Stuff You Missed in History Class

Tracy talks about how Grimaldi's memoirs read more like a Dickens novel than a source of biographical information. Then, Holly and Tracy talk about plant diseases. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The eponymous Bramley and McIntosh apples are both lucky accidents, and both of them have stories which stretch from the early 19th century into present day. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ann Radcliffe". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ann-Radcliffe-English-author Radcliffe, Ann. “The Romance of the Forest, interspersed with some pieces of poetry.” London. 1824. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/64701/pg64701-images.html Facer, Ruth. “Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823).” Chawton House Library. 2012. http://www.chawtonhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ann-Radcliffe.pdf Dugdale, John. “Happy 250th, Ann Radcliffe.” The Guardian. Oct. 31, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/31/ann-radcliffe-gothic-pioneer-snubbed-horace-walpole-the-castle-of-oronto-250-years-celebrations#:~:text=Another%20250th%20anniversary%2C%20of%20Ann,sent%20up%20in%20Northanger%20Abbey. Flood, Allison. “Gothic fiction pioneer Ann Radcliffe may have been inspired by mother-in-law.” The Guardian. Jan. 30, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/30/ann-radcliffe-gothic-fiction-mother-in-law “Mr. Radcliffe … “ Sunday Dispatch/ London. October 30, 1825. https://www.newspapers.com/image/813446539/?terms=%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22&match=1 Clarke, N. (2005). Anna Seward: Swan, Duckling or Goose?. In: Batchelor, J., Kaplan, C. (eds) British Women’s Writing in the Long Eighteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230595972_3 Norton, Rictor. “Mistress of Udolpho.” Leicester University Press. 1999. Thomas, Donald. “Queen of Terrors.” The Guardian. July 10, 1964. https://www.newspapers.com/image/259612656/?terms=%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22&match=1 Townshend, D., & Wright, A. (2014). Gothic and Romantic engagements The critical reception of Ann Radcliffe, 1789–1850. In D. Townshend & A. Wright (Eds.), Ann Radcliffe, Romanticism and the Gothic(pp. 3-32). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139507448.003 Schwertfeger, S. 'No spoilers, please': the crux of illustrating the explained Gothic without explaining the mystery. Palgrave Commun3, 16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0018-z Scott, Sir Walter. “The Lives of the Novelists.” London. 1906. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=DXPPAAAAMAAJ&rdid=book-DXPPAAAAMAAJ&rdot=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Joseph Grimaldi was one of England’s most famous Regency-era entertainers. Sometimes he’s described as the first modern clown, because he established a lot of the hallmarks of clowning that still exist today. Research: Boyle, Laura. “Joseph Grimaldi, King of Clowns.” Jane Austen Centre. 4/14/2014. https://janeausten.co.uk/blogs/uncategorized/joseph-grimaldi-king-clowns Grimaldi, Joseph. “Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.” Edited by Charles Dickens (“Boz”), illustrated by George Cruikshank. London, George Routledge and Sons. 1838. Kaplan, Charles. “The Only Native British Art Form.” The Antioch Review , Summer, 1984, Vol. 42, No. 3, "Divine Goalie" Sport and Religion (Summer, 1984). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/461136 Moody, Jane. "Grimaldi, Joseph [Joe] (1778–1837), actor and pantomimist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. May 29, 2014. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Sep. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11630 Read, Leslie du S. "Grimaldi, Joseph [Giuseppe] (1709x16?–1788), dancer and dentist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Sep. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-64341 Simon, Ed. “Here We Are Again!—How Joseph Grimaldi Invented the Creepy Clown.” JSTOR Daily. 5/4/2022. https://daily.jstor.org/here-we-are-again-how-joseph-grimaldi-invented-the-creepy-clown/ Stott, Andrew McConnell. “Clowns on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown: Dickens, Coulrophobia, and the Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Fall 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26899534 Stott, Andrew McConnell. “The Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.” The Public Domain Review. 11/14/2011. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-memoirs-of-joseph-grimaldi/ Stott, Andrew McConnell. “The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi: Laughter, Madness and the Story of Britain’s Greatest Comedian.” Canongate. 2010. Woods, Leigh. “The Curse of Performance: Inscripting the ‘Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi’ into the Life of Charles Dickens.” Biography , Spring 1991, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Spring 1991). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539893 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers Frieda Belinfante who broke gender barriers in becoming a conductor. She was also a member of the Dutch resistance, who risked her life during WWII in defiance of the German occupation of the Netherlands.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly shares how Stewart appealed to women customers in his ads. Tracy shares some inconsistencies in the spelling of Isabel González's name in the official record. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Gonzales v. Williams is one of the Insular Cases, and because it was about the citizenship status of Isabel González of Puerto Rico, it stands out from the many other Insular Cases that focus on goods and tariffs. Research: Burnett, Christina Duffy. "’They say I am not an American...’: The Noncitizen National and the Law of American Empire.” Virginia Journal of International Law. Vol. 48, No. 4. 2008. Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States at October Term, 1903. “Gonzalez v. Williams.” No. 225.. Argued December 4, 7, 1903.-Decided January 4, 1904. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep192/usrep192001/usrep192001.pdf Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legislative Research. “OLR Research Report.” 3/3/1997. https://www.cga.ct.gov/PS97/rpt/olr/htm/97-R-0359.htm Erman, Sam. “Almost Citizens: Puerto Rico, the U.S. Constitution, and Empire (Studies in Legal History).” Cambridge University Press. 2018. Erman, Sam. “Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905.” Journal of American Ethnic History. Summer 2008. Volume 27. Number 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27501851 Fifty-first Congress. “An act in amendment to the various acts relative to immigration and the importation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor.” chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/26/STATUTE-26-Pg1084a.pdf Halperin, Anna Danziger. “Isabel González and Puerto Rican Citizenship: A Q&A with Historian Sam Erman.” New York Historical Society Museum and Library. https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/isabel-gonzalez-and-puerto-rican-citizenship-a-qa-with-historian-sam-erman On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court Of Appeals For The Tenth Circuit. “Brief of the Descendants of Dred Scott and Isabel Gonzalez as Amici Curae in support of the Petitioners.” No. 21-1394 in the Supreme Court of the United States. Silsby, Gilen. “The Legal Story Behind Puerto Rico’s Colonial Conundrum.” USC TrojanFamily. Spring 2019. https://news.usc.edu/trojan-family/sam-erman-usc-puerto-rican-citizenship/ Silsby, Gilen. “Who in the world was Isabel Gonzalez?” With Sam Erman. USC Gould School of Law. 10/17/2018. https://gould.usc.edu/about/news/?id=4489 Women and the American Story. “Puerto Rican Citizenship.” https://wams.nyhistory.org/industry-and-empire/expansion-and-empire/puerto-rican-citizenship/ New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]), 25 Nov. 1906. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1906-11-25/ed-1/seq-13/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Alexander Turney Stewart is known as the creator of the department store. He make a fortune in business, but the most interesting parts of his life story come at the end – including after he died. Research: “Act of Congress Establishing the Treasury Department.” U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://home.treasury.gov/history/act-of-congress-establishing-the-treasury-department “A.T. Stewart’s Body.” New York Daily News. Aug. 17, 1879. https://www.newspapers.com/image/329793880/?terms=%22Alexander%20T.%20Stewart%22&match=1 “Alexander T. Stewart.” New York Times. April 11, 1876. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1876/04/11/80328682.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Asbury, Herbert. “The Gangs of New York.” Wisehouse Classics. 2023 edition. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Alexander Turney Stewart". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Turney-Stewart Brockett, L. P. “Men of our day; or, Biographical sketches of patriots, orators, statesmen, generals, reformers, financiers and merch, including ants, now on the stage of action: including Those who in military, political, business, and social life are the prominent leaders of the time in this country.” Ziegler & McCurdy. Philadelphia. 1872. DeRiggi, Mildred Murphy. “Alexander Turney Stewart.” Irish Lives in America. Royal Irish Academy. 2021. “The Decision in the Stewart Will Case.” The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Dec. 28, 1878. https://www.newspapers.com/image/50424282/?terms=%22Alexander%20T.%20Stewart%22&match=1 Fischler, Marcelle S. “An Immigrant's Vision Created Garden City.” New York Times. Nov. 15, 1998. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/15/nyregion/an-immigrant-s-vision-created-garden-city.html Hubbard, Elbert. “Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Businessmen, Volume 11.” New York. 1916. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23595/23595-h/23595-h.htm#A_T_STEWART Lenoir, Andrew. “The Nearly Solved Mystery Behind the Missing Corpse of One of the Richest Men Ever.” Atlas Obscura. Oct. 27, 2016. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-nearlysolved-mystery-behind-the-missing-corpse-of-one-of-the-richest-men-ever Resseguie, Harry E. “FEDERAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: THE A. T. STEWART CASE: A Century-Old Episode With Current Implications.” New York History, vol. 47, no. 3, 1966, pp. 271–301. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23162709 Resseguie, Harry E. “Alexander Turney Stewart and the Development of the Department Store, 1823-1876.” The Business History Review, vol. 39, no. 3, 1965, pp. 301–22. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3112143 “The Stewart Will Suit.” Boston Globe. June 26, 1878. https://www.newspapers.com/image/428231391/?terms=%22Alexander%20T.%20Stewart%22&match=1 “Stewart’s Body Sought.” New York Times. August 21, 1881. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/08/21/102756034.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Walling, George Washington. “Recollections of a New York Chief of Police.” Caxton Book Concern. New York. 1887. (Kindle edition) See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers Henry Every, who carried out what's been described as the most profitable and brutal pirate raid in history. It became a massive international incident.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about how she was particularly fascinated by Dean Mahomed's entrepreneurial efforts. She and Holly also marvel at the many career pivots Mahomed made. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Dean Mahomed sailed to Cork in January of 1784, he continued to work for Godfrey Evan Baker. But after Baker's death, Mahomed became an entrepreneur. Research: Bartlett, James. “Dean Mahomet: travel writer, curry entrepreneur and shampooer to the king.” History Ireland. Issue 5. September/October 2007. https://www.historyireland.com/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-curry-entrepreneur-and-shampooer-to-the-king/ Carpenter, Gerald. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet, The Travels of Dean Mahomet, a Native of Patna in Bengal, through Several Parts of India, while in the Service of the Honourable The East India Company. Written by Himself, in a Series of Letters to a Friend.” The Literature of Autobiographical Vol. 2. Diaries and Letters. Dharwadker, Vinay. “English in India and Indian Literature in English: The Early History, 1579-1834.” Comparative Literature Studies , 2002, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40247335 Fisher, Michael H. "Mahomed, Deen [formerly Deen Mahomet] (1759–1851), shampooing surgeon and restaurateur." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 01, 2017. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Aug. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-53351 Fisher, Michael H. “From India to England and Back: Early Indian Travel Narratives for Indian Readers.” Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 70, No. 1 (March 2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/hlq.2007.70.1.153 Fisher, Michael H. “Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain.” Modern Asian Studies , Oct., 1998, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 1998). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/313054 Mahomet, Dean. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet: An Eighteenth-Century Journey through India.” Edited with an introduction and biographical essay by Michael H. Fisher. Berkeley: University of California Press, http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4h4nb20n/ Mahomet, Sake Deen. “Shampooing, or, Benefits resulting from the use of the Indian medicated vapour bath, as introduced into this country, by S.D. Mahomed, (a native of India) : containing a brief but comprehensive view of the effects produced by the use of the warm bath, in comparison with steam or vapour bathing : also a detailed account of the various cases to which this healing remedy may be applied, its general efficacy in peculiar diseases, and its success in innumerable instances, when all other remedies had been ineffectual : to which is subjoined an alphabetical list of names (many of the very first consequence,) subscribed in testimony of the important use & general approval of the Indian method of shampooing.” Brighton, Casey & Baker. 1826. https://archive.org/details/b22374632/ Mixed Museum. “Sake Dean Mahomed and Jane Daly.” https://mixedmuseum.org.uk/amri-exhibition/sake-dean-mahomed-and-jane-daly/ Narain, Mona. “Dean Mahomet’s Travels , Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity.” SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, Volume 49, Number 3, Summer 2009. https://doi.org/10.1353/sel.0.0070 O’Connell, Ronan. “Sake Dean Mahomed: the Muslim trailblazer who opened London's first curry house.” National News. 2/6/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/destinations/2022/02/06/sake-dean-mahomet-the-muslim-trailblazer-who-opened-londons-first-curry-house/ Panigrahi, Tanutrushna. “Revisiting the Narrative Powers of the Global South through The Travels of Dean Mahomet.” Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n3.25 Satapathy, Amrita. “The Idea of England in Eighteenth-Century Indian Travel Writing.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. Purdue University. Vol. 14, Issue 2, June 2012. Singh, Amardeep. “A Closer Look at Dean Mahomet (1759-1850).” Lehigh University. 9/6/2006. https://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/09/closer-look-at-dean-mahomet-1759-1850.html Wills, Matthew. “Dean Mahomet: Travel Writer, Border Crosser.” JSTOR Daily. 5/16/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-border-crosser/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dean Mahomed was in northeastern India in 1759, and he had a life of unique experiences, starting with becoming part of the entourage of Anglo-Irish soldier Godfrey Evan Baker. Research: Bartlett, James. “Dean Mahomet: travel writer, curry entrepreneur and shampooer to the king.” History Ireland. Issue 5. September/October 2007. https://www.historyireland.com/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-curry-entrepreneur-and-shampooer-to-the-king/ Carpenter, Gerald. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet, The Travels of Dean Mahomet, a Native of Patna in Bengal, through Several Parts of India, while in the Service of the Honourable The East India Company. Written by Himself, in a Series of Letters to a Friend.” The Literature of Autobiographical Vol. 2. Diaries and Letters. Dharwadker, Vinay. “English in India and Indian Literature in English: The Early History, 1579-1834.” Comparative Literature Studies , 2002, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40247335 Fisher, Michael H. "Mahomed, Deen [formerly Deen Mahomet] (1759–1851), shampooing surgeon and restaurateur." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 01, 2017. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Aug. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-53351 Fisher, Michael H. “From India to England and Back: Early Indian Travel Narratives for Indian Readers.” Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 70, No. 1 (March 2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/hlq.2007.70.1.153 Fisher, Michael H. “Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain.” Modern Asian Studies , Oct., 1998, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 1998). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/313054 Mahomet, Dean. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet: An Eighteenth-Century Journey through India.” Edited with an introduction and biographical essay by Michael H. Fisher. Berkeley: University of California Press, http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4h4nb20n/ Mahomet, Sake Deen. “Shampooing, or, Benefits resulting from the use of the Indian medicated vapour bath, as introduced into this country, by S.D. Mahomed, (a native of India) : containing a brief but comprehensive view of the effects produced by the use of the warm bath, in comparison with steam or vapour bathing : also a detailed account of the various cases to which this healing remedy may be applied, its general efficacy in peculiar diseases, and its success in innumerable instances, when all other remedies had been ineffectual : to which is subjoined an alphabetical list of names (many of the very first consequence,) subscribed in testimony of the important use & general approval of the Indian method of shampooing.” Brighton, Casey & Baker. 1826. https://archive.org/details/b22374632/ Mixed Museum. “Sake Dean Mahomed and Jane Daly.” https://mixedmuseum.org.uk/amri-exhibition/sake-dean-mahomed-and-jane-daly/ Narain, Mona. “Dean Mahomet’s Travels , Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity.” SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, Volume 49, Number 3, Summer 2009. https://doi.org/10.1353/sel.0.0070 O’Connell, Ronan. “Sake Dean Mahomed: the Muslim trailblazer who opened London's first curry house.” National News. 2/6/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/destinations/2022/02/06/sake-dean-mahomet-the-muslim-trailblazer-who-opened-londons-first-curry-house/ Panigrahi, Tanutrushna. “Revisiting the Narrative Powers of the Global South through The Travels of Dean Mahomet.” Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n3.25 Satapathy, Amrita. “The Idea of England in Eighteenth-Century Indian Travel Writing.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. Purdue University. Vol. 14, Issue 2, June 2012. Singh, Amardeep. “A Closer Look at Dean Mahomet (1759-1850).” Lehigh University. 9/6/2006. https://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/09/closer-look-at-dean-mahomet-1759-1850.html Wills, Matthew. “Dean Mahomet: Travel Writer, Border Crosser.” JSTOR Daily. 5/16/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-border-crosser/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode focuses on the adult life of Mary, Queen of Scots – especially the conspiracy that ultimately led to her execution in 1587. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss the appeal of secret societies and the unity that people sometimes find in vilifying an outcast. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

When William Morgan's manuscript "Illustrations of Masonry" was finally published, it was really kind of boring. So why were people so eager to suppress it, and what truly happened to him after his abduction? Research: “An Old Story Revived.” New York Times. July 9, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/20379152/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Another Morgan Story.” New York Times. July 22, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/20381332/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Black Rock – Thursday Evening, October 5.” Black Rock Gazette. Oct. 5, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877445/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Captain Morgan.” The Evening Post. Nov. 14, 1862. https://www.newspapers.com/image/40603708/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Captain William Morgan.” Black Rock Gazette. Nov. 9, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877491/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “A Good Enough Morgan Again.” The Evening Gazette. June 24, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/10020603/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 Greene, Samuel D. “The Broken Seal: Or, Personal Reminiscenses of the Morgan Abduction and Murder.” Ezra A. Cook & Company. 1873. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=dw4AAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-dw4AAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 Morgan, William. “Illustrations of Masonry.” Chicago. Ezra A. Cook Publications. 1827. (Digital copy.) “The Morgan Monument.” New York Times. Sept. 15, 1882. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/09/15/102787325.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Pritchard, Samuel. “Masonry Dissected.” London. Charles Corbett. 1730. Digital copy: https://archive.org/details/MasonryDissected/page/n3/mode/2up “Proclamation by DeWitt Clinton.” Black Rock Gazette. Nov. 16, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877503/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “The reported discovery of the remains of William Morgan … “ Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 27, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/50402459/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 Riley, Kathleen L. “Lockport: Historic Jewel of the Erie Canal.” Arcadia Publishing. 2005. Ross, Peter. “A Standard History of Freemasonry in the State of New York: Including Lodge, Chapter, Council, Commandery and Scottish Rite Bodies, Volume 1.” Lewis Publishing Company. 1899. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=-GciAAAAMAAJ “To the Public.” Black Rock Gazette. Oct. 12, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877456/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “William Morgan’s Bones.” New York Times. June 22, 1881. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/06/22/98562253.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “The masonic fraternity and others … “ Poughkeepsie Journal. August 23, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/114416277/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 1826, William Morgan, who lived in Batavia, New York, advertised that he was writing a book that would expose the secrets of the Freemasons. And then he vanished. Research: “An Old Story Revived.” New York Times. July 9, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/20379152/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Another Morgan Story.” New York Times. July 22, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/20381332/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Black Rock – Thursday Evening, October 5.” Black Rock Gazette. Oct. 5, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877445/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Captain Morgan.” The Evening Post. Nov. 14, 1862. https://www.newspapers.com/image/40603708/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “Captain William Morgan.” Black Rock Gazette. Nov. 9, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877491/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “A Good Enough Morgan Again.” The Evening Gazette. June 24, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/10020603/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 Greene, Samuel D. “The Broken Seal: Or, Personal Reminiscenses of the Morgan Abduction and Murder.” Ezra A. Cook & Company. 1873. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=dw4AAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-dw4AAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 Morgan, William. “Illustrations of Masonry.” Chicago. Ezra A. Cook Publications. 1827. (Digital copy.) “The Morgan Monument.” New York Times. Sept. 15, 1882. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/09/15/102787325.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Pritchard, Samuel. “Masonry Dissected.” London. Charles Corbett. 1730. Digital copy: https://archive.org/details/MasonryDissected/page/n3/mode/2up “Proclamation by DeWitt Clinton.” Black Rock Gazette. Nov. 16, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877503/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “The reported discovery of the remains of William Morgan … “ Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 27, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/50402459/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 Riley, Kathleen L. “Lockport: Historic Jewel of the Erie Canal.” Arcadia Publishing. 2005. Ross, Peter. “A Standard History of Freemasonry in the State of New York: Including Lodge, Chapter, Council, Commandery and Scottish Rite Bodies, Volume 1.” Lewis Publishing Company. 1899. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=-GciAAAAMAAJ “To the Public.” Black Rock Gazette. Oct. 12, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877456/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 “William Morgan’s Bones.” New York Times. June 22, 1881. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/06/22/98562253.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “The masonic fraternity and others … “ Poughkeepsie Journal. August 23, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/114416277/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers Benjamin Lay, a Quaker and a radical abolitionist who lived in the period between when the Religious Society of Friends began and when it started formally banning slave ownership among its members.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy discusses her love of medieval history, and how much Licoricia's story surprised her. She and Holly then both discuss the importance of proper sunscreen application. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

People around the globe have protected their skin using a variety of substances throughout history. In the 19th and 20th centuries, deeper understanding of sunlight and the way it affects skin led to more protective sunscreen formulations. Research: Aldahan AS, Shah VV, Mlacker S, Nouri K. “The History of Sunscreen.” JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(12):1316. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3011 Belmont, Trixie. “Suntans With Pay Off.” The Baltimore Sun. June 13, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/image/377122417/?terms=%22franz%20greiter%22%20&match=1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter Diffey, B. “Has the sun protection factor had its day?.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 320,7228 (2000): 176-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7228.176 Greiter, F. and Gschnait, F. “EFFECT OF UV LIGHT ON HUMANS.” Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1984. 39: 869-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08873.x Hodgskiss, Tammy. “What the use of ochre tells us about the capabilities of our African ancestry.” The Conversation. Sept. 7, 2015. https://theconversation.com/what-the-use-of-ochre-tells-us-about-the-capabilities-of-our-african-ancestry-47081 “History of Hamilton.” https://www.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au/history-of-hamilton Leach, Doreen, and Julie Beckwith. “The founders of dermatology: Robert WilIan and Thomas Bateman.” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Vol. 33, No. 6. November/December 1999. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9665792/pdf/jrcollphyslond146949-0084.pdf MacEACHERN W.N. and O.F. JILLSON. “A Practical Sunscreen— ‘Red Vet Pet.’” Arch Dermatol. 1964;89(1):147–150. doi:10.1001/archderm.1964.01590250153027 Rathish, Shruthi, and Sebastian Criton. “Robert Willan – A True Pioneer.” Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, April 22, 2019. https://jsstd.org/robert-willan-a-true-pioneer/ Rubin, Penny. “Only on Sun Days.” The Province. January 4, 1975. https://www.newspapers.com/image/501299818/?terms=%22franz%20greiter%22&match=1 “The science of sunscreen.” Harvard Health Publishing. Feb 15, 2021. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-science-of-sunscreen Skin Cancer Foundation. “Ask the Expert: Does a High SPF Protect My Skin Better?”May 1. 2023. https://www.skincancer.org/blog/ask-the-expert-does-a-high-spf-protect-my-skin-better/ “Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun.” FDA. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/sunscreen-how-help-protect-your-skin-sun#spf “SUNSCREEN IN THE ENVIRONMENT:The History of Sunscreen's Effect on Corals.” Smithsonian Institute Oceans. https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/sunscreen-environment “Sun Tan Free, by the Inch.” The San Francisco Examiner. June 18, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/image/458648765/?terms=%22franz%20greiter%22&match=1 Svarc, Federico. "A brief illustrated history on sunscreens and sun protection" Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 87, no. 9-10, 2015, pp. 929-936. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0303 Urbach, Frederick. “The historical aspects of sunscreens.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. Volume 64, Issues 2–3. 2001.Pages 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00202-0. Urbach, F. “Franz Greiter – The Man and His Work.” Photobiology. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3732-8_82 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Licoricia of Winchester was a Jewish woman who was a major financier in medieval England. There were Jewish settlements in England for only a brief window during the Middle Ages, marked with anti-Semitic violence and hostility. Research: Abrams, Rebecca. “Licoricia of Winchester.” Jewish Heritage in Southern England. Jewish Renaissance. Via YouTube. 6/8/2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wC6hitEgiEc Abrams, Rebecca. “Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England.” 2022. Brown, Reva Berman and Sean McCartney. “David of Oxford and Licoricia of Winchester: glimpses into a Jewish family in thirteenth-century England.” Jewish Historical Studies , 2004, Vol. 39 (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780068 Butler, Sara M. “Who killed Licoricia of Winchester? A Medieval Murder Mystery.” Legal History Miscellany. 2/10/2023. https://legalhistorymiscellany.com/2023/02/10/who-killed-licoricia-of-winchester-a-medieval-murder-mystery/ Carver, William. “A 13thC Jewish woman: Licoricia of Winchester.” One Big History Department. 9/14/2022. https://onebighistorydepartment.com/2022/09/14/a-13thc-jewish-woman-licoricia-of-winchester/ Cohen, Sarah. “The Oxford Jewry in the Thirteenth Century.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England) , 1932-1935, Vol. 13. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777813 Goldy, Charlotte Newman. “Prosopography and Proximity.” Medieval Prosopography , 2018, Vol. 33. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26630013 Licoricia of Winchester Appeal. https://licoricia.org/ Lipman, Vivian D. “Jews and castles in medieval England.” Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) , 1981-1982. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778916 Lubrich, Naomi. “The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap.” Jewish History , December 2015, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (December 2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709777 Meyer, Hannah. "Licoricia of Winchester (d. 1277), financier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. July 08, 2021. Oxford University Press. Date of access 16 Aug. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.369088 Meyer, Hannah. “Licoricia of Winchester.” Delivered at Winchester Open Days. 9/15/2018. https://licoricia.org/2018/09/18/hannah-meyers-talk-a-great-success/ Rokéaḥ, Zefira Entin. “Crime and Jews in Late Thirteenth-Century England: Some Cases and Comments.” Hebrew Union College Annual , 1984, Vol. 55 (1984). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507612 Roth, Pinchas. “Jewish Courts in Medieval England.” Jewish History, December 2017, Vol. 31, No. 1/2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48698359 Snappy Dragon Studios. “This Jewish medieval woman just got a statue : Analyzing the Licoricia of Winchester statue’s clothes.” https://www.snappydragonstudios.com/blog/licoricia-statue Stacey, Robert C. “Royal Taxation and the Social Structure of Medieval Anglo-Jewry: The Tallages of 1239-1242.” Hebrew Union College Annual, 1985, Vol. 56 (1985). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507653 Stokes, Canon H.P. “A Jewish Family in Oxford in the 13th Century.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England), Vol. 10 (1921-1923). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777709 Tallan, Cheryl and Suzanne Bartlet. “Licoricia of Winchester.” The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/licoricia-of-winchester Tallan, Cheryl. “Structures of Power Available to Two Jewish Women in Thirteenth-Century England.” Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, 1997. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23535849 Uscinski, Kristin. “Who Murdered Licoricia of Winchester?” Footnoting History Podcast. 10/8/2022. https://www.footnotinghistory.com/home/who-murdered-licoricia-of-winchester van Court, Elisa Narin. “Invisible in Oxford: Medieval Jewish History in Modern England.” Shofar , Spring 2008, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Spring 2008). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42944746 Waterman, Hillary. “Licoricia of Winchester, Jewish Widow and Medieval Financier.” JSTOR Daily. 10/28/2015. https://daily.jstor.org/licoricia-jewish-medieval-women-moneylenders/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2020 episode about Leicester Hemingway reveals a life very much lived in the shadow of his famous brother. But after Ernest Hemingway’s death, Leicester made some bold and surprising moves. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about how Muriel Rukeyser being the entry point for the Hawk's Tunnel Disaster episode. Holly talks about Billie Burke's writing about her husband, Flo Ziegfeld, Jr., and unfair comparisons to other performers. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Billie Burke is known today for one iconic movie role, but in the early 20th century, she was incredibly successful and very famous. Her life and marriage are as fascinating and dramatic as any play or film she starred in. Research: “Billie Burke.” Playbill. https://www.playbill.com/person/billie-burke-vault-0000023585 “Billie Burke and Burkeley Crest.” Hastings Historical Society. Sept. 14, 2009. https://hastingshistoricalsociety.org/2009/09/14/billie-burke-and-burkeley-crest/ “Billie Burke Dead; Movie Comedienne.” New York Times. May 16, 1970. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/16/archives/billie-burke-dead-movie-comedienne-billie-burke-film-comedienne-and.html “Billie Burke Weds.” New York Times. April 13, 1914. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/04/13/101431271.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Burke, Billie. “With a Feather on My Nose.” Appleton-Century-Crofts. New York. 1949. Burke, Billie. “With Powder o My Nose.” Coward-McCann. 1959. Kindle edition, 2016. “Florenz Ziegfeld Dies in Hollywood After Long Illness.” New York Times. July 23, 1932. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/07/23/100837257.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “’The School Girl’ a Hit.” New York Times. May 10, 1903. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/05/10/105052764.pdf Tatna, Meher. “Forgotten Hollywood: Billie Burke.” Golden Globe Awards. Dec. 18, 2020. https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/forgotten-hollywood-billie-burke Walford, Jonathan. “What is a Flapper?” The Fashion History Museum. Aug. 30, 2021. https://www.fashionhistorymuseum.com/post/what-is-a-flapper#:~:text=The%20real%20origin%20of%20the,to%20high%2Dspirited%20teenage%20girls. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Hawk’s Nest Tunnel Disaster involved thousands of workers being exposed to silica dust, and many continued to get sick and die for years after the tunnel was finished. The project was run with total disregard for workers’ lives and safety. Research: Investigation Relating to Health Conditions of Workers Employed in the Construction and Maintenance of Public Utilities : hearings before the United States House Committee on Labor, Seventy-Fourth Congress, second session, on Jan. 16, 17, 20-22, 27-29, Feb. 4, 1936.” https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=OhHRhNWDGi4C&pg=GBS.PA1&hl=en Cherniack, Martin G. "Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 14 March 2023. Web. 08 August 2023. Cherniack, Martin. “The Hawk's Nest Incident: America's Worst Industrial Disaster.” Yale University Press. 1986. Crandall, William “Rick” and Richard E. Crandall. “Revisiting the Hawks Nest Tunnel Incident: Lessons Learned from an American Tragedy.” Journal of Appalachian Studies , Fall 2002, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Fall 2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41446542 Georgius Agricola “De re metallica.” Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. The Mining Magazine. 1912. https://archive.org/details/georgiusagricola00agririch Harrington, D. and Sara J. Davenport. “Review of the Literature on the Effects of Breathing Dusts, With Special Reference to Silicosis.” United States Bureau of Mines. House of Representatives Subcommittee Report. “Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the Second Session of the Jordan, Jennifer. “Hawks’ Nest.” From the West Virginia Historical Society Quarterly, 12:2(April 1998): 1-3. https://archive.wvculture.org/history/wvhs/wvhs122.html Lancianese, Adelina. “Before Black Lung, The Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster Killed Hundreds.” Weekend Edition Sunday. NPR. 1/20/2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/20/685821214/before-black-lung-the-hawks-nest-tunnel-disaster-killed-hundreds Marcus, Irwin M. “The Tragedy at Gauley Bridge.” Negro History Bulletin , April, 1976, Vol. 39, No. 4 (April, 1976). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44175749 Quail, M. Thomas. “Special Report.” Journal of Environmental Health , January/February 2017, Vol. 79, No. 6. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26330599 Rosner D, Markowitz G. A Short History of Occupational Safety and Health in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2020 May;110(5):622-628. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305581. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PMID: 32191514; PMCID: PMC7144431. Rosner, David and Gerald Markowitz. “Workers, Industry, and the Control of Information: Silicosis and the Industrial Hygiene Foundation.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1995). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3342976 Rukeyser, Muriel. “The Book of the Dead.” With an introduction by Catherine Venable Moore. West Virginia University press. 2018. Seventy- Fourth Congress of the United States of America. Vol. 80, pt. 5. Washington: GPO, 1936.” From West Virginia Archives and History. https://archive.wvculture.org/hiStory/disasters/hawksnesttunnel04.html Spencer, Howard W. “The Historic & Cultural Importance of the Hawks Nest Disaster.” PSJ Professional Safety. February 2023. https://www.assp.org/docs/default-source/psj-articles/vpspencer_0223.pdf?sfvrsn=afa39647_0 Stafnaker, C. Keith. “Hawk’s Nest Tunnel: A Forgotten Tragedy in Safety’s History.” Professional Safety. October 2006. Wills, Matthew. “Remembering the Disaster at Hawks Nest.” JSTOR Daily. 10/30/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/remembering-the-disaster-at-hawks-nest/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The 2018 episode covers the day the last known Carolina parakeet died at the Cincinnati Zoo, as well as the stories of two other endlings, to see how abundant species can quickly become extinct.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about the lengthy articles in law review journals that she read regarding the Insular Cases. Holly discusses why there are flavored sparkling waters even though that seems counter to the definition. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The desire to replicate natural effervescence led a lot of people to try to figure out how to carbonate water. But Jacob Schweppe was able to achieve brand recognition and establish a company that has endured despite early setbacks. Research: Burros, Marian. “Carbonated Water: More Than a Matter of Taste.” New York Times. April 27, 1983. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/27/garden/carbonated-water-more-than-a-matter-of-taste.html Donovan, Tristan. “Fizz: How Soda Shook Up the World.” Chicago Review Press. 2013. Simmons, Douglas A. “Schweppes: The First 200 Years.” Acropolis Books. 1983. “Joseph Priestley.” Science History Institute Museum and Library. https://www.chemheritage.org/education/scientific-biographies/joseph-priestley/ Laskow, Sarah. “The Great Soda-water Shake Up.” The Atlantic. Oct. 1, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-great-soda-water-shake-up/380932/ McCloughlin, Thomas. “Lost and Found: The Nooth Aparatus.” Volume 45, Issues 1–2. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763 McEvoy, John G.. "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Priestley Priestley, Joseph. “Directions for impregnating water with fixed air : in order to communicate to it the peculiar spirit and virtues of Pyrmont water, and other mineral waters of a similar nature.” London : Printed for J. Johnson, No. 72, in St. Paul's Church-Yard. 1772. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/b30364978/page/10/mode/2up Schwarcz, Joe, PhD. “The Origins of Soda Water.” McGill Office for Science and Society. May 15, 2018. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/history/origins-soda-water Sharp, Ari. “Schweppes Sold for $1.2 bn.” The Sydney Morning Herald. 26, 2008. https://www.smh.com.au/business/schweppes-sold-for-12bn-20081225-7558.html Zuck, D.”Dr. Nooth and His Apparatus.” British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1978. Vol. 50. https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(17)45198-1/pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Insular Cases are SCOTUS cases regarding rights of people in U.S. territories. They’re considered U.S. citizens from birth, but they don’t have the same constitutional rights or representation as citizens who live in one of the 50 states. Research: Armstrong v. United States, 182 U.S. 243 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/243/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sanford Ballard Dole". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sanford-Ballard-Dole. Accessed 31 July 2023. Carstensen, Vernon. “The Constitutional and Territorial Expansion.” https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND88053401/pdf DeLima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/1/ Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/222/ Dooley v. United States, 183 U.S. 151 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/183/151/ Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/244/ Erman, Sam. “Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905.” Journal of American Ethnic History Summer 2008 Volume 27, Number 4. Fiol-Matta, Lía. “Future of the Insular Cases.” Latino Justice. https://www.latinojustice.org/en/latinojusticeopina/future-insular-cases Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States, 183 U.S. 176 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/183/176/ Gelpí, Gustavo A. “The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai‘i, and the Philippines.” The Federal Lawyer | March/April 2011. Gershon, Livia. “The Myth of Manifest Destiny.” JSTOR Daily. 5/5/2021. https://daily.jstor.org/the-myth-of-manifest-destiny/ Goetze v. United States, 182 U.S. 221 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/221/ Howe, Amy. “Court declines to take up petition seeking to overturn Insular Cases.” SCOTUS Blog. 10/17/2022. https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/10/court-declines-to-take-up-petition-seeking-to-overturn-insular-cases/ Huus v. New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co., 182 U.S. 392 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/392/ National Archives. “Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803).” https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/louisiana-purchase-treaty#no-1 Perez, Lisa Maria. “Citizenship Denied: The ‘Insular Cases’ and the Fourteenth Amendment.” Virginia Law Review , Jun., 2008, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Jun., 2008). https://www.jstor.org/stable/25470577 Ponsa-Kraus, Christina. “The Insular Cases Run Amok: Against Constitutional Exceptionalism in the Territories.” Yale Law Journal. Vol. 131, No. 8. June 2022. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/the-insular-cases-run-amok Sparrow, Bartholomew H. "Insular Cases." Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by David S. Tanenhaus, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 476-481. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3241200487/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=91c70605. Accessed 25 July 2023. Supreme Court of the United States. “UNITED STATES v. VAELLO MADERO.” Argued November 9, 2021—Decided April 21, 2022. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-303_6khn.pdf Topol, Sarah A., and Glenna Gordon. "The America That Americans Forget." The New York Times Magazine, 9 July 2023, p. 22(L). Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A756508304/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9e9434c8. Accessed 25 July 2023. Torruella, Juan R. “Ruling America's Colonies: The Insular Cases” Yale Law & Policy Review. 32:57. 2013. Torruella, Juan R. “The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law. Winter 2007. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol29/iss2/1/ S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs. “Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations.” https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes S. State Department Office of the Historian. “Louisiana Purchase, 1803 .” https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/louisiana-purchase. Wallach, Sherry Levin. “The Insular Cases Must Be Overturned.” Bloomberg Law. 8/3/2022. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/the-insular-cases-must-be-overturned Yale Law School. “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848.” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers Buddy Bolden, often referred to as the first jazz performer. But his life story, cluttered by lack of documentation and misinformation, played out tragically after his ascension to the apex of the New Orleans music scene.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the furor over Ming the clam, and why it's irrational for most people. Tracy continues the discussion of the problems with the sourcing of Anna's story.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

It took a while to figure out the cause of milk sickness. One woman often gets credit for solving the mystery, but does that story hold up? Research: Allen, John W. “It Happened in Southern Illinois: The Legend of Dr. Anna Bigsby.” The Daily Register. Harrisburg, IL. 1957. Allen, John W. “It Happened in Southern Illinois.” Southern Illinois University. 1968. “Disease in Ohio, Ascribed to Some Deleterious Quality in Milk of Cows.” The Medical Repository May-July 1811: Vol 3. Daly, Walter J. “’The "Slows’: The Torment of Milk Sickness on the Midwest Frontier. Indiana Magazine of History , MARCH 2006, Vol. 102, No. 1 (MARCH 2006). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27792690 Furbee, Louanna and Dr. Wiliam D. Snively Jr. “Milk Sickness, 1811-1966: A Bibliography.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , July, 1968, Vol. 23, No. 3 (July, 1968). https://www.jstor.org/stable/24621944 Hall, Elihu N. “Anna’s War Against the River Pirates and Cave Bandits of John A. Murrell’s Northern Drive.” Special Collections Research Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Hardin County (Ill.). Historical Committee for the Centennial. “History of Hardin County, Illinois.” 1939. https://archive.org/details/historyofhardinc00hard Jordan, Philip D. “The Death of Nancy Hanks Lincoln.” Indiana Magazine of History , JUNE, 1944, Vol. 40, No. 2 (JUNE, 1944). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27787425. Letter, W. D. Snively Jr. to Lowell Dearinger, with correspondence by Norman Ferrell, June 12, 1967. John W. Allen Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale. “Lowell A. Dearinger.” https://www.choisser.org/illinois/lowell.html McCarthy, Will. “How an 1800s Midwife Solved a Poisonous Mystery.” Smithsonian. July/August 2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-1800s-midwife-solved-poisionous-mystery-180982343/ Rodman, Adam. “Episode 67: Fever on the Frontier.” Bedside Rounds. Podcast. 3/20/2022. http://bedside-rounds.org/episode-67-fever-on-the-frontier/ A.W. “Reviewed Work: Ballads from the Bluffs by Elihu Nicholas Hall.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984), Vol. 42, No. 1 (Mar., 1949). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40188361. Scientific American. “Milk Sickness—Its Cause and Cure.” 4/17/1858. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/milk-sicknessits-cause-and-cure/ Shawnee Tribe. “History of the People.” https://www.shawnee-nsn.gov/history Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. “Shawnee Nation Case Study.” https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/removal-six-nations/shawnee/treaty.cshtml Snively, William D. Jr. and Louanna Furbee. “Discoverer of the Cause of Milk Sickness.” JAMA. June 20, 1966. Snively, William D. Jr. and Louanna Furbee. “Researching a Historical Book.” JAMA. April 7, 1969. Waggoner, F.R. “Milk Sickness: Its Etiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.” Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal. March 1859. Walker, J.W. “Milk-Sickness.” Science, Vol. 8, No. 199 (Nov. 26, 1886). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1760447 William I. Christensen. “Milk Sickness: A Review of the Literature.” Economic Botany, vol. 19, no. 3, 1965, pp. 293–300. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252612. Accessed 19 July 2023. Wood, Curtis W. “Milk Sickness.” NCPedia. 2006. https://www.ncpedia.org/milk-sickness See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

These animals have been marking time largely unaware of all the ups and downs and intrigues of humanity. And stories about them often have more to do with the way people perceive them than the animals themselves. Research: Butler, Paul G. et al. “Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Volume 373, 2013. Pages 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016. Barber, Elizabeth. “Scientists discover world's oldest clam, killing it in the process.” Christian Science Monitor. Nov. 15, 2013. https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1115/Scientists-discover-world-s-oldest-clam-killing-it-in-the-process Binns, Daniel. “Blungling Scientists Kill World’s Oldest Creature – a Clam – After 507 Years in Sea.” Metro UK. Nov. 13, 2013. https://metro.co.uk/2013/11/13/bungling-scientists-kill-worlds-oldest-creature-a-clam-after-507-years-in-sea-4185580/ Brix, Lise. “New record: World’s oldest animal is 507 years old.” Science Nordic. Nov. 6, 2013. https://sciencenordic.com/ageing-denmark-geochemistry/new-record-worlds-oldest-animal-is-507-years-old/1392743 Free, Cathy. “The world’s oldest living land animal? At age 190, it’s Jonathan the tortoise.” The Washington Post. January 30, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/01/31/oldest-animal-tortoise-jonathan-/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/01/31/oldest-animal-tortoise-jonathan-/ “Daughter Scotches Churchill Parrot Claim.” BBC. Jan. 21, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/3417353.stm Elliot, Danielle. “Ming the Clam, World’s Oldest Animal, Was Actually 507 Years Old.” CBS News. Nov. 14, 2013. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ming-the-clam-worlds-oldest-animal-was-actually-507-years-old/ Farrar, Steve. “Ming the Mollusk Holds Secret to Long Life.” The Times. October 28, 2007. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ming-the-mollusc-holds-secret-to-long-life-mfcvbtxl6gr Gamillo, Elizabeth. “At 190, Jonathan the Tortoise Is the World’s Oldest. Smithsonian. Feb. 4, 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/at-190-jonathan-the-tortoise-is-the-worlds-oldest-living-land-animal-180979514/ Holmes, Anna. “Meet Ming the Clam – the Oldest Animal in the World!” Amgueddfa Blog. Feb. 11, 2020. https://museum.wales/blog/2122/Meet-Ming-the-clam---the-oldest-animal-in-the-world/#:~:text=At%20507%20years%20the%20Ocean,together%20as%20a%20collective%20form.· “In A Flap Over 'Churchill's' Old Bird.” SkyNews. Jan. 20, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20091204165346/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641119993 Kolirin, Lianne. “Meet 190-year-old Jonathan, the world’s oldest-ever tortoise.” CNN. Jan. 26, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/oldest-tortoise-jonathan-scli-intl-scn/index.html “Historic Tortoise.” The Jersey Journal. June 28, 1968. https://www.newspapers.com/image/908625184/?terms=%22tortoise%20st.%20helena%22%20&match=1 “How are seashells made?” Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-are-seashells-made “Jonathan at 140 Looks to the Future.” The Kansas City Times. Aug. 20, 1969. https://www.newspapers.com/image/675666450/?terms=%22tortoise%20st.%20helena%22%20&match=1 Lyall, Sarah. “Reigate Journal; Parrot May Have Been Churchill's, but She's Not Saying.” New York Times. March 9, 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/world/reigate-journal-parrot-may-have-been-churchill-s-but-she-s-not-saying.html Madden, Chris. “Having a chat with Churchill's parrot and - at 114-years-old - one of Reigate's oldest residents.” Surrey Live. Aug. 26, 2014. https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/local-news/having-chat-churchills-parrot-114-13642592 Triesman, Rachel. “Jonathan, the world’s oldest tortoise, marks his 190th with fanfare and salad cake.” NPR. Dec. 7, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/12/07/1141180557/jonathan-tortoise-birthday-190 “Unique Distinction.” The Daily Times. Nov. 18, 1947. https://www.newspapers.com/image/303381370/?terms=%22tortoise%20st.%20helena%22%20&match=1 “Jonathan’s 190th” St. Helena Tourism. https://www.sthelenatourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jonathan-turns-190.pdf Larson, Samantha. “Oldest Clam Consternation Overblown.” National Geographic. Nov. 17, 2013. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/131116-oldest-clam-dead-ming-science-ocean-507?loggedin=true&rnd=1690833236811 “Ming the clam is oldest mollusc.” BBC. Oct. 28, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7066389.stm Morelle, Rebecca. “Clam-gate: The Epic Saga of Ming.” BBC. Nov. 14, 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24946983 Wallenfeldt, Jeff. “History of Saint Helena.” Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Helena-island-South-Atlantic-Ocean/History “RIP Ming the Clam.” The Daily Telegraph.” October 29, 2007. https://www.newspapers.com/image/753409282/?terms=ming%20quahog&am

This 2016 episode touches on the establishment of a submarine telegraph cable to connect North America and Europe. It took ingenuity, but more than anything else, it required tenacity. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about how the 1904 marathoners were abused by race organizers, and discuss lighter stories related to one of the runners. Tracy discusses John Singer Sargent's childhood drawings.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode is about two women related to John Singer Sargent: Judith Sargent Murray was a writer and an advocate for women’s rights. Emily Sargent was a prolific artist whose work was largely thought to be lost. Research: Cape Ann Slavery & Abolition. “Enslaved persons of record on Cape Ann.” https://capeannslavery.org/enslaved-persons-of-record-on-cape-ann/# Cascone, Sarah. “Emily Sargent, Not Just a Sister to John, Was a Serious Painter in Her Own Right. Her Watercolor Landscapes are Finally Entering Museums—and the Spotlight.” Artnet. 2/6/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/emily-sargent-2215370 Charteris, Evan. “John Sargent.” New York : C. Scribner's sons. 1927. Colby, Vineta. “Vernon Lee: A Literary Biography.” University of Virginia Press. 2003. Harris, Sharon M. “Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820).” Legacy , 1994, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1994). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25679133 Laidler, John. “It’s Emily Sargent’s time for a showcase.” Boston Globe. 5/12/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/05/12/metro/its-emily-sargents-time-showcase/ McCarthy, Gail. “Sargent watercolors coming to Gloucester.” Gloucester Daily Times. 5/6/2022. https://www.gloucestertimes.com/news/sargent-watercolors-coming-to-gloucester/article_2dd8d922-cc8e-11ec-8187-e763043a7f1f.html Michals, Debra. “Judith Sargent Murray.” National Women’s History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/judith-sargent-murray "Murray, Judith Sargent." Shaping of America, 1783-1815 Reference Library, edited by Lawrence W. Baker, et al., vol. 3: Biographies Volume 2, UXL, 2006, pp. 393-400. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3450900081/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c058aad0. Accessed 10 July 2023. Murray, Judith Sargent. “On the Equality of Sexes (Part 1). ” The Massachusetts Magazine, Or, Monthly Museum 1790-03: Vol 2, Issue 3. Murray, Judith Sargent. “On the Equality of Sexes (Part 2). ” The Massachusetts Magazine, Or, Monthly Museum 1790-03: Vol 2, Issue 4. New England Historical Society. “Judith Sargent Murray, The Forgotten Revolutionary.” https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/judith-sargent-murray-2/ Public Domain Review. “Judith Sargent Murray’s On the Equality of the Sexes (1790).” https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/equality-of-the-sexes Ruiz, Paloma. “Judith Sargent Murray’s On the Equality of the Sexes (1790).” Public Domain Review. https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/equality-of-the-sexes Skemp, Sheila L. “First Lady of Letters: Judith Sargent Murray and the Struggle for Female Independence.” University of Pennsylvania Press. 2009. Skemp, Sheila L. “Judith Sargent Murray : a brief biography with documents.” Boston : Bedford Books. 1998. Skemp, Sheila L. “The Pioneer in Women's Rights Who Was on the Wrong Side of History.” History News Network. http://hnn.us/articles/86355.html “A Will of Their Own: Judith Sargent Murray and Women of Achievement in the Early Republic.” https://npg.si.edu/exhibit/murray/#1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 1904, the U.S. hosted its first Olympics. It had a host of problems. But the event that was the most dangerous for athletes was the marathon. Research: Abbott, Karen. “The 1904 Olympic Marathon May Have Been the Strangest Ever.” Smithsonian. Aug. 7, 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-1904-olympic-marathon-may-have-been-the-strangest-ever-14910747/ “Amateur Athletic Union Suspends Member for Life.” The Brunswick News. Sept. 4, 1904. https://www.newspapers.com/image/897913415/?terms=%22fred%20lorz%22%20&match=1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Russo-Japanese War". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Russo-Japanese-War Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "St. Louis 1904 Olympic Games". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/St-Louis-1904-Olympic-Games “Cuban Marathon Runner Carvajal Comes to Life.” The Evening World. April 11, 1907. https://www.newspapers.com/image/85305956/ “Felix Carvajal.” Olympics.com. https://olympics.com/en/athletes/felix-carvajal Lawrence, Andrew. “Think the Tokyo Olympics are a bad idea? St Louis 1904 set the bar high.” The Guardian. July 13, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/13/st-louis-olympics-1904-tokyo-flawed-games Longman, Jerry. “The Marathon’s Random Route to Its Length.” New York Times. April 20, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/21/sports/the-marathons-accidental-route-to-26-miles-385-yards.html?_r=0 Lucas, Charles J. P. “The Olympic Games 1904.” Woodward & Tiernan. 1905. Accessed online: https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/29697/the-olympic-games-1904-by-charles-j-p-lucas?_lg=en-GB “Olympic Games at St. Louis.” Weekly Democrat-News. Feb. 28, 1903. https://www.newspapers.com/image/954304418/?terms=olympic&match=1 Rodrigues, Ashwin. “The Unbelievable True Story of the Craziest Olympic Marathon.” Runners World. Aug. 6, 2021. https://www.runnersworld.com/runners-stories/a37039437/1904-olympic-marathon/ “William Garcia.” Olympics.com. https://olympics.com/en/athletes/william-garcia See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers Annette Kellerman, who gets a lot of the credit for developing the women's one-piece bathing suit. But she was also a competitive swimmer, as well as a vaudeville and film star who designed her own mermaid costumes. Annette Kellerman collection at the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences https://collection.maas.museum/search?q=Annette_Kellerman+CostumeSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about how depressing it can be to look into the history of money and politics, but how important it is to know how it all works.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The second part of our campaign finance history starts with both a scandal and reform linked to Theodore Roosevelt, and carries through to more recent Supreme Court rulings. Research: Bedard, Paul. “George Washington Plied Voters with Booze.” USNews and World Report. Nov. 8, 2011. https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/08/george-washington-plied-voters-with-booze Blakemore, Erin. “Elections in Colonial America Were Huge, Booze-Fueled Parties.” History.com. Nov. 25, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/colonial-america-election-day-parties R. Brunson, “Swartwout, Samuel,” Texas State Historical Association. Handbook of Texas Online. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/swartwout-samuel. “Buckley v. Valeo.” Federal Election Commission. https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/court-cases/buckley-v-valeo “Court Decision Stirs Up Fuss.” The Spokesman Review. April 4, 1944. https://www.newspapers.com/image/569336879/?terms=Lonnie%20E.%20Smith%20&match=1 “Did You Know... Samuel Swartwout Skimmed Staggering Sums?” U.S. Customs and Border Protection. https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/did-you-know/samuel-swartwout Dunbar, John. “A Modern history of campaign finance: from Watergate to ‘Citizens United.’” The Center for Public Integrity. Nov. 15, 2017. https://publicintegrity.org/politics/a-modern-history-of-campaign-finance-from-watergate-to-citizens-united/ “Appendix 4 -- The Federal Election Campaign Laws:A Short History.” FEC. https://transition.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm#anchor616480 Encyclopedia of Detroit. “NEWBERRY, TRUMAN HANDY.” https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/newberry-truman-handy Fair Political Practices Commission. “Use of Campaign Funds.” Campaign Manual. June 2020. https://www.fppc.ca.gov/content/dam/fppc/NS-Documents/TAD/Campaign%20Manuals/Manual_4/Manual_4_Ch_7_Use_of_Campaign_Funds.pdf Fuller, Jame. “From George Washington to Shaun McCutcheon: A brief-ish history of campaign finance reform.” The Washington Post. April 3, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/04/03/a-history-of-campaign-finance-reform-from-george-washington-to-shaun-mccutcheon/ Supreme Court of the United States. “Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.” October 2009. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4163268-Citizens-United-v-FEC-Decision.html “Washington City, May 19, 1840.” The Baltimore Sun. May 21, 1840. https://www.newspapers.com/image/364961740/?terms=%22bill%20to%20secure%20the%20freedom%20of%20elections%22&match=1 Grizzard, Frank E. “George Washington: A Biographical Companion.” ABC-CLIO 2022. Hinnershitz, Stephanie, PhD. “The Smith–Connally Act and Labor Battles on the Home Front.” The National WWII Museum. June 22, 2023. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/smith-connally-act-and-labor-battles-home-front “House of Burgesses.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/house-of-burgesses/ Lau, Tim. “Citizens United Explained.” Brennan Center for Justice. Dec. 12, 2019. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/citizens-united-explained “McConnell v. FEC.” Federal Election Commission United States of America. https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/court-cases/mcconnell-v-fec/ “Mark Hanna and the 1896 Election.” United States Senate. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Hanna_1896Election.htm#:~:text=At%20age%2015%20he%20moved,coal%2C%20iron%2C%20and%20steel. “Money-in-politics Timeline.” Open Secrets. https://www.opensecrets.org/resources/learn/timeline “Mr. Crittenden’s Speech.” Hartfor Courant. Feb. 14, 1839. https://www.newspapers.com/image/369520711/?terms=%22crittenden%22&match=1 Mutch, R. (2002). “The First Federal Campaign Finance Bills.” Journal of Policy History,14(1), 30-48. doi:10.1353/jph.2002.0004 Lewis, Charles. “Was campaign finance an issue in George Washington’s day?” Investigative Reporting Workshop. Sept. 27, 2021. https://investigativereportingworkshop.org/news/was-campaign-finance-an-issue-in-george-washingtons-day/ “Louisville.” The Courier-Journal. Feb. 4, 1837. https://www.newspapers.com/image/118738402/?terms=%22bill%20to%20secure%20the%20freedom%20of%20elections%22&match=1 “Mr. Bell’s Bill … “ The Natchez Weekly Courier. June 10, 1840. https://www.newspapers.com/image/248855111/?terms=%22bill%20to%20secure%20the%20freedom%20of%20elections%22&match=1 “Naval Appropriation Bill.” The Buffalo Commercial. April 14, 1866. https://www.newspapers.com/image/282153733/?terms=%22Naval%20Appropriations%20Bill%22%20&match=1 "NEWBERRY, Truman Handy." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/N000062 “Pendleton Act (1883).” National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/pendleton-act#:~:text=The%20Pendleton%20Act%20provided%20that,were%20covered%20by%20the%20law. Perlstein, Rick. "Watergate scandal". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/even

Part one of our discussion of U.S. campaign financing starts before the colonies had gained their independence and covers some of the earliest ways that money was collected for political parties. That book title we were after during the episode was "A Children's Illustrated History of Presidential Assassination," by Bryan Young. Research: Bedard, Paul. “George Washington Plied Voters with Booze.” USNews and World Report. Nov. 8, 2011. https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/08/george-washington-plied-voters-with-booze Blakemore, Erin. “Elections in Colonial America Were Huge, Booze-Fueled Parties.” History.com. Nov. 25, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/colonial-america-election-day-parties R. Brunson, “Swartwout, Samuel,” Texas State Historical Association. Handbook of Texas Online. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/swartwout-samuel. “Buckley v. Valeo.” Federal Election Commission. https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/court-cases/buckley-v-valeo “Court Decision Stirs Up Fuss.” The Spokesman Review. April 4, 1944. https://www.newspapers.com/image/569336879/?terms=Lonnie%20E.%20Smith%20&match=1 “Did You Know... Samuel Swartwout Skimmed Staggering Sums?” U.S. Customs and Border Protection. https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/did-you-know/samuel-swartwout Dunbar, John. “A Modern history of campaign finance: from Watergate to ‘Citizens United.’” The Center for Public Integrity. Nov. 15, 2017. https://publicintegrity.org/politics/a-modern-history-of-campaign-finance-from-watergate-to-citizens-united/ “Appendix 4 -- The Federal Election Campaign Laws:A Short History.” FEC. https://transition.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm#anchor616480 Encyclopedia of Detroit. “NEWBERRY, TRUMAN HANDY.” https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/newberry-truman-handy Fair Political Practices Commission. “Use of Campaign Funds.” Campaign Manual. June 2020. https://www.fppc.ca.gov/content/dam/fppc/NS-Documents/TAD/Campaign%20Manuals/Manual_4/Manual_4_Ch_7_Use_of_Campaign_Funds.pdf Fuller, Jame. “From George Washington to Shaun McCutcheon: A brief-ish history of campaign finance reform.” The Washington Post. April 3, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/04/03/a-history-of-campaign-finance-reform-from-george-washington-to-shaun-mccutcheon/ Supreme Court of the United States. “Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.” October 2009. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4163268-Citizens-United-v-FEC-Decision.html “Washington City, May 19, 1840.” The Baltimore Sun. May 21, 1840. https://www.newspapers.com/image/364961740/?terms=%22bill%20to%20secure%20the%20freedom%20of%20elections%22&match=1 Grizzard, Frank E. “George Washington: A Biographical Companion.” ABC-CLIO 2022. Hinnershitz, Stephanie, PhD. “The Smith–Connally Act and Labor Battles on the Home Front.” The National WWII Museum. June 22, 2023. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/smith-connally-act-and-labor-battles-home-front “House of Burgesses.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/house-of-burgesses/ Lau, Tim. “Citizens United Explained.” Brennan Center for Justice. Dec. 12, 2019. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/citizens-united-explained “McConnell v. FEC.” Federal Election Commission United States of America. https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/court-cases/mcconnell-v-fec/ “Mark Hanna and the 1896 Election.” United States Senate. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Hanna_1896Election.htm#:~:text=At%20age%2015%20he%20moved,coal%2C%20iron%2C%20and%20steel. “Money-in-politics Timeline.” Open Secrets. https://www.opensecrets.org/resources/learn/timeline “Mr. Crittenden’s Speech.” Hartfor Courant. Feb. 14, 1839. https://www.newspapers.com/image/369520711/?terms=%22crittenden%22&match=1 Mutch, R. (2002). “The First Federal Campaign Finance Bills.” Journal of Policy History,14(1), 30-48. doi:10.1353/jph.2002.0004 Lewis, Charles. “Was campaign finance an issue in George Washington’s day?” Investigative Reporting Workshop. Sept. 27, 2021. https://investigativereportingworkshop.org/news/was-campaign-finance-an-issue-in-george-washingtons-day/ “Louisville.” The Courier-Journal. Feb. 4, 1837. https://www.newspapers.com/image/118738402/?terms=%22bill%20to%20secure%20the%20freedom%20of%20elections%22&match=1 “Mr. Bell’s Bill … “ The Natchez Weekly Courier. June 10, 1840. https://www.newspapers.com/image/248855111/?terms=%22bill%20to%20secure%20the%20freedom%20of%20elections%22&match=1 “Naval Appropriation Bill.” The Buffalo Commercial. April 14, 1866. https://www.newspapers.com/image/282153733/?terms=%22Naval%20Appropriations%20Bill%22%20&match=1 "NEWBERRY, Truman Handy." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/N000062 “Pendleton Act (1883).” National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/pendleton-act#:~:text=The%20Pendleton%20Act%20

This 2014 episode - originally a two-parter - covers a perfect storm of nautical carnage: There's a shipwreck, a mutiny and a massacre. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about when children find historically significant items. Tracy also reads the long list of Roman items that came up in preparation for this edition of Unearthed!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part two of the summer 2023 unearthed finds includes the potpourri/hodgepodge category, as well as medical stuff, climate, repatriations, books and letters, religious artwork, weapons and tools, and birds. Research: “Archaeologists unearth 4,000-year-old ‘Stonehenge of the Netherlands’.” The Guardian. 6/21/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/archaeologists-unearth-stonehenge-netherlands Alberge, Dalya. “’ Startling’ new evidence reveals gladiators fought in Roman Britain.” The Guardian. 3/4/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/mar/04/evidence-reveals-gladiators-fought-in-roman-britain Anderson, Abigail et al. “The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts.” PLOS One. 6/28/2023. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287101 “Norse Greenlanders found to have imported timber from North America.” Phys.org. 4/18/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-04-norse-greenlanders-imported-timber-north.html “Olmec Sculpture Will Return to Mexico.” 4/4/2023. https://www.archaeology.org/news/11325-230404-mexico-repatriation-olmec ArtNet News. “A Roman-Era Vase, Once Considered a Cremation Vessel, Turns Out to Be an Early Form of Sports Memorabilia for a Gladiator Fan.” 4/13/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/colchester-vase-sports-memorabilia-2270088 Artnet News. “A Woman Bought Four Ceramic Plates at a Salvation Army for $8. They Turned Out to Be Original Picassos and Worth Over $40,000.” 5/17/2023. https://news.artnet.com/market/salvation-army-picasso-plates-2303661 Associated Press. “A Hebrew Bible that is 1,100 years old sells for $38 million at an auction.” 5/18/2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/05/18/1176805209/a-hebrew-bible-that-is-1-100-years-old-sells-for-38-million-at-an-auction Associated Press. “Italy returns ancient stele, illegally exported, to Turkey.” 4/28/2023. https://apnews.com/article/italy-turkey-archaeology-stele-ancient-greece-6fd526892963aa5b0e240289c4d222f7 Benzine, Vittoria. “An 8-Year-Old Schoolgirl Found a Rare Stone-Age Dagger on a Playground in Norway.” Artnet. 5/17/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/an-8-year-old-schoolgirl-found-a-rare-stone-age-dagger-on-a-playground-in-norway-2302958 Blondel, Francois et al. “Mummy Labels: A Witness to the Use and Processing of Wood in Roman Egypt.” International Journal of Wood Culture. https://brill.com/view/journals/ijwc/3/1-3/article-p192_10.xml Borreggine, Marisa, Sea-level rise in Southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209615120. Brockell, Gillian. “MLK’s Famous Criticism of Malcolm X was a ‘Fraud’, Author Finds.” 5/10/2023. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/05/10/mlk-malcolm-x-playboy-alex-haley/ Chow, Vivienne. “Nigeria Has Transferred Ownership of the Benin Bronzes to Its Royal Leader, Creating a ‘Better Environment’ for Future Restitution.” Artnet. 4/27/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/benin-bronze-oba-ownership-2291586 Chun, Alex. “Bought for $6,000, Grime-Covered Windows Are Actually Tiffany—and Worth Up to $250,000 Each.” Smithsonian. 5/17/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tiffany-glass-windows-philadelphia-180982193/ Dafoe, Taylor. “An Ancient Roman Bust Purchased for $35 at a Texas Thrift Store Is Now Being Repatriated to Germany.” Artnet. 4/18/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-roman-bust-texas-goodwill-repatriation-germany-2287242 Dafoe, Taylor. “Austria Will Return Two Small Parthenon Marbles to Greece. Officials Hope the Move Will Encourage Britain to Follow Suit.” Artnet. 5/3/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/austria-reptriates-two-small-parthenon-marbles-to-greece-2294596 Dafoe, Taylor. “Japan Has Repatriated a Nazi-Looted Baroque Painting to Poland After Authorities Yanked It From a Tokyo Auction Block.” 6/2/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/japan-repatriated-looted-baroque-painting-poland-2313856 Dafoe, Taylor. “Stolen Ancient Tomb Carvings Sat in Storage at the Met Museum for Decades. Now, They’ve Been Returned to China.” Artnet. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/stolen-ancient-tomb-carvings-storage-met-repatriated-2299182 Dzirutwe, Macdonald. “Return of Benin Bronzes delayed after Nigerian president's decree.” Reuters. 5/10/2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/return-benin-bronzes-delayed-after-nigerian-presidents-decree-2023-05-10/ Fine Books & Collections. “Thomas Cromwell’s Holbein Portrait Book of Hours Discovered.” 6/8/2023. https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine-books-news/thomas-cromwells-holbein-portrait-book-hours-discovered Foody, Kathleen. “Michigan researchers find 1914 shipwrecks in Lake Superior.” Associated Press. 4/12/2023. https://apnews.com/article/lake-superior-shipwrecks-1914-2e0b4a2a8b5c2ebae589c964cadfe7c9 Global Times. “2,000-year-old traditional rice dumpling Zongzi unearthed in C.China’s Henan, being oldest excavated.” 6/24/2023.

This installation of literally and figuratively unearthed items includes updates to previous podcast topics, edibles and potables, shipwrecks, and some surprises -- including items that turned out to be surprisingly valuable. Research: “Archaeologists unearth 4,000-year-old ‘Stonehenge of the Netherlands’.” The Guardian. 6/21/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/archaeologists-unearth-stonehenge-netherlands Alberge, Dalya. “’ Startling’ new evidence reveals gladiators fought in Roman Britain.” The Guardian. 3/4/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/mar/04/evidence-reveals-gladiators-fought-in-roman-britain Anderson, Abigail et al. “The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts.” PLOS One. 6/28/2023. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287101 “Norse Greenlanders found to have imported timber from North America.” Phys.org. 4/18/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-04-norse-greenlanders-imported-timber-north.html “Olmec Sculpture Will Return to Mexico.” 4/4/2023. https://www.archaeology.org/news/11325-230404-mexico-repatriation-olmec ArtNet News. “A Roman-Era Vase, Once Considered a Cremation Vessel, Turns Out to Be an Early Form of Sports Memorabilia for a Gladiator Fan.” 4/13/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/colchester-vase-sports-memorabilia-2270088 Artnet News. “A Woman Bought Four Ceramic Plates at a Salvation Army for $8. They Turned Out to Be Original Picassos and Worth Over $40,000.” 5/17/2023. https://news.artnet.com/market/salvation-army-picasso-plates-2303661 Associated Press. “A Hebrew Bible that is 1,100 years old sells for $38 million at an auction.” 5/18/2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/05/18/1176805209/a-hebrew-bible-that-is-1-100-years-old-sells-for-38-million-at-an-auction Associated Press. “Italy returns ancient stele, illegally exported, to Turkey.” 4/28/2023. https://apnews.com/article/italy-turkey-archaeology-stele-ancient-greece-6fd526892963aa5b0e240289c4d222f7 Benzine, Vittoria. “An 8-Year-Old Schoolgirl Found a Rare Stone-Age Dagger on a Playground in Norway.” Artnet. 5/17/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/an-8-year-old-schoolgirl-found-a-rare-stone-age-dagger-on-a-playground-in-norway-2302958 Blondel, Francois et al. “Mummy Labels: A Witness to the Use and Processing of Wood in Roman Egypt.” International Journal of Wood Culture. https://brill.com/view/journals/ijwc/3/1-3/article-p192_10.xml Borreggine, Marisa, Sea-level rise in Southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209615120. Brockell, Gillian. “MLK’s Famous Criticism of Malcolm X was a ‘Fraud’, Author Finds.” 5/10/2023. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/05/10/mlk-malcolm-x-playboy-alex-haley/ Chow, Vivienne. “Nigeria Has Transferred Ownership of the Benin Bronzes to Its Royal Leader, Creating a ‘Better Environment’ for Future Restitution.” Artnet. 4/27/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/benin-bronze-oba-ownership-2291586 Chun, Alex. “Bought for $6,000, Grime-Covered Windows Are Actually Tiffany—and Worth Up to $250,000 Each.” Smithsonian. 5/17/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tiffany-glass-windows-philadelphia-180982193/ Dafoe, Taylor. “An Ancient Roman Bust Purchased for $35 at a Texas Thrift Store Is Now Being Repatriated to Germany.” Artnet. 4/18/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-roman-bust-texas-goodwill-repatriation-germany-2287242 Dafoe, Taylor. “Austria Will Return Two Small Parthenon Marbles to Greece. Officials Hope the Move Will Encourage Britain to Follow Suit.” Artnet. 5/3/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/austria-reptriates-two-small-parthenon-marbles-to-greece-2294596 Dafoe, Taylor. “Japan Has Repatriated a Nazi-Looted Baroque Painting to Poland After Authorities Yanked It From a Tokyo Auction Block.” 6/2/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/japan-repatriated-looted-baroque-painting-poland-2313856 Dafoe, Taylor. “Stolen Ancient Tomb Carvings Sat in Storage at the Met Museum for Decades. Now, They’ve Been Returned to China.” Artnet. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/stolen-ancient-tomb-carvings-storage-met-repatriated-2299182 Dzirutwe, Macdonald. “Return of Benin Bronzes delayed after Nigerian president's decree.” Reuters. 5/10/2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/return-benin-bronzes-delayed-after-nigerian-presidents-decree-2023-05-10/ Fine Books & Collections. “Thomas Cromwell’s Holbein Portrait Book of Hours Discovered.” 6/8/2023. https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine-books-news/thomas-cromwells-holbein-portrait-book-hours-discovered Foody, Kathleen. “Michigan researchers find 1914 shipwrecks in Lake Superior.” Associated Press. 4/12/2023. https://apnews.com/article/lake-superior-shipwrecks-1914-2e0b4a2a8b5c2ebae589c964cadfe7c9 Global Times. “2,000-year-old traditional rice dumpling Zongzi unearthed in C.China’s Henan, being oldest ex

This 2018 episode covers chef Auguste Escoffier. This one man revolutionized food preparation and restaurant dining in ways that are still part of almost any meal you may be served today.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss a collaboration between Frank Duveneck and his friend William Merritt Chase. They also talk about home made versus pre-packaged meals, and sugar cereals.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This edition of eponymous food stories involves two noodle dishes, and both of them are classic comfort foods that you can easily find in pre-made frozen versions in most grocery stores. But both of them started out as entrées for fancy people. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Stroganov Family". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stroganov-family Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Luisa Tetrazzini". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luisa-Tetrazzini “Chicken Tetrazzini.” Daily News Republican. Oct. 30, 1909. https://www.newspapers.com/image/582035221/?terms=%22chicken%20Tetrazzini%22%20&match=1 Eremeeva, Jennifer. “The Definitive Beef Stroganoff.” The Moscow Times. Nov. 6, 2020. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/02/20/the-definitive-beef-stroganov-a64566 Gattey, Charles Nelson. “Luisa Tetrazzini: the Florentine Nightingale.” Amadeus Press. 1995. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/luisatetrazzinif0000gatt/page/144/mode/2up Lew, Mike. “Beef Stroganoff Is Named for Who Exactly?” Bon Appetit. Jan. 16, 2014. https://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/trends-news/article/origin-of-beef-stroganoff Goldstein, Darra. “A Taste of Russia.” Russian Information Service. 1999. Hillibish, Jim. “Tetrazzini Leftover Will Leave Them Singing.” The State Journal-Register. Nov. 22, 2022. https://www.sj-r.com/story/news/2012/11/23/tetrazzini-leftover-will-leave-them/45812546007/ Kurlansky, Mark. “Salt: A World History.” Thorndike Press. 2002. “Luisa Tetrazzini, Diva, Dies in ” New York Times. April 29, 1940. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/04/29/92957232.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 McNamee, Gregory Lewis. "beef Stroganoff". Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/beef-Stroganoff Peters, Erica J. “San Francisco: A Food Biography.” Rowman & Littlefield. 2013. Price, Mary and Vincent. “A Treasury of Great Recipes.” Ampersand Press, 1965. Rattray, Diana. “Chicken Tetrazzini Casserole.” The Spruce Eats. Nov. 11, 2021. https://www.thespruceeats.com/chicken-tetrazzini-3053005 Sifton, Sam. “Chicken Tetrazzini, the Casserole Even Snobs Love.” New York Times Magazine. Sept 29, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/magazine/chicken-tetrazzini-the-casserole-even-snobs-love.html Snow, Glenna H. “Peasants of Russia Thrive on Monotonous, Though Well Balanced Diet, Says Editor.” The Akron Beacon Journal. May 14, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/228861067/?terms=%22beef%20stroganoff%22%20&match=1 Syutkin, Pavel and Olga. “The History and Mystery of Beef Stroganoff.” Moscow Times. Dec. 3, 2022. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/12/03/the-history-and-mystery-of-beef-stroganoff-a79582 “Tetrazzini Here, Meets With Injunction.” New York Times. Nov. 25, 1910. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/11/25/102052010.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Tetrazzini, Luisa. “My Life of Song.” Arno Press. 1977. (Reprint edition.) https://archive.org/details/mylifeofsong0000tetr/page/68/mode/2up “To San Franciscans, I Am Luisa,” Declares Mme. Tetrazzini.” The San Francisco Chronicle. March 12, 1913. https://www.newspapers.com/image/457433091/?terms=Luisa%20Tetrazzini&match=2 “Turkey Tetrazzini.” Saveur. https://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Turkey-Tetrazzini/ Webster, Jessica. “Chicken Tetrazzini, or how I stopped worrying and learned to love the mess.” The Ann Arbor News. May 12, 2010. https://www.annarbor.com/entertainment/food-drink/giadas-chicken-tetrazzini/ Welch, Douglas. “Squirrel Cage.” The Tribune. May 17, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/image/321669094/?terms=Luisa%20Tetrazzini&match=1 “Who Are the Indigenous Peoples of Russia?” Cultural Survival. Feb. 20, 2014. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/who-are-indigenous-peoples-russia#:~:text=The%20smallest%20of%20these%20Indigenous,live%20beyond%20the%20Arctic%20Circle. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Frank Duveneck was lauded as a genius artist in his youth, and when he started teaching, he met Elizabeth Boott. Though their marriage was short, she had a significant impact on his work. Research: F.P.V. “Frank Duveneck.” Boston Evening Transcript. August 10, 1875. https://www.newspapers.com/image/735164156/?terms=frank%20duveneck&match=1 “How a Cincinnati Artist Stands in Boston.” The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 30, 1875. https://www.newspapers.com/image/30481304/?terms=frank%20duveneck&match=1 Findsen, Owen. “More Than a Painter’s Place.” The Cincinnati Enquirer. Aug. 29, 1999. https://www.newspapers.com/image/103110515/?terms=frank%20duveneck Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Frank Duveneck". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frank-Duveneck Young, Mahonri Sharp. “The Two Worlds of Frank Duveneck.” American Art Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, 1969, pp. 92–103. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1593857 “William Morris Hunt.” Smithsonian American Art Museum. https://americanart.si.edu/artist/william-morris-hunt-2359 Osborne, Carol M. “Frank Duveneck & Elizabeth Boott Duveneck: An American Romance.” Traditional Fine Arts Organization. https://www.tfaoi.org/aa/2aa/2aa572.htm “ELIZABETH BOOTT DUVENECK.” Mary Ran Gallery. https://maryrangallery.com/elizabeth-boott-duveneck Duveneck, Frank. “Tomb Effigy of Elizabeth Boott Duveneck.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/10807 “Frank Duveneck.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1258.html “Frank Duveneck: Father of American Art.” Cincinnati Art Museum. Jan. 28, 2021. https://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/about/blog/frank-duveneck-father-of-american-art/ Martin, McKenzie. “Frank Duveneck.” Kentucky History. https://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/354 Quick, Michael. “American Painter Abroad: Frank Duveneck's European Years.” Cicinnati Art Museum. 1987. “Frank Duveneck lecture.” Cincinnati Art Museum. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_odizZFhxg See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers the living and evolving nature of language. It shifts and changes; pronunciations and spellings morph throughout time. English is no exception.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about the conjecture about the cause of the Mattoon gas scare. Tracy talks about the arduous nature of picking through the court complaint in the Clifton Star Chamber case. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In Early Modern England, there was a rash of abductions of boys, who were being forced to work as actors. Then a child was taken whose father was in a position to actually do something about it. Research: Soth, Amelia. “Her Majesty’s Kidnappers.” JSTOR Daily. 12/17/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/kidnapping-for-the-queens-choir/ Early Modern London Theaters. “Viewing Event Record: Star Chamber, Clifton v Robinson et al: Clifton States His Case.” https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca/db/record/event/93/ Reynolds, Patricia. “Kidnapped to order: child actors in Shakespeare’s day.” The National Archives. 5/12/2016. https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/kidnapped-order-child-actors-shakespeares-day/ Map of Early London. “Blackfriars Theatre.” https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLAC6.htm Shapiro, Michael. “Children of the Revels: The Boy Companies of Shakespeare’s Time and Their Plays.” New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. Fleay, Frederick Gard. “A Chronicle History of the London Stage 1559-1642.” New York. G.E. Stechert & Co. 1909. Benet, William Rose. "Blackfriars." Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, 1987, p. 103. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18034327/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fefb4932. Accessed 21 June 2023. Munro, Lucy. "Living by Others' Pleasure: Marston, The Dutch Courtesan, and Theatrical Profit." Early Theatre, vol. 23, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 109+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A638900245/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ce5c9645. Accessed 21 June 2023. Dutton, Richard. “The Revels Office and the Boy Companies, 1600-1613: New Perspectives.” English Literary Renaissance , SPRING 2002, Vol. 32, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43447637 Wridgway, Neville. "Giles, Nathaniel (c. 1558–1634), choirmaster and composer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Jun. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10724 Barrie, Robert. “Elizabethan Play-Boys in the Adult London Companies.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 , Spring, 2008, Vol. 48, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40071333 Mamujee, Shehzana. “'To serve us in that behalf when our pleasure is to call for them': performing boys in Renaissance England.” Renaissance Studies , NOVEMBER 2014, Vol. 28, No. 5. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24423452 Jones, Roger T. “The Role of the Junior English Schools in the Development of the Drama.” A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Loyola University September, 1944. Bradbrook, M.C. “’Silk? Satin? Kersey? Rags?’ The Choristers' Theater under Elizabeth and James.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 , Spring, 1961. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/449339 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.