Stuff You Missed in History Class

Holly and Tracy cover some of the details that were cut from the Pulitzer two-parter, including more information about his brother, artist George Luks, and a story of the Pulitzer family's home burning down.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In Pulitzer’s later years, he became embroiled in a heated legal battle with the U.S. government after his papers printed allegations that Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft were connected to shady dealings regarding the Panama Canal. Research: “SUPREME COURT ENDS PANAMA LIBEL SUIT.” New York Times. Jan. 3, 1911. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/01/04/104853177.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Topping, Seymour. “Biography of Joseph Pulitzer.” The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/page/biography-joseph-pulitzer “Was Slayback armed?” St. Louis Globe-Democrat. Oct. 15, 1882. https://www.newspapers.com/image/571093643 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. “The Story of Panama: Hearings on the Rainey Resolution.” U.S. Government Printing Office, 1912. Accessed online: https://books.google.com/books?id=t8Q-AAAAYAAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CThese+stories+need+no+investigation+whatever.+They+are+in+fact+wholly+and+in+form+partly+a+libel+upon+the+United+States+Government%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s “Panama Secrets.” The Indianapolis News. October 20, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/37283610/?terms=%22Who%20Got%20the%20Money%3F%22&match=1 “Mr. Alonzo Slayback.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Oct. 13, 1882. https://www.newspapers.com/image/137816694/?terms=slayback&match=2 “Died in Cairo, Egypt.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. April 11, 1896. https://www.newspapers.com/image/138232467/?terms=Slayback “Francis Recalls the Killing of Col. A.W. Slayback.” The St. Louis Star and Times. October 14, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/204769546/?terms=Slayback Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Bounty System". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998, https://www.britannica.com/event/Bounty-Syste “Standard Oil’s Monopoly on the Panama Canal.” Omaha World-Herald. Nov. 1, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/860064239/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 Vile, John R. “United States v. Press Publishing Co. (1911).” The First Amendment Encyclopedia. https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/609/united-states-v-press-publishing-co Morris, James McGrath. “Pulitzer.” Harper Perennial 2010. Peirce, Clyde. “The Panama Libel Cases.” Indiana Magazine of History, vol. 33, no. 2, 1937, pp. 171–86. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27786879 “Extracts from the Will of Joseph Pulitzer.” The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/page/extracts-will-joseph-pulitzer Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joseph Pulitzer". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pulitzer Csillag, Andras. “Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History.” American Jewish Archives. http://sites.americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1987_39_01_00_csillag.pdf “Panama Canal Charges.” Weekly Town Talk (Alexandria, Louisiana). Dec. 19, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/212864982/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 “Cromwell – Who? What? Why?” The Houston Post. November 1, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/94892307/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 “The Inifinitude of Graft.” The Dispatch (Lexington, N.C.). Oct. 21, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/62741584/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 “Indianapolis News Put in Ananias Club.” Indianapolis Star. Dec. 7, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/118619631/?terms=%22Who%20Got%20the%20Money%3F%22&match=1 “Roosevelt Bitter in Scoring Editors.” Indianapolis News. Dec. 7, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/37311537/?terms=%22Who%20Got%20the%20Money%3F%22&match=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Joseph Pulitzer is one of those pivotal figures in history, and his influence continues right on through today. Part one of this two-parter covers his early life, right up through his rivalry with William Randolph Hearst. Research: “SUPREME COURT ENDS PANAMA LIBEL SUIT.” New York Times. Jan. 3, 1911. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/01/04/104853177.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Topping, Seymour. “Biography of Joseph Pulitzer.” The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/page/biography-joseph-pulitzer “Was Slayback armed?” St. Louis Globe-Democrat. Oct. 15, 1882. https://www.newspapers.com/image/571093643 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. “The Story of Panama: Hearings on the Rainey Resolution.” U.S. Government Printing Office, 1912. Accessed online: https://books.google.com/books?id=t8Q-AAAAYAAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CThese+stories+need+no+investigation+whatever.+They+are+in+fact+wholly+and+in+form+partly+a+libel+upon+the+United+States+Government%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s “Panama Secrets.” The Indianapolis News. October 20, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/37283610/?terms=%22Who%20Got%20the%20Money%3F%22&match=1 “Mr. Alonzo Slayback.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Oct. 13, 1882. https://www.newspapers.com/image/137816694/?terms=slayback&match=2 “Died in Cairo, Egypt.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. April 11, 1896. https://www.newspapers.com/image/138232467/?terms=Slayback “Francis Recalls the Killing of Col. A.W. Slayback.” The St. Louis Star and Times. October 14, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/204769546/?terms=Slayback Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Bounty System". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998, https://www.britannica.com/event/Bounty-Syste “Standard Oil’s Monopoly on the Panama Canal.” Omaha World-Herald. Nov. 1, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/860064239/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 Vile, John R. “United States v. Press Publishing Co. (1911).” The First Amendment Encyclopedia. https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/609/united-states-v-press-publishing-co Morris, James McGrath. “Pulitzer.” Harper Perennial 2010. Peirce, Clyde. “The Panama Libel Cases.” Indiana Magazine of History, vol. 33, no. 2, 1937, pp. 171–86. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27786879 “Extracts from the Will of Joseph Pulitzer.” The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/page/extracts-will-joseph-pulitzer Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joseph Pulitzer". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pulitzer Csillag, Andras. “Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History.” American Jewish Archives. http://sites.americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1987_39_01_00_csillag.pdf “Panama Canal Charges.” Weekly Town Talk (Alexandria, Louisiana). Dec. 19, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/212864982/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 “Cromwell – Who? What? Why?” The Houston Post. November 1, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/94892307/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 “The Inifinitude of Graft.” The Dispatch (Lexington, N.C.). Oct. 21, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/62741584/?terms=panama%20canal&match=1 “Indianapolis News Put in Ananias Club.” Indianapolis Star. Dec. 7, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/118619631/?terms=%22Who%20Got%20the%20Money%3F%22&match=1 “Roosevelt Bitter in Scoring Editors.” Indianapolis News. Dec. 7, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/37311537/?terms=%22Who%20Got%20the%20Money%3F%22&match=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers the story of vodka, which is closely tied to cultural identity for several countries. Where did it originate, and how did it evolve over time? We'll talk a bit about how vodka is made, where it came from, and how it's expanded to a global market.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about the movie "White Christmas" and how it has aged. They also discuss collectible sheet music and the idea of there being no definitive version of a song recording. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This second part of the story of Irving Berlin’s life picks up after WWI, and covers his family life, his rise to fame, and the controversies that were part of his career. Research: Bergreen, Laurence. “Irving Berlin: This Is the Army.” Prologue. Summer 1996, Vol. 28, No. 2 https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1996/summer/irving-berlin-1 Carlson, Olivia. “What’s White Christmas without Minstrelsy?” Music 345: Race, Identity, and Representation in American Music. Student Blogs and Library Exhibit Companion. https://pages.stolaf.edu/americanmusic/2021/10/25/whats-white-christmas-without-minstrelsy/ CBS Sunday Morning. “American songsmith Irving Berlin.” Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV9uq8z2k5E Greten, Paula Anne. “Irving Berlin.” American History. August 2006. Hamm, Charles. “Irving Berlin -- Songs from the Melting Pot: The Formative Years, 1907-1914.” Oxford University Press. Via New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hamm-berlin.html Hamm, Charles. “Alexander and His Band.” American Music , Spring, 1996, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052459 Hyland, William G. “The Best Songwriter Of Them All.” Commentary. October 1990. "Irving Berlin." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Online, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K2419200098/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=be3b3028. Accessed 16 Nov. 2022. Jewish Lives. “Irving Berlin.” Podcast. Episode 4. 11/18/2019. Jewish Virtual Library. “Irving Berlin.” https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/irving-berlin Judaism Unbound. “Bonus Episode: Irving Berlin – Judah Cohen (American Jewish History #5).” Podcast. Episode 248, October 2 2019. Kaplan, James. “Irving Berlin: New York Genius.” Yale University Press. 2019. Kennedy Center. “This Land is Your Land: The story behind the song.” https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/music/story-behind-the-song/the-story-behind-the-song/this-land-is-your-land/ Magee, Jeffrey. "'Everybody Step': Irving Berlin, jazz, and Broadway in the 1920s." Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 59, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 697+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A157180372/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=07c374cd. Accessed 16 Nov. 2022. Markel, Howard. “How Irving Berlin’s blue skies turned to blue days.” PBS NewsHour. 9/24/2021. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/how-irving-berlins-blue-skies-turned-to-blue-days Maslon, Laurence. “Overture.” (And following pages) The Irving Berlin Music Company. https://www.irvingberlin.com/overture Schiff, David. “For Everyman, By Everyman.” The Atlantic Monthly. March 1996. Spitzer, Nick. “The Story Of Woody Guthrie's 'This Land Is Your Land'.” NPR. 2/15/2012. https://www.npr.org/2000/07/03/1076186/this-land-is-your-land The Irving Berlin Music Company. “Irving Berlin.” https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57d1974abe6594a72075321b/t/5a5f673eec212d2269841cf4/1516201791369/Irving+Berlin+-+official+biography.pdf White, Timothy. “Irving Berlin Knew Pop Music’s Power.” Billboard. Vol. 111, Issue 21. 5/22/1999. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. v. Dieckhaus, 153 F.2d 893, 898 (8th Cir. 1946) https://casetext.com/case/twentieth-century-fox-film-corp-v-dieckhaus Bornstein, George. "Say it with music." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 5698, 15 June 2012, p. 9. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A667239228/LitRC?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=7d90f5a8. Accessed 2 Dec. 2022. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The immeasurably famous Irving Berlin seems like the perfect example of a U.S. immigrant success story. But reality is complicated and imperfect, and so was Berlin’s music-filled life. Research: Bergreen, Laurence. “Irving Berlin: This Is the Army.” Prologue. Summer 1996, Vol. 28, No. 2 https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1996/summer/irving-berlin-1 Carlson, Olivia. “What’s White Christmas without Minstrelsy?” Music 345: Race, Identity, and Representation in American Music. Student Blogs and Library Exhibit Companion. https://pages.stolaf.edu/americanmusic/2021/10/25/whats-white-christmas-without-minstrelsy/ CBS Sunday Morning. “American songsmith Irving Berlin.” Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV9uq8z2k5E Greten, Paula Anne. “Irving Berlin.” American History. August 2006. Hamm, Charles. “Irving Berlin -- Songs from the Melting Pot: The Formative Years, 1907-1914.” Oxford University Press. Via New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hamm-berlin.html Hamm, Charles. “Alexander and His Band.” American Music , Spring, 1996, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052459 Hyland, William G. “The Best Songwriter Of Them All.” Commentary. October 1990. "Irving Berlin." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Online, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K2419200098/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=be3b3028. Accessed 16 Nov. 2022. Jewish Lives. “Irving Berlin.” Podcast. Episode 4. 11/18/2019. Jewish Virtual Library. “Irving Berlin.” https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/irving-berlin Judaism Unbound. “Bonus Episode: Irving Berlin – Judah Cohen (American Jewish History #5).” Podcast. Episode 248, October 2 2019. Kaplan, James. “Irving Berlin: New York Genius.” Yale University Press. 2019. Kennedy Center. “This Land is Your Land: The story behind the song.” https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/music/story-behind-the-song/the-story-behind-the-song/this-land-is-your-land/ Magee, Jeffrey. "'Everybody Step': Irving Berlin, jazz, and Broadway in the 1920s." Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 59, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 697+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A157180372/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=07c374cd. Accessed 16 Nov. 2022. Markel, Howard. “How Irving Berlin’s blue skies turned to blue days.” PBS NewsHour. 9/24/2021. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/how-irving-berlins-blue-skies-turned-to-blue-days Maslon, Laurence. “Overture.” (And following pages) The Irving Berlin Music Company. https://www.irvingberlin.com/overture Schiff, David. “For Everyman, By Everyman.” The Atlantic Monthly. March 1996. Spitzer, Nick. “The Story Of Woody Guthrie's 'This Land Is Your Land'.” NPR. 2/15/2012. https://www.npr.org/2000/07/03/1076186/this-land-is-your-land The Irving Berlin Music Company. “Irving Berlin.” https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57d1974abe6594a72075321b/t/5a5f673eec212d2269841cf4/1516201791369/Irving+Berlin+-+official+biography.pdf White, Timothy. “Irving Berlin Knew Pop Music’s Power.” Billboard. Vol. 111, Issue 21. 5/22/1999. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. v. Dieckhaus, 153 F.2d 893, 898 (8th Cir. 1946) https://casetext.com/case/twentieth-century-fox-film-corp-v-dieckhaus Bornstein, George. "Say it with music." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 5698, 15 June 2012, p. 9. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A667239228/LitRC?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=7d90f5a8. Accessed 2 Dec. 2022. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2012 episode from prior hosts covers King Wenceslas. He's known from a Christmas carol, but was a 10th-century Bohemian prince, known for his kindness to children and promotion of Christianity. But he was murdered at only 22.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss the disruptive French Republican calendar, banana dishes, the Universal Chopper, and other kitchen implements. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This eponymous foods episode only has two foods in it – and they couldn’t be more different! One is a flaming dessert, and one is a meat patty. Research: Salisbury, James Henry. “The Relation of Alimentation and Diseases.” New York. J.H. Vail and Company. 1888. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/relationaliment00saligoog/page/n10/mode/2up “Universal Food Chopper.” John Fitzgerald Kenned National Historic Site. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/universal-food-chopper.htm “Salisbury Steak.” The Windsor Review. April 8, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/335244076/?terms=%22salisbury%20steak%22&match=1 “Salisbury Steak.” Boston Evening Transcript. January 30, 1885. https://www.newspapers.com/image/735176198/?terms=%22salisbury%20steak%22&match=1 Bramen, Lisa. “Salisbury Steak: Civil War Health Food.” Smithsonian. June 22, 2011. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/salisbury-steak-civil-war-health-food-18584973/ McNulty, Ian. “The Brennan Family: A Luscious Legacy.” French Quarter.com. https://www.frenchquarter.com/brennan-family-legacy/ Rawley, Joe. “Historic Brennan’s Restaurant Closed.” June 28, 2013. https://wgno.com/news/historic-brennans-restaurant-closed/ MacCash, Doug. “Ralph Brennan unopposed in purchase of Brennan's restaurant name.” Nola.com/New Orleans Times-Picayune. July 8, 2014. https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/eat-drink/ralph-brennan-unopposed-in-purchase-of-brennans-restaurant-name/article_144b89df-7991-5799-a6f8-ba05be1e9410.html Evans, Edward and Fredy Ballen. “Banana Market.” University of Florida, IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE901 Rodriguez, Fernando. “Lewd and Lascivious: French Quarter Clean-up Campaigns by Business and Civic Organizations in 1950s New Orleans.” Louisiana State University Doctoral Dissertations. July 21, 2021. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6712&context=gradschool_dissertations Euraque, Dario A. “Cliché and Charicature.” Historians.org. May 12, 2021. https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/may-2021/clich%C3%A9-and-caricature-why-january-6-was-not-like-a-banana-republic#:~:text=Honduras%2C%20the%20first%20nation%20to,of%20bananas%20in%20the%20world. “Dr. James Salisbury - Inventor of the Salisbury Steak.” The Village of Bratenahl. https://bratenahlhistorical.org/index.php/james-salisbury/ Brennan, Ella, and Ti Martin. “Miss Ella of Commander's Palace.” Gibbs Smith, 2016. Bethune, Meredith. “The Sweet Success Of Bananas Foster Has An Unsavory Past.” NPR. September 30, 2016. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/30/493157144/the-sweet-success-of-bananas-foster-has-an-unsavory-past#:~:text=Bananas%20Foster%20was%20invented%20at%20Brennan's%20Restaurant.,-Kerri%20McCaffety%2FCourtesy&text=%22It%20was%20a%20huge%20product,was%20invented%20there%20in%201951. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The new year approaches. But what if you had to learn a completely new calendar for the coming year? For about a dozen years starting in the late 19th century, France abandoned the Gregorian calendar for an entirely different one. Research: Alfred, Randy. “Sept. 22, 1792: Day One of Revolutionary Calendar.” Wired. Sept. 22, 2011. https://www.wired.com/2011/09/0922revolutionary-calendar/ Suplee, Curt. “A Brief History of Time-keeping.” Washington Post. Nov. 16, 1994. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/11/16/a-brief-history-of-time-keeping/1735193f-0c41-4657-af73-16e7b54a9665/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Gregorian calendar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gregorian-calendar Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "year". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/science/year Bickerman, E.J. , Ziadeh, Nicola Abdo , Buitenen, J.A.B. van , Proskouriakoff, Tatiana , Schmidt, John D. , Wiesenberg, E.J. , Lin, Chao and Ronan, Colin Alistair. "calendar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Julian calendar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jul. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/science/Julian-calendar Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Roman republican calendar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Apr. 2011, https://www.britannica.com/science/Roman-republican-calendar Warren, Howard C. “Psychological Aspects of Calendar Reform.” The Scientific Monthly, vol. 33, no. 5, 1931, pp. 440–42. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/15247 Carrigan, Richard A. “Decimal Time: Unlike the Metric System of Measurements, Decimal Time Did Not Survive the French Revolution. But Is Dividing the Day by Tens a Possibility for the Future?” American Scientist, vol. 66, no. 3, 1978, pp. 305–13. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27848641 Zerubavel, Eviatar. “The French Republican Calendar: A Case Study in the Sociology of Time.” American Sociological Review, vol. 42, no. 6, 1977, pp. 868–77. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2094573 Simon, Ed. “Why the French Revolution’s ‘Rational’ Calendar Wasn’t.” JSTOR Daily. May 23, 2018. https://daily.jstor.org/why-the-french-revolutions-rational-calendar-wasnt/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers the Wright Brothers, yes, but also other contenders to the title of "first in flight," and each has their own compelling story and list of achievements.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about the artwork of Zinaida Serebriakova and the personal style of Ella Williams. They then discuss the ruthless business practices of John Jacob Astor and his son William. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

John Jacob Astor came to the U.S. from Germany not long after the colonies gained their independence as a nation. He made his first fortune in the fur trade, and then diversified his income and built a legendary fortune. Research: Irving, Washington. “Astoria, Or, Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains.” G.P. Putnams Sons. 1861. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Astoria/DAzBRmfcZloC?hl=en&gbpv=0 “ROMANCE OF THE HISTORIC EDEN FARM OWNED BY ASTOR FAMILY SINCE 1803.” New York Times. Feb. 29, 1920. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/02/29/118265256.html?pageNumber=80 Shachtman, Tom. “The Founding Fortunes: How the Wealthy Paid for and Profited from America's Revolution.” St. Martin's Press. 2020. “John Jay’s Treaty, 1794–95.” U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty Youngman, Anna. “The Fortune of John Jacob Astor.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 6, 1908, pp. 345–68. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1820664 Youngman, Anna. “The Fortune of John Jacob Astor: II.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 7, 1908, pp. 436–41. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1820843 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "John Jacob Astor". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Jacob-Astor-American-businessman-1763-1848 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "American Fur Company". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Fur-Company Ziak, Rex. “The Astor Dynasty.” The Astorian. Dec. 7, 2018. https://www.dailyastorian.com/news/the-astor-dynasty/article_d9163297-dfb7-5c77-83d8-3db1340017f7.html Madsen, Axel. “John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire.” Wiley. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Today’s six impossible episode subjects are all by listener request! Topics include the Iron Mountain baby, Leslie’s Retreat, Lady Hao, Ella Williams, and more. And these are examples of how short tales can sometimes have intense details. Research: “Tale of The Iron Mountain Baby.” Reprinted from the St. Louis Iron Mountain & Southern Railway ALL ABOARD Vol.16. https://washington.mogenweb.org/imbaby.html Dotson, Avery M. Pennsboro News, Pennsboro, West Virginia, August 21, 1980. https://washington.mogenweb.org/imbaby.html Nickell, Frank. “Almost Yesterday: The Iron Mountain Baby.” KRCU. 4/6/2021. https://www.krcu.org/2021-04-06/almost-yesterday-the-iron-mountain-baby Max Hunter Folk Song Collection. “Iron Mountain Baby.” Cat. #1483 (MFH #296) - As sung by Laura Arthur, Springfield, Missouri on November 2, 1972. Missouri State. https://maxhunter.missouristate.edu/songinformation.aspx?ID=1483 Historic Ipswich. “Leslie’s Retreat, or how the Revolutionary War almost began in Salem, February 26, 1775.” 2/13/2019. https://historicipswich.org/2019/02/13/leslies-retreat-or-how-the-revolutionary-war-almost-began-in-salem/ Endicott, Charles Moses. “Account of Leslie's retreat at the North Bridge in Salem, on Sunday Feb'y 26, 1775.” 1856. https://archive.org/details/accountofleslies00endi/ Hoffer, Peter Charles. "Prelude to Revolution: The Salem Gunpowder Raid of 1775." Historical Journal of Massachusetts, vol. 44, no. 2, summer 2016, pp. 176+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A514101835/AONE?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=2a54e380. Accessed 11 Nov. 2022. American History Central Staff. “Leslie's Retreat, the Salem Gunpowder Raid and Resistance.” American History Central. March 25, 2022. https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/leslies-retreat-and-the-salem-gunpowder-raid-resistance/ Chaffin, Cortney E. “War and Sacrifice: The Tomb of Fu Hao.” Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/shang-dynasty/a/war-and-sacrifice-the-tomb-of-fu-hao Su, Minjie. “Queen, Priestess, General: The Legendary Life of Fu Hao.” Medievalists.net. 12/2018. https://www.medievalists.net/2018/12/queen-priestess-general-the-legendary-life-of-fu-hao/ Michigan Shaolin Wugong Temple. “Fu Hao – Earliest Known Woman Warrior in the World.” http://shaolintemplemi.org/fu-hao-earliest-known-woman-warrior-in-the-world.html Elhassan, Khalid. “This Aristocratic Family Turned on its Abusive Patriarch.” History Collection. 11/14/2018. https://historycollection.com/this-aristocratic-family-turned-on-its-abusive-patriarch/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Beatrice Cenci". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Beatrice-Cenci-Italian-noble. Accessed 14 November 2022. Barberini Gallery. “Portrait of Beatrice Cenci.” https://www.barberinicorsini.org/en/opera/portrait-of-beatrice-cenci/ Gustin, Melissa L. “‘Corps a corps’: Martyrs, Models, and Myths in Harriet Hosmer's Beatrice Cenci.” Art History. Volume44, Issue4. September 2021. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-8365.12589 Nicholl, Charles. “Screaming in the Castle: The Case of Beatrice Cenci.” London Review of Books. 7/2/1998. Leavitt, Dylan Hayley. “The Portrait of Beatrice Cenci.” PBS. 8/8/2016. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/stories/articles/2016/8/8/reni-portrait-beatrice-cenci-story Hampton, Jada. “Ella Williams AKA Abomah the Giantess.” Uncle Junior Project. https://www.unclejrproject.com/ella-williams Devon and Exeter Daily Gazette. “Two Stars.” 14 May 1914. Page 4. https://www.newspapers.com/image/791454377/ Sumter Daily Item. “Giant Negress In Columbia.” 4/20/1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/668656281/ "Zinaida Serebriakova." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 2021. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631011104/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=5ed92220. Accessed 14 Nov. 2022. Ermakova, Elizaveta. “Zinaida Serebriakova, First Famous Female Russian Artist.” Daily Art. 10/12/2021. https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/zinaida-serebriakova-russian-artist/ Weaver, Katheryn. “Zinaida Serebriakova: An Undersung Painter of the Revolutionary Era.” Museum Studies Abroad. 7/18/2017. https://museumstudiesabroad.org/zinaida-serebriakova/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this 2011 episode, previous hosts Sarah and Deblina recount some of history's most famous fires, Including the Peshtigo Fire, the Great Fire of London, the Great Fire of Meireki, and the Great San Francisco Earthquake and Fire.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss food safety in their own lives, and particularly their comfort levels with various risks. They also discuss the different pronunciations of the name Louis, and Wain's progression as an artist. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Louis Wain’s cat-centric art was extremely popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and some of his later work became an inspiration for the psychedelic movement of the 1960s. Research: Beetles, Chris. “Louis Wain’s Cats.” Chris Beetles and Canongate Books. 2011, 2021. Benge-Abbott, Bryony. “Louis Wain’s Cryptic Cats.” Wellcome Collection. 5/19/2020. https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/Xrqh1BAAACMAhHcl Bethlem Museum of the Mind. “Louis Wain (1860-1939).” https://museumofthemind.org.uk/collections/gallery/artists/louis-william-wain Brill, Marta Wiktoria. “Louis Wain and His Weird Cats.” Daily Art Magazine. 8/8/2022. https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/louis-wain-cats/ Dale, Rodney. “Louis Wain: The Man Who Drew Cats.” Michael O’Mara Books Limited. 1968, 1991. Damiani, Stefano. “The Cats of Louis Wain: A Thousand Ways to Draw One’s Mind.” American Journal of Psychiatry 175:4, April 2018. Henry Boxer Gallery. “Louis Wain.” https://www.outsiderart.co.uk/artists/louis-wain Hibbard, Ruth. “‘Paw-some’ cat drawings by Louis Wain.” Victoria and Albert Museum. 1/18/2022. https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum-life/paw-some-cat-drawings-by-louis-wain Illustration Chronicles. “Cute Cats and Psychedelia: The Tragic Life of Louis Wain.” https://illustrationchronicles.com/cute-cats-and-psychedelia-the-tragic-life-of-louis-wain Jablensky, Assen. “The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects.” Dialogues in clinical neuroscience vol. 12,3 (2010): 271-87. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.3/ajablensky McGennis, Aidan. “Louis Wain: his life, his art and his mental Illness.” Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. Volume 16 Issue 1. Milton, Joseph. “How a mental disorder opened up an invisible world of colour and pattern.” Scientific American. 12/22/2011. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/creatology/how-a-mental-disorder-opened-up-an-invisible-world-of-colour-and-pattern/ Parkin, Michael. "Wain, Louis William (1860–1939), artist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 2 Nov. 2022, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36677 Stokes, Tim. “Louis Wain: The Artist Who Changed How We Think About Cats.” BBC. 12/28/2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-59518847 Tambling, Kirsten. "The man who drew cats: Louis Wain's series of 'Kaleidoscope Cats' are often regarded as the acme of 'asylum art', but the tendency to pathologise his drawings may obscure what makes them so arresting and technically original." Apollo, vol. 194, no. 702, Nov. 2021, pp. 34+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A689978465/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fe018abc. Accessed 1 Nov. 2022. Tambling, Kirsten. “Louis Wain, the man who drew cats.” Apollo Magazine. 12/15/2021. https://www.apollo-magazine.com/louis-wain-the-man-who-drew-cats/ Tassell, Nige. “Louis Wain: the cat-loving artist who forever changed the way that we see our feline friends.” History Extra. 3/2/2022. https://www.historyextra.com/period/modern/louis-wain-cat-artist-caricature-mental-health-benedict-cumberbatch/ The Expositor. “Cabbages and Kings By the Walrus.” 7/29/1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/733377488/?terms=Louis%20Wain&match=1 Holcombe, A.N. “The Telephone in Great Britain.” : The Quarterly Journal of Economics , Nov., 1906, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Nov., 1906). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1883751 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The development of a systematic approach to food safety didn’t happen until the 20th century. And it's tied directly to NASA trying to make sure astronauts didn’t get food poisoning in space. Research: Cronk, Theodore C. “The Historic Evolution of HACCP: Better Questions, Safer Foods.” Food and Drug Law Journal , 1994, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1994). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26659230 DiCicco, Mike. “How the Moon Landing Led to Safer Food for Everyone.” NASA Spinoff. 11/23/2020. https://spinoff.nasa.gov/moon-landing-food-safety Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. “Understanding Codex.” Rome. 2018. https://www.fao.org/3/CA1176EN/ca1176en.pdf Fortin, Neal D. “The Hang-Up With HACCP: The Resistance to Translating Science Into Food Safety Law.” Food and Drug Law Journal , 2003, Vol. 58, No. 4 (2003). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26660309 Hulebak,, Karen L. and Wayne Schlosser. “HACCP History and Conceptual Overview.” U.S. Department of Agriculture Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee on the Review of the Use of Scientific Criteria and Performance Standards for Safe Food. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. 1, Historical Perspective on the Use of Food Safety Criteria and Performance Standards. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221553/ Johnson, Renee. “The Federal Food Safety System: A Primer.” Congressional Research Service. December 16, 2016. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RS22600.pdf Myhrvold, Nathan et al. “The Complex Origins of Food Safety Rules--Yes, You Are Overcooking Your Food.” Scientific American. 3/13/2011. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/complex-origins-food-safety-rules/ “A Dividend in Food Safety.” January 1, 1991. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20020086314 Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. “’From Farm to Fork’: How Space Food Standards Impacted the Food Industry and Changed Food Safety Standards.” From Societal Impact of Spaceflight. Government Printing Office, 2007. https://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-chapter12.pdf Safe Food Alliance. “The History of HACCP.” https://safefoodalliance.com/haccp/the-history-of-haccp/ Weinroth MD, Belk AD, Belk KE. History, development, and current status of food safety systems worldwide. Animal Frontiers. 2018 Aug 30;8(4):9-15. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy016. PMID: 32002225; PMCID: PMC6951898. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This early 2017 episode covers Ed Roberts, a disability rights activist known as the father of the Independent Living movement.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about Charles Drew’s marriage and the impact of the early HIV/AIDS crisis on blood donation. They also discuss all the aspects of the Chatterley story that didn’t make it into the episode.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thirty years after D.H. Lawrence died, his book "Lady Chatterley's Lover," which had been banned for decades in many countries, was central to a trial in Great Britain over whether the novel was obscenity or whether it had literary merit. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Obscene Publications Act". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Apr. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/event/Obscene-Publications-Act Delavenay, Emile. “A SHRINE WITHOUT RELICS?” The D.H. Lawrence Review, vol. 16, no. 2, 1983, pp. 111–31. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44233723. Rothman, Lily. “How a Book Reminded the World That Sex Sells.” Time. Nov. 2, 2015. https://time.com/4087851/lady-chatterleys-lover-1960/ Temple, Emily. “Why exactly is this book obscene? (Skip to the Dirty Bits.)” Literary Hub. Nov. 22, 2017. https://lithub.com/why-exactly-is-this-book-obscene-skip-to-the-dirty-bits/ com Editors. “D.H. Lawrence Biography.” https://www.biography.com/writer/dh-lawrence Booth, Howard J. “D. H. Lawrence and Male Homosexual Desire.” The Review of English Studies, vol. 53, no. 209, 2002, pp. 86–107. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3070410 Panter-Downes, Mollie. “The Lady at the Old Bailey.” The New Yorker. Nov. 11, 1960. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1960/11/19/the-lady-at-the-old-bailey Black, Michael H.. "D.H. Lawrence". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/D-H-Lawrence “KINGSLEY PICTURES CORP. v. REGENTS.” United States Supreme Court. June 29, 1959. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/360/684.html Bo, Ting. “An Analysis of Lady Chatterley's Lover from the Perspective of Ecofeminism.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 1361-1364, October 2018. https://www.academypublication.com/issues2/tpls/vol08/10/15.pdf Wood, Marie. “William Will Be Interested.” Johnson City Press. May 11, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/586923561/?terms=chatterly&match=1 Lahey, Edwin A. “Old Days Recalled by ‘Lady Chatterly.’” The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 2, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/177983457/?terms=lady%20chatterly&match=1 “Controversial Lady Scores KO.” The Journal Times. July 1, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/342268994/?terms=lady%20chatterly&match=1 “Lady Chatterly After 30 Years.” Asheville Citizen-Times. April 30, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/202268589/?terms=lady%20chatterly&match=1 Hoyt, Robert E. “An Amorous Lady Stirred Senate.” The Charlotte Observer. August 10, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/619998471/?terms=reed%20smoot%20chatterly&match=1 Flood, Alison. “Obscenity judge's copy of Lady Chatterley's Lover to stay in UK.” The Guardian. Oct. 1, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/01/obscenity-judge-lady-chatterley-lover-book-stay-in-uk Baksi, Catherine. “Lady Chatterley's legal case: how the book changed the meaning of obscene.” The Guardian. August 1, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/aug/01/lady-chatterleys-legal-case-how-the-book-changed-the-meaning-of-obscene “GROVE PRESS, INC. and Readers' Subscription, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. Robert K. CHRISTENBERRY, individually and as Postmaster of the City of New York, Defendant.” July 21, 1959. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15811131582924106766 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dr. Charles Drew was once described as “one of the most constructively active figures in the medical profession.” His work as a key figure in the development of blood banking continues to impact lives today, long after his tragic death. Research: "Charles R. Drew." Notable Black American Men, Book II, edited by Jessie Carney Smith, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1622000127/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3948f072. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022. "Drew, Charles Richard (1904-1950)." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A148418612/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a6aa993c. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022. “Charles Richard Drew.” https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/african-americans-in-sciences/charles-richard-drew.html Biswas, Saptarshi and Dannie Perdomo. “Charles Drew: An extraordinary life.” CC2017 Poster Competition. https://www.facs.org/media/u3xhtqz0/01_charles_drew.pdf Cobb, W. Montague. “Charles Richard Drew, 1904-1950.” The Journal of Negro History , Jul., 1950, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Jul., 1950). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715713 Diamond, Louis K. “History of Blood Banking in the United States.” JAMA, July 5, 1965. Eschner, Kat. “The First-Ever Blood Bank Opened 80 Years Ago Today.” Smithsonian. 3/15/2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-ever-blood-bank-opened-80-years-ago-today-180962486/ Giangrande, Paul L.F. “The history of blood transfusion.” British Journal of Hematology. 12/24/2001. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02139.x Gordon, Ralph C. “Charles R. Drew: Surgeon, Scientist, and Educator.” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 18:223–225, 2005. Grimes, William T. Jr. “The History of Kate Bitting Reynolds Memorial Hospital.” Journal of the National Medical Association. July 1972. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2608830/pdf/jnma00500-0084.pdf Guglielmo, Thomas A. “’Red Cross, Double Cross’: Race and America s World War II-Era Blood Donor Service. The Journal of American History , June 2010, Vol. 97, No. 1 (June 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40662818 Love, Spencie. “’Noted Physician Fatally Injured’: Charles Drew and the Legend That Will Not Die.” Washington History , Fall/Winter, 1992/1993. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40073067 Love, Spencie. “Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew.” University of North Carolina Press. 1996. Love, Spencie. “One Blood: The Death & Resurrection of Charles R. Drew (Book).” American Visions. Oct/Nov95, Vol. 10 Issue 5, p28-31. National Library of Medicine. “Charles R. Drew: The Charles R. Drew Papers.” https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bg/feature/biographical-overview Pilgrim, David. “The Truth about the Death of Charles Drew.” June 2004. https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/question/2004/june.htm Thomas, Heather. “Dr. Charles R. Drew: Blood Bank Pioneer.” Library of Congress. 2/16/2021. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2021/02/dr-charles-r-drew-blood-bank-pioneer/ University of Chicago. “Dr. Bernard Fantus: Father of the Blood Bank.” 2004. https://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2011/pres2011-0100.pdf Wallace, Rob. “Medical Innovations: Charles Drew and Blood Banking.” National World War II Museum. 5/4/2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/medical-innovations-blood-banking Woo, Susie. “When Blood Won't Tell: Integrated Transfusions and Shifting Foundations of Race.” American Studies, Vol. 55/56, Vol. 55, No. 4/Vol. 56, No. 1 (2017). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44982617 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2012 episode from previous hosts Sarah and Deblina covers some of the performers he worked with, including General Tom Thumb. Swedish singer Jenny Lind, and his biggest act, Jumbo the Elephant. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about why Robert-Houdin has been lauded as the father of modern magic. They also discuss dangerous aspects of his work, and the lack of nuance in stories about his Algerian performances.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After the 1844 Paris expo, Robert-Houdin turned his efforts to creating his own stage show. He created automata tricks that still delight today, and quickly became a very famous magician. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Eugene-Robert-Houdin “How to Do the Classic Cups & Balls Trick.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVXNCMdKs-Y&t=124s “ROBERT-HOUDIN TRIPLE MYSTERY CLOCK.” JACQUES NÈVE HORLOGER D'ART. https://www.horloger.net/purchase-sales/mystery-clocks/74-robert-houdin-triple-mystery-clock/ Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène. “Memoirs of Robert-Houdin : ambassador, author, and conjurer.” Geo. G. Evans. Philadelphia. 1859. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42916/42916-h/42916-h.htm Evans, Henry Ridgely (2010) "Robert-Houdin. Conjuror, Author, and Ambassador.," The Open Court: Vol. 1903 : Iss. 12 , Article 3. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1903/iss12/3 “Houdin and the Arabs.” Scientific American, vol. 80, no. 13, 1899, pp. 202–202. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26121253 “Witchcraft as Stagecraft.” New York Times. 1999. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/millennium/m1/teller.html Houdini, Harry. “The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin.” NEW YORKTHE PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. 1908. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42723/42723-h/42723-h.htm ONES, GRAHAM M. “Modern Magic and the War on Miracles in French Colonial Culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 52, no. 1, 2010, pp. 66–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40603072 Fechner, Christian. “The Magic of Robert-Houdin: An Artist's Life.” Editions N.C.F. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Robert-Houdin was the magician that Houdini named himself after, his story is hard to pin down, because even his own memoir is written to be entertaining, not accurate. Part one covers his early life, marriages, and beginnings in magic. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Eugene-Robert-Houdin “How to Do the Classic Cups & Balls Trick.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVXNCMdKs-Y&t=124s “ROBERT-HOUDIN TRIPLE MYSTERY CLOCK.” JACQUES NÈVE HORLOGER D'ART. https://www.horloger.net/purchase-sales/mystery-clocks/74-robert-houdin-triple-mystery-clock/ Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène. “Memoirs of Robert-Houdin : ambassador, author, and conjurer.” Geo. G. Evans. Philadelphia. 1859. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42916/42916-h/42916-h.htm Evans, Henry Ridgely (2010) "Robert-Houdin. Conjuror, Author, and Ambassador.," The Open Court: Vol. 1903 : Iss. 12 , Article 3. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1903/iss12/3 “Houdin and the Arabs.” Scientific American, vol. 80, no. 13, 1899, pp. 202–202. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26121253 “Witchcraft as Stagecraft.” New York Times. 1999. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/millennium/m1/teller.html Houdini, Harry. “The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin.” NEW YORKTHE PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. 1908. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42723/42723-h/42723-h.htm ONES, GRAHAM M. “Modern Magic and the War on Miracles in French Colonial Culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 52, no. 1, 2010, pp. 66–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40603072 Fechner, Christian. “The Magic of Robert-Houdin: An Artist's Life.” Editions N.C.F. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2012 episode from prior hosts Sarah and Deblina covers P.T. Barnum the circus man, museum entrepreneur, and freak show runner. Barnum attracted people to his American Museum through shrewd advertising, and he wasn't afraid of a hoax.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about how the Mancini sisters episode shifted focus as Tracy was researching it, and divorce not being an option in France during their lifetimes. They also talk about the inconsistent details of accounts of the Cocoanut Grove fire.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The tragedy at Boston’s Cocoanut Grove in 1942 is still the deadliest nightclub fire in history. The cause of the fire is still unknown; in its wake, advancements were made in fire safety and medical treatments for burn victims. Research: Boston Public Library. “Great Fires of Boston: November 28, 1942.” 12/20/2021. https://guides.bpl.org/bostonfires/cocoanutgrove National Fire Protection Association. “The Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Staying-safe/Safety-in-living-and-entertainment-spaces/Nightclubs-assembly-occupancies/The-Cocoanut-Grove-fire LeBlanc, Steve and Bob Salsberg. “Worst US nightclub fire influences safety codes, burn care.” 11/28/2017. https://apnews.com/article/cd1e3a85b05e4d65bbd85fdf130f142e Illinois Library. “Major American Fires: Cocoanut Grove Fire.” 8/19/2022. https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=348303&p=2346975 Boston Fire Historical Society. “The Story of the Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://bostonfirehistory.org/the-story-of-the-cocoanut-grove-fire/ New England Historical Society. “The Kid Wrongly Blamed for the Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/cocoanut-grove-fire-the-kid-wrongly-blamed/ Fleming, Daniel J. “The Cocoanut Grove Revisited.” Prologue. Vol. 49, No. 3. Fall 2017. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/fall/cocoanut-grove Sweeney, Emily. “77 years later, the mystery of the Cocoanut Grove fire remains unsolved.” Boston Globe. 11/27/2019. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/11/27/the-unsolved-mystery-cocoanut-grove-fire/24YsmjPE5ruEpiaT5bev8O/story.html Cullen, Kevin. “Cocoanut Grove plaque shoved down the street.” Boston Globe. 7/9/2016. https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2016/07/09/cocoanut-grove-tragedy-pushed-aside-name-privacy/DEKsnSwRUDK3fF5YvPWHJK/story.html Rosenfeld, Eva K. “The Fire That Changed The Way We Think About Grief.” The Crimson. 11/29/2018. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/11/29/erich-lindemann-cocoanut-grove-fire-grief/ National Fire Protection Association. “The Lingering Mystery of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire.” 11/15/2019. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYNUedVD6G8 Grant, Casey. “Legacy of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire.” WGBH Forum Network. Via YouTube. 8/21/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UZ1_Nk-4Wk Reilly, William Arthur. “Report Concerning the Cocoanut Grove Fire, November 28, 1942.” 1944. https://bostonfirehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2016/11/reportconcerningcocoanutgrovefire.pdf Saffle, Jeffrey R. “The 1942 Fire at Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub.” Edgar J. Poth Memorial Lecture. American Journal of Surgery. Vol. 166. 12/1993. Stewart, Camille L. “The Fire at Cocoanut Grove.” Journal of Burn Care & Research. Volume 36, Number 1. January/February 2015. Veltfort, Helene Rank and George E. Lee. “The Cocoanut Grove Fire: A Study in Scapegoating.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 38, 1943. Grant, Casey C. “Last Dance at Cocoanut Grove.” NFPA Journal. November/December 2007 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hortense and Marie Mancini tried to make a place for themselves in 17th-century Europe, defying all kinds of conventions along the way. Their lives were full of adventure and daring, but they were also both stuck in abusive marriages. Research: "Jules Mazarin." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000407/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=68d5e2f8. Accessed 11 Oct. 2022. "When lesbian passions stirred at court." Times [London, England], 7 Feb. 2019, p. 3. Gale In Context: Global Issues, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A572957931/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=8ab9535e. Accessed 11 Oct. 2022. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mancini sisters". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Dec. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mancini-sisters. Accessed 12 October 2022. Esslemont, Chloe. “Keeping up with the Mazarinettes.” Art UK. 1/17/2019. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/keeping-up-with-the-mazarinettes Ferguson, Donna. “Restoration influencer: how Charles II's clever mistress set trends ahead of her time." The Guardian.2/28/2021. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/feb/28/restoration-influencer-how-charles-iis-clever-mistress-set-trends-ahead-of-her-time Folger Library. “The Fabulous Mancini Sisters.” 3/13/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sX30o5FX0Y Folgerpedia. “The Mancini Sisters.” https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/The_Mancini_Sisters:_Mistresses_and_Memoirists Goldsmith, Elizabeth C. “The Kings' Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin.” Public Affairs. 2012. Latour, Therese Louis. “Princesses Ladies And Adventuresses of the Reign of Louis XIV.” London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. 1924. O’Rourke, John. “17th-Century Sisters the Kardashians Might Admire.” BU Today. 8/27/2012. https://www.bu.edu/articles/2012/17th-century-sisters-the-kardashians-might-admire/ Porter, Linda. “Charles II’s last mistress.” Historia: Magazine of the Historical Writers’ Association. 4/16/2020. https://www.historiamag.com/charles-iis-last-mistress/ Richard, Kristen. “How Italy’s ‘Runaway Duchess’ Changed How We Drink Champagne.” Wine Enthusiast. 2/11/2022. https://www.winemag.com/2022/02/11/hortense-mancini-runaway-duchess-champagne/ Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. “The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland: Letters and papers, 1440-1797 (v.3 mainly correspondence of the fourth Duke of Rutland). v.4. Charters, cartularies, &c. Letters and papers, supplementary. Extracts from household accounts.” Jan. 1889. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=IgoRAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-IgoRAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers a woman who was the Spanish empire's most widely published poet of her time. Her work has survived until today, but not her own thoughts about much of her life.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about animated shows, camping, and the items that didn't make it into the most recent Unearthed! episode. They then discuss the legacy of Pauline Johnson, and criticisms of her work that perceive it as inauthentic.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Emily Pauline Johnson, also known as Tekahionwake, made a career writing poetry and prose and performing it onstage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Research: "Pauline Johnson." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 23, Gale, 2003. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631008167/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=90bf3cec. Accessed 5 Oct. 2022. Chiefswood. https://chiefswoodnhs.ca/ Gary, Charlotte. “Flint & Feather: The Life and Times of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake.” Harper Flamingo Canada. 2002. Gerson, Carole. “Postcolonialism Meets Book History: Pauline Johnson and Imperial London.” From Home-Work: Postcolonialism, Pedagogy, and Canadian Literature. University of Ottawa Press. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ckpc18.27 Gerson, Carole. “Rereading Pauline Johnson.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes, Volume 46, Number 2, Spring 2012. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515012 Jones, Manina and Neal Ferris. “Flint, Feather, and Other Material Selves: Negotiating the Performance Poetics of E. Pauline Johnson.’ American Indian Quarterly/spring 2017/Vol. 41, No. 2. Mobbs, Leslie. “E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), 1861 -1913.” https://www.vancouverarchives.ca/2013/03/07/epaulinejohnson/ Piatote, Beth H. “Domestic Trials: Indian Rights and National Belonging in Works by E. Pauline Johnson and John M. Oskison.” American Quarterly , March 2011, Vol. 63, No. 1 (March 2011). https://www.jstor.org/stable/41237533 Poetry Foundation. “Emily Pauline Johnson.” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-pauline-johnson Quirk, Linda. "Labour of love: legends of Vancouver and the unique publishing enterprise that wrote E. Pauline Johnson into Canadian Literary History." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada, vol. 47, no. 2, fall 2009, pp. 201+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A222315631/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f22179cc. Accessed 5 Oct. 2022. Quirk, Linda. "Skyward floating feather: a publishing history of E. Pauline Johnson's Flint and Feather." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada, vol. 44, no. 1, spring 2006, pp. 69+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A146635929/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e93105ca. Accessed 5 Oct. 2022. Robinson, Amanda. "Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake)". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 24 January 2020, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pauline-johnson. Accessed 06 October 2022. Rogers, Janet. “E. Pauline Johnson Research at the NMAI, by Janet Rogers.” Via YouTube. 6/29/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmdBN-m_ZNI Rose, Marilyn J. “Johnson, Emily Pauline.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 1998. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/johnson_emily_pauline_14E.html Rymhs, Deena. “But the Shadow of Her Story: Narrative Unsettlement, Self-Inscription, and Translation in Pauline Johnson's Legends of Vancouver.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Winter 2001, Series 2, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter 2001). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20737034 Salyer, Greg. “Of Uncertain Blood: Tekahionwake/E. Pauline Johnson.” The Philosophical Research Society. 3/12/2020. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs4LctCCYHA Strong-Boag, Veronica and Carole Gerson. “Paddling Her Own Canoe: The Times and Texts of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake.” University of Toronto Press. 2000. Van Kirk, Sylvia. “From "Marrying-In" to "Marrying-Out": Changing Patterns of Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Marriage in Colonial Canada.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies , 2002, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347329 VanEvery, L.M. and Janet Marie Rogers. “The Road to Your Name - Season 1, Episode 2: E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake.” January 11, 2021. Podcast. https://theroadtoyournamepodcast.transistor.fm/2 Viehmann, Martha L. “Speaking Chinook: Adaptation, Indigeneity, and Pauline Johnson's British Columbia Stories.” Western American Literature , Fall 2012, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Fall 2012). https://www.jstor.org/stable/43023017 Weaver, Jace. “Native American Authors and Their Communities.” Wicazo Sa Review , Spring, 1997, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 1997). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409163 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The second part of our autumn list of things that were unearthed in the recent past includes potpourri, repatriations, shipwrecks, medical finds, Viking items, and books and letters. Research: Abbott, Dennis. “Archaeologists unearth skeleton dating from Battle of Waterloo” Brussels Times. 7/13/2022. https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/254695/archaeologists-unearth-skeleton-dating-from-battle-of-waterloo Amaral, Brian. “A R.I. wreck that may be Captain Cook’s Endeavour is being eaten by ‘shipworms’.” Boston Globe. 8/11/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/11/metro/ri-wreck-that-may-be-captain-cooks-endeavour-is-being-eaten-by-shipworms/ Andalou Agency. “164-square-meter Heracles mosaic found in Turkey's Alanya.” 7/26/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/164-square-meter-heracles-mosaic-found-in-turkeys-alanya “Van Gogh self-portrait found hidden behind another painting.” 7/14/2022. https://apnews.com/article/hidden-van-gogh-self-portrait-b703b4391c4ec0ba5bcf381ae44a6c3b Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel. “Rare original copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sells for £2m.” The Guardian. 7/22/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/jul/22/shakespeare-first-folio-sells-for-2m-at-auction Behrendt, Marcin. “Keep demons in the grave.” Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. 9/19/2022. https://portal.umk.pl/en/article/keep-demons-in-the-grave Benke, Kristopher. “Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck.” 8/30/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963008 Bennett-Begaye, Jourdan and Kolby KickingWoman. “Jim Thorpe's Olympic record reinstated.” Indian Country Today. https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/jim-thorpes-olympic-record-reinstated Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “The last person who touched this three-bladed arrowhead was a Viking.” 8/26/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/the-last-person-who-touched-this-three-bladed-arrowhead-was-a-viking/2069302 Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “This gold ring once belonged to a powerful Viking Chief. It was found in a pile of cheap jewellery auctioned off online.” Science Norway. 7/8/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/this-gold-ring-once-belonged-to-a-powerful-viking-chief-it-was-found-in-a-pile-of-cheap-jewellery-auctioned-off-online/2052329 Bir, Burak. “Historical artifact from AD 250 returns to Türkiye after 140 years.” AA. 7/1/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/historical-artifact-from-ad-250-returns-to-turkiye-after-140-years/2628092 Brewer, Graham Lee. “Search for missing Native artifacts led to the discovery of bodies stored in ‘the most inhumane way possible’.” NBC News. 9/4/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/search-missing-native-artifacts-led-discovery-bodies-stored-inhumane-w-rcna46151 Brownlee, Emma. “Bed Burials in Early Medieval Europe.” Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 66, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2022.2065060 Buschschlüter, Vanessa. “Pedro I: Emperor's embalmed heart arrives in Brazil.” BBC. 8/22/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928 Cardiff University. ‘Bronze Age enclosure could offer earliest clues on the origins of Cardiff.” 7/14/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-bronze-age-enclosure-earliest-clues.html Cheng, Lucia. “After More Than 150 Years, Sculptor Edmonia Lewis Finally Gets Her Degree.” Smithsonian. 7/20/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sculptor-edmonia-lewis-receives-her-degree-180980429/ Davis, Nicola. “DIY fertiliser may be behind monks’ parasite torment, say archaeologists.” The Guardian. 8/19/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/19/diy-fertiliser-may-be-behind-monk-parasite-torment-say-archaeologists-cambridge Dennehy, John. “UAE-led project makes groundbreaking discovery in Zanzibar's famed Stone Town.” The National News. 9/30/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2022/09/01/uae-led-project-makes-groundbreaking-discovery-in-zanzibars-famed-stone-town/ Donn, Natasha. “Portuguese scientists discover 100,000 year old case of deafness.” 7/18/2022. https://www.portugalresident.com/portuguese-scientists-discover-100000-year-old-case-of-deafness/ Eerkens, J.W., de Voogt, A. Why are Roman-period dice asymmetrical? An experimental and quantitative approach. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 14, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01599-y Elis-Williams, Elinor. “Finding the ship that sent out a warning to The Titanic.” 9/26/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965748 Enking, Molly. “Kentucky Floods Damage Irreplaceable Appalachian Archives.” Smithsonian. 8/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/kentucky-floods-damage-irreplaceable-appalachian-archives-180980517/ Fels, Tony. “What Elizabeth Johnson’s Exoneration Teaches about the Salem Witch Hunt.” History News Network. 8/22/2022. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183740 Golder, Joseph. “New Technique Used to Free 1,300-Year-Old 'Ice Prince'.” Newsweek. 6/30/2022. https://www.newsweek.com/new-techniqu

This 2011 episode covers the discriminatory laws English Catholics faced under Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, which led a group of Catholics to attempt regicide. But the plot was discovered days before the event. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the multiple homes called the Redpath Mansion and how that confuses the story in press sometimes. They also discuss the ebb and flow of the kinds of research projects that show up in Unearthed! episodes. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Fall is here and so is the latest two-part edition of Unearthed! Part one includes updates, oldest things, books and letters, and a late entry into our Halloween stuff. Research: Abbott, Dennis. “Archaeologists unearth skeleton dating from Battle of Waterloo” Brussels Times. 7/13/2022. https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/254695/archaeologists-unearth-skeleton-dating-from-battle-of-waterloo Amaral, Brian. “A R.I. wreck that may be Captain Cook’s Endeavour is being eaten by ‘shipworms’.” Boston Globe. 8/11/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/11/metro/ri-wreck-that-may-be-captain-cooks-endeavour-is-being-eaten-by-shipworms/ Andalou Agency. “164-square-meter Heracles mosaic found in Turkey's Alanya.” 7/26/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/164-square-meter-heracles-mosaic-found-in-turkeys-alanya “Van Gogh self-portrait found hidden behind another painting.” 7/14/2022. https://apnews.com/article/hidden-van-gogh-self-portrait-b703b4391c4ec0ba5bcf381ae44a6c3b Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel. “Rare original copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sells for £2m.” The Guardian. 7/22/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/jul/22/shakespeare-first-folio-sells-for-2m-at-auction Behrendt, Marcin. “Keep demons in the grave.” Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. 9/19/2022. https://portal.umk.pl/en/article/keep-demons-in-the-grave Benke, Kristopher. “Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck.” 8/30/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963008 Bennett-Begaye, Jourdan and Kolby KickingWoman. “Jim Thorpe's Olympic record reinstated.” Indian Country Today. https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/jim-thorpes-olympic-record-reinstated Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “The last person who touched this three-bladed arrowhead was a Viking.” 8/26/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/the-last-person-who-touched-this-three-bladed-arrowhead-was-a-viking/2069302 Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “This gold ring once belonged to a powerful Viking Chief. It was found in a pile of cheap jewellery auctioned off online.” Science Norway. 7/8/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/this-gold-ring-once-belonged-to-a-powerful-viking-chief-it-was-found-in-a-pile-of-cheap-jewellery-auctioned-off-online/2052329 Bir, Burak. “Historical artifact from AD 250 returns to Türkiye after 140 years.” AA. 7/1/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/historical-artifact-from-ad-250-returns-to-turkiye-after-140-years/2628092 Brewer, Graham Lee. “Search for missing Native artifacts led to the discovery of bodies stored in ‘the most inhumane way possible’.” NBC News. 9/4/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/search-missing-native-artifacts-led-discovery-bodies-stored-inhumane-w-rcna46151 Brownlee, Emma. “Bed Burials in Early Medieval Europe.” Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 66, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2022.2065060 Buschschlüter, Vanessa. “Pedro I: Emperor's embalmed heart arrives in Brazil.” BBC. 8/22/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928 Cardiff University. ‘Bronze Age enclosure could offer earliest clues on the origins of Cardiff.” 7/14/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-bronze-age-enclosure-earliest-clues.html Cheng, Lucia. “After More Than 150 Years, Sculptor Edmonia Lewis Finally Gets Her Degree.” Smithsonian. 7/20/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sculptor-edmonia-lewis-receives-her-degree-180980429/ Davis, Nicola. “DIY fertiliser may be behind monks’ parasite torment, say archaeologists.” The Guardian. 8/19/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/19/diy-fertiliser-may-be-behind-monk-parasite-torment-say-archaeologists-cambridge Dennehy, John. “UAE-led project makes groundbreaking discovery in Zanzibar's famed Stone Town.” The National News. 9/30/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2022/09/01/uae-led-project-makes-groundbreaking-discovery-in-zanzibars-famed-stone-town/ Donn, Natasha. “Portuguese scientists discover 100,000 year old case of deafness.” 7/18/2022. https://www.portugalresident.com/portuguese-scientists-discover-100000-year-old-case-of-deafness/ Eerkens, J.W., de Voogt, A. Why are Roman-period dice asymmetrical? An experimental and quantitative approach. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 14, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01599-y Elis-Williams, Elinor. “Finding the ship that sent out a warning to The Titanic.” 9/26/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965748 Enking, Molly. “Kentucky Floods Damage Irreplaceable Appalachian Archives.” Smithsonian. 8/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/kentucky-floods-damage-irreplaceable-appalachian-archives-180980517/ Fels, Tony. “What Elizabeth Johnson’s Exoneration Teaches about the Salem Witch Hunt.” History News Network. 8/22/2022. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183740 Golder, Joseph. “New Technique Used to Free 1,300-Year-Old 'Ice Prince'.” Newsweek. 6/30/2022. https://www.newsweek.com/new-technique-used-free-13

On June 13, 1901, Ada Maria Redpath, and her son Jocelyn Clifford were found shot to death in their home. What exactly happened between the two of them is something we will likely never understand. Research: Adams, Annmarie, et al. “‘She must not stir out of a darkened room’ 1: The Redpath Mansion Mystery.” Material Culture Review 72. Fall 2010. https://www.academia.edu/26130347/Articles_She_must_not_stir_out_of_a_darkened_room_1_The_Redpath_Mansion_Mystery Enos, Elysha. “History buffs still fascinated with the Redpath Mansion murders, 115 years later.” CBC News. June 13, 2016. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/this-day-in-montreal-redpath-murders-1.3632064 “Son Clifford Did It.” The Ottawa Citizen. June 15, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/456123782/?terms=Redpath&match=1 “The Victoria Rifles of Canada.” Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/infantry-regiments/victoria-rifles.html Adams, Annmarie, et al. “The Redpath Mansion Mystery.” Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History. https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/redpath/home/indexen.html “The Redpath Tragedy.” The Weekly News-Advertiser.” June 18, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/775410318/?terms=Redpath&match=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2015 episode features two troubling tales from the 1920s. First, newlyweds that vanished on what would have been a historic boating trip. Second, a family murdered by someone who may have been hiding in their house for weeks or months.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the many products that have been made with licensed (and sometimes unlicensed) Ouija board imagery. They also discuss the scientific experiments covered in Wednesday's episode in greater detail. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In addition to being the focus of corporate machinations, the Ouija board has also been invoked in many legal cases and has been featured in pop culture throughout the 20th century. But how does it work, psychologically speaking? Research: “Items Personal and Social.” Denton Journal. January 31, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/7111598/?terms=ouija&match=1 “’Ouija’ Board Her Advisor.” Baltimore Sun. March 26, 1905. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371127794/?terms=ouija&match=1 “Editor ‘Answers.’” Baltimore Evening Sun. August 23, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365492915/?terms=ouija&match=1 French, Chris. “The Unseen Force That Drives Ouija Boards and Fake Bomb Detectors.” The Guardian. April 27, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors “Ouija Killer Sentenced.” Spokesman-Review. July 9, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/567588953/?terms=%22dorothea%20irene%20turley%22&match=1 Clark, A. Campbell. “Automatic Writing. V.” The British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 1723, 1894, pp. 37–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20226992 “Ouija Board Maker Killed.” Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). Feb. 25, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/160190008/?terms=%22william%20fuld%22&match=1&clipping_id=99079163 Goodman, Edgar. “Pedigree of the ‘Witch Board.’” Omaha Daily News. June 13, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/738037975/?terms=%22Fuld%20vs.%20Fuld%22&match=1 “Charge of Witch Hunting Enters Assault Case – Indian Woman is Accused of Attack With Hammer.” The Buffalo News. Oct. 26, 1932. https://www.newspapers.com/image/838894818/?terms=%22lila%20Jimerson%22&match=1 Waxman, Olivia B. “Ouija: Origin of Evil and the True History of the Ouija Board.” TIME. Oct. 21, 2016. https://time.com/4529861/ouija-board-history-origin-of-evil/ Cassie, Ron. “Not Dead Yet.” Baltimore Mgazine. https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/the-dark-and-fascinating-history-of-the-ouija-board-baltimore-origins/ “OUIJA!” The Norfolk Landmark. January 29, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/604944772/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064762 “The New ‘Planchet.’” Chicago Tribune. April 3, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349738032/?terms=%22talking%20board%22&match=1&clipping_id=99068585 “The President’s ‘Witch Board.’” New York Times. June 16, 1886. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/06/16/109786158.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez. “The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board.” Smithsonian. October 27, 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-strange-and-mysterious-history-of-the-ouija-board-5860627/ “True Stories of the Supernatural, Told by Readers of the Sun.” The Baltimore Sun. February 14, 1909. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371064146/?terms=ouija&match=1 “Lie is Passed to Ouija, and By a Woman!” Chicago Tribune. Jan. 25, 1921. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355093958/?terms=ouija&match=1 Connoly, James P. “Ouija board boom on? Yes, Says Ouija Board.” Baltimore Evening Sun. May 18, 1944. https://www.newspapers.com/image/369642710/ “William Fuld Made $1,000,000 on Ouija Board But Has No Faith in It.” Baltimore Sun. July 4, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/372844631/?terms=William%20Fuld&match=1&clipping_id=99076192 “Partners at Odds.” Baltimore Sun. Dec. 5, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365328757/?terms=%22William%20Fuld%22&match=1 Rensink, Ronald A., et al. “Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions.” Consciousness and Cognition. February 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221872925_Expression_of_nonconscious_knowledge_via_ideomotor_actions/download Murch, Robert. WilliamFuld.com. https://www.williamfuld.com/index.html “The Ouija Craze.” Catoctin Clarion. January 22, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/339101621/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064534 “Ouija-board Will Rejected by Supreme Court.” Newport Daily Express. Aug. 12, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/659566078/?terms=Helen%20Dow%20Peck&match=1 “Former Beauty is Convicted.” Arizona Republic. June 11, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/117191175/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 “Blame Ouija Board for Parent’s Death.” Bristol Herald Courier. Dec. 23, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/585774218/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 “Girl Kills Her Dad to Let Her Ma Wed Lover.” The Independent-Rcord. Dec. 27, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/528011403/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 “Aged Ouija Board Murderess Planning Insanity Defense.” Daily News. March 16, 1930. https://www.newspapers.com/image/412836335/?terms=ouija&match=1 Rogers, Donald. “Fickle Ouija Board Deserts Its Victim.” Oakland Tribune. July 22, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/106298034/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 Eberle, Scott G., Ph.D. “The Ouija Board Explained.” Psychology Toda

The rise of the Ouija board in North America involves corporate intrigue, family betrayal, a lot of litigation, and very little spiritualism. Today’s episode covers how “talking boards” went from divination tool to big business. Research: “Items Personal and Social.” Denton Journal. January 31, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/7111598/?terms=ouija&match=1 “’Ouija’ Board Her Advisor.” Baltimore Sun. March 26, 1905. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371127794/?terms=ouija&match=1 “Editor ‘Answers.’” Baltimore Evening Sun. August 23, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365492915/?terms=ouija&match=1 French, Chris. “The Unseen Force That Drives Ouija Boards and Fake Bomb Detectors.” The Guardian. April 27, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors “Ouija Killer Sentenced.” Spokesman-Review. July 9, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/567588953/?terms=%22dorothea%20irene%20turley%22&match=1 Clark, A. Campbell. “Automatic Writing. V.” The British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 1723, 1894, pp. 37–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20226992 “Ouija Board Maker Killed.” Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). Feb. 25, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/160190008/?terms=%22william%20fuld%22&match=1&clipping_id=99079163 Goodman, Edgar. “Pedigree of the ‘Witch Board.’” Omaha Daily News. June 13, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/738037975/?terms=%22Fuld%20vs.%20Fuld%22&match=1 “Charge of Witch Hunting Enters Assault Case – Indian Woman is Accused of Attack With Hammer.” The Buffalo News. Oct. 26, 1932. https://www.newspapers.com/image/838894818/?terms=%22lila%20Jimerson%22&match=1 Waxman, Olivia B. “Ouija: Origin of Evil and the True History of the Ouija Board.” TIME. Oct. 21, 2016. https://time.com/4529861/ouija-board-history-origin-of-evil/ Cassie, Ron. “Not Dead Yet.” Baltimore Mgazine. https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/the-dark-and-fascinating-history-of-the-ouija-board-baltimore-origins/ “OUIJA!” The Norfolk Landmark. January 29, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/604944772/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064762 “The New ‘Planchet.’” Chicago Tribune. April 3, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349738032/?terms=%22talking%20board%22&match=1&clipping_id=99068585 “The President’s ‘Witch Board.’” New York Times. June 16, 1886. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/06/16/109786158.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez. “The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board.” Smithsonian. October 27, 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-strange-and-mysterious-history-of-the-ouija-board-5860627/ “True Stories of the Supernatural, Told by Readers of the Sun.” The Baltimore Sun. February 14, 1909. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371064146/?terms=ouija&match=1 “Lie is Passed to Ouija, and By a Woman!” Chicago Tribune. Jan. 25, 1921. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355093958/?terms=ouija&match=1 Connoly, James P. “Ouija board boom on? Yes, Says Ouija Board.” Baltimore Evening Sun. May 18, 1944. https://www.newspapers.com/image/369642710/ “William Fuld Made $1,000,000 on Ouija Board But Has No Faith in It.” Baltimore Sun. July 4, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/372844631/?terms=William%20Fuld&match=1&clipping_id=99076192 “Partners at Odds.” Baltimore Sun. Dec. 5, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365328757/?terms=%22William%20Fuld%22&match=1 Rensink, Ronald A., et al. “Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions.” Consciousness and Cognition. February 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221872925_Expression_of_nonconscious_knowledge_via_ideomotor_actions/download Murch, Robert. WilliamFuld.com. https://www.williamfuld.com/index.html “The Ouija Craze.” Catoctin Clarion. January 22, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/339101621/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064534 “Ouija-board Will Rejected by Supreme Court.” Newport Daily Express. Aug. 12, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/659566078/?terms=Helen%20Dow%20Peck&match=1 “Former Beauty is Convicted.” Arizona Republic. June 11, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/117191175/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 “Blame Ouija Board for Parent’s Death.” Bristol Herald Courier. Dec. 23, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/585774218/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 “Girl Kills Her Dad to Let Her Ma Wed Lover.” The Independent-Rcord. Dec. 27, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/528011403/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 “Aged Ouija Board Murderess Planning Insanity Defense.” Daily News. March 16, 1930. https://www.newspapers.com/image/412836335/?terms=ouija&match=1 Rogers, Donald. “Fickle Ouija Board Deserts Its Victim.” Oakland Tribune. July 22, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/106298034/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1 Eberle, Scott G., Ph.D. “The Ouija Board Explained.” Psychology Today

This 2014 episode covers the 1930 vanishing of Joseph Force Crater. His missing person cases has fueled decades of speculation about what exactly happened to the New York State Supreme Court justice.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the prediction of Houdini's death, and Rose Mackenberg's abundant bravado. They also discuss the long road the movie 'Till" took to get to the screen, and the film's careful handling of Mamie and Emmett's story. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The movie "Till" tells the story of Mamie Till-Mobley and her son Emmett. Actor Jalyn Hall and director Chinonye Chukwu talked with the podcast about the research and planning that went into bringing this important historical event to life.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Rose Mackenberg spent decades working to uncover fraud taking place in the name of Spiritualism, first working for Houdini, and then on her own. In her work, she said she received messages from 1,000 dead husbands that never existed. Research: “Says Lawmakers Consult Mediums.” New York Times. Feb. 27, 1926. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/02/27/98846926.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Houdini to Appear.” Evening Star. Feb. 21, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/image/618515204/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjYxODUxNTIwNCwiaWF0IjoxNjYzNTk5MzU4LCJleHAiOjE2NjM2ODU3NTh9.B3_XUq4J-qd4aqWqqKe1SI5DVkQq6h7mOHCD_T8D-LY Edwards, Gavin. “Overlooked No More: Rose Mackenberg, Houdini’s Secret ‘Ghost-Buster.’” New York Times. Dec. 6, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/obituaries/rose-mackenberg-overlooked.html Williamson, E.W. “Spirit Fakers of City Fatten on War Grief.” Chicago Tribune. Aug. 5, 1945. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371848849 Mackenberg, Rose. “Her Business Is Exposing Spirit Fakers.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Sept. 12, 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/138984895/?clipping_id=81525804&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjEzODk4NDg5NSwiaWF0IjoxNjYzNTk4NjcxLCJleHAiOjE2NjM2ODUwNzF9.9dPqyrWvZ5eDs0bMQcmYOXPCMJwJQN1mN2tz1KdgctQ “Houdini Urges Bill to Curb Mediums.” Evening Star. Feb. 26, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/image/618515404/?clipping_id=81527215 Hartman, William C. “Hartmann’s Who’s Who in Occult, Psychic and Spiritual Realms.” 1925. http://www.ehbritten.org/docs/1925_hartmann_whos_who_in_occult_psychic_and_spiritual_realms_r.pdf “Christ Coming in 2,000, Says Pastor.” Inidianapolis Star. Dec. 1, 1924. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46052740/christ-coming-in-2000-says-pastor/ Lee, Karen. “The Astonishing Adventures of Houdini’s Favorite Detective.” Newspapers.com. July 20, 2021. https://blog.newspapers.com/astonishing-adventures-of-houdinis-favorite-detective/ Welshimer, Helen. “Made a Frump out of Herself to Expose the Fake Mediums.” Ogden Standard Examiner. Aug. 15, 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/596893320/?terms=Rose%20Mackenberg&match=1 “Pastor Defends Klan.” Indianapolis News. Oct. 2, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/image/39565036/? “HINTS OF SEANCES AT WHITE HOUSE.” New York Times. May 19, 1926. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/05/19/98379175.html?pageNumber=26 “Magician Pulls Local Minister Out of Audience.” Indianapolis Star. October 13, 1925. https://www.newspapers.com/image/104820857/?terms=%22Magician%20Pulls%20Local%20Minister%22&match=1 “’Not Interested,” Say Coolidges of Spiritualism.” Atlanta Constitution. May 19, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/image/397965606 Mackenberg, Rose. “When Crime Poses as Spiritualism.” San Francisco Examiner. March 12, 1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/458113189/ Polidoro, Massimo. “Final Seance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle.” Prometheus Books. 2010. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2009 episode from previous hosts Katie and Sarah covers Harry Houdini, once known as the world's greatest magician. Houdini's reputation still resonates with modern fans of illusion and magic. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss WWII submarine warfare as it related to Helen Duncan’s story. Tracy also shares her experience visiting the Mütter Museum when it was hosting an exhibit titled “Imperfecta.”See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 1639, doctor Edward May published a 40-page text about a serpent he found in the heart of a 21-year-old man during a post-mortem examination. We don’t know exactly what it was, but there are plenty of theories. Research: Bush, Sargent Jr. “Bosom Serpents before Hawthorne: The Origins of a Symbol.” American Literature , May, 1971, Vol. 43, No. 2 (May, 1971). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2924236 Church, William Selby. “The Rise of Physiology in England: The Harveian Oration Delivered Before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18th, 1895.” Adlard. 1896. Denham, D.A. “A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, gentleman, of the age of 21 years.” Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 71, Issue 5, 1977, Page 455, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(77)90066-9 Eades, Bentley Gerald. “The Jacobean and Caroline Stage Vol-ii.” The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1941. Healy, Simon. “KYNASTON, Sir Francis (1587-c.1649), of Oteley, Ellesmere, Salop; later of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster and Covent Garden, Mdx.” he History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629, ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/kynaston-sir-francis-1587-1649 May, Edward. “A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, Gentleman, of the age of 21 yeares.” London : George Miller. 1639. https://archive.org/details/b3033973x Morris, Thomas. “The man with a snake in his heart.” http://www.thomas-morris.uk/man-snake-heart/ Pender, Stephen. “Examples and Experience: On the Uncertainty of Medicine.” The British Journal for the History of Science , Mar., 2006, Vol. 39, No. 1. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028546 Pennant, Thomas. “The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell.” B. and J. White. 1796. Perella, Chrissie. “Teratology: ‘Monster’ as a medical term.” Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. https://histmed.collegeofphysicians.org/for-students/teratology-monster-as-a-medical-term/ Richardson, Ruth. “Pennant's serpent.” The Lancet. Vol. 357, Issue 9260. 3/24/2001. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)71674-3/fulltext Ross, Alexander. “Arcana microcosmi.” London : T. Newcomb. 1652. https://archive.org/details/b30329140/ Slights, William W.E. “The Narrative Heart of the Renaissance.” Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme. Winter/Hiver 2002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43445471 The Public Domain Review. “A Monster in the Heart: Edward May’s A Most Certaine and True Relation (1639).” https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/heart-serpent Woolley, Benjamin. “The herbalist : Nicholas Culpeper and the Fight for Medical Freedom.” HarperCollins, 2004. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.