Stuff You Missed in History Class

Holly and Tracy talk about theories regarding Caroline and Lord Melbourne and whether they had a romantic relationship. They also discuss how little recourse a woman in Caroline’s situation had in the 19th century.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Caroline Sheridan Norton’s husband once again tried to destroy her life, she lobbied for another change in English law. This time, she worked to gain equal legal treatment for women in divorces. Research: Reynolds, K. D. "Norton [née Sheridan], Caroline Elizabeth Sarah [other married name Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Stirling Maxwell, Lady Stirling Maxwell] (1808–1877), author and law reform campaigner." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 25. Oxford University Press. Date of access 20 Mar. 2023, <https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20339 Oliphant, Margaret, et al. “Women Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign - A Book of Appreciations.” Ballantyne. 1897. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/36641/pg36641.txt Norton, Caroline. “A LETTER TO THE QUEEN ON LORD CHANCELLOR CRANWORTH'S MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE BILL.” Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. London. 1855. Accessed oline: https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/alttq/alttq.html “NORTON, CAROLINE (1808–1877).” English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/caroline-norton/ Holmes, Ann Sumner. “The Double Standard in the English Divorce Laws, 1857–1923.” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 20, no. 2, 1995, pp. 601–620., doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb01071.x. Langley, Samuel. “The Laureateship.” Daily News. May 15, 1850. https://www.newspapers.com/image/390815598/?terms=%22Caroline%20Norton%22&match=1 Abramowicz, Sarah. “English Child Custody Law, 1660-1839: The Origins of Judicial Intervention in Paternal Custody.” Columbia Law Review, vol. 99, no. 5, 1999, pp. 1344–92. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1123459 Diane, Atkinson. “The Criminal Conversation of Mrs. Norton.” London. Preface Publishing. 2012. Norton, Caroline Sheridan. “A Plain Letter to the Lord Chancellor on the Infant Custody Bill.” London. 1839. Accessed online through Indiana University: https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7126&chunk.id=d1e495&toc.id=&brand=vwwp;query=#docView Tomalin, Claire. “Several Strangers: Writing from Three Decades.” Viking. 1999. Forster, Margaret. “Significant Sisters: The Grassroots of Active Feminism, 1839-1939.” Vintage Books. 2004. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Caroline Norton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Norton Norton, C.N. “ENGLISH LAWS FOR WOMEN IN The Nineteenth Century.” London. 1854. Accessed online through University of Pennsylvania: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/elfw/elfw.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Caroline Sheridan Norton’s left an abusive marriage in 1835. She then turned her skill as a writer into a lobby for legislation that would enable mothers in England to get custody of their young children. Research: Reynolds, K. D. "Norton [née Sheridan], Caroline Elizabeth Sarah [other married name Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Stirling Maxwell, Lady Stirling Maxwell] (1808–1877), author and law reform campaigner." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 25. Oxford University Press. Date of access 20 Mar. 2023, <https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20339 Oliphant, Margaret, et al. “Women Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign - A Book of Appreciations.” Ballantyne. 1897. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/36641/pg36641.txt Norton, Caroline. “A LETTER TO THE QUEEN ON LORD CHANCELLOR CRANWORTH'S MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE BILL.” Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. London. 1855. Accessed oline: https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/alttq/alttq.html “NORTON, CAROLINE (1808–1877).” English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/caroline-norton/ Holmes, Ann Sumner. “The Double Standard in the English Divorce Laws, 1857–1923.” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 20, no. 2, 1995, pp. 601–620., doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb01071.x. Langley, Samuel. “The Laureateship.” Daily News. May 15, 1850. https://www.newspapers.com/image/390815598/?terms=%22Caroline%20Norton%22&match=1 Abramowicz, Sarah. “English Child Custody Law, 1660-1839: The Origins of Judicial Intervention in Paternal Custody.” Columbia Law Review, vol. 99, no. 5, 1999, pp. 1344–92. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1123459 Diane, Atkinson. “The Criminal Conversation of Mrs. Norton.” London. Preface Publishing. 2012. Norton, Caroline Sheridan. “A Plain Letter to the Lord Chancellor on the Infant Custody Bill.” London. 1839. Accessed online through Indiana University: https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7126&chunk.id=d1e495&toc.id=&brand=vwwp;query=#docView Tomalin, Claire. “Several Strangers: Writing from Three Decades.” Viking. 1999. Forster, Margaret. “Significant Sisters: The Grassroots of Active Feminism, 1839-1939.” Vintage Books. 2004. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Caroline Norton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Norton Norton, C.N. “ENGLISH LAWS FOR WOMEN IN The Nineteenth Century.” London. 1854. Accessed online through University of Pennsylvania: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/elfw/elfw.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode the tale of an elaborate hoax. It starts with the Scythians and how their artifacts became highly prized in 19th century Europe, and ends with an artist who came into fame as a result of his part in a forgery.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their relationship to trees, and how humankind's understanding of climate science has changed over the years. They also talk about the continuing relevance of Jennie June's life story. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Earl Lind, Ralph Werther, and Jennie June were all pseudonyms of the same person, who wrote what are sometimes described as the first autobiographies of a transgender person ever published in the West. Research: “Lost transgender memoir from 1921 discovered by Drexel researcher” (2010, October 13) retrieved 13 March 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2010-10-lost-transgendermemoir-1921-drexel.html Book Notes. “The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Apr., 1919).” https://www.jstor.org/stable/1414118 Ellis, Havelock. “Eonism and other supplementary studies.” F.A. Davis. 1928. Gearhardt, Nan. “Rethinking Trans History and Gay History in Early Twentieth-Century New York.” QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking , Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring 2019). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/qed.6.1.0026 Joseph, Channing Gerard. “Who Was Jennie June?” OutHistory. 10/10/2022. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/wwjj/wwjj2 Lind, Earl. “Autobiography of an Androgyne.” Edited by Alfred W. Herzog. The Medico-Legal Journal. 1918. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67711/pg67711-images.html Meyerowitz, Joanne. “Thinking Sex with an Androgyne.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, 2011. Via Project Muse. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409154 Peterson, Jules-Gill. “Histories of the Transgender Child.” University of Minnesota Press. 2018. Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “Boy – But Never Man.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 3. March 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “Protest from an Androgyne.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 7. July 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Fairie Boy (An Autobiographical Sketch).” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Vol. 14. No. 10. October 1918. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1419unse Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Female Impersonator.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 6. June 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Girl-boy’s Suicide.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Vol. 14. No. 11. November 1918. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1419unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Sorrows of Jennie June.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 4. April 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Schroth, Peter W. et al. “Perspectives on Law and Medicine Relating to Transgender People in the United States.” The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2018, Vol. 66. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26497456 Shaheen, Aaron. “Strolling through the Slums of the Past: Ralph Werther's Love Affair with Victorian Womanhood in ‘Autobiography of an Androgyne.’” PMLA , October 2013, Vol. 128, No. 4 (October 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23489164 Werther, Ralph. “The female-impersonators.” Edited by Alfred W. Herzog. The Medico-Legal Journal. 1922. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/70019/pg70019-images.html Werther, Ralph. “The Riddle of the Underworld.” Via OutHistory. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earllind23/manuscript See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly is joined by John Perlin, author of "A Forest Journey: The Role of Trees in the Fate of Civilization,” to talk about the ways that human development and survival depends on the health of the planet’s forests. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The 2015 episode covers a volcano eruption in Sumbawa, Indonesia in 1816, that combined with several other factors to create an unusual -- and catastrophic -- series of weather events. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy dig into the role of Augustin Daly's brother in his life, including a legal battle over Augustin's will. Then they talk about roller coaster experiences and the idea of fear as entertainment.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The French word for “roller coaster” is “montagnes russes” or “Russian mountains.” Since the origin of roller coasters, inventors have been improving the early designs that came from Russia to create astonishing amusement park thrill rides. Research: “Coaster History” by Gil Chandler, from Roller Coasters. Text copyright © 1995 by Capstone Press. Reprinted by permission of Capstone Press. Photograph copyright © 1987 by Tom Maglione. Reprinted by permission of Tom Maglione. https://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/pdf/2010/177365.pdf National Roller Coaster Museum and Archives. “History of the Roller Coaster.” 2013. https://rollercoastermuseum.org//wp-content/uploads/2017/11/History_Timeline.pdf American Experience. “A Century of Screams: The History of the Roller Coaster.” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/coney-century-screams/ Pescovitz, David. "roller coaster". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/roller-coaster. Accessed 8 March 2023. Levine, Arthur. “Ups and downs: The history of roller coasters.” USA Today. 7/28/2017. https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/theme-parks/2017/07/28/history-roller-coasters/518356001/ Lallensack, Rachel. “14 Fun Facts About Roller Coasters.” Smithsonian. 8/16/2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/14-fun-facts-about-roller-coasters-180972920/ Meares, Joel. “Catherine the Great Put Rollers on the World's First Coaster.” Wired. 12/27/2011. https://www.wired.com/2011/12/pl-prototyperollercoaster/ Liebrenz-Himes, Marilyn. “The American Amusement Park: Its Inspiration and Evolution.” Vol. 11 (2003): The Romance of Marketing History. https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/pcharm/article/view/1684 Pursell, Carroll. “Fun Factories: Inventing American Amusement Parks.” Icon , 2013, Vol. 19, Special Issue Playing with Technology: Sports and Leisure (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23788121 Mohun, Arwen P. “Amusement Parks for the World: The Export of American Technology and Know-How, 1900-1939.” , 2013, Vol. 19, Special Issue Playing with Technology: Sports and Leisure (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23788122 Haynes, Christine. “The Battle of the Mountains.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques, Winter 2018, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Winter 2018). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48581519 Yoon, Richard. “The rise and fall and rise of the amusement park.” International Theme & Amusement Park Journal Vol. 2. No. 4. (2021). Mental Floss. “The Roller Coaster's Thrilling History.” 12/16/2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHUAlzwG0r4 Canfield, Victor. “Roller Coaster History Deduced from U.S. Patents.” 1/26/2012. http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/v/a/vac3/history.html Princeton Graphic Arts Collection. “First Roller Coaster.” https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2018/05/18/first-roller-coaster/ King, John Glen. “A Letter to the Bishop of Durham, containing some Observations on the Climate of Russia, and the Northern Countries, with a View of the Flying Mountains at Zarsko Sello, near St. Petersburg.” 1780. https://books.google.com/books?id=SB2OxgEACAAJ Louis Post Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri · Saturday, September 29, 1883 https://www.newspapers.com/image/137793104 “Roller Coasting.” Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois · Sunday, September 30, 1883 https://www.newspapers.com/image/349812486 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Augustin Daly is often described as a foundational figure of the U.S. theater. He wrote, adapted, and produced dozens of plays in the 19th century, and he created a theater company that produced many stars of the New York stage. Research: “Augustin Daly Enjoins Dixey.” New York Times. March 22, 1896. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/03/22/105744198.html?pageNumber=3 “Augustin Daly Recovers From Illness.” New Yor Times. June 6, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/06/118938057.html?pageNumber=7 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Augustin Daly". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustin-Daly Powell, Wiliam S., ed. “Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.” North Carolina Press. 1979-1996. “Dramatic Copyright.” New York Times. Dec, 18, 1868. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/12/18/issue.html “Augustin Daly’s Victory.” New York Times. July 11, 1885. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/07/11/103630354.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Daly, Augustin. “Divorce: A Play of the Period in Five Acts.” ACTED AT THE FIFTH AVENUE THEATRE FOR THE FIRST TIME, SEPTEMBER 5th, 1871. NEW YORK: PRINTED AS MANUSCRIPT ONLY, FOR THE AUTHOR. 1884. https://archive.org/stream/divorceplayofper00daly/divorceplayofper00daly_djvu.txt Brown, Thomas Alston. “A History of the New York Stage From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901.” (Reprint) Legare Street Press. 2022. “Mr. Daly’s Opening Play.” New York Times. October 5, 1888. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/10/05/106197330.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Mr. Daly’s New Drama.” New York Times. Oct. 25, 1888. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/10/25/106200311.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Funeral of Augustin Daly.” New York Times. June 19, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/19/100446037.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Dithmar, Edward A. “The Career of Augustin Daly.” June 18, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/18/117925544.html?pageNumber=30 “Intimate Glimpses of Augustin Daly.” New York Times. October 7, 1917. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/10/07/96274408.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Jaworowski, Ken. “Review: ‘Leah, the Forsaken’ is an 1862 Drama With Modern Resonance.” New York Times. Feb. 21, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/21/theater/leah-the-forsaken-review.html Eytinge, Rose. “The Memories of Rose Eytinge: Being Recollections & Observations of Men, Women, and Events, during Half a Century.” New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1905. Daly, Joseph Francis. “Life of Augustin Daly.” Macmillan. 1927. “Augustin Daly.” New York Times. June 9, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/09/101231584.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers the loss of the U.S.S. Akron -- the biggest single tragedy in aviation history at the time that it happened. But unless you're an aviation or U.S. Navy history buff, you may not know much about this airborne aircraft carrier.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about some of the odd details in the Alma Petty Gatlin trial and difficulty finding the right language to discuss alcohol misuse. Then discussion turns to vivisection and the hosts' experiences with dissection in school. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Brown Dog Affair was a series of demonstrations and riots surrounding a statue that had been erected in the Battersea area of London, commemorating dogs who had been killed due to vivisection. Research: "Ethical Treatment of Animals." The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2016, pp. 376-380. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3631000262/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c1943190. Accessed 2 Mar. 2023. "How the cruel death of a little stray dog led to riots in 1900s Britain; Novelist campaigns for statue of terrier experimented on by scientists to regain its place in a London park." Guardian [London, England], 12 Sept. 2021, p. NA. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A676433834/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=87481e5c. Accessed 1 Mar. 2023. "London by numbers: The brown dog riots; Source: `The Brown Dog Affair' by Peter Mason, Two Sevens Publishing." Independent on Sunday [London, England], 26 Oct. 2003, p. 7. Gale In Context: Global Issues, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A109233128/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=bf321fb5. Accessed 1 Mar. 2023. "Students looked as its throat was cut. Then it was taken away to be killed: But the brown dog couldn't rest in peace. Barry Hugill recalls the first animal rights riots." Observer [London, England], 30 Mar. 1997, p. 18. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A76406108/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3162fdcd. Accessed 1 Mar. 2023. “Final report of the Royal Commission on Vivisection.” London. His Majesty’s Stationery Office. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089397381 Bates, A.W.H. “Anti-Vivisection and the Profession of Medicine in Britain: A Social History.” Te Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. 2017. Bates, A.W.H. “Boycotted Hospital: The National Anti-Vivisection Hospital, London, 1903–1935.” Journal of Animal Ethics 6 (2): 177–187. 2016. Boston, Richard. "The Brown Dog Affair." New Statesman, vol. 126, no. 4339, 20 June 1997, p. 48. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A20534445/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=dc5e8d6f. Accessed 1 Mar. 2023. Cruelty to Animals Act. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1876/77/pdfs/ukpga_18760077_en.pdf Effron, Jack Edward. “The battle of the vivisected dog.” Hekoten International: A Journal of Medical Humanities. Volume 10, Issue 4– Fall 2018. https://hekint.org/2018/03/21/battle-vivisected-dog/ Ford, Edward K. (1908) The Brown Dog and His Memorial (London: Euston Grove Press), 56 pages. 2013 complete facsimile of 1908 pamphlet. https://profjoecain.net/eyewitness-brown-dog-affair-edward-ford/ Galloway, John. “Dogged by Controversy.” Nature. Vol. 394. August 1998. Galmark, Lisa. “Women antivivisectionists - the story of Lizzy Lind af Hageby and Leisa Schartau.” Animal Issues, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2000. Kean, Hilda. “An Exploration of the Sculptures of Greyfriars Bobby, Edinburgh, Scotland, and the Brown Dog, Battersea, South London, England.” Society & Animals 11:4. 2003. Lansbury, Coral. “The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers and Vivisection in Edwardian England.” The University of Wisconsin Press. Nina. “The Brown Dog Affair (1903 - 1910).” The Medicine Chest. University of Cape Town. https://ibali.uct.ac.za/s/LBNNIN001-medicinechest/item/19397 Lind-af-Hagby, L. and L.K. Schartau. “The shambles of science: extracts from the diary of two students of physiology.” 1904. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27101200M/The_shambles_of_science Stourton, Edward. "When the fate of a dog tore a nation in two; A famous case of animal cruelty sets Edward Stourton and Kudu on a missio." Daily Telegraph [London, England], 3 Apr. 2010, p. 30. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A222925631/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=0f1914aa. Accessed 1 Mar. 2023. Thornton, Alicia. “Portrait of a Man and His Dog: The Brown Dog Affair.” 10/22/2012. UCL Research in Museums. https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/researchers-in-museums/2012/10/22/portrait-of-a-man-and-his-dog-the-brown-dog-affair/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 1928, a young woman from North Carolina named Alma Petty Gatlin went on trial for the murder of her father. A preacher Alma had confessed to informed authorities, setting off a sensational case that examined confessional privilege. Research: “Girl Sobs as Jury Grants Her Liberty.” The Charlotte Observer. Feb. 23, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/616612305/?terms=%22Smith%20T.%20Petty%22&match=1 “Woman on Trial for Patricide.” Gettysburg Times. Feb. 14, 1928. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19280214&id=_ZwlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gfYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=956,5137180 “Little Progress Made in Petty Probe.” The Charlotte Observer. Sept. 6, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/616813195/?terms=alma%20petty&match=1 “Reidsville Girl Arrested for Murder of Father!” The Bee. Sept. 3, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/46801069/ “Bride Accused of Slaying Father.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Oct. 2, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/140410715/?terms=alma%20petty&match=1 “Confident Whole Truth Not told.” Statesville Record and Landmark. Sept. 12, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/11242337/?terms=alma%20petty&match=1 Price, Enoch. “Defense Will Wage Its Fight on Evangelist-confessor Principal State’s Witness.” The News and Observer. Jan. 22, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/651049861/?terms=alma%20petty&match=1 Link, Phil. “Murder for Breakfast.” Down Hom Press. North Carolina. 2002. “What Was Justice.” Daily News. March 25, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/431281638/ “Considering Ethics.” The Tampa Times. Feb. 15, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/332744236/?terms=%22Alma%20Petty%20gatlin%22&match=1 “Mrs. Gatlin Now Mourning Death o Pet ‘Lovebird.’” The Bee. Sept. 15, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/46801533/?terms=%22Mrs.%20Gatlin%20is%20Cheerful%22&match=1 “Mrs. Gatlin Faces New Trial Ordeal.” The Atlanta Constitution. Feb, 20, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/398191524/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode discusses the Doolittle Raid, an attack on Japan launched by the U.S. in retaliation for Pearl Harbor. But the leader of the mission was a legend long before his daring efforts in WWII.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy shares how the recent wave of spy balloon news inspired this week's episode, and the hosts talk about the technology of war balloons. They also talk about G.K. Chesterton, his anti-eugenics writing, and his anti-Semitism. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

G.K. Chesterton was a prolific writer across many genres, including fiction, poetry, journalism, literary criticism, biography, social criticism, theology, and Christian apologetics. He was also a vocal critic of eugenics. Research: "Chesterton, G.K." Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, Merriam-Webster, 1995. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/RN1480001897/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=d75f28d6. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023. Schwartz, Adam. "Conceiving a culture of life in a century of bones: G. K. Chesterton and Malcolm Muggeridge as social critics." Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, vol. 11, no. 2, spring 2008, pp. 50+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A370214476/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f9d4a07a. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023. Eden, Dawn. "Thursday's Father; The cosmos in the mind of G.K. Chesterton." The Weekly Standard, vol. 15, no. 47, 30 Aug. 2010. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A236124464/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9747e015. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023. Douglas, J.D. “G.K. Chesterton, the Eccentric Prince of Paradox.” Christianity Today. 5/24/1974, republished 8/1/2001. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/augustweb-only/8-27-52.0.html?paging=off#bmb=1 "The Inklings." Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, edited by Kathy D. Darrow, vol. 258, Gale, 2012. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/GEDIQJ153565504/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=52d0152e. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Bergonzi, Bernard. "Chesterton, Gilbert Keith [G. K. C.] (1874–1936), writer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Feb. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/32392 McDonagh, Melanie. "No saint: G.K. Chesterton was a great journalist, not an angel." Spectator, vol. 322, no. 9652, 24 Aug. 2013, pp. 22+. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A340576384/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=2c4fc00f. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. "G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton." Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors, Gale, 2004. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000017634/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=6ef03f18. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Douglas, James. “Personality in Literature.” The Bookman. July 1903. Kenney, W. P. "G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton." Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century British Literary Biographers, edited by Steven Serafin, Gale, 1995. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 149. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200006044/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=8bdae33c. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Leitch, Thomas M. "G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton." British Mystery Writers, 1860-1919, edited by Bernard Benstock and Thomas F. Staley, Gale, 1988. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 70. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200002585/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=5e778e84. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Schwartz, Adam. “G.K. Chesterton’s Jewish Problem.” VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center , 2017, Vol. 34 (2017). : https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48600516 Fraga, Brian. “Group promoting author GK Chesterton faces turmoil over right-wing connections.” National Catholic Reporter. 2/20/2023. https://www.ncronline.org/news/group-promoting-author-gk-chesterton-faces-turmoil-over-right-wing-connections Kimball, Roger. “G. K. Chesterton: master of rejuvenation.” The New Criterion September 2011. Chesterton, G.K. “Eugenics and Other Evils.” Cassell and Company, Limited London, New York, Toronto & Melbourne 1922. Sparkes, Russell. “The Enemy of Eugenics.” https://archive.secondspring.co.uk/articles/sparkes.htm See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

We’ve gotten requests to talk about the balloon bombs that Japan used to target North America during World War II. But these were not the only balloons in use during the war, or the first balloons used for military purposes. Research: Barnett, Glenn. “Another Way to Bomb Germany.” Warfare History Network. June 2021. https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/another-way-to-bomb-germany/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "airship". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/technology/airship. Accessed 15 February 2023. Czekanski, Tom. “Museum Acquires Item Related to the First African American Unit in Normandy.” National World War II Museum. 2/1/2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/museum-acquires-item-related-first-african-american-unit-normandy Drapeau, Raoul E. “Operation Outward: Britain’s World War II offensive balloons.” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. September/October 2011. https://site.ieee.org/ny-monitor/files/2011/09/OPERATION-OUTWARD.pdf Juillerat, Lee. “Balloon Bombs.” Oregon Encyclopedia. https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/balloon_bombs/#.Y-6VRHbMJPa Knight, Judson. "Balloon Reconnaissance, History." Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, vol. 1, Gale, 2004, pp. 91-94. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403300069/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3191fc84. Accessed 15 Feb. 2023. Lienhard, John H. “No. 2192: Franklin and Balloons.” Engines Of Our Ingenuity. https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2192.htm Maskel, Rebecca. “Why Was the Discovery of the Jet Stream Mostly Ignored?” Smithsonian. 4/2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/as-next-may-unbelievablebuttrue-180968355/ Mikesh, Robert C. “Japan's World War II Balloon Bomb Attacks on North America.” Smithsonian Annals of Flight. No. 9. 1973. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/18679/SAoF-0009-Lo_res.pdf National Archives. “Barrage Balloons - the nation's defender.” https://www.findmypast.com/1939register/barrage-balloons “The First Air Raid Happened When Austria Dropped Bombs on Venice from Pilotless Hot-Air Balloons (1849).” 9/7/2021. https://www.openculture.com/2021/09/the-first-air-raid-in-history.html Paone, Thomas. “Protecting the Beaches with Balloons: D-Day and the 320th Barrage Balloon Battalion.” National Air and Space Museum. 6/4/2019. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/protecting-beaches-balloons-d-day-and-320th-barrage-balloon-battalion Paone, Thomas. “The Most Fashionable Balloon of the Civil War.” Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 11/5/2013. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/most-fashionable-balloon-civil-war Rogers, J. David. “How Geologists Unraveled the Mystery of Japanese Vengeance Balloon Bombs in World War II.” https://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/forensic_geology/Japenese%20vengenance%20bombs%20new.htm Royal Air Forces Association. “Barrage Balloons in the Second World War.” 10/13/2020. https://rafa.org.uk/blog/2020/10/13/barrage-balloons-in-the-second-world-war/ Royal Meteorological Society. “Jetstreams.” 8/22/2013. https://www.rmets.org/metmatters/jetstreams Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. “Presidential Writings Reveal Early Interest in Ballooning.” 2/15/2016. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/presidential-writings-reveal-early-interest-ballooning Uenuma, Francine. “In 1945, a Japanese Balloon Bomb Killed Six Americans, Five of Them Children, in Oregon.” Smithsonian. 5/22/2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1945-japanese-balloon-bomb-killed-six-americansfive-them-children-oregon-180972259/ Ziegler, Charles A. “Weapons Development in Context: The Case of the World War I Balloon Bomber.” Technology and Culture , Oct., 1994, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct., 1994). http://www.jstor.com/stable/3106505. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 2017, the show covered the fears, prejudices and societal issues that drove the eugenics movement in the U.S., which focused on identifying, sequestering and even sterilizing people who were deemed to be "unfit."See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about the way that the eugenics movement pops up almost any time there's research into late 19th and early 20th century figures. They also discuss the nature of chicken and dumplings in their experience.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Eliza Fenning worked as a cook in a London household until she found herself in the middle of a poisoning accusation. Her controversial trial brought the bias of the 19th-century British criminal justice system into focus. Research: “Circumstantial Evidence.” The Abilene Gazette. June 23, 1876. https://www.newspapers.com/image/367010505/?terms=eliza%20fenning&match=1 Hempel, Sarah. “The Inheritor’s Powder.” W. W. Norton & Company. 2013. Hempel, Sarah. “Eliza Fenning: the case of the poisoned dumplings.” The Telegraph. June 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172222/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10117903/Eliza-Fenning-the-case-of-the-poisoned-dumplings.html Clarke, Kate. “Trial of Eliza Fenning.” Mango Books. May 2021. “Circumstantial evidence : The extraordinary case of Eliza Fenning, who was executed in 1815, for attempting to poison the family of Orlibar Turner, by mixing arsenic in yeast dumplings. With a statement of facts, since developed tending to prove her innocence of the crime.” https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21051732 Watkins, John. “The important results of an elaborate investigation into the mysterious case of Elizabeth Fenning: being a detail of extraordinary facts discovered since her execution, including the official report of her singular trial, now first published, and copious notes thereon.” London. William Hone. 1815. Accessed online: https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b2840807x MARSHALL, TIM. “Not Forgotten: Eliza Fenning, ‘Frankenstein’, and Victorian Chivalry.” Critical Survey, vol. 13, no. 2, 2001, pp. 98–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41557107 “The Story of Eliza Fenning.” The Wells Journal. August 8, 1857. https://www.newspapers.com/image/812381127/?terms=eliza%20fenning&match=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ellen Swallow Richards was a big part of the establishment of home economics as a field. But well before that, she broke a lot of ground and was often way ahead of her time. Research: Bettex, Morgan. “A life filled with firsts.” MIT News. 1/26/2011. https://news.mit.edu/2011/timeline-richards-0126 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ellen Swallow Richards". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Nov. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ellen-Swallow-Richards. Accessed 8 February 2023. Chapman, Sasha. “The Woman Who Gave Us the Science of Normal Life.” Nautilus. 3/28/2017. https://nautil.us/the-woman-who-gave-us-the-science-of-normal-life-236534/ Daniels, Elizabeth A. “The Disappointing First Thrust of Euthenics.” Vassar Encyclopedia. https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/interviews-and-reflections/the-disappointing-first-thrust-of-euthenics/ Durant, Elizabeth. “Ellencyclopedia.” MIT Technology Review. 8/15/2007. https://www.technologyreview.com/2007/08/15/36578/ellencyclopedia/ Dyball, Robert and Liesel Carlsson. Human Ecology Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, Special Issue: Human Ecology—A Gathering of Perspectives: Portraits from the Past—Prospects for the Future (2017). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26367977 Egan, Kristen R. “Conservation and Cleanliness: Racial and Environmental Purity in Ellen Richards and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.” Women's Studies Quarterly , FALL/WINTER 2011, Vol. 39, No. 3/4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41308345 Hunt, Caroline Lousia. “The life of Ellen H. Richards, 1842-1911.” Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows. 1918. https://archive.org/details/lifeofellenhrich1918hunt Kwallek, Nancy. "Ellen Swallow Richards: visionary on home and sustainability." Phi Kappa Phi Forum, vol. 92, no. 2, summer 2012, pp. 8+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A291498991/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=7050163b. Accessed 6 Feb. 2023. McNeill, Leila. “The First Female Student at MIT Started an All-Women Chemistry Lab and Fought for Food Safety.” Smithsonian. 12/18/2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/first-female-student-mit-started-women-chemistry-lab-food-safety-180971056/ Richardson, Barbara. “Ellen Swallow Richards: Advocate for ‘Oecology,’ Euthenics and Women’s Leadership in Using Science to Control the Environment.” Michigan Sociological Review , Fall 2000, Vol. 14 (Fall 2000). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40969050 Smith, Coleen. "The William Barton Rogers Building - The Door Opens." Clio: Your Guide to History. October 24, 2022. Accessed February 8, 2023. https://theclio.com/entry/147331 Smith, Nancy DuVergne. “Scene at MIT: Ellen Swallow Richards leads the Women's Laboratory.” MIT News. 3/21/2017. https://news.mit.edu/2017/scene-at-mit-ellen-swallow-richards-womens-laboratory-0321 Talbot, H.P. “Ellen Swallow Richards.” Technology Review, volume 13, pp. 365-373. https://wayback.archive-it.org/7963/20190702115713/https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/esr/esr-biography.html Vassar Encyclopedia. “Ellen Swallow Richards ’1870.” https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/distinguished-alumni/ellen-swallow-richards/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 2016, Secretary of Education Dr. John B. King Jr. joined Tracy to discuss the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which gave rebelling states 100 days to return to the Union or have their enslaved population freed during the U.S. Civil War.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about the ways enslaved people found to push back against their enslavement. They then examine the animal welfare aspect of Old Rip’s story. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Old Rip was a reptile with quite a legend. Some people believed that he survived a 31-year entombment in a courthouse cornerstone, and he became celebrity, even gaining an audience with President Calvin Coolidge. But was it all a hoax? Research: “Toad Alive After 31 Years Sealed in Texas Cornerstone.” New York Times. Feb, 20, 1928. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/02/20/91477181.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Coolidge Sees Famous Horned Toad of Texas.” The Greenville News. May 4, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/188233123/?terms=toad&match=1 “Texas Horned Frog Upsets Scientists.” Times Record News. Feb. 21, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/774886762/ “Horned Lizard Facts.” Texas Parks and Wildlife. https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/wildlife_diversity/texas_nature_trackers/horned_lizard/facts/#:~:text=Its%20horny%20appearance%20and%20coloration,(actually%2C%20its%20eyelid). “RipFest.” https://www.eastlandchamber.com/ripfest/ “Texas Court Frees Entombed Toad.” New York Times. May 14, 1928. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/05/15/91511824.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Experts Are Skeptical About Horned Frog.” Fort Worth Record-Telegram. Feb 21, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/634555101/?terms=Eastland%2C%20Texas&match=1 “Old Frog Leaps Back Into Case.” Austin American-Statesman. September 29, 1961. https://www.newspapers.com/image/357861533/ House, Boyce. “Amazing Story of Rip Is Told in Its Entirety.” Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Feb, 13, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/636009835/ “Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum).” Texas Parks and Wildlife. https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/thlizard/ “Eastland Asks Old Rip’s Return.” Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 18, 1972. https://www.newspapers.com/image/644137888/?terms=old%20rip&match=1 “Three-corner Fight Rages for Possession of Eastland’s Reptile.” The Amarillo Globe-Timed. Feb. 27, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/29483459/?terms=will%20m.%20wood&match=1 “Famous New York Scientist Tells Whopper Frog Tale as Illustration That He Believes Texas Toad Story.” Wichita Falls Times. Feb. 21, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/773773857/ “’Rip,’ Famous Sleeping Horned Toad, Here but Still Drowsy.” Indianapolis Star. May 1, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/104983172 “Tulsa Barber Aided in Placing Famous ‘Rip’ Frog in Stone.” The Tulsa Tribune. Feb. 21, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/884100535/?terms=Eastland%2C%20Texas “The Spirit of Old Rip to Be Revived.” The Odessa American. Sept. 11, 1977. https://www.newspapers.com/image/301920827/? Donnelly, Claire.” How Curious: What Happened To All Of The ‘Horny Toads’?” KGOU. https://www.kgou.org/oklahoma-news/2019-09-10/how-curious-what-happened-to-all-of-the-horny-toads “Frog Question Acute and Threatens to Become National.” Wichita Daily Times. Feb. 26, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/773773951/ “Doubts Horned Toad Tale.” New York Times. February 21, 1928. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/02/21/109853229.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Dabney, James. “Letter Reawakens ‘Rip’ Toad Legend.” Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Sept. 10, 1976. https://www.newspapers.com/image/633757078/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

As a child, Susie King Taylor forged passes so her grandmother could go places in Savanna she otherwise couldn’t. As an adult, she penned the only Civil War memoir known to have been written by a Black woman who was actively involved in the military. Research: Hancock, Kelly. “Lunch & Learn Talk by Kelly Hancock: Susie King Taylor’s Civil War.” The American Civil War Museum. 11/15/2016. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=613s3tg_Zlk "Susie King Taylor." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 13, Gale, 1996. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606001325/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=0670abcd. Accessed 31 Jan. 2023. "Susie King Taylor." Notable Black American Women, Gale, 1992. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1623000434/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=62d16da2. Accessed 31 Jan. 2023. McCurry, Stephanie. "'In the company' with Susie King Taylor." America's Civil War, vol. 27, no. 2, May 2014, pp. 26+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A360610510/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=04a62ac5. Accessed 31 Jan. 2023. Chittenden, Karen and Micah Messenheimer. “Susie King Taylor: An African American Nurse and Teacher in the Civil War.” Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=5be2377c246c4b5483e32ddd51d32dc0&bookmark=Early%20Years Butchart, Ronald. "Susie King Taylor." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 09 December 2003, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/susie-king-taylor-1848-1912/. Syed, Camille. “Group wants square renamed after Susie King Taylor.” WTOC. 12/2/2022. https://www.wtoc.com/2022/12/02/group-wants-square-renamed-after-susie-king-taylor/ Glass-Hill, Hermina. “Susie King Taylor: Civil War nurse and early social justice activist.” Saporta Report. 3/21/2016. https://saportareport.com/susie-king-taylor-civil-war-nurse-early-social-justice-activist/archived-columnists/jamils-georgia/nge/ Taylor, Susie King. “Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers.” Boston. Published by the author. 1902. Prologue Magazine. “The Freedman's Savings and Trust Company and African American Genealogical Research.” Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/freedmans-savings-and-trust.html Boisseau, Tracey Jean. “Travelling with Susie King Taylor.” Thirdspace: A Journal of Feminist Theory and Culture. Volume 7, Issue 2 (Winter 2008). https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/thirdspace/article/view/boisseau/3214 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hey, Stuff You Missed In History Class listeners! The newest hit docuseries of another star-studded podcast, The Last Soviet is live. Go check out the beginning of this thrilling journey with Lance Bass, NSync Superstar, and Russian-trained astronaut!” About The Last Soviet: Lance Bass, NSync Superstar, and Russian-trained astronaut takes you on a wild ride into space. He tells the story of the last Soviet cosmonaut who is trapped on the world’s only space station, as the country he knows and loves collapses beneath him. On this journey through Earth’s atmosphere in the form of a podcast, Lance introduces you to the woman who won a reality show cosmonaut contest, a ham radio operator in Australia who became a lifeline for the Soviet Space Station, a hustler from Chicago who tried to sell coca-cola to the Russians and the editor of Playboy who took part in a revolution. It’s one man’s dream to go to space, his dedication to the country he thought he knew and 313 days spent orbiting the Earth. 313 days that changed our world. Plus, Lance’s own dream to go to space and the lengths he went to make it a reality. Listen to The Last Soviet on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts! See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers when three escapees from enslavement showed up at a Union position during the U.S. Civil War. The decision of how to handle the situation fell to Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, and his actions led to a situation for which the government was simply not prepared.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers the aftermath of after a series of earthquakes on the eastern side of the Icelandic island of Heimaey in 1973. As the eruption developed over time, it became more dangerous, and a variety of measures were undertaken to stop the flow of lava.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about Tootsie Rolls used in the military, and Holly's German chocolate cake obsession. They also discuss their relationships with the book "The Velveteen Rabbit" and their childhood fears.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Scarlet fever is treatable with antibiotics, but in the middle of the 19th century, it was the leading cause of death in children in some parts of the world. Today, there are several ongoing mysteries about the disease. Research: Branswell, Helen. “Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world.” 11/27/2017. https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/27/scarlet-fever-cases/ Lamagni, Theresa et al. “Resurgence of scarlet fever in England, 2014–16: a population-based surveillance study.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Vol. 18, Issue 2. February 2018. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30693-X/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr Ferretti, Joseph and Werner Köhler. “History of Streptococcal Research.” From “Streptococcus pyogenes : Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations.” Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333430/ Doherty Institute. “Scarlet fever is on the rise, after being almost eradicated by the 1940s.” 10/6/2020. https://www.doherty.edu.au/news-events/news/scarlet-fever-is-on-the-rise-after-being-almost-eradicated-by-the-1940s Potter, Christina. “Scarlet Fever Makes a Comeback.” Outbreak Observatory. Johns Hopkins. 12/12/2019. https://www.outbreakobservatory.org/outbreakthursday-1/12/12/2019/scarlet-fever-makes-a-comeback Lynskey, Nicola N. et al. “Emergence of dominant toxigenic M1T1 Streptococcus pyogenes clone during increased scarlet fever activity in England: a population-based molecular epidemiological study.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Vol. 19, Issue 11. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(19)30446-3/fulltext Tatiana Ninkov and Mike Cadogan, "Second disease," In: LITFL - Life in the FastLane, Accessed on January 25, 2023, https://litfl.com/second-disease/. Bright, Richard. "Dr. Bright on Renal Disease.” From Guy's Hospital reports. ser.1 v.1 1836. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858046169490&view=1up&seq=392&skin=2021 Ledford, Heidi. “Why is strep A surging — and how worried are scientists?” 12/9/2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-04403-y Thomas Sydenham, ""On Scarlet Fever" [Excerpt]," in Children and Youth in History, Item #156, https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/156 (accessed August 10, 2021). Annotated by Lynda Payne Klein, E. “The Etiology of Scarlet Fever.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of LondonVolume 42, Issue 251-257. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rspl.1887.0030 Duncan CJ, Duncan SR, Scott S. The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century. Epidemiol Infect. 1996 Dec;117(3):493-9. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800059161. PMID: 8972674; PMCID: PMC2271647. Klass, Perri. “Fever Dreams.” Harvard Medicine. Autumn 2022. https://hms.harvard.edu/magazine/handed-down/fever-dreams Davenport, Romola J. “Urbanization and mortality in Britain, c. 1800–50.” Economic History Review. 2/21/2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.12964 Thomson, Arthur S. et al. “History of the First Epidemic of Scarlet Fever which Prevailed in Auckland, New Zealand, During the Year 1848.” The Lancet. Vol. 55, Issue 1376. January 12, 1850. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)88319-2/fulltext Kaiser, Albert D. “Scarlet Fever.” The American Journal of Nursing , Jun., 1915, Vol. 15, No. 9 (Jun., 1915). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3404148 Eyler, John M. “The Epidemiology of Milk-borne Scarlet Fever: The Case of Edwardian Brighton.” American Journal of Public Health. May 1986, Vol. 76, No. 5. Wilson, Leonard G. “The Historical Riddle of Milk-borne Scarlet Fever.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Fall 1986. Vol. 60, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44442285 Scamman, Clarence L. “Milk-Borne Septic Sore Throat and Scarlet Fever.” American Journal of Public Health. December 1929. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1581415/ Lee, Charles A. “Notes on the History and Pathology of Scarlatina.” Boston Medical Journal. 7/22/1835. Dick, George F. and Gladys R. Dick. “Immune Reactions in Scarlet Fever.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Aug., 1916).” Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30080317 Radikas, Regina and Cindy Connolly. “Young Patients in a Young Nation; Scarlet Fever in Early Nineteenth Century Rural New England.” Pediatric Nursing. January-February 2007. Rolleston, J.D. “The History of Scarlet Fever.” The British Medical Journal. 11/24/1928. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Both of these eponymous foods feature chocolate, but they also both feature some issues with timelines and attribution that need to be unraveled. Research: Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell. “The Baker Chocolate Company: A Sweet History.” History Press. Charleston, S.C. 2009. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/bakerchocolateco00samm/page/80/mode/2up “Celebrating Not-So-German Chocolate Cake.” NPR. All Things Considered. June 23, 2007. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11331541 Asher Edwards advertisement. Goldsboro Messenger. Nov. 18, 1878. https://www.newspapers.com/image/62317791/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Pat’s Steak House advertisement. The Welsh Citizen. October 12, 1951. https://www.newspapers.com/image/855431677/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “This is the Youngland Look for Fall.” Lincoln Journal Star. July 19, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/312770953/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “A Tested Recipe.” Star Tribune. Dec. 2, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/180802997/?terms=%22German%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “Miss Florence Davis Charms Family With German Chocolate Cake Recipe.” Denton Record-Chronicle. January 27, 1952. https://www.newspapers.com/image/36794004/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “German Sweet Chocolate Cake.” The Guthrie Daily Leader. Feb. 3, 1957. https://www.newspapers.com/image/591933621/?clipping_id=79147909&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjU5MTkzMzYyMSwiaWF0IjoxNjczNjYzMDYxLCJleHAiOjE2NzM3NDk0NjF9.1-IZfz1ipCaYbFDzYrvI4l8vbgh-yruhCMNpjLUZVe4 “County Cook’s Corner.” Taylor Daily Press. July 24, 1955. https://www.newspapers.com/image/52547082/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Bode, Mary Jane. “Anything, Just So Long As It Is With Chocolate.” Austin American-Statesman. Sept 4, 1958. https://www.newspapers.com/image/356073125/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Lundeen, Kay. “Buttermilk Mystery Solved.” The Eugene Guard. August 21, 1958. https://www.newspapers.com/image/140086242/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “German Chocolate Cake.” Chickasha Daily Express. April 28, 1957. https://www.newspapers.com/image/591919201/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Garrison, Eudora. “Here’s That Chocolate Cake Again.” The Charlotte Observer. Oct. 10, 1958. https://www.newspapers.com/image/619939965/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “Curried Chicken Asparagus Salad.” Cookin’ With Daisy. Irving News Record. May 10, 1956. https://www.newspapers.com/image/44445870/?terms=%22Summer%20German%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 United States Copyright Office. “Works Not Protected by Copyright.” Circular 33. March 2021. https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ33.pdf “History of Pecans.” Texas A&M. https://pecankernel.tamu.edu/history-of-pecans/ Dysard, Virginia. “German’s Cake Sweeps Country.” Sept 1, 1958. https://www.newspapers.com/image/398144745/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 “German Sweet Chocolate Cake.” The Llano News. June 6, 1957. https://www.newspapers.com/image/11305935/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Lacy, Mary. “Favorite Recipes – Jefferson County Variety.” Waurika News-Democrat. January 31, 1957. https://www.newspapers.com/image/590019658/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Treaster, Hazel Hogan. “Home Tested Recipes.” Oklahoma City Advertiser. January 11, 1957. https://www.newspapers.com/image/594427114/?terms=%22German%27s%20Chocolate%20Cake%22&match=1 Byrn, Anne. “American Cake.” Rodale. 2016. Eschner, Kat. “Tootsie Rolls Were WWII Energy Bars.” Smithsonian. Feb. 23, 2017. Hirschfeld, Leo. “Process of making candy.” 1907. https://patents.google.com/patent/US903088 “Kills Himself in Hotel.” New York Times. January 14, 1922. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/01/14/109830963.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Kawash, Samira. “Tootsie Roll Tragedy: The Real Leo Hirschfeld Story.” CandyProfessor. Jan. 4, 2014. Accessed on Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20160319022205/http://candyprofessor.com/2014/01/04/tootsie-roll-tragedy-the-real-leo-hirschfeld-story/ Kawash, Samira. “Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure.” Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2013. Tootsie Roll Industries. “Company Timeline.” https://tootsie.com/interactive-timeline/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers Constance Markievicz, who came from a wealthy Protestant family before making a somewhat surprising transition to become a leader in the Irish Nationalist movement.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy tells Holly about Henry de Jouvenel's dislike of Colette's book "Chéri." They also discuss the question marks regarding Maurice and how he felt about various things in the life he and Colette shared. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part two of Colette's story picks up during her marriage to Henri de Jouvenel through the end of her life. Despite her life's many scandals, by the time she died Colette was regarded as a national icon in France. Research: Roberts, Michele. "Chic lit: The enduring fascination of Colette." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 6220, 17 June 2022, p. 5. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A707876520/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=41de6a9f. Accessed 14 Dec. 2022. Hoeness-Krupsaw, Susanna. "Colette: Overview." Feminist Writers, edited by Pamela Kester-Shelton, St. James Press, 1996. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1420001782/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=69de6bc0. Accessed 14 Dec. 2022. Davies, Margaret. "(Sidonie-Gabrielle) Colette." French Novelists, 1900-1930, edited by Catharine Savage Brosman, Gale, 1988. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 65. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200003919/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=1724173b. Accessed 14 Dec. 2022. Janeway, Elizabeth. “Sorcerer’s Apprentice.” New York Times. 5/1/1966. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/17/specials/colette-delights.html LaPointe, Michael. “The Brilliance of Colette, A Novelist Who Prioritized Body Over Mind.” The New Yorker. 11/15/2022. https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/the-brilliance-of-colette-a-novelist-who-prized-the-body-over-the-mind Evans, Elinor. “Who was the real Colette?” History Extra. 1/9/2019. https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/colette-film-history-keira-knightley-wash-westmoreland-french-writer-sidonie-gabrielle-willy-claudine-novels/ Allen, Brooke. “Colette: The Literary Marianne.” The Hudson Review , Summer, 2000, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 2000). https://www.jstor.org/stable/3852872 Thurman, Judith. “Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette.” Ballantine Books. New York. 1999. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Love, passion, desire and pleasure are running themes in Colette's writing and her life. And that life was seen as really scandalous and even notorious, especially in her younger years. Research: Roberts, Michele. "Chic lit: The enduring fascination of Colette." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 6220, 17 June 2022, p. 5. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A707876520/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=41de6a9f. Accessed 14 Dec. 2022. Hoeness-Krupsaw, Susanna. "Colette: Overview." Feminist Writers, edited by Pamela Kester-Shelton, St. James Press, 1996. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1420001782/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=69de6bc0. Accessed 14 Dec. 2022. Davies, Margaret. "(Sidonie-Gabrielle) Colette." French Novelists, 1900-1930, edited by Catharine Savage Brosman, Gale, 1988. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 65. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200003919/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=1724173b. Accessed 14 Dec. 2022. Janeway, Elizabeth. “Sorcerer’s Apprentice.” New York Times. 5/1/1966. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/17/specials/colette-delights.html LaPointe, Michael. “The Brilliance of Colette, A Novelist Who Prioritized Body Over Mind.” The New Yorker. 11/15/2022. https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/the-brilliance-of-colette-a-novelist-who-prized-the-body-over-the-mind Evans, Elinor. “Who was the real Colette?” History Extra. 1/9/2019. https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/colette-film-history-keira-knightley-wash-westmoreland-french-writer-sidonie-gabrielle-willy-claudine-novels/ Allen, Brooke. “Colette: The Literary Marianne.” The Hudson Review , Summer, 2000, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 2000). https://www.jstor.org/stable/3852872 Thurman, Judith. “Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette.” Ballantine Books. New York. 1999. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers two inventive brothers who came up with an idea to set humans aloft. The Montgolfiers were among many inventors working toward flight in the 18th century, but they often get all the attention.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about Thomas Hancock, and their own experiences with raincoats. Then they discuss the food fad of Fletcherism, and the personality of Fletcher himself. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Horace Fletcher is best known for starting a food fad in that came to be known as Fletcherism. This early 20th century fad involved, in part, chewing your food A LOT. Research: Bauerlein, Mark. "The Correspondence of William James. Vol. 3: William and Henry. 1897-1910." The Henry James Review, vol. 16 no. 1, 1995, p. 115-117. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/hjr.1995.0002. Crowninshield, Francis W. “Manners for the Metropolis: An Entrance Key to the Fantastic Life of the 400.” New York. D. Appleton and Company. 1909. Via Babel Trust. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175009622302 Feltman, Rachel. “Fact: Horace Fletcher became a millionaire lifestyle influencer by telling people to chew as much as possible.” Popular Science. 4/26/2021. https://www.popsci.com/story/science/weirdest-thing-fletcherism-wawa-genetic-testing/ Fleissner, Jennifer L. "Henry James's Art of Eating." ELH, vol. 75 no. 1, 2008, p. 27-62. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/elh.2008.0001. Franklin, Deborah. “Chew, Chew, Chew!” NPR. 7/13/2009. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2009/07/chew_chew_chew.html/ Kean, Sam. “Disappearing spoon: Chewing it Over—and Over and Over and Over.” Distillations. Podcast. 5/4/2021. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/chewing-it-over-and-over-and-over-and-over "Horace Fletcher." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310013484/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e3d11c0e. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022. Levenstein, Harvey A. “Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet.” Berkeley : University of California Press. 2003. New York Times. “HORACE FLETCHER DIES IN COPENHAGEN; Dietetics Expert Was Originator of a System for Proper Mastication of Food. HIS EXPERIMENTS AT YALE Official Food Economist Taught ‘Fletcherism’ to 8,000,000 Starving Belgians During the War.” 1/14/1919. https://www.nytimes.com/1919/01/14/archives/horace-fletcher-dies-in-copenhagen-dietetics-expert-was-originator.html Temple, Holly Eliza. “Repast: Horace Fletcher, the Original Food Faddist.” This Is Mold. 5/21/2021. https://thisismold.com/profile/repast/repast-horace-fletcher-the-original-food-faddist Walthausen, Abby. “Fletcherizing Was the Juicing of the 1890s.” MyRecipes. 2/13/2018. https://www.myrecipes.com/extracrispy/fletcherizing-was-the-juicing-of-the-1890s Roach, Mary. “How Many Times Should You Chew Your Food?” Adapted from Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal. Slate. 4/10/2013. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/04/excerpt_of_mary_roach_s_gulp_how_many_times_should_you_chew_a_bite_of_food.html Fletcher, Horace. “Menticulture; or, the A-B-C of True Living.” Chicago. A.C. Mcclurg & Company. 1895. Fletcher, Horace. “Happiness as Found in Forethought Minus Fearthought.” New York. Frederick A. Stokes Company. 1898. Fletcher, Horace. “That Last Waif, Or, Social Quarantine: A Brief.” New York. Frederick A Stokes Company. 1898, 1909. Fletcher, Horace. “The New Glutton, Or, Epicure.” New York. Frederick A Stokes Company. 1899, 1903. Fletcher, Horace. “A.B.C. of Snap Shooting.” San Francisco. Published by the Author. 1880. Fletcher, Horace. “The A.B.-Z. of Our Own Nutrition.” New York. Frederick A Stokes Company. 1903. Fletcher, Horace. “Fletcherism: What It Is, Or, How I Became Young At Sixty.” Frederick A. Stokes Company. 1913. Chittenden, Russell H. “Physiological Economy in Nutrition.” Popular Science Monthly Volume 63 June 1903. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_63/June_1903/Physiological_Economy_in_Nutrition Chittenden, Russell H. “Physiological Economy in Nutrition.” Popular Science Monthly Volume 63 June 1903. “The Influence of Diet on Endurance and General Efficiency.” Popular Science Monthly Volume 71 December 1907. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_71/December_1907/The_Influence_of_Diet_on_Endurance_and_General_Efficiency Chicago Tribune. “New Orleans Celebrites.” 3/29/1896. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349889192/ The Courier-Journal. “Horace Fletcher, Famous Dietician, Never Grew ‘Old’ Because He Knew How One Should Live.” The Courier-Journal. Louisville, KY. 6/22/1919. https://www.newspapers.com/image/118906814/ The Times-Democrat. “French Opera Debt.” New Orleans Times-Democrat. 3/27/1894. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Humans have worked on ways to make garments water resistant almost since they started to wear them. But figuring out how to manufacture a raincoat using rubber was a big breakthrough that took centuries. Research: Lennox, Henry G., et al. “Journal of the Society for Arts, Vol. 18, No. 891.” The Journal of the Society of Arts, vol. 18, no. 891, 1869, pp. 79–100. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41334811 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Charles Macintosh". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Macintosh “Charles Macintosh (1766-1843).” National Records of Scotland. https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/macintosh-charles SCHURER. “The Macintosh: The Paternity of an Invention.” Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 28:1, 77-87. 1951. DOI: 10.1179/tns.1951.005 “Charles Macintosh and Co’s Refined Malt Vinegar.” The Guardian. July 10, 1824. https://www.newspapers.com/image/258953661/?terms=%22Charles%20Macintosh%22&match=1 Collins, James. “On India-Rubber, Its History, Commerce, and Supply.” Journal of the Society for the Arts. Vol. 18, No. 891. December 17, 1869. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41334811.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A47aaf204b9a6b07bd54c57cbe9b521ce&ab_segments=&origin=&acceptTC=1 Porritt, B. D. “THE RUBBER INDUSTRY—PAST AND PRESENT.” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 67, no. 3460, 1919, pp. 252–67. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41347919 Hancock, Thomas. “Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc Or India-rubber Manufacture in England.” Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. 1857. Accessed online: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Personal_Narrative_of_the_Origin_and_Pro/Nvw7Q0F-QCUC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Somma, Ann Marie. “Charles Goodyear and the Vulcanization of Rubber.” ConnecticutHistory.org. Dec. 29, 2014. https://connecticuthistory.org/charles-goodyear-and-the-vulcanization-of-rubber/ “Return of the Mac: The reinvention of Mackintosh.” The Independent. October 8, 2007. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/return-of-the-mac-the-reinvention-of-mackintosh-744339.html Marshik, Celia. “At the Mercy of Their Clothes: Modernism, the Middlebrow, and British Garment Culture.” Columbia University Press. 2017. Macintosh, George. “Biographical Memoir of the Late Charles Macintosh.” W.G. Blackie & Company. 1847. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biographical_Memoir_of_the_Late_Charles/yd0AAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2014 episode covers Reed’s truly groundbreaking work into the causes and prevention of yellow fever, building on a foundation of other doctors and researchers. His work impacted public health and the American military's ability to work in tropical locations.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about the news that broke just after the start of 2023, and also how Tracy might consider eating roasted watermelon seeds. They also discuss collectors of old denim.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part two of our Unearthed! wrap up of 2022 covers a potpourri of stuff that didn’t go together, books and letters, edibles and potables, and apparel, including more than one pair of blue jeans. Research: “Chemical clues to the mystery of what’s coating Stradivari’s violins.” 10/25/2022. https://www.acs.org/pressroom/newsreleases/2022/october/chemical-clues-to-the-mystery-of-whats-coating-stradivaris-violins.html Alex, Bridget. “Why Prehistoric Herders Didn’t Spit Out Their Watermelon Seeds.” Smithsonian. 11/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/watermelon-seeds-were-snacked-before-its-flesh-became-sweet-180981008/ Andalou Agency. “Rare 1,800-year-old medal bearing Medusa discovered in SE Türkiye.” 10/5/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/gallery/rare-1800-year-old-medal-bearing-medusa-discovered-in-se-turkiye/images “Researchers identify bird species depicted in ancient, finely detailed Egyptian painting.” Via Phys.org. 12/27/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-12-bird-species-depicted-ancient-finely.html Armstrong, Kathryn. “Ireland to return mummified remains and sarcophagus to Egypt.” BBC. 12/8/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63908027 Aronsky, Tali. “First sentence ever written in Canaanite language discovered: Plea to eradicate beard lice.” EurekAlert. 11/8/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/970428 Associated Press. “Massachusetts museum returns sacred items to Sioux tribes.” 11/6/2022. https://apnews.com/article/travel-museums-massachusetts-south-dakota-5468cac3216c4ef489a70bfb8830b846 Associated Press. “Swedes find 17th century sister vessel to famed Vasa warship.” 10/25/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-10-swedes-17th-century-sister-vessel.html Bardan, Roxana. “NASA Views Images, Confirms Discovery of Shuttle Challenger Artifact.” NASA. 11/10/2022. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-views-images-confirms-discovery-of-shuttle-challenger-artifact Barkin, Joel. “Colgate University Repatriates More than 1,500 Funerary Objects and to the Oneida Indian Nation, Apologizes for Acquisition of Cultural Artifacts.” 11/9/2022. https://www.oneidaindiannation.com/colgate-university-repatriates-more-than-1500-funerary-objects-and-to-the-oneida-indian-nation-apologizes-for-acquisition-of-cultural-artifacts/ Benzine, Vittoria. “Archaeologists Recovered 275 Artifacts From the Wreck of a 19th-Century Ship That Sunk in the Search for the Northwest Passage.” Artnet. 12/26/2022. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/hms-erebus-parks-canada-recovered-artifacts-leather-folio-2236362 Cheshire, Ben. “Somerton Man Charles Webb's true identity revealed in family photographs and divorce papers.” Australian Story. 11/20/2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-21/somerton-manfamily-photographs-revealed-/101643524 City of Tulsa. “1921 Graves Investigation Update – November 15, 2022.” Press release. https://www.cityoftulsa.org/press-room/1921-graves-investigation-update-november-15-2022/ Dartmouth College. “Ancient stone tools from China provide earliest evidence of rice harvesting.” Phys.org. 12/7/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-12-ancient-stone-tools-china-earliest.html Enking, Molly. “Archaeologists Find 1,900-Year-Old Snacks in Sewers Beneath the Colosseum.” Smithsonian. 12/2/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-roman-spectator-snacks-dog-bones-discovered-in-colosseum-dig-180981211/ Enking, Molly. “Archaeologists Find 24 Bronze Statues, Preserved in Tuscan Spa for 2,300 Years.” Smithsonian. 11/10/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/groundbreaking-ancient-roman-bronze-statues-discovered-in-tuscany-180981105/ Enking, Molly. “Pope Francis Will Return Parthenon Sculptures to Greece.” Smithsonian. 12/23/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/vatican-museum-will-return-parthenon-sculptures-to-greece-180981354/ Enking, Molly. “The First-Ever List of Japanese Americans Forced Into Incarceration Camps Is 1,000 Pages Long.” Smithsonian. 11/18/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/list-japanese-americans-internment-camps-ireicho-180981133/ Feldman, Ella. “For 158 Years, a Cézanne Portrait Hid Behind a Still Life of Bread and Eggs.” Smithsonian. 12/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/for-158-years-a-cezanne-self-portrait-hid-behind-a-still-life-of-bread-and-eggs-180981323/ Feldman, Ella. “Harvard Museum Pledges to Return Hair Samples of 700 Native American Children.” 11/16/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/harvard-museum-apologizes-for-owning-700-hair-samples-of-native-american-children-180981135/ Feldman, Ella. “Who Is Behind This Vermeer Painting? Probably Not Vermeer.” Smithsonian. 10/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/who-is-behind-this-johannes-vermeer-painting-probably-not-vermeer-180980919/ Fraňková, Ruth. “Unique Bronze Age belt discovered near Opava.” Radio Prague International. 10/7/2022. https://english.radio.cz/unique-bronze-age-belt-discovered-near-opava-8763557 Government of Mexico. “223 archaeolog

It's time to cover things and stories that were unearthed in the last quarter of 2022. Part one covers a whole bunch of updates, a whole bunch of shipwrecks, and a whole bunch of repatriations. Research: “Chemical clues to the mystery of what’s coating Stradivari’s violins.” 10/25/2022. https://www.acs.org/pressroom/newsreleases/2022/october/chemical-clues-to-the-mystery-of-whats-coating-stradivaris-violins.html Alex, Bridget. “Why Prehistoric Herders Didn’t Spit Out Their Watermelon Seeds.” Smithsonian. 11/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/watermelon-seeds-were-snacked-before-its-flesh-became-sweet-180981008/ Andalou Agency. “Rare 1,800-year-old medal bearing Medusa discovered in SE Türkiye.” 10/5/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/gallery/rare-1800-year-old-medal-bearing-medusa-discovered-in-se-turkiye/images “Researchers identify bird species depicted in ancient, finely detailed Egyptian painting.” Via Phys.org. 12/27/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-12-bird-species-depicted-ancient-finely.html Armstrong, Kathryn. “Ireland to return mummified remains and sarcophagus to Egypt.” BBC. 12/8/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63908027 Aronsky, Tali. “First sentence ever written in Canaanite language discovered: Plea to eradicate beard lice.” EurekAlert. 11/8/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/970428 Associated Press. “Massachusetts museum returns sacred items to Sioux tribes.” 11/6/2022. https://apnews.com/article/travel-museums-massachusetts-south-dakota-5468cac3216c4ef489a70bfb8830b846 Associated Press. “Swedes find 17th century sister vessel to famed Vasa warship.” 10/25/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-10-swedes-17th-century-sister-vessel.html Bardan, Roxana. “NASA Views Images, Confirms Discovery of Shuttle Challenger Artifact.” NASA. 11/10/2022. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-views-images-confirms-discovery-of-shuttle-challenger-artifact Barkin, Joel. “Colgate University Repatriates More than 1,500 Funerary Objects and to the Oneida Indian Nation, Apologizes for Acquisition of Cultural Artifacts.” 11/9/2022. https://www.oneidaindiannation.com/colgate-university-repatriates-more-than-1500-funerary-objects-and-to-the-oneida-indian-nation-apologizes-for-acquisition-of-cultural-artifacts/ Benzine, Vittoria. “Archaeologists Recovered 275 Artifacts From the Wreck of a 19th-Century Ship That Sunk in the Search for the Northwest Passage.” Artnet. 12/26/2022. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/hms-erebus-parks-canada-recovered-artifacts-leather-folio-2236362 Cheshire, Ben. “Somerton Man Charles Webb's true identity revealed in family photographs and divorce papers.” Australian Story. 11/20/2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-21/somerton-manfamily-photographs-revealed-/101643524 City of Tulsa. “1921 Graves Investigation Update – November 15, 2022.” Press release. https://www.cityoftulsa.org/press-room/1921-graves-investigation-update-november-15-2022/ Dartmouth College. “Ancient stone tools from China provide earliest evidence of rice harvesting.” Phys.org. 12/7/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-12-ancient-stone-tools-china-earliest.html Enking, Molly. “Archaeologists Find 1,900-Year-Old Snacks in Sewers Beneath the Colosseum.” Smithsonian. 12/2/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-roman-spectator-snacks-dog-bones-discovered-in-colosseum-dig-180981211/ Enking, Molly. “Archaeologists Find 24 Bronze Statues, Preserved in Tuscan Spa for 2,300 Years.” Smithsonian. 11/10/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/groundbreaking-ancient-roman-bronze-statues-discovered-in-tuscany-180981105/ Enking, Molly. “Pope Francis Will Return Parthenon Sculptures to Greece.” Smithsonian. 12/23/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/vatican-museum-will-return-parthenon-sculptures-to-greece-180981354/ Enking, Molly. “The First-Ever List of Japanese Americans Forced Into Incarceration Camps Is 1,000 Pages Long.” Smithsonian. 11/18/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/list-japanese-americans-internment-camps-ireicho-180981133/ Feldman, Ella. “For 158 Years, a Cézanne Portrait Hid Behind a Still Life of Bread and Eggs.” Smithsonian. 12/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/for-158-years-a-cezanne-self-portrait-hid-behind-a-still-life-of-bread-and-eggs-180981323/ Feldman, Ella. “Harvard Museum Pledges to Return Hair Samples of 700 Native American Children.” 11/16/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/harvard-museum-apologizes-for-owning-700-hair-samples-of-native-american-children-180981135/ Feldman, Ella. “Who Is Behind This Vermeer Painting? Probably Not Vermeer.” Smithsonian. 10/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/who-is-behind-this-johannes-vermeer-painting-probably-not-vermeer-180980919/ Fraňková, Ruth. “Unique Bronze Age belt discovered near Opava.” Radio Prague International. 10/7/2022. https://english.radio.cz/unique-bronze-age-belt-discovered-near-opava-8763557 Government of Mexico. “223 archaeolog

This 2011 episode from previous hosts Sarah and Deblina covers an attempt to start a Scottish colony in Panama in the late 1600s. But the expedition faced disease, death and poor trade, taking down the settlers -- and, ultimately, Scotland.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss the difficulty of remembering what topics have and haven’t been covered on the show. They also talk about group dynamics during arduous travel, and the miracle of the Hume and Hovell team’s survival.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Hume and Hovell Expedition of 1824 established some of the earliest knowledge that European colonists had about the interior of the Australian continent. It was also a journey filled with peril, frayed nerves, and bickering. Research: “Hume and Hovell.” State Library New South Wales. https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/hume-and-hovell “THE LATE CAPTAIN HOVELL.” Australian Town and Country Journal. Nov. 13, 1875. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/70586936 Watson, Captain J.H. “William Hilton Hovell.” The Sydney Morning Herald. Nov, 29, 1924. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16179954 Perry, T.M. “Hovell, William Hilton (1786-1875).” Australian Dictionary of Biography. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hovell-william-hilton-2202 “The Kate Mr. Hamilton Hume.” Australian Town and Country Journal. May 17, 1873. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/70478485 “Hume, the Explorer.” Illustrated Australian News for Home Readers. May 20, 1873. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60446913 Hume, Stuart H. “Hume, Hamilton (1797-1873).” Australian Dictionary of Biography. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hume-hamilton-2211 Webster, R.H. “Currency Lad - The Story of Hamilton Hume and the Explorers.” Leisure Magazines. Australia. 1982. Hovell, William, and Hamilton Hume. “Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip.” Benediction Classics. 2012. Lewis, Allan M. “In the Paths of Explorers.” Sydney Morning Herald. October 2, 1946. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17997013 Schuler, G.F.H. “Exploration of Australia.” Illustrated Australian News. January 1, 1891. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60444046 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Kittie Knox was a cyclist during the bicycle boom of the late 19th century. She was biracial and became known not just for participating in a predominantly white sport, but also for the clothes she wore to do it. Research: Adams, Dan. “Ceremony honors cyclist who broke barriers: Kittie Knox showed pluck on wheels.” Boston Globe. 9/30/2013. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/09/29/long-forgotten-bicycling-pioneer-who-broke-race-and-gender-barriers-honored/VAtfz0av4PqeHuHLiOw3sI/story.html Bashore, Melvin L. "Astoria: The Starting Point in Long-Distance Cycling." Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 123, no. 3, fall 2022, pp. 254+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A728470987/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b2fe7364. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022. "Bicycle." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 20 Dec. 2021. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2Fbicycle%2F79113&ebboatid=9265652. Accessed 7 Dec. 2022. "Bicycles." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2015, pp. 129-132. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3611000095/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=26448255. Accessed 7 Dec. 2022. "Bicycling." American Eras, vol. 8: Development of the Industrial United States, 1878-1899, Gale, 1997, pp. 401-402. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2536601761/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=53eefb1f. Accessed 7 Dec. 2022. Boyd, Herb. “Kittie Knox of cycling fame and fashion.” New York Amsterdam News. 11/24/2022-11/30/2022. Cambridge Black History Project. “Katherine T. ‘Kittie’ Knox.” http://cambridgeblackhistoryproject.org/project/kittie-knox/ Cycling Authority of America. “The Bearings.” Via Internet Archive. Vol. 7, no. 2 (Feb. 10, 1893) https://archive.org/details/bearings111895cycl/ “The Science of Cycling.” https://www.exploratorium.edu/cycling/index.html Finison, Lorenz J. “Boston’s Cycling Craze, 1880-1900: A Story of Race, Sport and Society.” University of Massachusetts Press. 2014. Finison, Lorenz J., "Cycling Historiography, Evidence, and Methods" (2014). Boston’s Cycling Craze, 1880-1900: A Story of Race, Sport, and Society. Paper 1. http://scholarworks.umb.edu/umpress_bostoncycling/1 "FIRST CARGO ELECTRIC-ASSIST TRICYCLE ADDED TO CITY FLEET, NAMED AFTER KITTIE KNOX." States News Service, 21 Aug. 2020, p. NA. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A633136234/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=85ac573a. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022. Friends of Mount Auburn. “A Monument for Kittie Knox.” 9/30/2013. https://www.mountauburn.org/aaht-knox-monument/ Friends of Mount Auburn. “Kittie Knox (1874 – 1900).” Mount Auburn Cemetery. https://www.mountauburn.org/kittie-knox-1874-1900/ Guroff, Margaret. “American Drivers Have Bicyclists to Thank for a Smooth Ride to Work.” Smithsonian. 9/12/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/american-drivers-thank-bicyclists-180960399/ A.W. Bulletin and Good Roads. July 1895. Via HathiTrust. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433109933758&view=1up&seq=148 LaFrance, Adrienne. “How the Bicycle Paved the Way for Women's Rights.” 6/26/2014. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-technology-craze-of-the-1890s-that-forever-changed-womens-rights/373535/ Miller, Grace. “Breaking the Cycle: the Kittie Knox story.” Unbound: Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. 5/26/2020. https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2020/05/26/breaking-the-cycle-the-kittie-knox-story/#.Y4-yfXbMJPZ National Women’s History Museum. “Pedaling the Path to Freedom: American Women on Bicycles.” 6/27/2017. https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/pedaling-path-freedom Neejer, Christine. "A conservative road: the bicycling rhetoric of Mary Sargent Hopkins." Intertexts, vol. 18, no. 1, spring 2014, pp. 93+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A383327852/AONE?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=60f8ab60. Accessed 7 Dec. 2022. Sani, Hamzat. “League Equity History.” League of American Bicyclists. https://www.bikeleague.org/content/mission-and-history Simpson, Clare, and Rob Hess. "Bicycling." Encyclopedia of Recreation and Leisure in America, edited by Gary S. Cross, vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, pp. 95-101. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3434800036/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b405085c. Accessed 7 Dec. 2022. Smithsonian Bicycle Collection. “The Development of the Velocipede.” Smithsonian. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/si-bikes/si-bikes-velocipede Stanford Braff, Carolyn. "The Perfect Time to Ride: A History of the League of American Wheelmen" (PDF). American Bicyclist: 18–23. November-December 2007. Szczepanski, Carolyn. “Women’s (Bike) History: Kittie Knox.” League of American Bicyclists. 3/8/2013. https://www.bikeleague.org/content/womens-bike-history-kittie-knox Tolman, L

This 2013 episode covers Mildred and Patty Hill's song "Good Morning to All," published in 1893. After the tune was paired with the birthday lyrics, its popularity soared and sparked a tremendous copyright battle. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.