had been great fun, but the challenge and the interest of the variety was no longer there. It had waned.我创立那家公司并从事同样的工作将近十年，也学到了很多，也觉得很有趣，但其中的挑战和多样性已经不再，兴趣也逐渐减弱。Absolutely, and I've always been very interested in new things and in, if you like, mental stimulation of a new environment and learning additional skills.确实如此，而且我一直对新事物感兴趣，也喜欢在新的环境中得到心智上的刺激，并学习新的技能。So what are you actually doing then? How has this new career manifested itself?那你现在具体在做什么呢？你的新职业具体表现是什么？Okay, well I felt that I ought to do some formal training associated with the new career rather than just leap in repairing buildings and in particular I've been doing a Masters in Building History at Cambridge University.我觉得自己应该接受一些与新职业相关的正式训练，而不是直接跳进去修建筑。于是我在剑桥大学攻读了建筑历史的硕士学位。So back to school?所以你回到学校了？Absolutely, so yes, I was easily the oldest person on the course and I found it hugely enjoyable and I found that my previous business experience has actually been very useful.完全是的，我几乎是班里年纪最大的人，但我觉得非常享受。而且我发现自己之前的商业经验其实非常有用。People, you know, frankly they're very passionate about buildings but maybe they don't think about them in a conventional business and commercial way.坦白说，很多人对建筑非常有热情，但他们可能不会从传统的商业或商业化角度去思考它们。What would you say to anybody listening who they would like to, you know, maybe do something different? What would you say to those people?那你会对那些想尝试一些不同事物的人说些什么？你有什么建议？I think you really should be much more confident about the strength of your own passions overcoming hurdles and obstacles.我认为你应该更有信心，相信自己的激情有力量去克服各种障碍。Actually, if you're interested and you can convert your previous experience into a new area, I think you bring so much more.事实上，如果你有兴趣，并能把过去的经验转化到一个新的领域，你能带来更多价值。Really just seize your passions with confidence and enjoy the new challenges.真正要做的就是带着自信抓住你的热情，享受新的挑战。Seize your passions.抓住你的热情。Yes.是的。Fantastic. 太棒了。

We're returning to the topic of automation. Now last podcast we talked about how jobs were affected more in the manufacturing area, wasn't it Richard? Yes, we were talking about the production line and machines doing repetitive jobs in factories, weren't we?我们回到自动化这个话题。上期播客我们讨论了自动化对制造业的影响，对吧，Richard？是的，我们当时谈的是生产线，以及机器在工厂里如何执行重复性工作，对吗？Yes, and now we want to have a little look at the future and how businesses and jobs are going to be affected. The big change, in the past, machines did jobs in the manufacturing sector.没错，而现在我们想看看未来商业和工作将如何受到影响。最大的变化是：过去机器主要替代的是制造业的工作。It looks now as if the future, it will be the service sector jobs that are going to be lost. Can you give an example? Well, driverless taxi cabs. They're going to have taxis with no drivers going around the cities and this is actually happening now.而现在看来，未来将失去的将是服务业的工作。你能举例吗？比如无人驾驶出租车。未来城市里会有没有司机的出租车四处行驶，而这件事现在已经在发生。For instance, in Australia, we've got huge mines and they have the robots doing all the drilling. They've got driverless trucks and driverless trains. So there's hardly anyone in the mine at all.例如在澳大利亚，他们的大型矿区已经用机器人进行所有钻探工作。他们有无人驾驶卡车和无人驾驶火车。因此矿区几乎看不到人。So in the near future, more regular driving jobs could be lost. Yes, but also more interestingly is that even today, 30% of time spent in the workplace in the United States is spent collecting and processing data. And so therefore, a lot of jobs in the insurance industry, the finance industry, they could be in jeopardy.所以在不久的将来，更多传统驾驶类工作可能会消失。是的，但更有趣的是，即使在今天，美国职场中有 30% 的时间都花在数据收集和处理上。因此，保险业、金融业的许多岗位都可能面临风险。OK, I can understand that because they receive lots of data. I mean, not unlike playing chess or something. And then they have to decide what's the best thing to do.好的，我能理解，因为他们处理大量数据。这有点像下棋，需要分析，再决定最佳行动。But robots can do that. Exactly. The computers can do the number crunching and come out with the answers.但机器人可以做到这一点。没错，电脑可以进行大量计算，并给出答案。Right. Yes, so that means that we have computers now in insurance industries calculating credit scores and even managing stock portfolios. So when we have the situation of blue-collar jobs disappearing, we've now got, you know, the future is almost that white-collar jobs are disappearing.是的，这意味着如今保险行业已经有电脑在计算信用评分，甚至管理股票投资组合。所以，过去是蓝领工作在消失，而未来几乎是白领工作也开始消失。It's often a lot of the highly-paid jobs are just as much at risk as the low-paid jobs. Can you give an example, though, Richard, of jobs that won't be affected by automation? Yes.很多高薪工作面临的风险并不比低薪工作小。那么你能举例说明哪些工作不会被自动化取代吗，Richard？可以。The things that machines can't do very well require a high degree of flexibility and physical adaptability and human interaction. And creativity. Exactly.那些机器不擅长的工作需要高度灵活性、身体适应性，以及人与人之间的互动。还有创造力。没错。So the jobs that shouldn't be at risk are in health care, dentists, doctors, surgeons.因此不会太受影响的工作包括医疗领域：牙医、医生、外科医生。Teachers. And also in the education industry, teachers, social workers, psychologists, those sorts of things.教师。还有教育行业中的教师、社会工作者、心理学家等等。Right. OK. Oh, good news for us then. Yes.好的。那么这对我们来说是个好消息。是的。Yes. So the nature of work is changing, isn't it? A lot of jobs are disappearing. So it's very important for people, therefore, possibly to be retrained.没错。工作的性质正在改变，不是吗？许多岗位正在消失。因此，人们可能需要重新培训，这非常重要。So what about you, the listener? Are you worried about losing your job because of automation? Are you thinking aboutretraining? Or perhaps even you're doing a job caused by automation. We'd love to hear from you.那么你呢，听众朋友？你会担心因为自动化而失去工作吗？你是否考虑过重新培训？或者你现在的工作就是因自动化而产生的？我们很想听听你的想法。

Now, we've already had a podcast about computer hacking，we're talking about a different kind of cybercrime, ransomware. Richard, what is ransomware? Well, it's a specific type of malware that blocks access to a computer and then demands money to release that computer. Oh, you mean like a ransom? It is a ransom, yes.我们之前做过一期关于电脑黑客的播客，但今天我们要讨论另一种网络犯罪——勒索软件。Richard，什么是勒索软件？嗯，它是一种特定的恶意软件，会阻止你访问电脑，然后要求付钱才能解锁。哦，就像是勒索？没错，就是勒索。And it's in the news at the moment because? A lot of big companies have been hit with a latest piece of software. And basically they can't work unless they pay money. Yes, unless you've got a backup, of course.那它最近为什么上新闻呢？因为很多大公司都被最新的这款软件攻击了。基本上，他们付钱之前什么也做不了。是的，除非你有备份。Right, okay. How does it work, Richard? How does ransomware work? Well, to get it on your computer, you have to open often an email that has an infected Word document or PDF. And then once you've opened that document, it's on your computer, and then it can spread to other computers on your network.好，那它是怎么运作的呢，Richard？勒索软件到底如何运行？通常，你需要打开一封包含受感染 Word 文档或 PDF 的邮件。一旦你打开了那个文档，它就进入你的电脑，然后可以扩散到你网络中的其他电脑。If you're in a big company, it can go through the network very quickly. So you get it on your computer, right? Then what happens? Well, once it's on your computer, it encrypts all the files on that computer. Which means you can't access them? You can't.如果你是在一家大公司，它会非常迅速地在网络中传播。所以感染进入你的电脑后，会发生什么？它会加密你电脑上的所有文件。也就是说，你无法访问了？完全无法。And a message pops up asking for payment to decrypt your computer and instructions on how to pay. And it threatens to destroy all the data on your computer if you don't pay, often within a time limit. And so what kind of amounts are they asking for? Not huge amounts per computer.然后屏幕上会弹出一个消息，要求你付钱才能解密你的电脑，并告诉你如何付款。如果你不付钱，它会威胁要销毁你电脑中的所有数据，通常还会设定时间限制。他们一般索要多少钱？对每台电脑来说不算很高。This latest attack was $300. Right. And it's always, the problem is, of course, the payment is by Bitcoin.最近一次攻击的金额是 300 美元。对。而麻烦的是，他们总是要求用比特币支付。Oh, no. Okay, we did another podcast all about Bitcoins. So that's the cyber currency.哦，不会吧。我们之前还做过一期关于比特币的播客。那是一种网络货币。Yes. So presumably difficult to trace. Well, because I was going to ask you, Richard, who's behind it? Well, exactly.对。所以 presumably 就很难追踪。其实我正想问你，Richard，到底是谁在背后操控这些？没错，这正是问题所在。No one knows. If anyone does pay up, they are instructed to pay with Bitcoin, which is notoriously difficult to trace. However, because this latest attack was so widespread, there are a lot of people working on it to trace these guys.没人知道。如果有人付钱，他们会被要求用比特币付款，而比特币出了名地难以追踪。不过，由于最近这次攻击范围很广，已经有很多专业人员在试图追查幕后黑手。Okay. So what can people do about this? Is there some kind of defense? Very, very simple. Keep your computer up to date with the latest software.那人们能做些什么？有没有防御方法？非常简单：保持你的电脑软件是最新版本。Oh, really? Yes. Okay. So in Britain, right, the NHS, a huge institution, was affected by this ransomware.哦，真的吗？是的。好，那英国的 NHS（国家医疗体系）这么大的机构也受到了攻击？Are you telling me they just simply weren't keeping up to date with the latest software? Yes. This particular piece of malware uses a vulnerability in Windows computers, which has been known about since April. Microsoft issued a patch, but not everyone patched their software, including the NHS, Telefonica in Spain, and a number of other big companies.你是说他们只是没有更新软件？没错。这款恶意软件利用了 Windows 的一个漏洞，这个漏洞从四月起就已经被公开了。微软也发布了补丁，但不是每个人都更新了，包括 NHS、西班牙的 Telefónica，以及许多其他大公司。So basic just human error, really, people too busy or not realizing the importance? Well, some of these corporate systems are enormous, so it's very difficult to keep them all up to date.所以基本就是人为疏忽，人太忙或不了解其重要性？嗯，其中一些大型机构的系统庞大得惊人，要全部保持最新确实非常困难。Well, ransomware is the big thing in the news at the moment, Richard, but as far as business is concerned, it's not a one-off, is it? It certainly isn't. In a recent survey by a computer security firm, they found that 50% of businesses in the UK have been targeted by ransomware in the last year alone.现在勒索软件正是新闻热点，Richard，但对于企业而言，这并不是偶发事件，对吧？当然不是。某家计算机安全公司最近的调查显示，仅过去一年，英国有 50% 的企业都曾成为勒索软件攻击的目标。But are you really saying that all people need to do is to keep up to date with their software? Yes, it's as simple as that. These vulnerabilities in computer software are found all the time, and then the manufacturers release a patch, make sure you have your software completely up to date at all times, and then you'll be safe.但你真的是在说，人们所需要做的只是保持软件更新吗？是的，就这么简单。电脑软件中的漏洞一直在被发现，而厂商也会不断发布补丁。确保你的软件始终保持最新，你就能安全。

It's becoming more and more popular to take a pet to work. We're looking at the advantages and disadvantages of pets at work. Now, you say pets, it's mainly dogs though, isn't it? Yes, yes.带宠物上班变得越来越流行。我们今天来看一下宠物在工作场所的利与弊。你说宠物，其实主要是指狗，对吧？是的，是的。Now, Nestlé's corporate headquarters in Gatwick, Richard, they've allowed dogs to come to work for a couple of years now, okay? The dogs aren't working, though. No, the dogs aren't working. And they claim three key benefits.现在，说到雀巢在盖特威克的公司总部，Richard，他们允许员工带狗上班已经有好几年了。狗当然不是来“上班”的。对，狗并不会工作。他们认为这带来了三个主要好处。Oh, right. Can you guess what those could be? Well, I think with dogs, the overall feeling in the office is maybe more relaxed, it relaxes the workforce. Yep, yep.哦，好的。你能猜到是什么吗？嗯，我觉得有狗在办公室，整体气氛会更轻松，有助于让员工放松。嗯，对。They say people are seen to be friendlier. Hmm, I can see that. Yeah, and more approachable if there's a dog present in the office.他们说，有狗在办公室时，人们看起来会更友善。嗯，我能理解。是的，而且也更容易接近。Hmm. Okay, something else? Friendlier but also maybe calms people down, they give the animals a stroke, something like that. So it lowers the heart rate.嗯。好，还有别的吗？更友好之外，可能还能让人冷静下来，比如摸摸狗之类的行为，会降低心率。Yeah, it does. Well done, Richard. They say the dogs lower stress.对，确实如此。说得好，Richard。他们说狗能减轻压力。Lower stress, exactly. That's what I was thinking. So yeah, lower heart rate and lower blood pressure.减轻压力，对，就是这个。我刚刚也在想。所以，心率更低，血压也更低。And also those who work on their own feel less lonely. Okay, yep, that's true. They say what happens is that someone will go up to someone who's got a dog ride, and they'll say, you know, can I take your dog for a walk? So they have these kind of brief positive exchanges with people they would not normally speak to.此外，那些独自工作的人会觉得没那么孤单。好的，是的，这是真的。他们说经常会有人走到养狗的同事身边，问能不能带狗出去散步？于是就会有一些简短但积极的互动，而这些人平时可能根本不会交谈。Right, yes, yes, I can see that. Now that's all well and good, Jackie, but also I can see a few negative things in the background. For a start, well, two things, the dogs not getting on with each other.好，是的，我能理解。但这些都是优点，Jackie。不过我也能想到一些潜在的缺点。首先，有两点，比如狗之间可能相处不好。Yes, okay, that's one thing that they've taken into consideration. They say that there's a three-month probationary period. Okay, so the dogs have to kind of pass the test.是的，他们确实考虑到了这一点。他们设定了三个月的试用期。也就是说狗必须通过这个“测试”。So if they don't get on with the other dogs, after a while, they're not allowed to come. And productivity. I know I've been in an office where people smoke, and people go out for a cigarette for five minutes, and they're gone for half an hour.如果一段时间后它和别的狗相处不好，那就不能再来了。还有生产力问题。我以前在某个办公室，人们说出去抽五分钟烟，结果半小时才回来。With dogs, maybe people have to take them out to do their business, and maybe they've gone for a walk for half an hour or even longer.带狗上班的话，人们可能要带它们出去“方便”，结果可能也是半小时甚至更久。Yeah, but I think they'll be at lunchtime, Richard. But also, you see, linked to that, people are doing more exercise because they're taking the dog for a walk.是的，但我想这些通常会在午餐时间进行，Richard。而且你看，从另一个角度讲，人们因为带狗散步反而运动更多了。Yes, I suppose so. And also, what about the smell or people who are allergic to dogs?嗯，我想也是。不过，那味道怎么办？还有对狗过敏的人呢？Very good point. They have considered all of these things, Richard, and there are areas where the dogs are not allowed to go.提得很好。他们也考虑到了这些问题，Richard，所以办公室里有一些区域是禁止狗进入的。There are specific no-go areas. But they're loose in other places? Yeah, loose in certain areas, yeah. But they're under control, Richard.有专门的禁入区域。那在其他地方就自由活动？是的，在一些区域可以自由活动。但仍然在控制范围内，Richard。They wouldn't be our dogs then, that's for sure. Oh, come on. You see, all she would do is sleep all day underneath the chair, which is where she is right now.那就绝对不是我们的狗了。哎呀，别这样。你知道她一整天都会在椅子底下睡觉，就像现在一样。Right, okay, I suppose so, yes. And Betty wouldn't pass, so she wouldn't be able to go.好吧，我想也是。而 Betty 肯定通不过试用期，所以她不能来。Yes, well, you've almost sold me on that, but I have to say I'm still a little bit... I'm not so sure.是的，你差不多说服我了，但我还是有点……不太肯定。I'd like to experience it first. Well, you're right, Richard. There were certainly plenty of reservations before they started to do this, right? How long have they been going now? For a couple of years now.我想先亲身体验一下。你说得没错，Richard。他们刚开始实施的时候也确实顾虑重重。那他们实行多久了？已经好几年了。But now when they ask staff how they feel about it, they are overwhelmingly positive about the experience and the staff are very happy, including people who said that they were allergic to dogs themselves.但现在，当他们询问员工的感受时，大家的反馈几乎全是正面的，员工都非常满意，包括那些自称对狗过敏的人。Well, that's fantastic. Well, we certainly allow dogs in our office and we shall continue to do that as well.太好了。那我们办公室当然也要继续允许带狗上班.

We have the first of two podcasts on automation. Now automation, it's got a kind of a scary sound to it, Richard, but it's been going on for some time, hasn't it?我们今天有两期关于自动化的播客，这是第一期。自动化这个词听起来有点吓人，Richard，但它其实已经存在很久了，对吧？Yes, robots replacing humans. It really started with the first industrial revolution in the 1700s.是的，机器人取代人类。这实际上始于18世纪的第一次工业革命。OK. Which was when people started using steam to replace basically the muscles of people. OK, can you give an example? We're talking about manufacturing.没错，那时候人们开始用蒸汽动力来取代人的体力。你能举个例子吗？我们说的是制造业方面。Yes, the inventions of things called the spinning jenny and the flying shuttle. So we're talking about the cloth and the cotton mills, Richard. Exactly, yes.当然，比如“珍妮纺纱机”和“飞梭”等发明。所以我们说的是布料和棉纺工厂，Richard。没错，就是这些。And following on from that, we come to the second industrial revolution, which was all about using electrical power for mass production. And we often think of in the early 20th century, the production of the Model T Ford motorcar, for instance, the assembly line.接着就是第二次工业革命，它主要是利用电力进行大规模生产。我们常会想到20世纪初的例子，比如福特T型车的生产，也就是装配线。Now then we come to the third industrial revolution, and that's more modern using electronics and information technology to automate production.之后就是第三次工业革命，更现代一些，利用电子技术和信息技术实现生产自动化。OK, can you just give an example of that? Well, it's getting machines to do the repetitive jobs like involved in packing and again in manufacturing.你能举个例子吗？就是让机器来完成重复性工作，比如包装，或者制造业中的重复工序。OK, so again, you could take the car industry, lots of those robots with those hands coming out, putting all the...比如汽车行业，那些带着机械手臂的机器人在操作，把所有的——The rivets and screws in, yes. And painting the cars as well.铆钉和螺丝装上去，对，还有给汽车喷漆。All those things. OK, so where are we now then, Richard? Well, we're continuing with that. And actually, we talk about a lot of jobs being lost to these automated processes.所有这些工作都是机器人在做。那么现在我们处于哪个阶段呢，Richard？我们还在延续这种趋势。实际上，我们常常讨论许多工作正在被自动化流程取代。But they think in the near future and now, 90% of jobs in the garment and footwear industries in Cambodia and Vietnam are at risk of an automated assembly line, so-called so-bots.但他们认为，在不久的将来，甚至现在，柬埔寨和越南的服装和鞋类行业中有90%的工作，都可能被自动化流水线取代，也就是所谓的“缝纫机器人（sew-bots）”。OK. What on earth is a so-bot? Well, a robot that does the sewing.什么是“缝纫机器人”？就是能够进行缝纫的机器人。So they're making the shoes. Oh, the robots can make shoes? They can make shoes from start to finish now. And in fact, those jobs were outsourced to Southeast Asia.所以它们能够制作鞋子。哦，机器人能做鞋？它们现在能从头到尾做完整双鞋。而且这些工作过去是外包到东南亚的。Now they're coming back. Adidas is building a factory right now that will make shoes. And this factory, there's only going to be 160 people working in it.现在这些生产工作又回来了。阿迪达斯正在建造一座鞋类工厂，而这家工厂只需要160名工人。Wow. I suppose all of this has got a double-edged sword, Richard, because obviously a lot of goods are going to be cheaper, aren't they? But then jobs are at risk. Yes.哇。我想这些事情都是双刃剑，Richard，因为商品肯定会变得更便宜，对吧？但与此同时，工作岗位会面临风险。是的。The big advantage is automation means cheaper goods because you're not paying for people to make these things. But that means the people are out of work.最大的优势是，自动化意味着商品更便宜，因为你不需要支付人工成本。但这也意味着工人失业。And you can see that, can't you, already in places like the US? Yes.你已经能在一些地方看到这种情况了，比如美国，对吗？没错。A good example is what they call the Rust Belt in the Midwest of America. They used to make lots of things in their factories, but now machines are doing it or these jobs are being outsourced to other countries.一个典型例子就是美国中西部的“铁锈地带（Rust Belt）”。那里过去有大量工厂生产各种东西，但现在要么由机器完成，要么这些工作被外包到其他国家。So it's not from lack of funds that these factories are just laying there and rusting, literally. It's because machines are doing the work. Better and cheaper.所以这些工厂并不是因为缺钱而闲置、生锈。真正原因是机器能把工作做得更好更便宜。Hmm. So that sounds like worrying times then. It is worrying times. But in the future, it's not just going to be manufacturing jobs that are going to be lost.嗯，所以听起来是令人担忧的时代。确实很令人担忧。但未来不仅仅是制造业的工作会消失。The service industry is next. OK. So for the next podcast, we'll be looking at the future.接下来受影响的是服务业。好的，我们将在下一期播客中讨论未来的发展。

The two tiny arachnids, measuring just three millimetres long, were found by scientists surveying the Newtown National Nature Reserve using a type of handheld vacuum device. It sucks up material on the ground and safely deposits it inside a container.这两只小蜘蛛只有三毫米长，科学家在使用手持真空吸入设备调查纽敦国家自然保护区时发现了它们。这种设备能够吸起地面上的物体，然后将其安全地存放在一个容器中。The scientists searching the remote part of the Isle of Wight had almost given up hope of finding the animal, also called the white-knuckled wolf spider. But minutes before they had to board a boat to leave, they found one tiny creature followed by a second. The species had last been seen in Britain in 1985. The British Arachnological Society has welcomed the rediscovery of what it called one of the country's epic lost species.在怀特岛上这个偏远地区进行搜寻的科学家曾一度放弃了找到这种动物的希望，这种动物也被称为 “白关节狼蛛”。但就在他们需要登船离开的几分钟前，他们接连找到了两只小蜘蛛。该物种最后一次在英国被看到是 1985 年。英国蜘蛛学学会对重新发现该物种表示庆祝，并称其为英国最赫赫有名的失踪物种之一。

This is a city like no other. An invisible army of microbes live here, including bacteria, fungi, moulds and mites, and it's the one place you'd have hoped would be clean – your showerhead.这是一座与众不同的“城市”。这里住着一支看不见的微生物大军，包括细菌、真菌、霉菌和螨虫，而这地方正是你最希望保持干净的地方——你的淋浴喷头。If you unscrew it and take a peek inside, you might be surprised as to what you find – quite possibly a slimy dark biofilm. When you switch on the shower, it's not just steam and water that come out, but a blast of microbes as well.如果你把喷头旋开往里看，你可能会被里面的东西吓一跳——很可能是一层黏糊糊的暗色生物膜。当你打开淋浴时，不只是蒸汽和水喷出来，还有一阵微生物被一起喷出。Rob Dunn, an evolutionary biologist from North Carolina State University, calls showerheads extreme environments because they are either bone-dry or soaking wet. Once you've showered, the head remains warm and dries out undisturbed, creating the perfect ecosystem for bacteria to feed on dissolved nutrients from the water.北卡罗来纳州立大学的进化生物学家 Rob Dunn 称淋浴喷头是一种“极端环境”，因为它们要么完全干燥，要么完全湿透。洗完澡后，喷头保持温暖并在无人打扰的情况下慢慢变干，这为细菌提供了完美的生态系统，它们可以靠水中溶解的养分生存。It seems the majority of us don't need to worry about catching a bug from having a shower though. "Only showers contaminated with Legionella and other opportunistic pathogens pose a risk," says Frederik Hammes, a drinking water microbiologist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology in Switzerland.不过，大多数人似乎不需要担心因为洗澡而感染细菌。瑞士联邦水科学与技术研究所的饮用水微生物学家 Frederik Hammes 表示：“只有被军团菌等机会性致病菌污染的淋浴喷头才会构成风险。”Meanwhile, one study in the US found that warmer areas, like Florida and Hawaii, with higher chlorine levels tend to have more pathogenic mycobacteria, which can lead to higher rates of a chronic lung infection called non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease.同时，美国的一项研究发现，在佛罗里达、夏威夷等温暖地区，水中氯含量较高的地方往往含有更多致病性分支杆菌，这可能导致一种名为“非结核分枝杆菌（NTM）肺病”的慢性肺部感染发病率更高。This is likely because the showerhead has less time to dry out in more tropical climates, so bacteria can grow more easily.这很可能是因为在热带气候下，喷头没有足够的时间完全干燥，所以细菌更容易繁殖。Even if becoming ill from your showerhead is highly unlikely, you'd probably still like to reduce the number of bacteria coming out when you're trying to get clean.即使因淋浴喷头而生病的可能性极低，你在洗澡时大概仍然希望减少从喷头喷出的细菌数量。One study found that the spray pattern of your shower makes a difference – mist mode spreads NTM cells a lot more than a massage or rain showerhead, for example.有研究发现，喷头的喷水模式也会影响细菌扩散。例如，雾状喷洒模式比按摩式或雨淋式喷头传播更多 NTM 细胞。Higher temperatures have also been shown to spread microbes more easily. The best way to keep bacteria away though is to regularly clean your showerhead by descaling it or soaking it in lemon juice.研究还表明，高温会更加促进微生物扩散。而减少细菌的最佳方法是定期清洁喷头，例如除水垢或浸泡在柠檬汁中。Since we can't fully eradicate the microbes in our showers, and we like to stay clean, we'll have to learn to coexist with them.既然我们无法彻底消灭淋浴中的微生物，而我们又喜欢保持清洁，那么我们只能学会与它们共存。

We're talking about the future of diesel. Richard, does diesel have a future? Yes and no. It certainly doesn't if you live in the city, because many cities are banning diesel cars in the near future.我们来谈谈柴油车的未来。Richard，柴油车还有未来吗？有，也没有。如果你住在城市里，那基本上是没有的，因为很多城市将在不久的将来禁止柴油车。Paris, for example. IncludingParisand a number of other cities are considering it, yes. And also, Volvo have recently announced that all their vehicles will be electric or hybrid from 2019.比如巴黎。是的，包括巴黎在内的许多城市都在考虑禁用柴油车。此外，沃尔沃最近宣布，自2019年起，他们所有的车辆将是电动车或混合动力车。So you mean they're going to stop making diesel vehicles? Yes. So why is there such a negative attitude now towards diesel? Well, it all stems from the VW emissions scandal a few years ago. Which we did a podcast about.所以你的意思是他们要停止生产柴油车？是的。那么为什么现在对柴油会有如此负面的态度呢？这全部源于几年前大众汽车的排放造假丑闻。我们当时还为此做过一期播客。We did. Briefly, VW were making their car so they could fake the results for testing. And they found that their diesel cars were much more polluting than advertised.确实做过。简单来说，大众制造汽车时让它们能够在测试中作弊。而事实证明，他们的柴油车比宣传的污染严重得多。OK, so they were making it look like diesel cars were a good thing to buy, but in fact they weren't. Exactly. But Richard, even before that scandal, diesel was always promoted as a good environmental option.好的，所以他们让柴油车看起来像是很好的选择，但实际上并不是。没错。不过 Richard，即使在那场丑闻之前，柴油车一直被宣传成环保的选择。Yes. And that stems from the difference between the petrol engine and the diesel engine. Right.是的。这源自汽油发动机和柴油发动机之间的差异。确实。Which is? Well, diesels are actually more efficient than petrol engines and they produce less carbon dioxide. OK.那是什么差异？柴油发动机实际上比汽油发动机更高效，并且产生的二氧化碳更少。好的。However, more recently they've found that they produce more nitrogen dioxide, which is bad for the health, and more particulate matter, basically stuff, fumes, which can cause cancer.然而，近年来人们发现柴油车会排放更多的二氧化氮，这对健康有害，同时也会产生更多颗粒物，就是那些可能致癌的烟雾。And those are worse than CO2 emissions, are they? They're certainly worse for your immediate health. Right. Yes.这些排放比二氧化碳更糟吗？它们确实对人的直接健康危害更大。是的，没错。And also they produce these things in the cities. So they're more efficient cars in the country, they're fine. In the cities they produce more noxious fumes and that's why they're more unhealthy in cities.并且这些有害物主要在城市中排放。因此在乡村里，柴油车作为高效车辆还算可以；但在城市中，它们会产生更多有害废气，这就是为什么在城市里柴油车更不健康。Can I ask what you mean by them being more efficient? I won't go to the technicalities of an engine, but they're just simply a more efficient motor. They use less, slightly less fuel and they can go on for longer. So you use less fuel per kilometre? Yes.我可以问一下你说的更高效是什么意思吗？我不去讲发动机的技术细节，总之它就是效率更高。它使用的燃料更少，可以跑得更远。所以每公里耗油更少？是的。And they're more powerful as well. That's why they've generally been used in trucks. Now, I suppose this is where we have to admit that we have a diesel vehicle.而且柴油发动机更有动力。这也是为什么它们普遍用于卡车。我想这也是我们必须承认我们自己有一辆柴油车的原因。We drive a Toyota Hilux, Richard, which is what we need. We need a truck. We need a big truck.我们开的是一辆丰田 Hilux，Richard，那是我们需要的。我们需要卡车，需要一辆大卡车。Yeah. But we don't drive in the city, we live in the country. OK.对。但我们不在城市里开车，我们住在乡村。好的。So I suppose that's a little bit better. We're not driving around a city and causing problems. And of course they don't have petrol-driven trucks here.所以我想这样也好一点，我们不会在城市里开车制造污染。而且这里也没有汽油驱动的卡车。So we actually don't have a choice. We can't exchange that truck for a petrol one, can we? No. I suppose we're just going to have to wait for them to invent an electric-powered truck.所以我们其实没有选择。我们不能把那辆柴油卡车换成汽油车，对吧？没错。我想我们只能等他们发明电动卡车了。So in fact, Richard, the future for diesel does look a little bit grim. Yes, but I think the future is definitely the hybrid. Which means? A hybrid vehicle is one that uses... it can either be a petrol or a diesel-driven car.所以实际上，Richard，柴油车的未来看起来确实有些暗淡。是的，但我认为未来一定属于混合动力车。是什么意思？混合动力车是指……它可以是汽油机或柴油机驱动的车辆。Right. Which it's used for the longer journeys and then in the city it switches over to the electric technology. Which is? Well, there are no emissions when you use the electric part of the car in the city.对。长途时使用内燃机，在城市里则切换到电力驱动。那是什么呢？在城市里使用电动部分时是零排放的。Fantastic. That looks like the best of both worlds then, Richard. 太棒了。这看起来是两全其美的方案，Richard。

We're talking about electric cars. OK, Richard, so what exactly is an electric car? Well, simply, it's a car driven by an electric motor – a motor that runs on a battery.我们来谈谈电动车。好的，Richard，那么电动车到底是什么？简单来说，就是由电动机驱动的汽车——而电动机是依靠电池运作的。OK, so presumably they're becoming more popular because they're more environmentally friendly than regular petrol or diesel cars. Exactly. I mean, the batteries are charged by electricity, which comes from a normal power station.好的，所以它们越来越受欢迎，大概是因为比普通的汽油车或柴油车更环保。确实如此。电动车的电池是通过发电站提供的电力来充电的。But the cars themselves produce no emissions whatsoever. So there's no noxious fumes. Are they more expensive, though? Yes, they are more expensive.但电动车本身完全不产生排放物。所以没有任何有害废气。不过它们更贵吗？是的，它们确实更贵。But that price is coming down because obviously a lot of governments are giving tax advantages. So they're getting a bit cheaper and they're much cheaper to run. For instance, with the Nissan Leaf, which is the most popular electrical car today, according to UK figures, it costs 1.75 pence a mile to run as opposed to a petrol car, which is 10 pence a mile.但价格正在下降，因为显然有许多政府提供税收优惠。这样电动车的价格逐渐降低，并且使用成本也便宜得多。例如，根据英国的数据，目前最受欢迎的电动车——日产聆风，其运行成本是每英里1.75便士，而汽油车则是每英里10便士。So not even 2p a mile. Exactly. Much cheaper.所以每英里甚至不到两便士。没错，便宜很多。However, of course, the batteries are very expensive and you have to replace them after a certain amount of time. OK, this is something I get a bit confused about – the recharging. I mean, you can't go very far in an electric car, can you? Yes, going back to the Leaf, they reckon you can go for about 100 miles, maybe 120 miles without recharging.不过当然，电池非常昂贵，并且使用一段时间后必须更换。好的，有件事我有点迷糊——充电。我是说，电动车行驶不了太远，对吗？是的，回到聆风这个例子，据说一次充电可以行驶大约100到120英里。So going around town, it's no problem. You go to work, come back again and it recharges overnight. Now, how does it do that? You just plug it into the mains and then about eight hours later, it's fully charged, ready to go the following day.所以在城市里开车完全没问题。上班、回家都够用，晚上就能充满电。那么它是怎么做到的呢？你只需要把它插到普通电源插座，大约八小时后就能完全充满，第二天即可使用。OK, so you have to be able to park the car in a place where you can recharge it. Yes, that's a difficulty for some people. Well, if you live in a block of flats, for example, there's nowhere to recharge your car.好的，所以你必须把车停在能充电的地方。是的，这对有些人来说是个难题。例如，如果你住在公寓楼里，可能没有地方给车充电。Well, unless you've got a parking space and the people owning the flats, they put in a recharging point for you, it can be difficult. Now, we've seen a few of these charging points in Europe recently. Are there going to be more of those in the future? Yes, I didn't get figures for how many charging points they've got, but obviously it's increasing hugely.除非你有固定车位，而且大楼管理方愿意安装充电点，否则会很困难。我们最近在欧洲看到过一些充电站。未来会有更多吗？是的，虽然我没有确切数据，但显然数量正在快速增长。And the advantage is a lot of these charging points are quick charge points. They reckon they can fill up a car battery to 80% within half an hour. Right, so you could maybe, for example, go to the supermarket and do your shopping and by the time you come back, the car has recharged.而且很多充电点都是快速充电站。据说可以在半小时内把电池充到80%。对，所以你可以，比如去超市购物，等你回来时车就充好电了。Exactly. And of course, it's very, very cheap. So I suppose this slight difficulty of recharging is why hybrids are also got a place in the market.没错，而且价格也非常非常便宜。所以我想，充电方面的这个小麻烦也是混合动力车仍然占据市场一席之地的原因。Yes, of course, they've got the advantage of, they've got an electric engine and a petrol engine. So they use the electric engine in the towns and the petrol engine for those longer distances. So they have much better range.是的，混合动力车的优势在于同时拥有电动机和汽油发动机。所以在城市里使用电动机，在长途时使用汽油发动机。因此续航能力更强。And I suppose people don't need to worry about the fact that the battery might be running low and they're not near a recharging point. Exactly. And that's why the biggest selling hybrid, the Toyota Prius has sold 1.6 million cars since they introduced it in 1997.而且我想，人们就不用担心电量不足，附近又找不到充电站的问题。没错。这也是为什么最畅销的混合动力车——丰田普锐斯，自1997年推出以来已经卖出了160万辆。OK, so people are taking these on board then? Definitely. Well, as I said, they're much cheaper to run. Tax advantages. 好的，所以消费者已经接受这些车了吗？当然。正如我所说，它们的使用成本更低，还有税收优惠。

It's the peak shopping time of the year, We're looking at the economics of Christmas. Yes, Christmas is typically the largest economic stimulus for many nations around the world, as sales increase dramatically in almost all retail areas. Now the United States, for example, their retail industry generates over three trillion US dollars during the holidays.这是全年消费最旺的时期，我们来看一下圣诞节的经济学。是的，圣诞节通常是全球许多国家最大的经济刺激来源，因为几乎所有零售领域的销售都会大幅增长。以美国为例，他们的零售行业在假日期间能产生超过三万亿美元的收入。Yes, the average amount an American will spend just on Christmas gifts is 900 US dollars. Now that's about £670, Richard, and I have to say that the average amount a Brit will spend is about half that. Still a lot though.是的，美国人仅在圣诞礼物上的平均花费就达到900美元。那大约是670英镑，Richard，而英国人在这方面的平均花费大约只有美国人的一半。不过，这仍然算是相当多了。Yeah, but although spending for this time of the year is expected to increase... As every year. Every year. And you know, Richard, this is despite any economic downturn or austerity, it's the online Christmas shopping which is rising, isn't it? Yes, sales in physical shops, I think, is expected to decline slightly by approximately 2.8% this year in the UK.是的，但尽管如此，这个时期的支出仍预计会增加……就像每一年一样。每一年都是如此。而且你知道的，Richard，即使有经济下滑或紧缩，圣诞节的线上购物仍然在增长，不是吗？是的，我想英国实体商店的销售预计今年将略微下降，大约下降2.8%。And there are other winners and losers too at this time of the year. Yes, well, most retailers, they have their highest sales in the fourth quarter from October through to December. And of these, some retailers see 30% to 40% spikes in sales at this time.而且在这一时期，还有其他的赢家和输家。是的，大多数零售商在第四季度（从十月到十二月）会达到全年最高销量。其中有些零售商在此期间的销售会飙升30%到40%。That's amazing. So what kind of shops are we talking about that benefit from the Christmas shopping spree? Well, obviously, the big thing is electronics, appliances, home appliances, clothing, sporting goods, and online retail. People are buying for Christmas.太惊人了。那么我们说的是哪些商家会从圣诞购物潮中获益？嗯，显而易见的是电子产品、电器、家用电器、服装、运动用品和线上零售。这些都是人们为了圣诞节而大量购买的。Yeah, OK. So computers are one of the most popular items that people buy. I think online games, consoles and things like that, they're very popular, aren't they? Yes.是的，好的。所以电脑是人们购买最热门的商品之一。我想线上游戏、游戏机之类的东西也非常受欢迎，对吧？是的。But there are losers, Richard, and that includes the motor industry. Not many people buy a car for Christmas, do they? Furniture goes down, petrol stations. Yes.但也有一些输家，Richard，其中包括汽车行业。不是很多人会在圣诞节买车，对吧？家具销售下降，加油站也是。是的。In the northern hemisphere, in the winter, building materials, people aren't really building much outside, are they? And perhaps not surprising, Richard, they're not doing much gardening, and gardening centres, their sales fall as well. And also, talk about the bad weather, it's no surprise that there's a huge decline in people going to restaurants during the holiday season. Yes, obviously, it's a time for family, isn't it? So most people are eating indoors at home.在北半球的冬天，建筑材料的销量也会下降，因为人们并不会在这个季节进行太多户外施工。而且不意外的是，Richard，人们也不会做太多园艺活动，因此园艺中心的销售也会下降。此外，说到恶劣天气，节日期间去餐厅的人数大幅减少也不奇怪。是的，很明显，这是一个家的季节，不是吗？所以大多数人都在家里吃饭。Well, we talked about this quarter being so well for many in the retail sector, but there are specific days which are even better, aren't they? Oh, yes. In the US especially, obviously, Black Friday is huge. Yeah, that's typically the busiest shopping day of the year.我们刚才提到这个季度对许多零售商来说表现非常好，但其实还有一些特定的日子业绩会更好，对吧？哦，是的。尤其是在美国，黑色星期五特别重要。是的，那通常是一年中最忙的一天购物日。And it's getting more popular in the UK as well, but not as big as America. We're much lazier in the UK. Certainly are.黑五在英国也越来越流行，但还是没有美国那么疯狂。我们英国人懒得多。确实如此。I think the biggest shopping day in the UK is the 23rd of December. We leave everything to the last minute. Very last minute, yes.我觉得英国最大的购物日是12月23日。我们总是把所有事情留到最后一刻。真的非常最后一刻，是的。And also, the Saturday before Christmas is very popular, and this year, the 23rd is a Saturday, so it's going to be hell on the high street. Yes, never mind Black Friday, that's going to be Super Saturday. Well, it may be Super Saturday for the retailers, Richard, but let's make sure we've got ours done before then.而且圣诞节前的那个星期六也非常热门，而今年23号刚好是星期六，所以商业街一定会爆满。是的，别提黑色星期五了，那将会是超级星期六。不过，Richard，那对零售商来说也许是超级星期六，但我们最好在那之前把我们的购物都搞定。

Last year, a new restaurant opened near us. We went there, but we were very disappointed. Yeah, we felt that the, what, the prices were too high and the quality of food wasn't really very good.去年，我们家附近开了一家新餐厅。我们去吃了，但非常失望。是啊，我们觉得价格太高，而且食物质量也不太好。And we said then that the restaurant needed some feedback. Yes, but feedback from customers. I think they'd had feedback, but from family and friends who were always going to be supportive, always going to say that's a great idea opening the restaurant.那时候我们就说，这家餐厅需要一些反馈。是的，但需要来自顾客的反馈。我想他们也收到过反馈，但都是来自家人和朋友，这些人肯定只会支持他们、说“开餐厅这个主意真棒”。They're not getting the correct feedback. And we have now since discovered, Richard, haven't we, that the restaurant has closed down. We're talking about getting feedback from customers.他们没有获得真正正确的反馈。而后来我们也发现了，对吧，Richard？这家餐厅已经关门了。我们今天谈的，就是如何获得顾客的反馈。So, the restaurant didn't ask for feedback at all from its new customers, but we do often get asked for feedback from online businesses. Yeah, just like everybody else really, isn't it? However, there's not usually a response, I've found.餐厅完全没有向新的顾客征求过任何反馈，不过我们经常收到来自线上企业的反馈请求。是啊，就像其他人一样，对吧？然而，我发现通常根本不会收到任何回应。What do you mean, having given us, having given the feedback? Yeah, you give the feedback, they say your views are important, and then nothing.你是说，给了他们反馈之后？对，你提供了反馈，他们说“您的意见很重要”，然后……就没下文了。Yeah, it wasn't that long ago, Richard, if you remember. I wrote quite a negative feedback to a company that we'd been dealing with. And I spent quite a long time giving, I felt, constructive feedback.是的，不久前的事，Richard，你记得吗？我给我们合作的一家公司写了一份比较负面的反馈。我花了很长时间写，觉得内容是有建设性的。It was negative, but I expressed, quite politely as well, what I was unhappy about. And you took a long time doing it as well. Yeah, yeah.虽然是负面的，但我很礼貌地表达了我不满意的地方。而且你花了不少时间写。对，对。Two weeks later, I've heard nothing back. Yes, and let's face it, customers would like to know that they have been heard. Yeah, thank customers for their feedback, always do that.两周过去了，我仍然没有收到任何回复。没错，说实话，顾客希望知道自己的意见被听到了。是啊，应该永远感谢顾客的反馈。Now, I read a blog recently about how to get feedback from customers, and they were talking about FedEx, and they said that FedEx put a telephone number on their receipt. And this person who wrote the blog said it would be much better if the cell phone number of the regional manager was on the receipt. I'm not sure he would want to receive a lot of complaints though.最近我读了一篇关于如何获取顾客反馈的博客，里面提到 FedEx。说 FedEx 会在收据上印一个电话号码。而作者还说，如果收据上放的是区域经理的手机号码会更好。不过，我不确定那位经理是否愿意接到那么多投诉电话。But it did remind me of what happened to you, Richard, recently. Yes, I bought a pair of high-tech trainers, and there was a problem with them. I think it was a design fault.但这让我想起你最近发生的事，Richard。是的，我买了一双高科技跑鞋，但它们有问题。我想那是设计缺陷。But there was a little card inside from, so it said, the CEO, and it had his email address on it. So I wrote to him, told him about the problems I was having, and thought no more of it. Did he reply? He did.但鞋盒里有一张小卡片，说是来自 CEO 的，上面有他的邮箱。所以我写信告诉他我遇到的问题，然后也没再多想。他回复了吗？回复了。Well, I'm sure it wasn't him, but it was a personal reply from a real person saying that they'd heard me and they were dealing with it in some way. I think even if something has gone wrong, if you feel you're a valued customer, it makes all the difference.我肯定不是 CEO 本人，但那封回信确实由一位真实的人写的，告诉我他们已经收到我的问题，并会处理。我觉得，即使事情出了问题，只要让顾客觉得自己被重视，那感觉完全不同。Feedback surveys are another big topic. We're not going to talk about it on this podcast. That's all going to be on the extra worksheet that goes with the podcast. But I think we can sum it up, Richard, by saying that online businesses should ask for feedback and respond to it.反馈调查是另一个大话题，我们不会在这期播客里讨论。这部分内容会放在播客附带的额外讲义里。但我想我们可以总结一句：线上企业应该征求反馈并对反馈做出回应。So getting back to the restaurant then, Jackie, so what happened there? Well, I think it was possible to see what your customers are doing and draw conclusions from their behaviour. In the case of the restaurant, there were eight of us, right, and seven of us left most of the chips uneaten. So the waiter collecting the plates should note and report this.回到那家餐厅吧，Jackie，到底发生了什么？嗯，其实完全可以通过观察顾客的行为而得出结论。比如那次我们八个人，对吧，其中七个人的薯条几乎都没吃。收盘子的服务员应该注意到并上报。I think there's something wrong with the chips. I doubt he even did that though. No, of course not.我觉得那些薯条肯定有问题。不过我怀疑他根本没做记录。没错，当然没有。That's why the restaurant closed down. If you don't know what's going wrong, you can never fix it.这就是餐厅关门的原因。如果你不知道哪里出了问题，你永远无法修复。

We're celebrating the new design of our website. Yeah, up until recently, the general lifespan of websites was between two and three years but now they're saying it's fallen to one year. Now Richard, we've had our website since 2006.我们正在庆祝我们网站的新设计。是的，直到最近，网站的一般寿命是两到三年，但现在人们说已经缩短到一年了。Richard，我们的网站自 2006 年以来就一直存在。Wow! Wow! Yeah, so we must be doing something right to be still going. Yes, there's been a few changes, mainly under the hood as it were. What does that mean? Well, things that the users wouldn't really recognise, things like HTML5 is the new technology that's taken over and also the biggest thing recently is HTTPS.哇！哇！是啊，我们能坚持这么久，说明我们确实做对了一些事情。是的，期间有一些改动，主要是在“引擎盖下面”。那是什么意思？嗯，就是用户不太察觉的东西，比如 HTML5 已经成为新主流技术，而最近最大的更新就是 HTTPS。What do you mean by that? Well, most people will see the little green padlock at the top of the browser bar, which means that the website is safe, basically. OK. Now, for our new design, we've concentrated on a few major areas, haven't we? And I suppose number one has to be the overall look, the overall design.你是什么意思？嗯，大多数人会在浏览器地址栏看到一个小小的绿色锁头，那基本上意味着这个网站是安全的。好的。现在，对于这次新设计，我们专注于几个主要方面，是吧？我想第一点就是整体外观，整体设计。You were mainly responsible for that, Jackie. What were you looking for here? Well, I suppose I wanted a fresher, more modern look and for me the starting point was I wanted an image of England or Britain and we didn't want the typical London look, you know, the double-decker buses and all that kind of stuff. But you wanted something green.Jackie，这部分主要是你负责的。你当时想要呈现什么呢？嗯，我想要更清新、更现代的外观。对我来说，起点是我想呈现英国的形象，但我们不想要典型的伦敦风，比如双层巴士那些东西。而你想要绿色的感觉。Well, I wanted something to represent England's green and pleasant land, so the countryside and I think it's a reflection of our culture and it says something about us. Yes, it's not just the colours though, is it? It's also the navigation and things like that. People are often saying how user-friendly our site is and I really wanted us to stay with that.嗯，我想呈现“英国绿野和美丽乡村”的形象，我觉得那能反映我们的文化，也能代表我们自己。是的，不过不仅仅是颜色，对吧？还有导航之类的设计。人们经常说我们的网站非常易用，我真的希望我们继续保持这一点。And I think we've... I hope we've done that. Yes, it's less cluttered, isn't it? We've just got the one sidebar now rather than two. I think originally, Richard, we were very concerned when people turned on their computers that all the information, the important information, was there to be seen straight away.我觉得我们……我希望我们做到了。是的，现在简洁多了，对吗？我们现在只有一个侧边栏，不再是两个。我记得当初，Richard，我们很担心用户打开电脑时，所有重要的信息能不能第一时间看到。But that's not so necessary nowadays, is it? The long scroll. It used to be important, as you said, to place all your important elements above the fold, as it were, immediately visible, but now people are more willing to scroll down. And I think they're more willing to scroll down because people, when they use mobile phones, they're always scrolling, scrolling, scrolling down, so it's become a familiar thing to do.但如今这已经不再那么必要了，对吧？现在大家习惯长距离滚动页面。以前，正如你说的，把所有重要内容放在“折叠线以上”（即无需滚动即可看到）是很重要的，但现在人们更愿意往下滑。我想这是因为大家用手机时一直在往下滑，所以已经习惯了这种行为。That is a very good point, Jackie, and it actually brings us to point number two, being responsive. What do you mean by that? Well, you talk about people using mobile phones, so the website has got to change size for people using mobile, so mobile phone users can see the website very, very clearly and very easily. So you're saying that the content should be available on every device? Yes, desktops, laptops, tablets and mobile phones.这一点非常好，Jackie，而且它引出了我们的第二点：响应式设计。你指的是什么？嗯，你提到人们使用手机，所以网站必须根据设备自动调整大小，这样手机用户才能清晰、方便地查看内容。也就是说，内容应该在每种设备上都能正常显示？是的，包括台式机、笔电、平板和手机。And also, of course, that helps us because Google favours sites that are mobile-friendly as well, so search engine optimisation is a very important thing. And the third point, Richard, we're thinking about is shareable content, sharing things. So we really want people to be able to share the podcasts that they like very easily on another social media site, for example, Facebook or Twitter.而且，这样做对我们也有好处，因为 Google 更喜欢对手机友好的网站，所以搜索引擎优化非常重要。第三点，Richard，就是可分享的内容。我们希望用户能够非常轻松地将自己喜欢的播客分享到其他社交媒体，比如 Facebook 或 Twitter。So the website, like every other one, is a work in progress, and we're also looking at future improvements as well, such as, as I mentioned, search engine optimisation and also the speed of page downloads as well. So it's been an exciting new project for us. We hope everybody likes it and we look forward to you telling us what you think about it.所以，我们的网站与其他网站一样，是一个持续改进的过程，我们也在考虑未来的优化，例如我刚提到的搜索引擎优化，以及页面下载速度。对我们来说，这是一个令人兴奋的新项目。我们希望大家喜欢，也希望你们告诉我们对它的看法。Yes, especially if you spot any glitches, let us know.是的，特别是如果你发现任何小问题，请告诉我们。

With 2 billion users, Facebook is the largest social networking company in the world. And for many people, it's the first port of call for information, both from friends and family. But it's also chock-a-block with adverts, stories that may interest you, videos and all the latest news and trends.拥有 20 亿用户的 Facebook 是世界上最大的社交网络公司。对许多人来说，它是获取信息的第一站，无论来自朋友还是家人。但它也塞满了广告、可能吸引你的故事、视频，以及最新的新闻和趋势。However, a dark side has begun to emerge and Facebook has gone from fun to fake. We're looking at fake Facebook. Well, we're going to look at three main fake things.然而，一个黑暗面开始浮现，Facebook 正从有趣变成虚假。今天我们要谈的是“假 Facebook”。我们将讨论三类主要的“假东西”。And the first of those is fake adverts, isn't it, Jackie? Yeah, we're going to start with Martin Lewis. Now, he's a consumer advisor and money-saving expert, and he's suing Facebook for publishing fake adverts. Yes, he's hugely popular in the UK and a very respected figure.第一类就是假广告，对吧，Jackie？对，我们先从 Martin Lewis 开始说。他是一位消费者顾问和省钱专家，他正在起诉 Facebook，因为 Facebook 发布了假广告。是的，他在英国非常受欢迎，也是备受尊敬的人物。Yeah. Now, the adverts feature his face and name, but he has nothing to do with them at all. They are simply scams.对。那些广告使用了他的照片和名字，但他与这些广告完全没有关系。这些完全是骗局。Victims pay a lot of money, thinking it's a scheme supported by him, a well-trusted advisor, but it's nothing of the kind. Now, Facebook's defence is that they've taken down individual adverts as they are reported. But then Lewis counter charges that they're soon predictably up and running again, slightly different.受害者花了大量钱，以为这是由他这位值得信赖的顾问支持的项目，但事实完全不是这样。Facebook 的辩解是：他们会在广告被举报后逐条下架。但 Lewis 反驳说，这些广告很快就会重新出现，只是内容稍有变化。Yeah. And he just can't keep up. And he's not the only one.对，他根本无法跟上。而且受害者不仅仅是他一个。Scammers often use pictures of celebrities to grab attention and increase the number of clicks on an advert and imply that the public figure has endorsed the product or investment, and it's not true. The second issue is fake pages. Yes.骗子经常使用名人的照片来吸引注意力、提高广告点击率，并暗示这些公众人物代言了产品或投资，但这完全不是真的。第二类问题是假页面。是的。Earlier this year, there was a Facebook page associated with the American Black Lives Matter campaign, and this was proved to be fake. Although it had nearly 700,000 followers, which made it the largest Facebook page affiliated with this movement, it was nothing to do with them.今年早些时候，出现了一个与美国“黑人的命也是命”（Black Lives Matter）运动相关的 Facebook 页面，但最后被证实是假的。尽管它有近 70 万粉丝，是该运动在 Facebook 上最大的页面，但它与真正的组织毫无关系。No, it turned out to be linked to a white Australian man, and it was in operation for more than a year, despite multiple efforts to warn Facebook that it might be fraudulent.不是的，最终发现这个页面与一名澳大利亚白人男子有关。尽管多次有人警告 Facebook 该页面可能存在欺诈，但它仍然运营了一年多。Yes. And in fact, it had raised at least $100,000 in donations, and much of that money went into private bank accounts.是的，而且这个假页面实际上募得至少 10 万美元的捐款，其中大部分进入了私人银行账户。Yeah. So completely conning so many people. And the last one is what we hear about all the time, Richard, fake news. Now before the last US election, Obama and his topaideswere aware of Russia's intervention on behalf of the Trump campaign.对，完全欺骗了那么多人。最后一类就是我们经常听到的，假新闻。上一次美国大选前，奥巴马和他的高级顾问们已经知道俄罗斯正在干预，以支持特朗普的竞选活动。Yes. For instance, there was a Facebook page called Heart of Texas, and it said that Hillary Clinton had a 69% disapproval rate among all veterans, and it was rubbish, and it was supplied by Russia, or a Russian source.是的。例如，有一个名为“Heart of Texas”的 Facebook 页面声称希拉里·克林顿在所有退伍军人中有 69% 的不支持率，但这完全是假消息，并且来自俄罗斯或与俄罗斯相关的来源。Yeah. Now Zuckerberg himself then acknowledged that there was a problem posed by fake news, but he just said that, you know, it wasn't that widespread, and it was difficult to deal with. Hmm. Since then...对。扎克伯格后来承认假新闻确实是一个问题，但他当时表示假新闻并不普遍，而且很难处理。嗯。从那以后……He's admitted that Facebook had indeed been manipulated, and that the company would now turn over to Congress more than 3,000 politically-themed advertisements that were bought by suspected Russian operatives.他承认 Facebook 确实被操纵过，公司将向美国国会提交 3000 多条由疑似俄罗斯势力购买的政治广告。Yes, it's fake news, but it's also not good news, either for individual people or for businesses who are using Facebook. So what can be done about it? Yes, I think a major problem is that Facebook has actually known about it, but they haven't been doing that much to stop it. Hmm.没错，这是假新闻，但对个人用户和使用 Facebook 的企业来说，这同样不是好消息。那么该怎么办呢？我认为主要问题是 Facebook 其实早就知道这些情况，但并没有做太多来阻止它。嗯。Either they're very naive, or, let's face it, they get a lot of money from the advertisements. Well, exactly. So you need to ask yourself, is this for real? Is this true? And then ask for evidence, especially if you're sceptical.要么他们非常天真，要么——说实话——他们从广告中赚了很多钱。没错。因此，你需要问自己：这是真的吗？内容可信吗？如果你心存怀疑，就更应该要求证据。And this is important both for consumers and businesses. And voters and politicians. And for the future of Facebook.这对消费者和企业都非常重要。对选民和政治人物也很重要。对 Facebook 的未来更是如此。

This new prize aims to celebrate the best contemporary fiction for children aged eight to 12 years old. It will be open to authors from around the world and will be given for a book written in English or translated into English, providing it was published in the UK or Ireland.这一新奖项的目标是庆贺写给八到 12 岁儿童的最佳当代小说。该奖项将向来自全球的作家开放，颁发给用英语创作或翻译成英语的小说，小说需要已经在英国或爱尔兰出版。The UK's Children's Laureate Frank Cottrell-Boyce is set to be the inaugural chair of judges. The panel will decide a shortlist of eight books to be announced in November next year. The first winner will be chosen in February 2027.英国儿童文学桂冠作家弗兰克·科特雷尔·博伊斯将成为首任评委会主席。评委会将选出包含八本书的入围名单，并于明年 11 月公布。第一位获奖者将于 2027 年 2 月被选出。The chief executive of the Booker Prize Foundation Gaby Wood described the new award as its most ambitious endeavour in 20 years and said it was hoped its impact would resonate for decades to come.布克奖基金会的首席执行官加比·伍德称这一新奖项是基金会 20 年来最具雄心的一次尝试，基金会希望这个奖项的影响能在未来几十年产生深远的影响。The foundation will gift 30,000 copies of the shortlisted and winning books, with the aim of engaging a new generation of readers.基金会将送出三万本入围和获奖作品，以期吸引新一代的读者。

Take your height in metres, square it, then divide it by your weight in kilograms. That's how you calculate your body mass index, or BMI. If it's between 18 and 25, your weight is healthy. If it's over, it isn't. So far, so simple. BMI has become a popular metric for people to check their health.把你的身高（以米为单位）平方，然后用这个数去除以你的体重（以千克为单位）。这就是计算你的身体质量指数（BMI）的方法。如果BMI介于18到25之间，你的体重被认为是健康的；如果高于这个范围，则不健康。到目前为止，这很简单。BMI已经成为人们检查自身健康状况的一个常用指标。On a population level, data backs this up. People with a high BMI are statistically more likely to develop conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and some types of cancer along with other health problems. Checking BMI could be a way for people to easily assess their health and decide if they need to make any lifestyle changes.从人群层面来看，数据支持这一点。统计显示，BMI较高的人更容易出现高血压、糖尿病、关节炎以及某些类型的癌症等健康问题。检查BMI可以让人们更容易评估自身健康状况，并决定是否需要作出生活方式上的改变。However, BMI does not give the full picture. It's known that it's less accurate for some groups of people, such as children, the elderly or athletes. The measure was devised in the 19th Century by a Belgian mathematician, and this may be why the figures are more accurate for Europeans than other ethnicities. There are also several important factors that it doesn't measure. Someone who is very active may have significant weight from muscle. BMI doesn't differentiate between this or the visceral fat that is linked with negative health outcomes. It doesn't account for the range of nutrients or the level of cholesterol in someone's diet. What this means is that people can have a high BMI and be relatively healthy, while others may have a low BMI but be unhealthy.然而，BMI并不能提供全貌。众所周知，它对某些群体的准确度较低，比如儿童、老年人或运动员。BMI由一位比利时数学家在19世纪提出，这可能也是它对欧洲人比对其他种族更准确的原因。此外，还有一些重要因素是它无法衡量的。一个经常锻炼的人可能因为肌肉较多而体重偏高，而BMI无法区分肌肉重量与对健康不利的内脏脂肪。它也无法衡量一个人的营养摄入结构或胆固醇水平。也就是说，有些人BMI较高但相对健康，而另一些人BMI较低却并不健康。The simplicity of BMI is attractive, it's also very visible and fits with society's perception of the importance of weight. However, dependence on it as an indication of health can cause stigma. People can feel judged because of their weight. This sometimes leads people to avoid going to the doctors if they know they're likely to be questioned on it. While BMI may be a useful measure, experts remind us that it should always be considered alongside other measures, such as blood pressure, blood sugar level, cholesterol level and others.BMI的简单性很吸引人，它也很直观，并且符合社会对体重重要性的普遍看法。然而，把它当成健康的主要指标可能会让人感到被污名化，人们可能因为体重而感到被评判。这有时会导致一些人因为害怕被询问体重而避免看医生。虽然BMI是一个有用的指标，但专家提醒我们，它应该与其他指标一起考虑，例如血压、血糖、胆固醇水平等。

We're in the midst of a craft revolution. We're seeing explosive growth in many consumer products categories. There is no one definition, I would say, but oftentimes there are artisanal products, locally sourced, handmade, and sometimes made in small batches.我们正处在一场手工艺革命的浪潮之中。我们看到许多消费品类别都在出现爆炸式增长。虽然没有一个统一的定义，但通常它们是手工制作的产品、本地采购、手工打造，有时以小批量方式生产。It resonates with many of the megatrends that we see with consumers, particularly millennials who are really looking for something very authentic. They like to take risks and try new products. Right now, it's primarily a U.S. phenomenon, but we're seeing growth in many markets outside the U.S. as well.这与我们看到的许多消费大趋势相契合，尤其是千禧一代，他们非常追求真实的东西。他们喜欢冒险、尝试新产品。目前这主要是一种美国现象，但我们也在看到美国以外许多市场的增长。We really think the craft revolution will be a global phenomenon over the next 10 years. We're seeing the craft revolution across many categories. You know, when you think about restaurants, the whole farm-to-table concept is a great example of craft.我们确实认为，在未来10年内，手工艺革命将成为全球现象。我们在许多类别中都看到了这种手工艺浪潮。例如，当你想到餐饮业时，“从农场到餐桌”的理念就是一个典型的手工化代表。You're seeing it in cosmetics. Handmade soap, for example, is really a growing part of that industry. I think most importantly, where we're seeing the most and the fastest growth we're seeing is really in the alcoholic beverages.你也能在化妆品领域看到这种趋势。例如手工皂，已成为该行业快速增长的部分。而我认为最重要的是，我们看到增长最多、增速最快的领域其实是酒精类饮品。Beer and spirits are examples of where we're seeing really a true craft revolution playing out. Craft beer is the most developed and largest segment within craft. It's about 10% of the total industry volume, independent crafts, and if you include some of the craft-style brands that are owned by the major companies, it's actually as large as 13%, 14%.啤酒和烈酒是我们看到真正的手工革命正在发生的典型例子。在所有手工领域中，精酿啤酒是发展最成熟、规模最大的部分。独立精酿啤酒约占整个行业销量的10%，如果再算上大公司拥有的精酿风格品牌，比例实际上可达到13%至14%。It's interesting because it's not a new concept per se. Craft beers have been around since the 80s and 90s, really started out as some of the smaller microbrewery developing their own beer in their garages, and I think the last 10 years, we've seen such explosive growth in craft beer. And we think that over the next five years, the craft beer segment could be as big as 20% of the total industry volume.有趣的是，这本身并不是一个新概念。精酿啤酒从80年代、90年代就已经出现，最早是一些小型的家庭微型酿酒厂在车库里自行酿造。而在过去10年，我们看到了精酿啤酒的爆炸式增长。我们认为，在未来五年内，精酿啤酒可能会增长到整个行业规模的20%。Craft spirits is smaller than beer. Today we think it's about 2% to 3% of the total industry volume, but what's interesting and fascinating is that this is growing at a really faster rate than beer. Many of the craft spirits brands are growing 40%, 50%, and really it touches on across many categories within spirits.精酿烈酒目前比啤酒小得多。现在我们估计它占整个行业的2%到3%。但有趣的是，它的增长速度比啤酒还要快。许多精酿烈酒品牌正以40%至50%的速度增长，而且涵盖烈酒中的多个类别。So it's not just the whiskey phenomenon, but you're seeing it in vodka, you're seeing it in gin. The other thing that's interesting is when you think about the number of distilleries that are actually popping up, it's very close to where beer was 10, 15 years ago. So think about the trajectory that craft spirits could be on for the next 10 years, really replicating what beer went through on the craft side.所以这不只是威士忌的现象，你能在伏特加、杜松子酒中都看到这一趋势。另一个有趣的点是，当你观察新成立的蒸馏厂的数量时，它与啤酒在10到15年前的情况非常相似。所以想象一下未来10年精酿烈酒的发展轨迹，很可能会复制精酿啤酒过去的路径。Interestingly, I think what you have to keep in mind is the consequences of what all this means for some of the larger players. Some are buying some of these smaller craft brands, some are trying to develop their own brands organically, but certainly the competitive intensity has been rising and we think will continue to rise as a result of just the proliferation and the competitive pressure from these craft beer brands. So the rise of craft is here to stay.值得注意的是，我们必须考虑这些变化对大型企业意味着什么。一些大公司正在收购小型精酿品牌，一些则试图自行开发手工风格产品。但无论如何，竞争强度正在上升，且我们认为会持续上升，因为精酿品牌数量迅速增加并带来了巨大的竞争压力。因此，手工艺浪潮势不可挡。In some categories we think the craft will really take over the mainstream segments in that particular category, and like it or not, the larger companies really have to deal with the consequences of what that means. It's not just an impact on the consumers, but how the companies are dealing with that will really define how the industry impacts the broader trends over time.在某些类别中，我们认为手工化甚至会取代该类别的主流市场。不管大型企业愿不愿意，它们都必须应对这种变化带来的影响。这不仅影响消费者行为，更影响企业如何调整策略，而这些变化将最终塑造整个行业如何影响未来更广泛的趋势。

It's becoming increasingly popular for businesses to only accept payments by card. Yes. London's bus network has been cashless since 2014.越来越多的商家只接受刷卡支付。是的，伦敦的公交系统从 2014 年起就已经全面取消现金支付了。And now there are many food and drink outlets in the UK that only accept payment by card. We're looking at the benefits of a cashless company.现在英国有许多餐饮店也仅接受刷卡支付。我们现在要讨论无现金公司的好处。Yes, specifically in the hospitality trade. If you think about in the past, Richard, restaurants. Imagine the scenario. Saturday night, they've done very well, OK.是的，尤其是在餐饮与服务行业。想想过去吧，Richard，比如餐馆。想象一个场景：星期六晚上，他们生意很好。They've had a lot of customers, well, a lot of orders. They've taken a lot of money. What happens at the end of the evening?有很多顾客、很多订单，收入也很多。那么在晚上打烊后会发生什么？Well, obviously the first thing is, after they close, they've got to count the cash, haven't they? They've got to count the takings for the night and record it.首先显而易见的是，打烊后他们必须清点现金，对吧？必须数清这晚的收入并记录下来。And it needs to be checked with the receipts. Exactly. So that takes up a lot of time and resources.而且还需要与收据核对。没错。所以这会占用大量时间和人力资源。And then, of course, if it's night time, they've got to hang on to that money, probably keep it in a safe. If it's a Saturday night, they've got to keep all that cash safe and then probably not be able to take it to the bank, what, until Monday morning?而且，如果是晚上，他们必须妥善保管这些现金，可能要放在保险箱里。如果是星期六晚上，他们需要整晚保管所有现金，并可能直到周一早上才能存入银行。And the bank is the other problem as well, of course, Jackie, because banks will charge customers if they deposit large amounts of cash.银行也是一个问题，Jackie，因为银行在客户存入大量现金时会收取费用。What kind of bank charges do restaurants have a year then, about?那餐馆一年大概要付多少银行手续费呢？Well, it can be as much as from £3,000 to £5,000 for a decent-sized restaurant, and obviously the chains pay much more than that.一家规模不错的餐馆一年大约要支付 3,000 到 5,000 英镑，连锁店则要付更多。Actually, even when people paid with their cards in the past, it wasn't easy or cheap for the restaurants either. The card processing system was much more complicated than it is now.事实上，即使过去顾客使用银行卡支付，对餐馆来说也不简单或便宜。当时的刷卡处理系统比现在复杂得多。OK, so you're talking about people putting their cards into the machine, the handheld machine? Exactly, yes.你是指顾客把卡插进那种手持刷卡机？没错。They had different cards, different fees, some were accepted, some weren't, different card readers. The process is much more streamlined now.当时不同的卡收费不同，有些能刷，有些不能，而且刷卡机也不统一。现在这个流程已经顺畅多了。Yeah, and I think that the card readers, they're much cheaper and easier to use, aren't they, for restaurants?是的，而且现在的刷卡机对餐馆来说更便宜、更容易使用了，对吧？Yes, and interestingly enough, in addition to that, at one particular McDonald's branch, where they introduced cashless kiosks, i.e. they wouldn't take cash at all, the values of the individual orders went up by 30%.是的，而且很有趣的是，在某家麦当劳分店，他们引入了完全不接受现金的自助点餐机后，单笔订单金额竟然上涨了 30%。Well, I suppose people are more willing to spend more if it's with a card, as opposed to putting their hands in their pockets for cash.嗯，我想人们在刷卡时更愿意多花钱，相比掏出现金要更轻松。Certainly would seem so. So maybe, perhaps after all, we are moving towards a cashless society.确实如此。所以或许，我们正在迈向一个无现金社会。However, interestingly, the Bank of England has observed that despite the rate of card transactions soaring, and actually back in 2016, purchases using a debit card overtook cash for the first time in the UK, the volume of cash in circulation is at a record high, which sounds a bit strange.不过有趣的是，英格兰银行观察到，尽管银行卡交易量大幅上升——实际上早在 2016 年英国借记卡消费就首次超过现金——但市场上流通的现金量却创下历史新高，这听起来有点奇怪。And the number of British people who only deal in cash, which is about 2.7 million, is also rising.而只使用现金的人数也在上升，约有 270 万英国人只使用现金交易。So why is that then? Well, there's a number of reasons.那为什么会这样呢？原因有很多。People are hoarding money after the 2008 crash.人们在 2008 年金融危机后开始囤积现金。They're stuffing it underneath their mattresses again, are they?他们又把现金塞回床垫下面了吗？Yeah, sounds a bit strange. But perhaps most interestingly, there's a booming criminal economy.是的，听起来有点奇怪。但也许最值得注意的是，黑色经济正在蓬勃发展。Cash in hand, avoiding taxes, etc. Exactly.比如私下收现金、逃税等等。没错。So cards are great for restaurants, but not necessarily for all businesses.所以刷卡支付对餐馆很有帮助，但不一定适用于所有行业。

Back in March 2018, an insurance company from New Zealand started a landmark trial with its company staff. It decided to trial a four-day working week. Almost 250 staff at Perpetual Guardian took part.早在 2018 年 3 月，新西兰一家保险公司开始对员工进行一项具有里程碑意义的试验：他们决定试行每周四天工作制。大约有 250 名来自 Perpetual Guardian 的员工参与了这项试验。We're looking at the pros and cons of working a four-day week. Right, Jackie. So that New Zealand company, what was the result of their trial? The employees completed surveys before they did the trial and after they did the trial.我们现在要讨论每周四天工作制的利与弊。好的，Jackie。那么那家新西兰公司，他们的试验结果如何？员工们在试验前和试验后都填写了问卷调查。And it was upon reading the results that the company declared it was a great success and decided to adopt the new schedule full-time.在看到调查结果后，公司宣布试验非常成功，并决定永久采用这一新的工作安排。OK. So why was it such a great success then? Well, there were three factors that they looked at.好的。那么它为何如此成功？他们主要从三个因素进行评估。And overall, staff reported lower stress levels, higher levels of job satisfaction. Interesting. And also an improved sense of work-life balance.总体而言，员工表示压力降低、工作满意度提高——很有趣——而且工作与生活的平衡感也有所提升。OK. That sounds obvious. The employees loved it. What did the firm get out of it?好的，这听起来很合理。员工很喜欢。那么公司从中获得了什么呢？Actually, because there was less stress, productivity increased. People who enjoy their job at the end of the day work better. Fantastic.实际上，由于压力减少，生产力反而提高了。喜欢自己工作的人最终会做得更好。太棒了。But actually, the four-day week, it's nothing new, is it? No, they've had it in America for some time. Richard, the difference is, in America, you still work 40 hours, right? But you just do it over four days.不过事实上，每周四天工作制并不新鲜，对吧？对，美国很早以前就有了。Richard，不同之处在于，美国人仍然工作 40 小时，只是把这 40 小时压缩在四天内完成。So you still do the same number of hours as you did in five days, but you do it in the four days.也就是说，你工作时长一样，只是从五天集中到四天中。Exactly. You're working a 10-hour day instead. The important thing here was that people worked fewer hours got paid the same.没错，你每天工作 10 小时。这里重要的是，人们工作更少的时间，却拿同样的薪水。They worked for four days but got paid for five. Exactly.他们只工作四天，但拿五天的工资。没错。So a four-day week then, it can't all be good then, surely?所以每周四天工作制肯定也不是全都是好处吧？Well, I suppose there is a possibility that if you're working harder for four days, you could actually come the fourth day, become less productive.嗯，我想有一种可能是，如果你在四天内更拼命工作，到了第四天你的效率可能反而下降。And also those on a four-day week, they may feel some pressure to come into meetings on that fifth day when they're not there. Or work from home.此外，实行四天工作制的人，可能会感到压力必须在他们本不应该上班的第五天参加会议，或在家工作。OK, it was a great success then, this four-day week. But why did the company actually go for it in the first place?好的，这个四天工作制非常成功。但是，公司当初为什么会尝试这样的制度？Yeah, new technology, Richard. I mean, you know, the use of computers.嗯，是因为新科技，Richard。比如电脑的使用。People always thought, didn't they, that in the future, it wasn't that long ago, they said in the future, people will be working more from home and having a more relaxed work-life balance.人们一直认为——直到不久前还这样说——未来大家会更多在家工作，拥有更轻松的工作与生活平衡。Yeah, they always said people will be working less in the future, didn't they? But it appears that people are actually working more.是啊，他们总说未来人们会工作得更少，对吧？但事实似乎是人们现在反而工作得更多。Exactly. You can't get away from the office nowadays, can you, with emails and phone calls, etc.没错，如今你完全无法远离办公室邮件、电话等。No. It's created a culture where workers are required to be constantly available to work.是的，这创造了一种文化：员工必须随时待命。You see that all the time, Richard. And with our friends, they're on the phone or answering emails at the weekend.你经常能看到这样的情况，Richard。我们的朋友们在周末也在打电话或回邮件。Now that company in New Zealand did one thing. But they've been trying something else in France, haven't they?那家新西兰公司采取了一种方式。但法国采取了另一种方式，对吧？Yeah, France realised that work was spilling into after hours. So they tried a different approach.是的，法国意识到工作不断侵入下班时间，于是他们尝试不同的方式。And this was getting companies to make regulations that stopped employees responding to emails, answering phones after a certain time.他们让公司制定规定，禁止员工在特定时间后回复邮件或接电话。But I wonder, it's interesting, the four-day week. It works for some companies. I wonder if it's the future.不过我很好奇，四天工作制很有趣。它对一些公司有效。我想知道这是否会成为未来趋势。Yes, I think it depends on the company itself, doesn't it? Some companies can lend their ways to four days where it might be impossible for others.是的，我想这取决于公司本身。有些公司可以适应四天工作制，而另一些公司则完全无法实行。Anyway, do you work for a company who does a four-day working week? Or would you like to see it introduced to your company? 总之，你的公司实行四天工作制吗？或者你希望公司引入这样的制度吗？

I'm talking to Simon. Hi Simon. Hi.我正在和西蒙说话。嗨，西蒙。嗨。Who is hoping to become a full-time freelance sports writer. Am I right about that? Yes, just about, yes.他希望成为一名全职自由体育作家。我这样说对吗？是的，差不多，是的。What kind of sports do you write about? Well, at the moment I only write about football.你写哪种运动？嗯，目前我只写足球。That's my specialist subject and that is done in two directions. I have always followed Manchester City Football Club, so that is my English arm of the football writing. And because I'm a resident of Lisbon, I also write about Portuguese football affairs.那是我的专长，而且分为两个方向。我一直关注曼城足球俱乐部，所以那是我足球写作的英格兰部分。而由于我住在里斯本，我也写葡萄牙足球的相关事务。Manchester City, you write about Manchester City. I do. Who do you write for? I write predominantly for ESPN.曼城，你写曼城的内容。是的。你主要为谁写？我主要为 ESPN 写作。Right. So I have a contract with them to produce three or four Manchester City-related articles per week. Per week? Per week.好的。我和他们有合约，每周需要写三到四篇与曼城相关的文章。每周？每周。And you find enough to write about per week? Always. And how long have you been doing that for? I've been doing that for about six or seven years, I think.那你每周都能找到足够的题材？总是能。你这样做多久了？我想大概六七年了。And then you said your other arm, as it were, is writing about Portuguese football. Tell me about that.你刚才还说你的另一部分写作是关于葡萄牙足球的。说说这个吧。Well, there's a huge global interest in the English Premier League, obviously, so there's a lot of competition amongst sports writers, football writers, to get their work published. There is not so much being done in the area of Portuguese football, so it's more of a niche market.嗯，全球对英超的兴趣非常大，所以体育记者、足球记者之间竞争激烈，想发表文章很难。而关于葡萄牙足球的内容并不多，所以这是一个更小众的市场。I write for an English-language website called portugol.net, which is run by a friend of mine in Lisbon. It's the biggest and most well-known English-language site covering Portuguese football.我为一个叫 portugol.net 的英文网站写稿，它由我在里斯本的朋友经营。这是最大、最知名的英文葡萄牙足球网站。Am I right in saying then, both... for both the Manchester City writing and for the Portugal writing, your writings appear on the internet only? No, it can be in print as well.那么我这样说对吗——无论是写曼城还是写葡萄牙足球，你的文章都是发表在网络上？不，也可以是纸媒。OK. Sometimes... sometimes... there's a lot of website-based stuff, but I write, for example, for the Irish Examiner.好。有时候……有很多是在线内容，但比如我也会为《Irish Examiner》（爱尔兰观察家报）写稿。All right. Again, about Manchester City. So that will be a newspaper?好的，又是关于曼城的。这是纸媒吗？That's a weekly column on a Monday in the newspaper, which is sort of a reflective piece on what happened at the weekend.那是报纸上每周一的专栏，主要是对周末比赛的一些回顾性评论。If there are other people listening who have a passion for a sport and like writing about it, what advice would you give them if they wanted to do something like this as well?如果有其他人热爱某项运动，也喜欢写作，希望做类似的事情，你会给他们什么建议？If it's football, it's very difficult to get into because there is a cabal of well-known writers who almost always are chosen by the newspapers and the magazines to do their stuff for them.如果是足球，这个行业很难进入，因为报纸和杂志几乎都选择那群知名作者来写稿。So are you the Man City expert?所以你算是曼城专家吗？Because I'm so old, I do have an advantage over some of the younger guns because I go back further and I can add historical perspective to a lot of my articles, which some of the others can't unless they research it.因为我年纪大，我相比年轻作者有优势——我能回顾更久远的历史，可以在文章中加入历史视角，而其他人若不特别研究，就无法做到。And even then, they don't have the feel as someone who was actually there and lived through whichever period we're writing about or talking about.即使研究了，他们也没有那种亲历其境的感觉——不像真正经历过那个时代的人。So you've got the experience. Yes. Yeah.所以你有经验。是的，没错。But I would say just keep going and try and get yourself noticed.但我会说，坚持写，让别人注意到你。If you have the skill and the ability and you write in an interesting, informative and entertaining way, somebody somewhere will take you on.如果你有技巧、有能力，并且写得有趣、有信息量、有可读性，总会有人愿意用你的文章。They probably will not offer to pay you to start with. So be prepared to do work for free just to get your name out there.他们一开始可能不会付你钱，所以准备好先免费写稿，让自己的名字被看到。Now, I know you're not a full-time freelance worker. So although you seem to be very busy, it's still a step away then from it paying all your bills.我知道你还不是全职自由工作者。虽然你看起来很忙，但这些收入还不足以支付你所有的开销。Yes, it doesn't pay all my bills. That's why I also teach.是的，不能完全覆盖所有开支。所以我还要教书。My dream would be to be free of teaching and just to write because I'd like to be a creative writer as well as a contracted writer because there's not complete creativity with what I do.我的梦想是不再教书，只靠写作，因为我希望既能成为创意写作者，也能成为签约作者——我现在做的写作并不完全属于创意写作。And how are you going to get onto that next step? Very good question.那你要怎么迈向下一步？好问题。Just keep writing. The more writing I do, the more it gets noticed. The more people want stuff from you, the more people are prepared to pay for it.就是继续写。我写得越多，就越容易被注意到。越多人想要你的内容，就越多人愿意付费。And your passion shows through your writing. I hope so. I hope so.而且你的热情会通过你的文字展现出来。我希望如此，我希望如此。

Hey, WorkLifers, it's Adam here, and I have some exciting news.嘿，WorkLifers，我是 Adam，有个令人兴奋的消息要告诉你们。Last year, by popular demand, we started releasing more conversations and debates with my favorite thinkers, creators, doers, and leaders.去年，根据大家的强烈要求，我们开始发布更多与我最喜爱的思想家、创作者、实干家和领导者的对话与讨论。The goal is to figure out what makes them tick, and what they can teach us about a life well lived.目标是弄清楚是什么驱动着他们，以及他们能教会我们如何过好一生。Sometimes we talk about work, but often it's just been a window into the interesting ways their minds work.有时我们谈论工作，但更多时候，这些对话是了解他们独特思维方式的窗口。If you haven't had a chance to listen, the guests have included Lin-Manuel Miranda, Brene Brown, Ava DuVernay, and Malcolm Gladwell.如果你还没收听过，嘉宾包括林-曼努尔·米兰达、布芮内·布朗、艾娃·杜威内以及马尔科姆·格拉德威尔。You asked for more episodes, so we're doing just that, regular episodes all year round.你们希望有更多节目，所以我们照做了——全年持续更新。We've decided to call it Rethinking with Adam Grant, because that's been the pull for me, a chance to reexamine the things I think are true, and to dig into the psychology of these fascinating guests.我们决定把节目命名为《Rethinking with Adam Grant》（与 Adam Grant 一起重新思考），因为这对我来说，是一个重新审视自以为真实的事物、深入挖掘这些迷人嘉宾心理的机会。We'll kick off the fall with conversations with entrepreneur Mark Cuban, best-selling author Celeste Ng, Oscar-winning actor and producer Rhys Witherspoon, neuroscientist Chantal Pratt, Nobel Laureate physicist Saul Perlmutter, and death-defying rock climber Alex Connold.秋季我们将以一系列对话开场——包括企业家马克·库班、畅销书作家伍绮诗、奥斯卡影后兼制片人瑞茜·威瑟斯彭、神经科学家尚塔尔·普拉特、诺贝尔物理学奖得主索尔·珀尔马特，以及挑战死亡极限的攀岩者亚历克斯·霍诺德。And season six of Work Life will still be coming out right here next year.另外，《Work Life》第六季将在明年继续在这个频道推出。Thanks as always for listening. Follow Rethinking with Adam Grant on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen.一如既往感谢你的收听。请在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或任何你使用的平台关注《Rethinking with Adam Grant》。

You know that saying, move fast and break things? I do. Well, we say move fast and fix things, because in our experience, speed and fixing go hand in hand. Absolutely.你知道那句“快速行动，打破常规”的说法吗？ 我知道。而我们说的是“快速行动，迅速修复”，因为根据我们的经验，速度和解决问题是相辅相成的。的确如此。Speed's gotten a dangerous reputation, but it signals that you take a problem seriously, and it builds momentum for real change. Which is why we move fast and we fix things. My name is Anne Morris.速度常常名声不佳，但它表明你认真对待问题，并且能为真正的改变积累动能。 这就是为什么我们快速行动并迅速解决问题。我叫安妮·莫里斯。I'm a company builder and a leadership coach. And I'm Frances Frey. I'm an author and a Harvard Business School professor.我是一名公司创建者和领导力教练。而我是弗朗西丝·弗雷，一名作家，也是哈佛商学院的教授。And, most importantly, I'm Anne's wife. You're going off script, sunshine. We're the co-authors of two books on building better businesses, and we've spent decades helping everyone, from entrepreneurs just starting out to CEOs of global corporations.而且最重要的是，我是安妮的妻子。你已经开始偏离台本了，亲爱的。我们共同撰写了两本关于打造更好企业的书籍，并花了数十年时间帮助各类人士——从刚创业的创始人到全球公司的 CEO。We help them all solve their work problems. Along the way, we've noticed something surprising. When people come to us with a work problem, whether it's completely new or something they've been wrestling with for years, often they're just one good conversation away from removing the roadblock and finding a solution.我们帮助他们解决各种工作难题。在这个过程中，我们注意到一个令人惊讶的现象：不管人们带来的工作问题是全新的，还是多年来一直困扰他们的，往往只需要一次高质量的对话，就能解除障碍，找到解决方案。That's where we come in. We guide people past those barriers so that they can make things happen. And that's exactly what we'll be doing here.这就是我们出现的地方。我们引导人们跨越这些障碍，让他们真正推动事情发生。而这正是我们将在这里做的事。Unfixable. This is a new show from the TED Audio Collective. Each week, we'll take a call from someone who's stuck, someone who's facing a work problem that they just don't know how to solve.《不可修复？》——这是 TED 音频团队推出的新节目。每周我们都会接到来自陷入困境的人的来电，他们正面临一个不知道如何解决的工作难题。We'll cover things like when to say enough is enough. The workload was starting to get unmanageable. What to do when you think your boss is acting unethically.我们将讨论的话题包括：什么时候该说“够了”；工作量已经变得无力承担；以及当你认为上司行为不道德时该怎么办。How do I convey that messages in a manner where they understand doing the right thing is not just aboutrhetoric. And my personal favorite, how to find your strengths and lean into them. Wow, you know, I came for the discussion and I'm staying for the ego boost.我该如何传达信息，让他们明白做正确的事不仅仅是口头说说？还有我个人最喜欢的话题：如何发现自己的优势并好好运用它们。哇，我本来是来听讨论的，现在是为了被夸留下的。This is great. Our hope is that by doing this work out here in the open, inviting everyone to the party, we can start to really spread the message that meaningful change happens fast and really that everything is fixable. Everything is fixable.太棒了。我们希望通过公开做这些事情、邀请所有人参与，真正传达一个信息：有意义的改变可以很快发生，而且——所有问题都能修复。所有问题都能修复。And that's where you come in. If you have a work problem you're feeling stuck on, get in touch. Tell us how we can help.这就是你可以参与的地方。如果你有工作上的困扰，卡住了，来联系我们。告诉我们如何能帮到你。Email us at fixable at ted.com or give us a call at 234-fixable. That's 234-349-2253. And make sure to subscribe to Fixable right now on your favorite podcast app so you don't miss a single episode.你可以发邮件到 [email protected]，或拨打 234-FIXABLE（234-349-2253）。并记得在你喜欢的播客应用上订阅《Fixable》，别错过任何一集。Part of what we do in the world is just bring some can-do lesbian spirit into organizations. We are can-do lesbians and we think there's a can-do lesbian inside of everyone. You just have to find her.我们做的事情之一，就是把那种“什么都能做的女同志精神”带进各个组织。我们是能干的女同志，而且我们相信每个人心里都住着一个能干的女同志。你只需要把她找出来。You just got to find her. She's in there.你只要找到她。她就在你的心里。

We belong to an organisation that puts you in touch with pet-sitters when you go away. People who can look after your house and animals while you're on holiday. And it was coming up for renewal, wasn't it? The subscription, yes.我们加入了一个组织，当你外出时，它会帮你联系宠物看护的人。他们可以在你度假期间照顾你的房子和动物。而我们的会员马上要续费了，是吗？对，就是订阅服务。Every year. Fine. But what they didn't tell us was it was more expensive than the previous year.每年都要续费，好吧。但他们没告诉我们的是，这次续费比前一年更贵。And what's more, it was more expensive, a lot more expensive than new customers were going to pay. We're looking at customers' loyalty. It wasn't the first time that we found out that we as existing customers were paying more for a product than new customers coming on.更糟的是，这次续费比新客户要付的钱贵得多。我们说的就是对老顾客忠诚度的“惩罚”。这不是第一次我们发现，作为老客户，我们反而比新客户付更多钱。We're not the only ones. In the UK, Citizens Advice, which is an independent charity, have recently complained to a government department about these loyalty penalties, which people are paying in essential markets. Yes, now these essential markets, they include things like paying for your mobile, broadband, home insurance is a big one, bank savings and mortgages.我们并不是唯一的例子。在英国，一个独立慈善机构“公民咨询局”最近向政府部门投诉这种“忠诚惩罚”，它出现在很多基本民生市场里。是的，这些基本市场包括手机套餐、宽带、家庭保险（这个特别严重）、银行储蓄和房屋贷款。They're all more expensive for their loyal customers than for new people joining. Yeah, their existing customers. Up to 64% of consumers didn't know that they were being charged either the same or much more than newer customers.这些服务对长期客户来说都比对新加入的人更贵。是的，就是说对老客户更贵。多达 64% 的消费者甚至不知道自己被收取的费用要么和新客户一样高，要么更高。Yes, and they found that 8 in 10 bill payers are currently charged significantly higher prices for remaining with their existing supplier rather than getting a new supplier. And I suppose, Richard, part of this is because of privatisation. In the past, a lot of these – especially gas and electricity, things like that – the government provided those.是的，而且他们发现，十分之八的账单付款人因为继续使用原服务商，而不是更换新服务商，被收取了明显更高的费用。我想，Richard，这部分原因是私有化导致的。过去很多服务——特别是燃气、电力之类——都是政府提供的。And now you have to go and look, and it's difficult to choose which company to go for. And when they've got special offers to attract new customers, that's got to be paid for by someone. So, we're feeling very sympathetic towards these people, especially because of our own situation.而现在你必须自己去选择，挑选哪家公司很麻烦。而且企业为了吸引新客户会推出特价优惠，而这些成本总得由某些人承担。所以我们对这些被多收费的人很同情，尤其是因为我们自己也遇到了类似的情况。However, Richard... Yes? I'm wondering whether this might change your mind. OK. Now, we have a couple of dogs and we go to the supermarket and we buy dog food.不过呢，Richard……什么？我在想这件事可能会改变你的看法。好，现在我们有几只狗，我们去超市买狗粮。Yes. We can choose to switch to a different brand if we discover that it's cheaper. We have the option to do that.对。如果我们发现另一种品牌更便宜，就可以换品牌。我们完全可以这样做。Yes. And it would actually be very nonsensical of us to stay with our normal brand if it has become more expensive. Do you agree with that? If the quality is identical, you go for the cheaper the product.是的。如果我们发现平常买的品牌变贵了，还坚持不换，那其实很不明智。你同意吗？如果品质一样，当然选便宜的。Right. OK. Because this is all about a competitive market.好的。因为这一切都与竞争性市场有关。And competition is for the benefit of the consumers. And so, if you're going to have a competitive market, this includes switching from one brand to another. Loyalty doesn't pay.而竞争是为了让消费者获益。所以在竞争市场里，你就应该在品牌之间切换。忠诚并不划算。Right. OK. So, there is less sympathy for people being penalised for being loyal if, in fact, they just need to do a little bit more work and go for the cheaper brand.好的。所以如果消费者只需要稍微动动手，就能找到更便宜的品牌，那么他们因忠诚而被多收费，别人可能就不太同情了。It's just like buying in a supermarket. I'm not so sure about that. Obviously, there's more to it, isn't there, Richard? Because in the supermarket, the switching is very simple, isn't it? You just choose the other brand.这就像在超市购物。我不太确定哦，显然事情没那么简单，是吧 Richard？因为在超市换品牌很容易，你只要拿另一包就行了。Exactly. And I think what's happened nowadays, it's much more difficult to switch from one brand to another. And there are often penalties.没错。但现在情况更复杂了，从一个品牌切换到另一个往往非常困难，而且还会有罚金或额外费用。And also, if it's an auto-renewal subscription, then that price increase should be communicated to customers.而且如果是自动续订的订阅服务，价格上涨应该明确告知客户。Definitely. Actually, recently we changed our web host that hosts the site, Podcast in English.没错。事实上，我们最近更换了为 "Podcast in English" 网站提供服务的网络主机。I didn't choose the very cheapest host. I chose one a bit more expensive because their renewal price didn't actually go up that much. You're computer savvy, you see.我没有选择最便宜的那家，而是选了稍微贵一点的，因为他们续费的涨幅不大。你是电脑高手嘛。So, at the end of the day, if you know there are cheaper options out there but don't switch, that's your problem. However, if you stay with a brand who is overcharging because the barriers to switching, you know, it's too expensive or it's difficult to understand, those barriers are too big, then that is not acceptable.所以，最终如果你明明知道外面有更便宜的选择却不切换，那是你自己的问题。但如果你因为转换成本太高、太复杂，而被迫留在一家乱收费的公司，那就不可接受了。But really, people are going to be less sympathetic to us because we can find out about the switching and go for the cheaper option.但说实话，别人对我们不会太同情，因为

Iceland has no shortage of natural dangers – volcanic eruptions, glacial floods, scaldingly hot springs and bitterly cold winters. But it is at least one of the few places on Earth where humans don't have to worry about mosquitoes – until now.冰岛总是有各种各样的自然危险，那里有火山喷发、冰川导致的洪水、滚烫的温泉和苦寒冰冷的冬季。不过，冰岛至少是地球上少数几个人类不必担心蚊子的地方之一，直到现在。Two females and a male have been caught on a sticky trap used to attract moths. They're a species that's resistant to the cold.两只雌蚊和一只雄蚊被一个用于吸引飞蛾的粘性陷阱所捕获。它们属于一种能抵抗寒冷的蚊种。It isn't clear how many other mosquitoes are in Iceland or exactly how they got there. One scientist said he did not believe their arrival was linked to climate change and suggested they could have been stowaways on a ship.人们尚不清楚冰岛目前还有多少只蚊子，以及这些蚊子如何来到了这里。一名科学家表示，他不认为这些蚊子的到来和气候变化有关，并提出它们也可能是坐船抵达冰岛的 “偷渡者”。

"No pain no gain!" That's a mindset applied to many things – from working long hours when starting a new business, to studying hard for an important exam. And gym culture often encourages people to push themselves to their limits, leading people to have an all or nothing attitude, where they feel they must either have an extremely tough fitness regime, or do nothing at all. But what if it doesn't have to be this way? What if you can improve your fitness and wellbeing with minimal effort? Meet the new trend gainingtraction: zone zero exercise.“不劳无获！” 这种心态适用于许多事情——从创业初期的长时间工作，到为重要考试而刻苦学习。健身文化往往鼓励人们把自己推到极限，导致一种“要么全力以赴、要么干脆不做”的态度，仿佛非得执行极其严苛的健身计划，否则就是零运动。但事情真的一定要这样吗？如果只需付出最小的努力，也能提升健康与体能呢？让我们来认识一个正在流行的新趋势：零区运动（zone zero exercise）。Zone training is about your heart rate. For example, zone 1 exercise requires 50% of your maximum heart rate, up to zone 5 which is 100% effort. Activities range from a dog walk or easy warm-up in zone 1, to a sprint up the stairs at zone 5. Think of zone zero as any kind of movement that keeps your heart rate below 50%. This could be a gentle stroll, a few stretches in between long stints of sitting at your desk, even gardening or light housework. Terry Tateossian, a personal trainer and nutritionist, said that for many of her clients, "zone zero is the bridge between sedentary and sustainable". It is exercise that feels effortless.分区训练（zone training）主要基于你的心率。 例如，一区运动需要达到最大心率的 50%，五区则是 100% 的全力输出。日常活动从牵狗散步或轻松热身（一区），到冲刺上楼梯（五区）不等。所谓的零区，就是任何让心率维持在 50% 以下的动作。这可能是一段轻松的散步、久坐办公期间的几下伸展运动，甚至是园艺或轻度家务。私人教练兼营养师 Terry Tateossian 说，对于她的许多客户来说，“零区是从久坐到持续运动之间的桥梁。” 它是一种几乎不费力的运动方式。One major benefit of zone zero activity is accessibility. For those unable to do high intensity workouts, such as those recovering from injury, light exercise may feel like a smaller mountain to climb. And with this comes another benefit – consistency. A routine based on zone zero activity is easier to sustain, meaning the long-term benefits are easier to achieve. A 2018 review of research, published in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that zone zero activity can support mental wellbeing, help regulate blood sugar and improve circulation. It can even lower the risk ofcardiovasculardisease.零区运动的一大优势是容易执行。 对于无法进行高强度训练的人，如正在从伤病中恢复者，轻度运动更像是一座较易攀登的小山。同时也带来另一项好处——坚持性更强。以零区活动为基础的运动习惯更容易长期维持，也因此更容易获得长期健康效益。2018 年发表在《国际行为营养与体育活动杂志》上的一项研究综述显示，零区运动有助于提升心理健康、调节血糖并改善血液循环，甚至可以降低心血管疾病风险。Of course, if you're gunning for a personal best, or wanting to significantly improve your fitness, you shouldn't stop at zone zero activities. You'll need to do challenging, high-intensity workouts to grow stronger. But even top athletes must embrace gentle movement. Endurance coach Stephanie Holbrook says, "it's often the missing piece that unlocks breakthrough performances because it facilitates genuine recovery." Maybe slowing down is the best way to move forward.当然，如果你想刷新个人最佳成绩，或者显著提升体能，就不能只停留在零区活动上。你仍然需要具挑战性的高强度训练来变得更强。但即便是顶尖运动员也必须接受轻柔的活动。耐力教练 Stephanie Holbrook 说：“这往往是促成突破性表现的关键，因为它让身体真正恢复。” 或许，放慢脚步才是继续前进的最好方式。

We're talking about a restaurant. A restaurant that became the top-rated restaurant in London. Except that the restaurant was a fake.我们要谈的是一家餐厅——一家成为伦敦最高评分餐厅的餐厅。只不过，这家餐厅是假的。It didn't exist. Yes, so we ask who did it, why he did it and how. Well, let's start with who, Richard.它根本不存在。那么我们来问：是谁干的？为什么要这么做？又是怎么做到的？我们先从“谁”开始吧，理查德。It was a journalist, OK? By the name of Ubar Butler. And what's interesting was that his original job included writing fake reviews for TripAdvisor restaurants, even though he never went to them, right? And he saw that these fake reviews actually helped the restaurants to become very popular. The reviews were always positive.是一个记者，名叫乌巴·巴特勒。有趣的是，他之前的工作就是帮餐厅在TripAdvisor上写假评论——虽然他从来没去过那些餐厅。而且他发现，这些虚假的好评确实能让餐厅变得很受欢迎。Yes, obviously the restaurants themselves paid for him to write the reviews. Of course, which leads on to why he had his idea. Yes, he wondered whether it was possible for not only to have fake reviews but actually have a fake restaurant.没错，那些餐厅当然是付钱请他写好评的。而这也引发了他的灵感：他在想，既然有假的评论，那能不能干脆弄一家假的餐厅？Would it be possible to become the best restaurant in London? Yeah, now this became a challenge for him, didn't it, Richard? And we're talking about April 2017. So how did he go about it, Richard?能不能让这家假餐厅成为伦敦最好的餐厅？对，这对他来说成了一个挑战。时间是在2017年4月。那他是怎么做的呢，理查德？Well, the first thing is he decided to use his real shed in the garden. That was the restaurant.首先，他决定用自己花园里的小棚子当作餐厅。Yeah, and he called it The Shed. And for £10 he was actually able to get it verified as a real place. Because it wasn't real, he didn't want to give his real address, so he made it appointment-only.对，他把餐厅命名为“The Shed（棚屋）”。花了10英镑，他居然真的能让TripAdvisor验证通过。因为餐厅并不存在，他不想公开真实地址，于是设置为“仅限预约”。And then, so he did that, then he designed a website and he created a concept. What was that? He named all his dishes after moods. So he had a happy, love, comfort as his dishes.接着他做了网站，并设计了一个概念。他把所有菜品都以情绪命名，比如“快乐”“爱情”“安慰”等。So comfort for me would be something like shepherd's pie. Yes, and he also took some photos of the dishes. Yeah, those arty, soft, focused, close-up photos of food that is very popular nowadays.比如“安慰”这道菜，对我来说可能就像牧羊人派一样。是的，他还拍了一些菜的照片——那种现在很流行的艺术感、柔焦、特写的美食照。But they were all fake as well. Yeah, he didn't even use real ingredients, right? He used shaving cream instead of cream. Shaving cream, yes, and paint.但那些照片也全是假的。他根本没用真正的食材，比如用剃须膏代替奶油。没错，还有颜料。He painted his things to look attractive. Yeah, so he had a name, had a logo, and lots of great photos. So then he submits his restaurant to TripAdvisor and... Well, it's approved and then it's put on their site for everyone to see.他用颜料把东西涂得看起来很诱人。于是，他有了名字、有了标志，还有很多漂亮的照片。接着，他把餐厅提交到TripAdvisor——结果真的通过审核，上了网站。He started out ranked at number 18,149, but by the end of August he was at number 156. And by the winter he's number 30. How did he do that, Richard?起初他的排名是第18,149名，但到了八月底，已经上升到第156名。到了冬天，更是进入前三十。理查德，他是怎么做到的？Well, obviously, he has a history of writing fake reviews. Yes. He had lots of contacts. He got all his friends to write really great reviews for his non-existent restaurant and that soon got him shooting up the charts.很明显，他有写假评论的经验。而且人脉广，他请朋友们帮忙为这家不存在的餐厅写极好的评论。没多久，排名就蹭蹭往上涨。It was all about the reviews. All the reviews were fantastic and it made all the difference. And of course he couldn't have any bad reviews because no real people went to the restaurant at all.一切都靠评论。所有的评论都极其出色，这就是关键。而且根本不会出现差评，因为没有真正的顾客去过。Exactly. And then on the 1st of November, the same year, just six months after listing The Shed online, he gets an email from TripAdvisor. He's worried, isn't he?没错。然后在同年11月1日，也就是上架六个月后，他收到了TripAdvisor的邮件。他当时很紧张，对吧？Yes, he thinks they've rumbled him. Yeah. But an actual fact is to tell him that he's London's top-rated restaurant.对，他以为自己被揭穿了。其实不是。那封邮件是告诉他，他的餐厅成了伦敦排名第一的餐厅。A restaurant that doesn't exist, he's told, is currently the highest ranked in one of the world's biggest cities on perhaps the internet's most trusted review site.一间根本不存在的餐厅，成了世界上最大城市之一、也许是最受信任的评论网站上的第一名。Number one, Richard. I mean, that is just incredible.第一名啊，理查德。这真是太不可思议了。Now, he stayed there for two weeks, but of course now that the page has been deleted, everybody realises it was a fake.后来它保持第一名两周，但如今页面已被删除，大家才意识到那是个骗局。But he said it was a fake, didn't he? Yeah, he... It wasn't actually found out by anybody. No, no, no. He wanted to show that this was possible, right?不过是他自己公开承认的。并不是被揭穿的。他只是想证明，这一切是可以做到的。And I suppose it's sad really because it just shows how easily fooled people are.说起来也挺讽刺的，这说明人们是多么容易被欺骗。How fake everything is. But an actual fact, in his own words, he's much more positive. He says, if he can transform his garden into London's best restaurant, then literally anything is possible in the business world.世界多么虚假。但用他自己的话说，他倒是更乐观——如果他能把自家花园变成伦敦最好的餐厅，那在商业世界里，一切皆有可能。

Hey, what's up guys, MKBHD here, still in Las Vegas, and I've seen a lot of self-driving tech so far here at CES, like if you walk through any of the halls with cars in them, there's tons of like open room concepts and things like that, but they feel kind of useless, you know, like as long as they're still in a concept phase, they don't really feel real yet.大家好，我是 MKBHD，现在还在拉斯维加斯。在今年的 CES 展会上，我已经看到了很多自动驾驶技术。走进任何一个汽车展厅，都能看到各种“开放空间”式的概念车，设计很炫，但感觉都没什么实际用途。你懂的，只要还停留在概念阶段，就让人觉得离现实还挺远的。So then I got an email from a company called Yandex, you may know them as a Russian tech company, and they said, hey, come check out our autonomous car at CES.然后我收到一封来自一家叫 Yandex 的公司的邮件——你可能知道，这是一家俄罗斯科技公司。他们说：“嘿，来看看我们在 CES 上的无人驾驶汽车吧！”I'm kind of thinking, okay, well, I've seen a lot of autonomous concepts and things like that, how could this be much different? But then they said, listen, we have a fully autonomous driverless car hitting the streets of Las Vegas with all the other regular cars right now, you can go for a ride, you in? So I'm super in, let's do it.我当时心想，好吧，我已经看过那么多自动驾驶概念了，这还能有多不一样？但他们接着说：“听好了，我们的车已经在拉斯维加斯的街头，与普通车辆一起行驶，你可以亲自坐上去试一试。要不要来？”我当然要啊，立刻答应了！So the car itself is a retrofitted Prius, on top is radar, lidar, and camera array for the car to map out its surroundings.这辆车本身是一辆经过改装的丰田 Prius（普锐斯），车顶上安装了雷达、激光雷达和摄像头阵列，用来扫描和绘制周围的环境地图。I think as someone who's used the autopilot from a Tesla, it helps me to not be as nervous in the backseat, but it's still crazy not having anyone in the driver's seat at all as the car navigates the streets.我以前开过特斯拉的自动驾驶，所以坐在后座的时候没那么紧张，但眼前这辆车完全没有司机、自己在街上行驶，还是让人觉得很不可思议。There's a safety engineer in the passenger seat, which had a kill switch next to him for if anything happened to go wrong or it needed to be interrupted, but we did about a 15 minute loop around real streets, real drivers, real people, and everything went smoothly and it was kind of still trippy the whole time.副驾驶坐着一位安全工程师，旁边有个紧急关闭开关，如果出现问题可以立刻介入。我们在真实街道上行驶了大约15分钟，周围都是正常行驶的车辆和行人，一切顺利，但整个过程还是让人觉得有点“魔幻”。This really feels like the future, I gotta say. It might not be this crazy self-driving interior that everyone else is talking about, but this tech part is cool to me.我得说，这真有种“未来已至”的感觉。虽然它没有其他厂商展示的那种炫酷自动驾驶内饰，但技术本身就已经够让我兴奋了。The details are that this is a small area in Las Vegas that was already mapped by this company, so it was a predetermined route and the car knew where it was going to go, but everything else, road conditions, the other cars, the pedestrians, the traffic lights, the turns, speed changes, all of that was decisions made by the car, but all that makes sense for a taxi.具体来说，这辆车运行的区域是 Yandex 事先绘制好的拉斯维加斯一小片区域，路线是预设的，车知道自己要去哪。但像路况、其他车辆、行人、红绿灯、转弯、加减速这些，全都是车自己实时判断的。对无人驾驶出租车来说，这样的模式其实挺合理的。I mean you map the town or city you want to be in, you have predetermined routes for pickup and drop off, and then the taxis are driverless and they just go from there.比如说，你先把城市或镇区地图建好，设定好接送点的路线，然后这些出租车就可以无人驾驶运行了。And the even cooler, nerdier part is these iPad Pros you're seeing, that's a visualization of what the sensors on top of the car are seeing in real time.更酷、更“极客”的部分是，车里这些 iPad Pro 上显示的，就是车顶传感器实时捕捉到的周围环境画面。So the radar, lidar, and cameras are all combining to identify what is other cars on the road, what's pedestrians, what is a stationary object, and seeing things up to 250 meters away in every direction.雷达、激光雷达和摄像头的数据融合在一起，用来识别道路上的其他车辆、行人以及静止物体。它可以在四个方向上探测到最远250米外的情况。So things 6, 7 cars away were on the iPad that I couldn't even see in real life out the windows.我在 iPad 上能看到六七辆车之外的物体，而从车窗外肉眼是完全看不到的。So there are some red paths, and when we start driving you're going to see some green paths. And basically what I'm seeing here is, it's evaluating what's currently happening on the road and what's about to happen.屏幕上有一些红色路径和绿色路径。开车时你会看到绿色路径代表可行方向。简单来说，车在实时评估当前路况和即将发生的情况。Red paths, no good. Green paths, good. And it takes the green path, and it has a predetermined destination, we're on a left turning lane, so you can see way up ahead where it wants to go, and it's just going to follow where it can.红色路径代表不可行，绿色路径代表可行。车辆会自动选择绿色路径行驶。现在我们在左转车道上，可以看到系统已经标出了它想去的方向，车辆会顺着可行的路线前进。Based on the cars around us, you can't really merge right now, so those paths are red, but it has a green path, and it has a bunch of other possible paths to take if it wants to switch it up. But right now, it's all green.根据周围车辆的情况，现在无法并线，所以那些方向是红色的。但它仍然有一条绿色路线可走，而且系统还规划了备用路线以防需要变道。此刻，一切都是绿的。And the best part is the reaction from other people on the road was pretty great.最有趣的是，路上其他人的反应相当精彩。There's people pulling out their phones to record the driverless car, people kind of stare a little bit at stoplights when they realize what's going on, and apparently Las Vegas cops think it's pretty funny too.有人掏出手机拍摄无人驾驶车，也有人在红灯时发现没有司机后，盯着看个不停。听说连拉斯维加斯的警察都觉得挺有意思。But overall, the 15 minutes we spent in this car were a lot of fun, I learned a lot just looking at these iPads and what they were seeing as the car drove around, and this gave me sort of an optimism for the future of self

Imagine you're the mayor of a small, rural town. Over the years the houses have become empty as people move to the city for employment. An earthquake 50 years ago caused terrible damage and forced more families to leave their homes.想象一下，你是一座偏远小镇的市长。多年来，随着人们为了工作迁往城市，镇上的房屋逐渐空置。而且在五十年前，一场地震造成了严重破坏，迫使更多家庭离开家园。And you find yourself facing the possibility of living in a ghost town but in a most beautiful area. We look at the strategy that one local council used to reverse their decline. So where are we, Jackie? On the Italian island of Sicily in a small town called Sambuca.于是你发现自己正面临着一个可能——生活在一座风景优美却濒临“鬼城”的地方。我们来看一个地方政府是如何扭转这种衰退的。那么，我们现在在哪儿呢，杰基？在意大利西西里岛，一个名叫桑布卡（Sambuca）的小镇。Sounds great. So what was Sambuca like in the past then? Very different, Richard. It was a bustling town of about 9,000 people.听起来不错。那么，桑布卡过去是什么样的呢？完全不一样，理查德。那时它是一个热闹的城镇，约有九千名居民。It was, well, and still is, on the top of a hill. And it's in a nature reserve about an hour's drive from the capital. Right, OK.它坐落在一座山顶上，现在依然如此。小镇位于一个自然保护区内，距离首都大约一个小时车程。好的，明白了。So what happened? Basically, Richard, farming practices changed. And following the industrialisation of the agricultural sector, farm workers simply left. So they didn't need so many farm workers.那么后来发生了什么？基本上，理查德，是农业方式发生了变化。随着农业产业化的发展，农场工人不再被需要，因此纷纷离开了。They all left to the city to find jobs then. Yeah, I mean, there's just no human labour needed in the fields anymore. And that left the mayor and his deputy needing to decide what to do.他们都去了城市找工作。是的，因为农田里再也不需要人工劳作了。于是市长和副市长不得不面对一个问题——该怎么办。Exactly, with only about 5,000 people now. So what they decided to do was to sell the homes that the council owned because they wanted people to buy the homes and do them up, live in them and then provide a community once more. Actually, they had an interesting marketing strategy.没错，如今镇上只剩约五千人。所以他们决定出售镇政府名下的房屋，希望吸引人们购买、修缮、居住，从而重建一个社区。事实上，他们采用了一种非常有趣的营销策略。They wanted to sell the houses, but they also wanted to attract media attention. So they decided to advertise the homes for €1 each. €1.他们不仅想卖房子，还想吸引媒体关注。于是，他们决定以每套1欧元的价格对外宣传这些房屋。1欧元！So you can imagine, right, huge reaction and interest from around the world. And just a few weeks after the announcement, the council received almost 100,000 emails. Right, OK, but I still can't believe all these houses were for sale for just €1.你可以想象，来自世界各地的反响有多大。公告发布仅几周后，镇政府就收到了近十万封电子邮件。好的，但我还是难以相信这些房子真的只卖1欧元。They'd all be gone now, surely. Actually, it was an auction. The houses did indeed start at €1, Richard, but of course if there was competition, the price went up.这些房子现在肯定早就卖光了吧？其实并不是——那是一场拍卖。房价确实从1欧元起拍，理查德，但当然，如果有人竞争，价格就会上涨。So was it a success then? Was it a successful initiative? Well, five months after the scheme was advertised, the mayor announced the sale of the first 16 houses. The cheapest went for €1,000, so still very cheap. Very cheap.那么这个计划成功了吗？是一次成功的尝试吗？在计划公布五个月后，市长宣布首批16套房屋售出。最便宜的一套卖了1000欧元，依然非常便宜。非常便宜。The most expensive for €25,000. So what's the latest then, Jackie? What's happening now? Well, I've had a look at the Sambuca council site, Richard, and it looks like there are another 44 houses up for sale right now and people are bidding for them. And some of them still only have €1 bids on and some of them have higher bids on.最贵的一套卖了2万5千欧元。那么，杰基，现在最新的情况如何？我看了桑布卡镇政府的网站，理查德，目前又有44套房屋在出售，正在接受竞标。其中一些仍然只有1欧元的出价，而有些已经更高了。And do you know who's bought these houses? It's a whole mixture of people. Among the new owners are British, Russian, Chilean,Israelifamilies. Wow.你知道是谁买下这些房子的吗？买家可谓五花八门——包括英国人、俄罗斯人、智利人和以色列家庭。哇！So then from a business perspective then, it sounds like it's been quite successful. Yeah, I mean the mayor, he said we did not expect it to be so successful. What, selling houses for €1? Yeah, but I mean it's still a remote area of Europe, Richard, and the houses still need to be worked on.从商业角度来看，这似乎相当成功。是的，市长也说他们没想到会这么成功。卖1欧元的房子还能这么火？没错，但毕竟这里仍是欧洲的偏远地区，这些房子还需要修缮。These aren't houses you can just move into. They need to be rehabilitated. So this sounds great for the mayor, but what about the locals? What do they think about this? Well, interesting question, Richard.这些房子不是买来就能直接入住的，必须整修。因此，这对市长来说听起来很好，但当地居民怎么看呢？这是个有趣的问题，理查德。Many have feared that Sambuca will fall into decline, like many towns in southern Italy. So if the scheme prevents that from happening, I think they're willing to accept their new neighbours. It's certainly an interesting survival strategy.许多人担心桑布卡会像意大利南部的其他小镇一样继续衰落。因此，如果这个计划能阻止那种命运，他们愿意接受这些新邻居。这确实是一种有趣的生存策略。We'll just have to wait and see what happens.我们只能拭目以待，看看结果如何。

In the UK, over 3 million people are vegetarian. That's 7% of the population. And in addition to that, a further 600,000 people, less than 2% of the population, are vegan.在英国，有超过三百万人是素食者，占全国人口的7%。除此之外，还有大约六十万人（不到2%）是纯素食者。Yeah, now 600,000 is not a lot of people, but it's 4 more, 4 times more than in 2014. And half of these made the change just last year. In addition, a third of all Brits are reducing the amount of meat they eat.是的，六十万人并不是很多，但比2014年多了四倍。而且，其中一半人是在去年才改成纯素的。另外，三分之一的英国人正在减少他们吃肉的量。Yes, and actually it's even predicted that vegans and vegetarians will make up a quarter of the British population by 2025. So, without doubt, this is a new and fast-growing area. We're looking at how UK companies are responding.没错，事实上，有预测认为到2025年，素食者和纯素食者将占英国人口的四分之一。因此，这无疑是一个新兴且增长迅速的领域。我们来看看英国的企业是如何应对的。Now, Richard, tell us about Gregg's the Bakers. Yes, it's the largest bakery in the UK and this year in January they launched their first vegan sausage roll. As a result of that single sausage roll, profits leapt more than 50% to £40 million in the first six months of 2019.那么，理查德，请你谈谈英国最大的连锁面包店——Gregg’s。是的，它是英国最大的面包连锁店，今年一月他们推出了第一款纯素香肠卷。结果仅凭这一款产品，公司在2019年上半年的利润就激增了50%以上，达到四千万英镑。I have to say, vegan and sausage roll, it sounds a bit strange to me, Richard. Yes, it does sound a bit strange, but it's obviously very tasty as it's now one of Gregg's five bestsellers. Wow! And for them, of course, veganism is great for business.我得说，纯素和香肠卷放在一起听起来有点怪，理查德。是啊，听起来确实有点奇怪，但显然味道很好，因为它现在是Gregg’s销量前五的产品之一。哇！对他们来说，纯素主义简直成了生意上的福音。But the marketing strategy also meant an increase in their other products, so its shares have also doubled in value over the past year. Yes, because people are going in to buy the vegan sausage roll and buying other things at the same time. So Gregg's is a good example of a company embracing veganism and profiting from that.而且，这种市场策略也带动了他们其他产品的销量，所以过去一年公司股价翻了一倍。是的，因为顾客去买纯素香肠卷时，也顺便买了别的东西。所以Gregg’s是一个很好的例子，说明企业拥抱纯素潮流也能从中获利。But it's not just the food industry, is it, that's riding the vegan wave? No, no. Another British company, Dr Martens, often called Doc Martens, isn't it? It's famous for its boots and shoes. Now they've been going in and out of fashion, what, since the 1960s? Don't tell me, Jackie, they've got a vegan boot.不过，乘着纯素潮流的不仅仅是食品业，对吧？没错，还有另一家英国公司——马汀博士（Dr. Martens），也叫Doc Martens，它以靴子和鞋子闻名。从上世纪六十年代起，它的鞋子时尚与否几经起伏。别告诉我，杰基，他们现在也出纯素靴子了？Yes, the company launched a vegan range of boots. Now this was back in 2011, actually, but it was this year that profits surged by 70% and online sales also rose by two-thirds to £72.7 million. And this accounts for 16% of the total revenues for the company.是的，这家公司在2011年就推出了纯素系列靴子。不过，今年它的利润猛增了70%，线上销售额也增长了三分之二，达到7270万英镑，占公司总收入的16%。Right, Jackie, what makes their boots vegan then? Well, you're not going to eat them, but they have replaced the leather uppers with a combination of polyester fabric and polyurethane. So you're basically telling me they're making plastic boots. It does seem a bit odd to exchange leather for plastic.好的，杰基，那他们的靴子怎么叫“纯素”呢？嗯，当然不是给人吃的，只是他们把皮革鞋面换成了聚酯纤维和聚氨酯的组合。也就是说，他们其实在做塑料靴子？是的，用塑料取代皮革确实有点奇怪。I mean, they may not be made out of animals, but plastic is hardly an ecological alternative. Again, it's the marketing, isn't it? Yes, it's interesting that these companies use the term vegan. But of course, we're talking about clothes.我的意思是，虽然这些靴子不是动物制品，但塑料显然也谈不上环保。又是营销手法，对吧？是的，这些公司使用“纯素”这个词很有意思。但别忘了，我们讨论的是衣物，不是食物。We're not talking about things that the customers are eating, is it? But it's the brand, isn't it, Richard? Because not that long ago, synthetic leather, it was considered fake. It was considered a product for people who couldn't afford the real thing. But now the brand, the marketing, it's making all the difference.我们不是在谈顾客吃的东西，对吧？但这关键在于品牌，不是吗，理查德？因为就在不久前，合成皮还被认为是“假货”，是买不起真皮的人才会买的产品。但如今，品牌与营销改变了一切。Yes, anything animal-free and it's flying off the shelves. Yeah, yeah. My question is this, Richard.是的，只要打上“无动物成分”的标签，产品就会被抢购一空。没错，没错。不过理查德，我有个问题。People become vegans for their health, for the animals and for the environment. But the reason companies are embracing the term and design vegan-labeled products, I think is a little bit more questionable. They're just after the cash, aren't they? Of course.人们选择纯素，是为了健康、动物和环境。但企业热衷推出纯素产品、打上“纯素”标签的动机，我觉得就值得怀疑了——他们只是为了赚钱，对吧？当然。Because at the end of the day, if you want to be eco-friendly, ethical, more sustainable, you just need to consume fewer items. Yeah, buy less. But that's hardly something that businesses want to hear.毕竟，如果真想做到环保、道德、可持续，其实只需要少消费。是的，少买点东西。但这显然不是企业愿意听到的话。

Very recently, a restaurant in Manchester, in the north-west of England, won the city's first Michelin star in 40 years. We talk about the Michelin Guide and the effect of winning one of its prestigious stars. Yes, because this restaurant, Mana it's called, opened less than a year ago.最近，位于英格兰西北部的曼彻斯特有一家餐厅获得了该市四十年来的第一颗米其林星。我们今天要谈的，就是米其林指南以及获得这一权威星级后的影响。是的，这家名为 Mana 的餐厅开业还不到一年。And as soon as it was awarded the star, it became fully booked for months ahead, well into the next year. Yeah, and good news also for Manchester, Richard. Once a restaurant in a town gets given a star, it elevates not just the restaurant's profile but that of the city too.一旦获得米其林星级，这家餐厅立刻变得一位难求，订位排到了好几个月之后，甚至延续到下一年。是啊，Richard，这对曼彻斯特来说也是个好消息。因为一旦一座城市有餐厅获得米其林星，不仅餐厅的声誉得到提升，整个城市的形象也会随之提高。I mean, quite simply, people want to come to a place which has a Michelin-starred restaurant. Yeah, so it all seems a very positive thing, doesn't it? The most Michelin-starred chef, who was French, he claimed that the stars were financially transformative. Yes, indeed, because I think he said with one Michelin star you can get about 20% more business.很简单，人们总是想去有米其林星级餐厅的地方。是啊，这听起来一切都很正面，不是吗？拥有最多米其林星星的那位法国厨师就曾说过，米其林星对餐厅的经济效益有“颠覆性的作用”。没错，他说获得一颗星后，生意可以增长大约20%。Two stars, 40% more business, and with three stars you'll do twice as much business. That's 100% improvement. So you'd think then all restaurants would want to get at least star, but that is not necessarily the case.拿到两颗星，生意增长40%；而三颗星的餐厅，营业额可以翻倍，也就是提升100%。听起来每家餐厅都该梦想至少拿到一颗星，但事实并非如此。Gaining a star, surely that can only be a positive thing. Actually some restaurants return their stars and don't actually want to be in the Guide. That sounds very odd.获得米其林星，照理说应该是件好事吧？但实际上，有些餐厅选择“退星”，甚至不想再出现在米其林指南里。这听起来相当奇怪。Why would they do that? Two main reasons, right? One is undesirable customer expectations. Ah, OK. The customers expect too much, do they? Well, as soon as you become a Michelin-starred restaurant, then customers have... they expect a certain style of food and formal dining.他们为什么要这么做呢？主要有两个原因。第一个是顾客的期望变得“难以招架”。哦？是顾客期望太高了吗？没错，一旦餐厅获得米其林星，顾客便会期待一种特定风格的菜肴和正式的用餐体验。So restaurants that, especially those that serve very, very good but perhaps more simple food, they start to get loads of complaints from customers. Ah, the pressure. The pressure's really on, isn't it? For example, there was one chef, she had a restaurant in a garden centre and she said it changed the atmosphere.于是，那些原本提供非常美味但较为简朴菜肴的餐厅，就会突然收到一堆顾客投诉。啊，这压力确实不小，对吧？例如有一位女厨师，她的餐厅开在一个花园中心里，她说获得星级后，整个餐厅的氛围都变了。Instead of people coming in and being surprised how good the food was, they came expecting something very special and they complained, for example, that there wasn't tablecloths on the wooden tables. They didn't like the rustic feel, they wanted something posher, did they? Yeah. The other thing is that the chefs are overwhelmed by the response.以前，顾客走进来时往往惊喜于食物的美味；但现在，他们带着极高的期望而来，然后抱怨木桌上没有铺桌布。原本的乡村风格不再被欣赏，他们反而希望环境更华丽。是的。另一方面，厨师们也被这种反应压得喘不过气来。You talked about that restaurant in Manchester, completely full up. And then the thing is, Richard, you've got this star. Any minute now, any day, without anybody knowing, a judge can come into your restaurant and decide whether or not you should keep that star or not.你刚提到曼彻斯特那家餐厅——订位已经排满。而问题在于，Richard，一旦你有了这颗星，任何时候、任何一天，米其林评审员都可能悄悄走进你的餐厅，决定你是否还能保住这颗星。So the pressure on the chefs to maintain that star is enormous. And if you lose that star... If you lose a star, you can actually have fewer customers than before. People think it's gone downhill.因此，厨师们为了维持这颗星所承受的压力极大。而一旦失去了星级……顾客甚至可能比以前还少，因为人们会认为餐厅“变差了”。Now, an example of this, a restaurant in Dublin, right, lost its star and as a result, profits declined by 76% and eventually the restaurant was forced to close. Oh dear. So it's a double-edged sword, really.比如，有一家位于都柏林的餐厅在失去米其林星后，利润下滑了76%，最终被迫关门。真糟糕。看来这真是一把双刃剑啊。So perhaps, Richard, you won't be surprised to hear that in fact, a few years ago, a celebrated French chef wanted to lose one of his three stars. But surely that is the industry's highest accolade. That's the right, the top.所以，Richard，也许你不会惊讶地听到，其实几年前有一位著名的法国厨师，主动要求摘掉他三颗星中的一颗。可那可是厨师界的最高荣誉啊。没错，顶级的象征。He said he wanted to be allowed to cook excellent food, but away from the frenzy of star ratings and the anxiety over Michelin's anonymous food judges, it just wasn't worth the stress. It's interesting then, isn't it, that becoming the best in the business is one thing, but maintaining that is even more demanding.他说，他只想专注于烹饪美食，而不想再被星级排名的狂热和对匿名米其林评审的焦虑所折磨。这种压力，根本不值得。真是有趣——成为业界最优秀的人是一回事，但要持续保持在那个位置，却更艰难。

Sawflies are named after the saw-like organ used by the females to lay eggs in plants. The insects want to avoid killing the plants, which provide food for their larvae.锯蜂以它身上一种像锯子一样的器官命名，雌性锯蜂会用这个锯状器官在植物内部产卵。这种昆虫会尽量避免杀死植物，因为植物可以为它们的幼虫提供食物。The researchers discovered that small serrations on the sawfly's teeth worked with larger protrusions to create a selective cutting action, allowing them to avoid cutting internal structures carrying water and nutrients. The team scaled up the mechanism and tested it on material mimicking human tissue.研究人员发现，锯蜂牙齿上较小的锯齿状突起和较大的突起物共同作用，从而创造出了一种具有选择性的切割动作，这种动作让锯蜂能够避免切断植物中含有水分和养分的内部结构。研究团队按比例放大了这一构造机制，然后在模拟了人体组织的材料上对其进行了测试。Although more work is needed, they think there's potential for a surgical instrument based on this natural mechanism, which could instinctively avoid critical tissues whilst cutting.虽然尚有更多工作需要完成，但研究人员认为也许能够发明出一种基于这种自然机制的外科手术器械，这种器械可以在切割时本能地避开关键组织。

When you hear the word 'carnivore', do you think of lions and bears and sharks, or humans? Steak for breakfast, chicken breasts for lunch and salmon and lamb for dinner. No veg and no carbs. This is just a typical day for someone on the carnivore diet. It's a meal plan that only allows meat, poultry, eggs, fish, seafood, dairy products and water. It's animal-based opposed to plant-based. But why are some people following this diet? And what do nutritionists think about it?当你听到“食肉者”这个词时，你会想到狮子、熊和鲨鱼，还是人类？早餐是牛排，午餐是鸡胸肉，晚餐是三文鱼和羊肉——没有蔬菜，也没有碳水化合物。这就是一个典型的“食肉饮食”者的一天。这种饮食方式只允许食用肉类、禽类、鸡蛋、鱼类、海鲜、乳制品和水——完全以动物性食物为主，与植物性饮食截然相反。但问题是，为什么会有人选择这种饮食方式？而营养学家对此又怎么看？The carnivore diet is a type of ketogenic diet. Normally the body uses glucose from carbohydrates as energy, but when there's a lack of this, the liver breaks fat down into ketones. This essentially means the body can fuel itself using fat instead of sugar. Followers of the diet may experience weight loss, especially early on. One reason for this is that protein is highly satiating, so you consume fewer calories. On top of this, cutting out sugary snacks and fizzy drinks has significant health benefits, and when our carb intake is reduced, our stored water levels fall, again helping to reduce weight.食肉饮食其实是一种生酮饮食。通常，人体会利用来自碳水化合物的葡萄糖作为能量来源，但当缺乏碳水化合物时，肝脏就会将脂肪分解为酮体。这意味着身体可以用脂肪代替糖来提供能量。遵循这种饮食的人通常在初期会出现体重下降，这部分是因为蛋白质具有很强的饱腹感，从而减少总热量摄入。除此之外，戒掉含糖零食和碳酸饮料本身就有益健康，而当碳水摄入减少时，身体储存的水分也会随之减少，从而进一步帮助减重。Nevertheless, the carnivore diet can't be described as 'balanced' by any stretch, according to health experts. In fact, the British Heart Foundation strongly opposes it, saying there is no scientific evidence that it helps weight loss in the long term, and it's lacking in essential nutrients. They say extreme diets which are low in fibre and high in fat can increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Saturated fat increases levels of LDL cholesterol and processed meat is high in salt which can raise blood pressure. Fibre, they say, is necessary andcounteracts all these issues, but it can only be found in 'banned foods' of the carnivore diet – fruits, vegetables, seeds, legumes and wholegrains, for example.然而，健康专家指出，食肉饮食无论如何都不能称作“均衡”。事实上，英国心脏基金会（British Heart Foundation）强烈反对这种饮食方式，认为没有科学证据表明它能长期有效减重，而且缺乏必需营养素。他们警告说，这种高脂肪、低纤维的极端饮食可能增加心脏病发作和中风的风险。饱和脂肪会提高“坏胆固醇”（LDL）的水平，而加工肉类中含有大量盐分，会升高血压。专家还指出，膳食纤维对人体是必需的，它能抵消这些风险，但纤维主要存在于食肉饮食所“禁止”的食物中——例如水果、蔬菜、种子、豆类和全谷物。On social media you'll find plenty of people showing off their muscles and claiming their brain is working better than ever after weeks of fat and eggs and butter. Influencer Paul Saladino was an advocate of the carnivore diet until he started experiencing some persistent unpleasant symptoms. Speaking on a health and fitness podcast, he recounted heart palpitations, muscle cramps and sleep disturbances. He researched the diet more and concluded it was detrimental to his health and probably "not a great thing for most humans".在社交媒体上，你会看到很多人炫耀自己的肌肉，并声称在连续几周只吃脂肪、鸡蛋和黄油之后，大脑运转比以往更好。网红Paul Saladino曾是食肉饮食的倡导者，但后来他开始出现一些持续的不适症状。在一次健康与健身播客中，他提到自己经历了心悸、肌肉痉挛和睡眠障碍。经过进一步研究后，他得出结论：这种饮食对健康有害，可能“并不适合大多数人”。Most experts recommend balance, such as the Mediterranean diet, which is full of fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and seeds – it even includes meat, fish and eggs – but everything in moderation.大多数专家仍然推荐“均衡饮食”，比如地中海饮食。这种饮食富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物和种子，也包含肉类、鱼类和鸡蛋——但一切都讲究“适量”。

Sporting events and organisations have long looked to sponsorship for a way of surviving. For many, without financial support of sponsors, they simply wouldn't be able to compete. We're talking about one particular area of concern in sponsorship.体育赛事和组织长期以来都依靠赞助来维持生存。对许多赛事而言，如果没有赞助商的资金支持，他们根本无法继续竞争。我们今天要谈的是赞助领域中的一个特别值得关注的问题。Yeah, now we both remember, Richard, the dominance of tobacco companies sponsoring major events, especially things like Formula One. Yes, the Marlborough McLaren cars, for instance. Yeah.是的，Richard，我们都还记得，以前烟草公司主导了大型赛事的赞助，尤其是像一级方程式赛车这样的赛事。没错，比如万宝路赞助的迈凯伦车队。Now, that's not allowed anymore. But there's a new industry taking over, isn't there? And that is gambling and betting. Betting companies take £14.4 billion from punters every year.如今，烟草赞助已经被禁止了。但现在有一个新的行业正在接手，不是吗？那就是博彩业。博彩公司每年从赌客那里获得高达144亿英镑的收入。In the UK. Yes, that is equal to about £200 from every man, woman and child. It's a huge amount.在英国，这相当于全国每个男人、女人和孩子各贡献了约200英镑。这是一个庞大的数字。Yeah. So why has this happened? How has it happened? And is it really such a bad thing? Well, I suppose it really, it goes back to 2005 and the government of the day then passed the Act and this dramatically relaxed many of the old restrictions. And as soon as they did that, the difference was just incredible.是啊，那为什么会出现这种情况？这是怎么发生的？真的有那么糟糕吗？嗯，我想这要追溯到2005年。当时的政府通过了一项法案，大幅放宽了旧有的限制。一旦法律放宽，整个行业的变化简直令人惊讶。How has it happened? Well, simply because gambling-related TV and radio advertising was banned up until 2005. And then since then, advertising has increased significantly. Yes.它是怎么发展的？其实很简单——在2005年之前，博彩类的电视和广播广告是被禁止的。但从那以后，广告数量显著增加。没错。By 2018, UK betting firms were spending £328 million on direct advertising alone. Yeah. And you're talking about adverts in the commercial breaks and sports programmes.到2018年，英国的博彩公司仅在直接广告上的支出就达到了3.28亿英镑。是的，那些广告主要出现在商业广告时段以及体育节目中。But what we're really talking about is live footballs on the TV. Oh yes. I mean, you know I love football.但我们真正要谈的是电视上播放的足球直播。哦，是的，你知道我多么喜欢足球。I watch the football match and there are adverts on betting before, during, after. It's just all betting. But Richard, you say about the adverts, OK, but it's not just the adverts, of course, it's what they're wearing.我看一场足球比赛，从赛前到中场再到赛后，全是博彩广告，几乎无处不在。但Richard，你刚才提到广告，其实不仅仅是广告问题，还有他们穿的球衣。It's blasted across the players' shirts, isn't it? They're all sponsored by betting companies. I think half of the Premier League shirts will have a gambling company's logo on it. Clubs in the Premier League stand to earn about £350 million from their shirt sponsors.球衣上全都印着博彩公司的名字，不是吗？几乎所有球队都由博彩公司赞助。我记得英超大约有一半球队的球衣上印着博彩公司的标志。英超俱乐部从球衣赞助中能赚取大约3.5亿英镑。And about £70 million of that comes from betting companies alone. Yeah. But not just the shirts, but all around the football pitch as well, the hoardings around the football pitch.其中大约7000万英镑来自博彩公司的赞助。是的。不仅是球衣，连球场四周的广告牌上也到处都是博彩公司的标志。The publicity for these gambling companies is in your face, isn't it? It's everywhere. Hmm. Research has shown that gambling, it can make people's lives a misery.这些博彩公司的宣传无孔不入，几乎扑面而来。是啊，研究表明，赌博可能会让人的生活陷入痛苦。Yes. And the problem nowadays is it's so easy. You know, in the old days, you used to have to go to the betting shop to place a bet.没错。现在的问题是赌博变得太容易了。以前你还得亲自去投注站下注。Now it's all on the mobile phone and everybody has a mobile phone so everybody can gamble. It's so easy. But the adverts, we go back to the adverts that they have, there's this real feeling of excitement and they give the perception that gambling is a fundamental part of watching the sport.而现在，一切都能通过手机完成。每个人都有手机，因此每个人都能随时赌博，太方便了。至于广告，它们总是营造一种极度兴奋的氛围，让人误以为“看体育比赛”就该伴随“下注”——仿佛赌博是体育观赛不可或缺的一部分。They're linking sport and watching the game so directly with gambling, it's like the two automatically go together. And actually, we've just heard that the club with the biggest shirt sponsorship deal in the Premier League, Manchester United, they're not renewing the contract for their current sponsor. Hmm.他们把体育和赌博联系得如此紧密，以至于让人觉得两者天生就该绑在一起。而事实上，我们刚刚听说英超拥有最大球衣赞助合约的俱乐部——曼联——决定不再续约现任赞助商。嗯。Well, let's hope that their new sponsor is not going to be a betting company.希望他们的新赞助商不要再是博彩公司吧。

The British Pest Control Association says its members have recorded an increase in complaints about rat activity around the UK. Cleankill, a company that operates in the south of England, says it's seen a 20% rise in call-outs about rats in the last two years, and climate change may be playing a role.英国虫害防治协会称，其成员记录了英国各地对老鼠的活动情况投诉数量的增长。一家在英格兰南部地区开展业务的名为 “Cleankill” 的公司称，他们在过去两年中发现由老鼠引起的呼叫请求上升了 20%，而气候变化可能是其中一个原因。A study published earlier this year of 16 cities around the world, mostly in North America, found a strong link between rising temperatures and rat activity. The researchers believe warmer winters enable rats to reproduce more rapidly.今年早些时候发布的一项针对全球 16 座主要分布在北美洲的城市的研究发现气温上升和老鼠的活动情况之间有密切联系。研究人员认为，更温暖的冬季让老鼠能以更快的速度繁殖。But there are also other issues at play. Pest controllers say our overflowing bins, fractured communities and growing appetite for fast food all allow rats to thrive.不过依然有其它因素在发挥作用。害虫防治人员表示，人们满当当的垃圾桶、分崩离析的社区关系和快餐食品盛行都让老鼠得以快速成长。

After MIT Professor Joseph Weizenbaum created the chatbot Eliza, he became concerned that people who had used the programme started to act as if it was human. This might sound like a modern problem, but Eliza was created in 1966. If a programme from the 1960s was capable of tricking people into thinking it was human, what effect could the large-language-model-based chatbots of the 2020s have?麻省理工学院教授 Joseph Weizenbaum 创建聊天机器人 Eliza 后，他开始担心使用该程序的人开始表现得像人类一样。 这听起来像是一个现代问题，但 Eliza 是在 1966 年创建的。如果 1960 年代的程序能够欺骗人们认为它是人类，那么 2020 年代基于大型语言模型的聊天机器人会产生什么效果呢？Modern philosophers and technology experts have discussed whether AI could develop consciousness. Sentience is difficult to define, but the fact that large language models respond by mathematically calculating the probability of certain patterns appearing suggests that it would be hard to consider them to be alive. However, in terms of our responses to them, what matters is not whether they are sentient, but whether they appear to be so.现代哲学家和技术专家讨论了人工智能是否可以发展意识。 感知很难定义，但大型语言模型通过数学计算某些模式出现的概率来做出响应的事实表明，很难认为它们是活着的。 然而，就我们对它们的反应而言，重要的不是它们是否有知觉，而是它们看起来是否有知觉。Large language models are made up of genuine human interactions.  While their tendency to hallucinate means that chatbots are not able to provide reliable factual information, they are able to effectively replicate the language used in human communication. Psychologists report that people tend to have a cognitive bias towards forming attachment and trust. Even sceptical technology writers report feeling some emotion towards AI chatbots. Some users have even reported grief when one model has been replaced by a newer one.大型语言模型由真实的人类互动组成。   虽然聊天机器人产生幻觉的倾向意味着它们无法提供可靠的事实信息，但它们能够有效地复制人类交流中使用的语言。 心理学家报告说，人们往往对形成依恋和信任存在认知偏见。 即使是持怀疑态度的技术作家也表示对人工智能聊天机器人有一些感情。 一些用户甚至表示，当一种型号被更新的型号取代时，他们感到非常悲伤。This combination of believable human language together with the inability to reliably assess facts can be dangerous.Cases have been reported where people have been encouraged by chatbots to do dangerous or illegal things. The chatbots were able to use language to encourage and persuade, but not identify or evaluate risks. Trust becomes dangerous when it is not accompanied by reason. Also, if people form relationships with AI, then they may spend less time and effort trying to cultivate genuine human relationships. Could the chatbot revolution lead to a world where we struggle to relate to each other?可信的人类语言与无法可靠评估事实的结合可能是危险的。据报道，聊天机器人鼓励人们做危险或非法的事情。 聊天机器人能够使用语言来鼓励和说服，但无法识别或评估风险。 当信任没有理性的陪伴时，它就会变得危险。 此外，如果人们与人工智能建立关系，那么他们可能会花费更少的时间和精力来培养真正的人际关系。 聊天机器人革命是否会导致我们难以相互联系的世界？

For our last business podcast, we talked about the big PLCs, the companies traded on the stock exchange.在上一期商业播客中，我们谈到了大型公众有限公司（PLCs），也就是在证券交易所上市的公司。We're talking about the stock exchange. Richard, what is it?我们现在要谈的是证券交易所。Richard，它是什么？The stock exchange is also called the stock market and essentially it is a market.证券交易所也叫股票市场，本质上它就是一个市场。It's where the big companies, the shares in the big companies are bought and sold. Simple as that.在那里，大公司的股票被买卖。就是这么简单。Now, Richard, I have to confess my image of the stock market comes from films where you often see scenes of people throwing their arms in the air and, you know, lots of pieces of paper.Richard，我得承认，我对股票市场的印象来自电影——你经常看到人们挥舞着手臂，还有满天飞的纸片。It seems very mad. What's happening there?看起来很疯狂。那是怎么回事？Well, that doesn't really happen anymore. That system is called an open outcry.嗯，现在基本不会那样了。那种方式叫“公开喊价”。And basically these are the guys in the exchange buying and selling the shares. Only a certain number of people can do this in the old days.以前交易所里只有特定的人可以大声喊价买卖股票。So the old days, they don't do that anymore? Not so much now.所以那是以前了，现在不再这样了？现在基本不这样了。It's nearly all electronic trading.现在几乎全部是电子交易。I know that there's the FTSE 100 and there's things like the Dow Jones. What exactly are they?我知道有富时100指数，还有道琼斯这样的指数。它们到底是什么？Well, the FTSE 100 is basically the 100 biggest shares in the UK.富时100指数实际上是英国最大的100支股票。100 biggest companies? 100 biggest companies, yes.100家最大公司？没错，就是100家最大公司。It's a number to represent the total value of those 100 companies.它是一个代表这100家公司总价值的指数数字。And of course, as individual shares go up and down, what happens to the FTSE 100 gives a general indication of all of them, what's going on.当然，随着个股的涨跌，富时100的变化可以总体反映市场情况。So that's why it's called an index, because it's an indication. Exactly.所以它叫指数，因为它是一种指示。没错。And that's the same for the Dow Jones? The Dow Jones is the top 30 companies in America.道琼斯也是如此？道琼斯指数是美国最大的30家公司。And in Germany, you have the DAX, which again is the top 30 companies in Germany.德国有DAX指数，代表德国最大的30家公司。So all of these are indications of how the stock market is going in those countries? Exactly.所以这些指数都反映了各国股市的表现？没错。So there's the bear and the bull, isn't there? Stocks and shares generally rise and we call that a bull market.还有“熊”和“牛”，对吧？股票整体上涨时叫牛市。And then, or if they're generally falling, we call that a bear market.如果整体下跌，就是熊市。It always seems to me, Richard, that the stock market is a kind of a veryelitebuying market. Can anybody buy shares?Richard，我一直觉得股市是精英才能参与的市场。任何人都可以买股票吗？Well, yes. Actually, because most stock market trading is done online now, anybody can open up an online account and buy shares through the internet.当然可以。现在大多数交易都在线进行，任何人都可以开个网上账户买股票。It's very simple and it doesn't cost that much anymore.很简单，而且成本已经不高了。But interestingly, actually, I think most people will already have shares.但有趣的是，我认为大多数人其实已经持有股票了。Really?真的吗？Well, because a lot of people have pensions, especially company pensions, and the pension companies themselves invest their money in the stock exchange.是的，因为很多人有养老金，尤其是公司养老金，而养老金公司会把这些资金投资到股市。So anyone with a pension already will probably have a significant portion of that pension invested in the stock market.所以任何有养老金的人，其实都有一部分钱投资在股市里。Already? Yes.已经投资了？是的。I do know if you buy, if you spend too much money on buying shares and things, it can all go horribly wrong and you can lose your investment in your house, etc, etc. How risky is it?我知道如果你投入太多钱买股票，事情可能会变得很糟糕，你甚至可能损失所有投资甚至房子。风险到底有多大？Well, yes, of course, if you buy shares in just one company, that company goes bust, you've lost everything.是的，如果你只买一家公司的股票，而那家公司倒闭，你就会损失所有投资。So what a lot of people do is buy a fund.所以很多人会选择买基金。OK, what does that mean?好的，那是什么意思？Well, a fund is a collection of companies. So if any one of them does really badly, you don't lose all your money.基金就是一篮子公司。如果其中一家表现不好，你不会损失全部资金。But of course, if one of them does really well, then you do pretty well.当然，如果其中一家公司表现特别好，你也能赚到钱。So buy a fund. Your investment is spread then?所以买基金更好。这样投资就分散了？The key is to spread the risk. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.关键是分散风险。不要把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里。Otherwise, you'll have egg on your face.否则，你会颜面尽失（丢大脸/损失惨重）。

People often ask me what we do, and I reply by saying we have an internet business. But we don't actually have a... we're not actually a company, are we, Richard?人们经常问我我们是做什么的，我通常回答说我们有一家互联网业务。但实际上我们并没有……我们其实不是一家公司，对吧，Richard？No we're not, we are going to talk about companies, in particular PLCs. So, OK, what is a PLC? A PLC, a public limited company, is one which has a number of shares which are publicly traded on the stock exchange.没错，我们不是。接下来我们要谈的是公司，特别是股份有限公司（PLC）。那么，什么是 PLC？PLC，也就是公众有限公司，是一种拥有股票，并且这些股票可以在证券交易所公开交易的公司。So, when you say shares... Well, the company is divided into shares, so you own a share of the company. A portion of the company. Exactly.那么，当你说“股份”时……公司被分成许多股份，所以你拥有公司的一个股份，也就是一部分公司。没错。So these shares are bought or sold on the stock exchange, and so the value goes up and down.这些股份可以在证券交易所买卖，因此它们的价值会上下波动。Is there a certain number of shares? I mean, do all companies have 100 shares, or can you have a different number of shares per company? They can have as many as they like. OK.股份数量是固定的吗？比如说，所有公司都是 100 股，还是可以不同？公司可以拥有任意数量的股份。好的。Often there are millions of shares. Right. But you can be a shareholder.通常公司会发行数百万股。对。但你仍然可以成为股东。You may only own 10 shares, but you still own a part of that company. So, if somebody buys shares in a company, they're shareholders. Yep.你可能只拥有 10 股，但你仍然是公司的一部分。所以，只要某人买了股票，他就是股东。对。What do they do? Essentially nothing. They've bought the shares in the hope that the value of the company, and i.e. their shares, will go up in price. Right.那股东平时做什么呢？基本上什么都不做。他们买股票是希望公司价值上涨，也就是他们的股票升值。没错。And if the company makes a profit, the company gives them a dividend, a small amount of money out of the profits. Like a kind of interest? Sort of, yes.如果公司盈利，公司会分红，也就是从利润中分给股东的钱。有点像利息？差不多，是的。And that money goes directly back to the shareholder? Exactly, yes.这些钱会直接返还给股东？没错。But often most of the profits go back into the company, reinvested into the company.但大多数利润会回流公司，用于再投资。So, that's all very well when the company is doing well, but what happens when the company goes belly up? What happens to the shares and the shareholders then?当公司经营良好时一切都很好，但如果公司破产了呢？股份和股东会怎样？Well, if a company fails, the whole point is it is a public limited company, and that is the word limited. The owners, i.e. the shareholders, can only lose the amount that they invested, i.e. the amount they paid for their shares.如果公司倒闭，关键在于这是“有限”公司。所有者，也就是股东，最多只会损失他们投资的金额，即买股票的钱。So, usually the company would have bank loans or owe money to their suppliers, etc., but the shareholders won't be liable for this.所以，公司可能欠银行或供应商的钱，但股东不需要承担这些债务。The accountants or the liquidators will come in and just try to sell all the things that the company has in order to pay off the loans, and, of course, the employees will lose their jobs.会计或清算人会接管并出售公司资产来偿还贷款，当然，员工会失业。If you're a shareholder with, say, 300 shares and the company goes belly up, you lose your 300 shares and that's it? Correct.如果你有 300 股，公司倒闭了，你就损失这 300 股，就这样？对。What I don't understand, though, Richard, is that recently in the news – and there are always stories like this – Richard Branson, Virgin Airways, now, he's a multi-billionaire.但我不明白的是，Richard，最近新闻里——这种故事常见——说到 Richard Branson，维珍航空，他是个亿万富翁。His company has done extraordinarily well, but because there's a problem with his airline, Virgin Atlantic, now, he wants the government to bail out his airline.他的公司一直经营很好，但现在他的航空公司维珍大西洋出了问题，他希望政府救助他的航空公司。Doesn't he have responsibility for that? He's got loads of money. Why doesn't he do that himself?难道他不需要负责吗？他有那么多钱。为什么不自己出钱？Well, you're quite right, but he's just a shareholder, just like lots of other people.你说得没错，但他只是股东，和其他人一样。So he owns a portion of the company, and if it goes bust, he loses his investment, yes. But that's it. He doesn't have any further liability.所以他拥有公司的一部分，如果公司破产，他损失自己的投资，仅此而已。他不需要承担额外责任。But if the company's going very well, which it has been, he makes an enormous amount of money for his own personal use, if it goes wrong, he's expecting me, the taxpayer, to bail him out.但如果公司经营很好，他能赚大笔钱用于个人消费；如果出问题，他却希望我——纳税人——来救他。Well, that's certainly true, but that's the whole point of the system.嗯，这是真的，但这就是这个制度的核心。He's only liable for the shares that he holds.他只对自己持有的股份负责。So he doesn't actually own the company?所以他实际上不拥有公司？He owns a proportion of the company.他拥有公司的一部分股份。So it's who will blink first, the government or Branson?所以现在就看谁先妥协，是政府还是 Branson？

We're talking about product placement.我们在谈植入式广告。Product placement, also known as embedded marketing, has grown both on TV and on the big screen.植入式广告，也称为嵌入式行销，在电视和大银幕上都越来越常见。OK, OK, Jackie, I've heard of product placement but what exactly is it?好，好，Jackie，我听说过植入式广告，但它到底是什么呢？Well, basically it means a deliberate inclusion of a product or a brand for promotional purposes.简单来说，就是为了宣传目的而刻意把产品或品牌放入内容中。If we think about, Richard, think about the 1986 film, Top Gun, right?如果我们想一下，Richard，想想1986年的电影《壮志凌云》，对吧？Oh, one of my favourites.哦，那是我最喜欢的电影之一。Now there's a particular product worn by many of the characters but especially by Tom Cruise, Maverick, right?片中很多角色都戴了一样特定产品，尤其是汤姆·克鲁斯扮演的Maverick，对吗？I know this, I know this, he's so cool, isn't he? Because of the aviator sunglasses.我知道，我知道，他超级酷，对吧？因为那副飞行员太阳镜。Yeah, so... Ray-Bans.对，就是……雷朋（Ray-Ban）。Exactly. Now, they're a brand of luxury sunglasses, right?没错，它们是一个高端太阳镜品牌，对吧？And they became hugely popular then, didn't they?而且当时变得非常流行，对不对？They struck a deal with the producers so that in the film, Tom Cruise and his fellow Navy colleagues wore aviators.他们跟制作方达成了合作，所以电影里汤姆·克鲁斯和他的海军同袍都戴了飞行员墨镜。You said they became hugely popular.你刚才说它们变得非常流行。As a result, the sales of aviator sunglasses rose by 40%.结果飞行员太阳镜的销量上涨了40%。Wow, good deal.哇，真是一笔好交易。Yeah.没错。OK, another film, Richard, I want you to think about another film, right?好，Richard，再想一部电影。Year 2000, big film, Cast Away.2000年的一部大电影，《浩劫重生》。Tom Hanks, right?汤姆·汉克斯，对吧？Tom Hanks.汤姆·汉克斯。What was a significant product placement, do you think, in that film?你觉得那部电影里最明显的产品植入是什么？Well, I can't think of one because he was abandoned on a desert island.呃，我想不到，因为他不是被困在荒岛上吗？Who did he work for?他之前在哪工作？Did he work for a courier company?他是不是在一家快递公司工作？Yeah, yeah, throughout the film, references to this courier company.对，整部电影里都提到这家快递公司。They obviously went over my head.显然我没注意到。Was it FedEx?是联邦快递（FedEx）吗？Yes.对。Yeah. Now, the interesting thing was, when they wrote the film, when they produced the film, they wanted it to be real life.对，有趣的是，电影编剧和制作团队想让电影看起来真实。Right, OK.嗯，好的。So, they didn't want to make up a courier, a transport company.所以他们不想凭空虚构一个快递或运输公司。Right.没错。So, they wrote to FedEx and said, can our hero be a FedEx employee?于是他们写信给联邦快递，问：我们的主角能是你们的员工吗？Now, they read the script and they said no.联邦快递看了剧本后说不行。Oh.哦？Well, what happens in the film?电影里发生了什么？Well, he crashes, doesn't he? The FedEx plane...他不是坠机了吗？联邦快递的飞机……The FedEx plane crashes, so that's not very good.联邦快递的飞机坠毁，这看起来不太好。But then they realised that the overall...但后来他们意识到整体……Yes, overall, it was... everything happened... everything was well in the end.对，总体来说……最后一切都很好。Yes, of course.是的，当然。And as a result of the film, FedEx became much more famous in Asia and Europe, not just in the US.而且因为这部电影，联邦快递在亚洲和欧洲也变得更有名了，不仅是在美国。So, two films.所以，这两部电影。In the first film, Ray-Ban paid for their product placement.在第一部电影里，雷朋为植入付了钱。In the second film, FedEx didn't pay.在第二部电影里，联邦快递没有付钱。Now, in those two films, the products appeared throughout the whole film.在这两部电影里，那些产品从头到尾一直出现。Right, yes.对，是的。They were key parts of the film.它们是电影的重要元素。Yes.没错。But, however, it is possible for a few seconds to change a company's fortune.但是，有时候只需要几秒钟就能改变一家公司的命运。Oh, do tell.哦，说来听听。In 2020, Parasite became the first non-English language film to win an Oscar in the Best Picture category.2020年，《寄生虫》成为第一部获得奥斯卡最佳影片的非英语电影。Do you know what nationality the director is?你知道导演是哪国人吗？Is he Spanish or Italian?他是西班牙人还是意大利人？South Korean.韩国人。Ah, yes. It's a South Korean.啊，对，是韩国的。But it's interesting because there is the Spanish connection here.但有趣的是，这里还和西班牙有点关系。In one of the scenes, very briefly, a can of crisps called Bonilla a la Vista appeared on the film.在其中一个场景里，有一款叫Bonilla a la Vista的薯片罐短暂出现了一下。Very, very briefly.非常非常短暂。And sales went through the roof.然后销量爆炸性增长。Well, it was already a recognised brand in South Korea, but as soon as they saw it in the film, which was hugely popular, the sales have rocketed.其实它在韩国本来就有知名度，但因为电影太火了，一出现销量就飙升。It surged by 150%.销量增长了150%。Wow.哇。I tell you what, though, Jackie, we've got loads of members from South Korea.不过你知道吗，Jackie，我们有很多韩国用户。It would have been fantastic if, on the film, one of the characters would have been listening to podcastsandenglish.com.如果电影里有角色在听 podcastsandenglish.com，那就太棒了。That would have been something.那就真的厉害了。

We're talking about Instagram and why it's a useful platform for businesses. You know my first question, of course, Jackie. I know nothing about Instagram.我们在谈论 Instagram，以及为什么它对企业来说是一个有用的平台。当然，你知道我第一个问题是什么，Jackie。我对 Instagram 一无所知。What is it? Well, it's an American photo and video sharing social networking service and it's owned by Facebook.它是什么？它是一个美国的照片和视频分享社交网络服务，由 Facebook 所拥有。Aha! I know all about Facebook, the world's top social media platform. Yeah.啊哈！我对 Facebook 很了解，它是世界顶级的社交媒体平台。是的。With about one and a half billion users? No, almost 2.4, Richard. Oh, wow. I know.大约十五亿用户？不，接近二十四亿，Richard。哦，哇。我知道。Instagram, on the other hand, has one billion users but considering it was launched in 2010, this is actually quite amazing. Facebook bought it in 2012 for about a billion dollars. Wow, big, big numbers.另一方面，Instagram 有十亿用户，但考虑到它是在 2010 年推出的，这实际上相当惊人。Facebook 在 2012 年以约十亿美元的价格收购了它。哇，真是巨大的数字。And so if there are so many millions of small businesses that have Facebook pages, why have an Instagram page as well?所以，如果已经有成千上万的小企业拥有 Facebook 页面，为什么还要有 Instagram 页面呢？The answer is in the differences, the difference between those who use the site and how they use it. So what are those differences then?答案就在差异上，即使用这些平台的人以及他们如何使用它。那么这些差异是什么呢？Well, the audiencedemographics are very different for each one. Instagram has a much younger user base with a majority of users in the 13 to 17 age group.这两个平台的用户群体非常不同。Instagram 的用户群体更年轻，大多数用户在 13 到 17 岁之间。Yes, the Facebook users are much older, aren't they? Yeah, they're much more likely to be in the 18 to 29 age group, over 30. And of course, there are many more users over 60.是的，Facebook 的用户要年长得多，对吧？是的，他们更可能在 18 到 29 岁之间，或者超过 30 岁。当然，还有更多超过 60 岁的用户。So yeah, so therefore it's obvious then that companies wanting to reach out to younger people should opt for Instagram then, shouldn't they? Yes.所以，是的，很显然，想要接触年轻人的公司应该选择 Instagram，对吧？没错。But the advantage of being a popular social network for older consumers is, of course, they have the higher incomes.但作为受年长用户欢迎的社交网络，也有一个优势：他们收入更高。Yeah, definitely. So, for example, Richard, an investment firm might have much more success on Facebook than they would on Instagram.是的，确实如此。所以，例如，Richard，一家投资公司在 Facebook 上可能比在 Instagram 上更成功。So what are the differences then between how the two sites are used?那么，两个平台的使用方式有什么区别呢？Well, in general, you get far more engagement with an Instagram post than with Facebook. This is especially true with the images.总体来说，Instagram 的帖子比 Facebook 的帖子获得更多互动，尤其是在图片方面。But of course, that's what Instagram is primarily used for. Photos, visual content.当然，这正是 Instagram 的主要用途——照片、视觉内容。Yeah, it's much more focused on images, short videos, so text is better left to Facebook most of the time.是的，它更专注于图片和短视频，因此大部分时间文字内容更适合留给 Facebook。Yes, because Facebook is all about sharing, sharing links, sharing your content with others, campaigns, advertising, charity appeals, discussions, etc.没错，因为 Facebook 强调分享，分享链接、分享内容、活动、广告、慈善募捐、讨论等。All of that, all of that, Richard, yes.所有这些，所有这些，Richard，是的。And Instagram is much more about original content. It's about being authentic and unique.而 Instagram 更注重原创内容，强调真实和独特。And as we said, the context is in the picture, not in the text.正如我们所说，信息在图片中，而不是文字中。OK, so from a business perspective, then you have to be more creative if you want to build an audience? Yes, yes.好，那么从商业角度来看，如果想建立受众，就必须更有创意？是的，没错。And it's a bit more fun, a bit less formal? Absolutely.而且更有趣、更不正式？绝对是。So that investment firm we referred to earlier, right, if they want, for example, a recruitment drive aimed at younger people, then on Instagram they need to post a photo of a special event, an awards ceremony or an opening, and then put that on Instagram with hashtag recruitment, hashtag name of the company.所以，之前提到的那家投资公司，如果想要招募年轻人，就需要在 Instagram 上发布活动照片，例如颁奖典礼或开幕式，并加上 #recruitment 和公司名称的标签。Yes, I know, that Instagram, they love the hashtags. Then it's much more visual, much more fun and they'll get more engagement.是的，我知道，Instagram 超爱标签。这样更具视觉效果、更有趣，并且会获得更多互动。So you've mentioned an investment firm. Who else uses Instagram?你提到了一家投资公司。还有谁使用 Instagram？One of the businesses that is really benefiting from Instagram is the restaurant trade. People love taking photos of their food, don't they?真正从 Instagram 中受益的行业之一是餐饮业。人们喜欢拍他们的食物，不是吗？Yeah, and they take the photos of the food, they'll add the location to the photo.是的，他们拍完食物还会加上位置标签。And in fact, Richard, young people check out a restaurant's Instagram page before deciding to go there.事实上，Richard，年轻人在决定去一家餐厅之前，会先查看它的 Instagram 页面。Makes sense, doesn't it? Yeah, and the more photos, the better the photos, the more likely people will come to the restaurant.这很合理，对吧？是的，照片越多、越好看，人们越可能去那家餐厅。So they don't need a review, they just need the photos.所以他们不需要评论，只需要图片。Yeah, forget TripAdvisor, check out Instagram. It's the pictures that hold the most power.没错，忘掉 TripAdvisor，去看 Instagram。图片的力量最大。Yeah, so make your brand visual and get on Instagram for a whole new business opportunity.没错，让你的品牌更具视觉效果，上 Instagram，抓住全新的商业机

In an underground car park in Paris, I encountered something I didn't expect. I had to wipe the spores off my camera. I was in a huge mushroom farm.在巴黎的一处地下停车场，我遇到了一件意想不到的事情。我不得不用手擦去相机上的孢子，因为我置身于一个巨大的蘑菇农场中。So why was it down here? When housing blocks like this sprouted up in Paris in the 1960s and 70s, it was common practice to also build underground parking for residents. So beneath Paris, there are millions of square meters of car park. But car ownership is in steady decline in Paris, a trend city authorities are keen to encourage.那么，为什么农场会在这里呢？当上世纪六七十年代巴黎建起这样的大型住宅区时，人们通常会为居民修建地下停车场。于是，在巴黎地下，隐藏着数百万平方米的停车空间。然而，如今巴黎的汽车拥有量正在稳步下降，而这正是市政府乐于推动的趋势。And thanks to technology, there are new ways to get around the city. Some underground car parks now find themselves surplus to requirements. City officials have been running competitions to find new leases of life for them.多亏了科技的发展，人们有了更多在城市中出行的新方式。于是，一些地下停车场变得多余。市政官员因此举办竞赛，征集这些空间的新用途。One of the winners of these was urban farmers, Cycloponics. They've rejuvenated three car parks in Paris. This one in La Chapelle used to be a no-go area, used by drug dealers and prostitutes.其中的获胜者之一是一家名为 Cycloponics 的城市农业公司。他们让巴黎的三个地下停车场焕发新生。比如这座位于拉夏贝尔（La Chapelle）地区的停车场，曾经是毒贩和妓女出没的禁区。But now the space is blooming. The conditions down here are perfect for their main crop, oyster, shiitake and white button mushrooms. They also grow chicory.但如今，这片空间生机盎然。这里的环境非常适合他们的主要作物——平菇、香菇和白蘑菇生长。他们还种植菊苣。They're a northern French delicacy that can grow in the dark. The harvest is sold through nearby organic grocery stores. It means urban food is grown and consumed within a short distance.菊苣是一种法国北部的美味蔬菜，可以在黑暗中生长。收获的作物会通过附近的有机杂货店售卖，这意味着城市中的食物实现了“就地生产、就地消费”。This cuts the pollution that comes with transportation. In France, there are lots of regulations around operating a business underground, not least for safety reasons. Other businesses have had applications turned down.这种模式减少了运输带来的污染。在法国，地下经营场所有严格的法规，尤其是出于安全考虑。许多其他类型的企业申请在地下经营时都被拒绝了。But it has been possible to get permits for this type of farming. And now, more car parks are being renovated like this in cities across France.不过，这种城市农业却得到了许可。如今，法国各地的城市中，越来越多的地下停车场正被改造成这样的农场。