Stuff You Missed in History Class

This second part of our spring Unearthed! two-parter covers some listener-favorite categories: edibles and potables, books and letters, shipwrecks, and a bit of potpourri.  Research: AFP. “Chile's National Museum Of Natural History To Return Easter Island 'Head'.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/chiles-national-museum-of-natural.html AFP. “Nigeria Returns Two Stolen Benin Bronzes To Traditional Royal Palace.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/nigeria-returns-two-stolen-benin.html Agence France-Presse. “17 Pre-Columbian Artifacts Returned to Mexico.” VOA News. 2/21/2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/pre-columbian-artifacts-returned-to-mexico/6451918.html Alex, Bridget. “Archaeologists uncover oldest ochre workshop in East Asia.” Science. 3/2/2022. https://www.science.org/content/article/archaeologists-uncover-oldest-ochre-workshop-east-asia Amaral, Brian. “Australian researchers defend finding of Captain Cook’s ship in R.I.: ‘Right where we said it was’.” Boston Globe. 2/4/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/04/metro/right-where-we-said-it-was-finding-captain-cooks-ship-ri-waters-makes-waves-among-researchers/?event=event12 Associated Press. “More possible victims of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre found in mass grave.” AL.com. 3/3/2022. https://www.al.com/news/2022/03/more-possible-victims-of-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-found-in-mass-grave.html Australian National University. “Mysterious, giant stone jars found in India.” Phys.org. 3/30/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-mysterious-giant-stone-jars-india.html Barras, Colin. “Ancient smells reveal secrets of Egyptian tomb.” Nature. 3/31/2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00903-z BBC. “Bedfordshire A428 dig: Evidence of Roman beer production found.” 3/30/2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60932382 Bower, Bruce. “Ancient seafarers built the Mediterranean’s largest known sacred pool.” Science News. 3/16/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sacred-pool-ancient-seafarers-phoenicians-largest-mediterranean Bower, Bruce. “The world’s oldest pants stitched together cultures from across Asia.” Science News. 2/18/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pants-oldest-ancient-horseman-asia-culture-origin Burke, Minyvonne. “Wreckage of 207-year-old whaling ship found on seafloor of Gulf of Mexico.” 3/23/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wreckage-207-year-old-whaling-ship-found-seafloor-gulf-mexico-rcna21189 Cambridge University Press. “Oldest known drinking straws identified.” Phys.org. 1/19/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-oldest-straws.html CBS/AFP. “U.S. returns gold treasure looted from 1746 shipwreck and skull stolen from Parisian catacombs to France.” 3/4/2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-returns-gold-treasure-skull-to-france/ Cramer, Maria. “Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution.” New York Times. 3/9/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/world/europe/scotland-nicola-sturgeon-apologizes-witches.html Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. “4000 year old boat salvaged near the ancient city of Uruk.” 3/28/2022. https://www.dainst.org/en/dai/meldungen/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/4000-jahre-altes-boot-bei-der-antiken-stadt-uruk-notgeborgen Dijkstra, Mischa. “Ancient art and genetics combine to reveal origin of world's most expensive spice.” EurekAlert. 3/8/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/945749 El-Aref, Nevine. “The Largest Embalming Cache Ever Found In Egypt Unearthed At Abusir.” Archaeology News Network. 2/8/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-largest-embalming-cache-ever-found.html Ferrarin, Federica. “Agnese, the unknown daughter of Marco Polo.” 2/7/2022. https://www.unive.it/pag/16584/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=11938&cHash=92cbc9af6f08744a0a46e4cd860f4c92 Gast, Phil. “A dozen more Revolutionary War-era cannons have been found and raised from the Savannah River.” CNN. 2/8/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/us/savannah-river-cannons-discovery/index.html Geggel, Laura. “2,000-year-old Celtic hoard of gold 'rainbow cups' discovered in Germany.” LiveScience. 1/13/2022. https://www.livescience.com/celtic-gold-hoard-discovered-germany Gershon, Livia. “Hungry Badger Digs Up a Trove of Roman Coins in Spain.” Smithsonian. 1/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hungry-badger-digs-up-roman-coins-in-spain-180979378/ Gershon, Livia. “Researchers Digitally Unwrap Egyptian Pharaoh’s 3,500-Year-Old Mummy.” Smithsonian. 1/5/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mummy-of-egyptian-pharaoh-digitally-unwrapped-1809793

It's time for another two-part edition of things that were unearthed in recent months. Today's episode covers updates, lots of repatriations, some mummy stuff, Viking stuff, animal stuff, and a handful of miscellany.  Research: AFP. “Chile's National Museum Of Natural History To Return Easter Island 'Head'.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/chiles-national-museum-of-natural.html AFP. “Nigeria Returns Two Stolen Benin Bronzes To Traditional Royal Palace.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/nigeria-returns-two-stolen-benin.html Agence France-Presse. “17 Pre-Columbian Artifacts Returned to Mexico.” VOA News. 2/21/2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/pre-columbian-artifacts-returned-to-mexico/6451918.html Alex, Bridget. “Archaeologists uncover oldest ochre workshop in East Asia.” Science. 3/2/2022. https://www.science.org/content/article/archaeologists-uncover-oldest-ochre-workshop-east-asia Amaral, Brian. “Australian researchers defend finding of Captain Cook’s ship in R.I.: ‘Right where we said it was’.” Boston Globe. 2/4/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/04/metro/right-where-we-said-it-was-finding-captain-cooks-ship-ri-waters-makes-waves-among-researchers/?event=event12 Associated Press. “More possible victims of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre found in mass grave.” AL.com. 3/3/2022. https://www.al.com/news/2022/03/more-possible-victims-of-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-found-in-mass-grave.html Australian National University. “Mysterious, giant stone jars found in India.” Phys.org. 3/30/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-mysterious-giant-stone-jars-india.html Barras, Colin. “Ancient smells reveal secrets of Egyptian tomb.” Nature. 3/31/2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00903-z BBC. “Bedfordshire A428 dig: Evidence of Roman beer production found.” 3/30/2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60932382 Bower, Bruce. “Ancient seafarers built the Mediterranean’s largest known sacred pool.” Science News. 3/16/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sacred-pool-ancient-seafarers-phoenicians-largest-mediterranean Bower, Bruce. “The world’s oldest pants stitched together cultures from across Asia.” Science News. 2/18/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pants-oldest-ancient-horseman-asia-culture-origin Burke, Minyvonne. “Wreckage of 207-year-old whaling ship found on seafloor of Gulf of Mexico.” 3/23/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wreckage-207-year-old-whaling-ship-found-seafloor-gulf-mexico-rcna21189 Cambridge University Press. “Oldest known drinking straws identified.” Phys.org. 1/19/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-oldest-straws.html CBS/AFP. “U.S. returns gold treasure looted from 1746 shipwreck and skull stolen from Parisian catacombs to France.” 3/4/2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-returns-gold-treasure-skull-to-france/ Cramer, Maria. “Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution.” New York Times. 3/9/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/world/europe/scotland-nicola-sturgeon-apologizes-witches.html Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. “4000 year old boat salvaged near the ancient city of Uruk.” 3/28/2022. https://www.dainst.org/en/dai/meldungen/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/4000-jahre-altes-boot-bei-der-antiken-stadt-uruk-notgeborgen Dijkstra, Mischa. “Ancient art and genetics combine to reveal origin of world's most expensive spice.” EurekAlert. 3/8/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/945749 El-Aref, Nevine. “The Largest Embalming Cache Ever Found In Egypt Unearthed At Abusir.” Archaeology News Network. 2/8/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-largest-embalming-cache-ever-found.html Ferrarin, Federica. “Agnese, the unknown daughter of Marco Polo.” 2/7/2022. https://www.unive.it/pag/16584/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=11938&cHash=92cbc9af6f08744a0a46e4cd860f4c92 Gast, Phil. “A dozen more Revolutionary War-era cannons have been found and raised from the Savannah River.” CNN. 2/8/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/us/savannah-river-cannons-discovery/index.html Geggel, Laura. “2,000-year-old Celtic hoard of gold 'rainbow cups' discovered in Germany.” LiveScience. 1/13/2022. https://www.livescience.com/celtic-gold-hoard-discovered-germany Gershon, Livia. “Hungry Badger Digs Up a Trove of Roman Coins in Spain.” Smithsonian. 1/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hungry-badger-digs-up-roman-coins-in-spain-180979378/ Gershon, Livia. “Researchers Digitally Unwrap Egyptian Pharaoh’s 3,500-Year-Old Mummy.” Smithsonian. 1/5/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mummy-of

This 2016 episode covers the first woman to ever become a court painter in France. She painted royalty and nobility throughout Europe, including Marie Antoinette, even as her personal life had its ups and downs.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy reminisce about their families' first microwave ovens and their favorite chocolate chip cookie recipes. Then they discuss Ivy Lee's career and dubious associations.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ivy Lee was one of the founders of the fields of public relations and crisis communications. His approach to public relations was revolutionary for the time, and he helped establish a lot of practices that still exist today. Research:  Auerbach, Jonathan. “Weapons of Democracy: Propaganda, Progressivism, and American Public Opinion.” New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History. Jeffrey Sklansky, Series Editor. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2015. Committee of Coal Mine Managers. “The Struggle in Colorado for Industrial Freedom.” 1914. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=9kowAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-9kowAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 Congress of the United States. “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities.” United States Government Printing Office. 1934. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=shUWAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PP7 Cutlip, Scott M. “The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History.” Routledge, 1994. Dinsmore, William H. “PR to the Rescue – Again!” Public Relations Quarterly. Summer 1979. Georgia Historical Society. “Marker Monday: Ivy Ledbetter Lee, Founder Of Modern Public Relations 1877-1934.” https://georgiahistory.com/marker-monday-ivy-ledbetter-lee-founder-of-modern-public-relations-1877-1934/ Hainsworth, Brad E. “Retrospective: Ivy Lee and the German Dye Trust.” Public Relations Review. Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(87)80071-1 Hallahan, Kirk. “Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers’ Response to the 1913–1914 Colorado Coal Strike.” JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 14(4), 265–315. 2002. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Biographers for Billionaires.” The Public Relations Quarterly. Summer 1966. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Courtier to the crowd; the story of Ivy Lee and the development of public relations.” Iowa State University Press. 1966. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Ivy Lee and Rockefeller Press Relations.” Journalism Quarterly; Summer 1966. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Ivy Lee: ‘Father of Modern Public Relations.’” The Princeton University Library Chronicle , WINTER 1966, Vol. 27, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26409644 Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Lucky Lindy: A Public Relations Hero.” Public Relations Quarterly. Spring 1975. "Ivy Ledbetter Lee." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310009213/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=7478f6e9. Accessed 22 Mar. 2022. "Ivy Ledbetter Lee." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, Gale, 1999. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1667000116/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=30efc6d4. Accessed 22 Mar. 2022. Meade, Jared. “Father of PR, Ivy Lee, Pioneered Tactics We Use Today.” 8/24/2020. (3/23/2022). https://www.prnewsonline.com/ivy-lee-crisis-history/ New York Times. “Ivy Lee, as Adviser to Nazis, Paid $25,000 by Dye Trust.” 7/12/1934. https://nyti.ms/3LqanZh Olasky, Marvin N. “Ivy Lee: Minimizing Competition through Public Relations.” Public Relations Quarterly. Fall 1987. Olasky, Marvin N. “The Agenda-Setting of Ivy Lee.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, August 1985. Via ERIC. O'Neill, Kathleen. "U.S. public relations evolves to meet society's needs." Public Relations Journal, vol. 47, no. 11, Nov. 1991, pp. 28+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A11595331/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=14ce8464. Accessed 22 Mar. 2022. Russell, Karen Miller and Carl O. Bishop. “Understanding Ivy Lee’s declaration of principles: U.S. newspaper and magazine coverage of publicity and press agentry, 1865–1904.” Public Relations Review 35 (2009) 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.004 SNAC. “Lee, Ivy L. (Ivy Ledbetter), 1877-1934.” (3/23/2022) https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64j0h2p#biography Turney, Michael. “Ivy Lee was decades ahead of his contemporaries.” On-line Readings in Public Relations. 2015. (3/23/2022) https://www.nku.edu/~turney/prclass/readings/3eras2x.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Often, inventions that are made quite by accident end up becoming an everyday part of life. This episode covers two of those: the microwave oven and the chocolate chip cookie. Research:  Balsley, Betsy. “Microwave Ovens Put the Space Age in the Kitchen.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Dec. 4, 1968. https://www.newspapers.com/image/271185585/?terms=radarange&match=1 Ratheon Company. “Technology Leadership.” https://web.archive.org/web/20130322044917/http://www.raytheon.com/ourcompany/history/leadership/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "microwave oven". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Oct. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/technology/microwave-oven  Weiss, Stanley I. and Amir, Amir R.. "Raytheon Company". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Apr. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Raytheon-Company “Amana.” Whirlpool. https://www.whirlpoolcorp.com/2010annual/brand-amana.html “Percy Spencer.” Atomic Heritage Foundation. https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/percy-spencer#:~:text=Percy%20Spencer%20was%20an%20American,at%20a%20local%20paper%20mill. “Tappan Stove Company.” Ohio History Central. https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tappan_Stove_Company#:~:text=In%201955%2C%20the%20Tappan%20Stove,too%20expensive%20for%20home%20use. Jorgensen, Timothy J. “Hot Food, Fast: The Home Microwave Oven.” Smithsonian. March 16, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/hot-food-fast-home-microwave-oven-turns-50-180962545/ “Patent No. 2,495,429 – P.L. Spencer – Method of Treating Foodstuffs.” United States Patent and Trademark Office. January 24, 1950. https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02495429&IDKey=261705CF6164&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2495429.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2495429%2526RS%3DPN%2F2495429 “Revolution in Kitchens Is Created by Amana’s Microwave Radarange.” The commercial Appeal. Sept. 30, 1968. https://www.newspapers.com/image/770831761/?terms=radarange&match=1 Wyman, Carolyn. “The Great American Chocolate Chip Cookie Book: Scrumptious Recipes & Fabled History From Toll House to Cookie Cake Pie.” Countryman Press. 2013. Roberts, Sam. “Forgotten No More: Overlooked No More: Ruth Wakefield, Who Invented the Chocolate Chip Cookie.” New York Times. March 21, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/obituaries/overlooked-ruth-wakefield.html “CONTROL IS SOUGHT OF LAMONT, CORLISS.” New York Times. December 23, 1949. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/12/23/84292752.html?pageNumber=29 Blitz, Matt. “The Amazing True Story of How the Microwave Was Invented by Accident.” Popular Mechanics. Sept. 2, 2021. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a19567/how-the-microwave-was-invented-by-accident/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers several days in 1934 during which Adolf Hitler, who was at the time the Nazi Party Leader and Reich Chancellor, directed an action which eliminated all of his political enemies and enabled him to declare himself Fuhrer.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss Shackleton's leadership, how unsuited to isolation exploration they both are, and how much trash such exploration can leave behind. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Shackleton’s team abandoned the Endurance to the ice, they faced a harrowing journey over the ice of Antarctica. Meanwhile, the support team aboard the Aurora was also faced with a grueling and treacherous race for survival. Research: LeBrun, Nancy. “Survival! The Shackleton Story.” National Geogrpahic. Via YouTube. 1991. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgh_77TtX5I "Ernest Shackleton, Sir." Explorers & Discoverers of the World, Gale, 1993. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1614000271/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b93f5648. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Savours, Ann. “Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  9/23/2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36034 "Patience and Endurance; Underwater archaeology." The Economist, 12 Mar. 2022, p. 69(US). Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A696334375/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e2fe8a81. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Falkland Maritime Heritage Trust. “Endurance 22.” https://endurance22.org/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ernest Shackleton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton. Accessed 15 March 2022. Tyler, Kelly. “Shackleton's Lost Men.” Shackleton: Voyage of Endurance. Nova. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackleton/1914/lostmen.html Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part I: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Jun/Jul99, Vol. 20 Issue 4, p32. Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part 2: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Oct/Nov99, Vol. 20 Issue 6, p52. Schultheiss, Katrin. “The Ends of the Earth and the “Heroic Age” of Polar Exploration: A Review Essay.” Historically Speaking, Volume 10, Number 2, April 2009, pp. 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.0.0026 Alexander, Caroline. “The Endurance: Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition.” With the American Museum of Natural History. Knopf. 1998. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Shackleton is famous for his expeditions in Antarctica, but he started his career as a Merchant Marine. Part one of this story covers his early life, early expeditions, and the treacherous start of his most famous expedition, just after WWI began. Research: LeBrun, Nancy. “Survival! The Shackleton Story.” National Geogrpahic. Via YouTube. 1991. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgh_77TtX5I "Ernest Shackleton, Sir." Explorers & Discoverers of the World, Gale, 1993. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1614000271/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b93f5648. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Savours, Ann. “Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  9/23/2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36034 "Patience and Endurance; Underwater archaeology." The Economist, 12 Mar. 2022, p. 69(US). Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A696334375/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e2fe8a81. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Falkland Maritime Heritage Trust. “Endurance 22.” https://endurance22.org/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ernest Shackleton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton. Accessed 15 March 2022. Tyler, Kelly. “Shackleton's Lost Men.” Shackleton: Voyage of Endurance. Nova. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackleton/1914/lostmen.html Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part I: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Jun/Jul99, Vol. 20 Issue 4, p32. Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part 2: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Oct/Nov99, Vol. 20 Issue 6, p52. Schultheiss, Katrin. “The Ends of the Earth and the “Heroic Age” of Polar Exploration: A Review Essay.” Historically Speaking, Volume 10, Number 2, April 2009, pp. 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.0.0026 Alexander, Caroline. “The Endurance: Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition.” With the American Museum of Natural History. Knopf. 1998. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers a naturalist illustrator who helped dispel many entomological myths and improved the scientific study of insects and plants. And she did it beautifully.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their relationship with Thomas Hardy's writing, homework, and the parts of the story that didn't make it into the regular episode. Then, they talk about how surprisingly tricky it can be to research events in other cultures, even if the source material is all in English. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 1956 march was a protest against pass laws that were part of South Africa’s system of apartheid – and specifically the requirement that women carry passes. The protest was simultaneously part of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, and the movement for women’s rights.  Research: "Apartheid." Gale World History Online Collection, Gale, 2021. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/NUBLZL400705235/WHIC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=a66fcd94 International Women’s Day. “National Women's Day in South Africa is a powerful day for equal rights.” https://www.internationalwomensday.com/Missions/15556/National-Women-s-Day-in-South-Africa-is-a-powerful-day-for-equal-rights Akpan, Idara . “The 1956 Women’s March in Pretoria.” South African History Online. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/1956-womens-march-pretoria South African History Online. “The 1956 Women’s March, Pretoria, 9 August.” https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/1956-womens-march-pretoria-9-august Pan Africanism Today Secretariat. “The lessons of South Africa’s 1956 Women’s March resonate to this day.” 8/9/2020. https://peoplesdispatch.org/2020/08/09/the-lessons-of-south-africas-1956-womens-march-resonate-to-this-day/ Ogola, Esther. “South Africa: The icons behind the 1956 women’s march.” BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-55106942 Till, Christopher. “Our Triumphs and Our Tears: Women’s Struggles in 20th Century South Africa.” Apartheid Museum. https://www.apartheidmuseum.org/uploads/files/Our-Triumphs-and-Our-Tears.pdf Lenser, Amber Michelle, "The South African Women's Movement: The Roles of Feminism and Multiracial Cooperation in the Struggle for Women's Rights" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 3397. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3397 South African History Online. “Women’s Charter.” https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/womens-charter See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Once you know about Hardy’s life, it's natural to see parallels to the events of his life in his writing. Two women were deeply important to his life and work: his first wife Emma Gifford, and his second wife Florence Dugdale. Research: “Max Gate.” United Kingdom National Trust. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/max-gate Morris, Steven.”Discovery of letters shines light on Thomas Hardy's second marriage.” The Guardian. April 1, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/apr/02/discovery-of-letters-shines-light-on-thomas-hardys-second-marriage THOMAS, JANE. “IN DEFENCE OF EMMA HARDY.” The Hardy Society Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, Thomas Hardy Society, 2013, pp. 39–59, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48563706 Johnson, Ben. “Thomas Hardy.” Historic UK. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Thomas-Hardy/ Fincham, Tony. “Life of Thomas Hardy.” Hardy Society. Feb. 3, 2019. https://www.hardysociety.org/life/ Richardson, Angelique. “Life behind the gates.”  Times Literary Supplement.  April 3, 2020. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/newly-discovered-letters-thomas-hardy-wife-florence/ Tomalin, Claire. “Thomas Hardy.” Penguin. 2007. Hardy, Thomas, “Wessex Poems and Other Verses.” Macmillan. 1919. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3167/3167-h/3167-h.htm Atkinson, Tim. “An old flame that burned bright – An Irishman’s Diary on Thomas Hardy and Emma Gifford.” Irish Times. March 2, 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-old-flame-that-burned-bright-an-irishman-s-diary-on-thomas-hardy-and-emma-gifford-1.4189326 Norman, Andrew. “Thomas Hardy: Behind the Mask.” The Historic Press. 2011. “Thomas Hardy.” Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/thomas-hardy See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, which was part of the Women’s Army Corps during World War II. The 6888th was the only battalion of black women from the U.S. to serve in Europe during World War II.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy shares how she learned about Maria Gertrudis Barceló, and then the hosts DO talk about Bruno, and his know-it-all behavior.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bruno was a mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, occultist, and according to the Catholic church of 16th-century Italy, a heretic. He met a bad end because of his views, but he started out as a friar. Research:  Aquilecchia, Giovanni. "Giordano Bruno". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno “Giordano Bruno.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 30, 2018. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/ Martinez, Alberto A. “Burned Alive: Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition.” Reaktion Books. 2018. Rosenthal, Erwin I.J.. "Averroës". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Averroes Alberto A. Martinez Giordano Bruno and the heresy of many worlds, Annals of Science. 73:4, 345-374. 2016. 10.1080/00033790.2016.1193627 Rowland, Ingrid D. “Giordano Bruno Philosopher, Heretic.” Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 2008. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Doña Maria Gertrudis Barceló was a professional gambler and card dealer in New Mexico in the early 19th century. But the details of her life are all over the place, depending on the source.  Research:  New Mexico History Museum. “The Gambling Queen of Santa Fe.” Press Release. 8/20/2009. https://media.newmexicoculture.org/release/91/the-gambling-queen-o Dominguez, Orae. “Maria Gertrudis Barceló, Doña Tules.” New Mexico History. State Records Center and Archives. https://newmexicohistory.org/2013/10/24/maria-gertrudis-barcelo-dona-tules/ New Mexico Historic Women Marker Initiative. “Maria Gertrudis Barcelo.” https://www.nmhistoricwomen.org/location/maria-gertrudis-barcelo/  National Park Service. “La Tules, María Gertrudis Barceló.” 3/11/2021. https://www.nps.gov/people/maria-gertrudis-barcelo.htm\ Thwaites, Reuben Gold. “Early Western Travels 1748-1846, Volume XX - Part II of Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies, 1831-1839.” Cleveland, Ohio. The Arthur H. Clark Company. 1905. Magoffin, Susan Shelby, and Stella Madeleine Drumm. “Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico : the diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847.” New Haven : Yale University Press, 1962. Lecompte, Janet. “La Tules and the Americans.” Arizona and the West , Autumn, 1978, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn, 1978). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40168728 Kendall, George Wilkins. “Narrative of the Texan Sante Fé Expedition.” New York : Harper and Brothers. 1846. Brewerton, G. Douglass. “Incidents of Travel in New Mexico.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. April 1854. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924080772092&view=1up&seq=599&skin=2021&q1=april Nogar, Anna M. et al. “Nuevomexicano Cultural Memory and the Indo-Hispana Mujerota.” Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26310186 Chávez, Fray Angélico. “Doña Tules, Her Fame and Her Funeral.” From “Santa Fe Nativa: A Collection of Nuevomexicano Writing.” University of New Mexico Press. 2009. Cook, Mary J. Straw. “Doña Tules: Santa Fe’s Courtesan and Gambler.” University of New Mexico Press. 2007. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2010 episode from previous hosts Katie and Sarah covers Scott and Amundsen launching rival expeditions to the South Pole. knowing only one group could be the first to reach the pole. Each believed his strategy would prevail, but which explorer won?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about Eugen Weidmann's executioner, public fixation on the case, and the availability of the images and footage of most gruesome details of the murders and beheading. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Once Eugen Weidmann was in police custody, he confessed to Jean's murder as well as several others. As the trial and execution played out, public interest grew to such a frenzied state that authorities immediately reconsidered the practice of performing executions publicly.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In July 1937, 22-year-old Jean De Koven vanished while visiting Paris with her aunt. It seemed doomed to be an unsolved missing person case, until an accidental connection revealed a series of murders, and a ring of criminals with Eugen Weidmann at the center. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode is about the man often described as the person who coined the term genocide. He was also the driving force behind the existence of the U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss Mary Sidney Herbert and the debate about whether she wrote works attributed to Shakespeare, as well as her late-in-life party period. On a more serious note, they talk about Holodomor as an example of the long and complicated relationship of Ukraine with Russia and the U.S.S.R.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

“Holodomor” is a name that was coined in the 1980s to describe a famine that struck Ukraine in the early 1930s. There were food shortages taking place in other parts of the Soviet Union at the same time, but Soviet policies toward Ukraine specifically made the situation there much, much worse.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

She was a patron of the arts, the first woman to publish an English-language play, and the first woman to publish pastoral poetry. Mary Sidney Herbert was also incredibly wily when it came to navigating the limitations and possibilities of being a woman in 16th century England.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers the life of Aphra Behn, but there's really not a lot concretely known about the her. In addition to being a spy, was a dramatist, poet, novelist, translator, and the first woman in English literature known to have made her living as a writer.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about Tracy’s research process for the William Apess episodes, and how much of his writing she wanted to include in the episode. And that’s because his work is still deeply relevant.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Apess’s religious work and writing consistently stressed the inherent humanity and worth of Indigenous people, but in the later years of his career he also became involved in more direct activism in Mashpee, Massachusetts.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Minister William Apess is often described as the first Native American to publish their own, book-length autobiography. But that is a reductive way to describe a man who wrote a great deal more than that, and also became an advocate for Indigenous people. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy share interviews with some of the cast and crew behind the new film "Cyrano" to talk about their thoughts on history and historical spaces, as well as why the Rostand play has such an enduring appeal. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers an American sculptor who was a celebrated artist in her day, but receded from the spotlight; her final years remained a mystery for quite some time. Her marble works are striking examples of the neoclassical style popular at the end of the 19th century. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about some of stories of Egerton that didn't make it into the episode. Then discussion of the Nika Riots touches on modern sports riots, and the writings of Procopius, Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Large-scale rioting and mass violence were fairly common in Constantinople when this riot – and then massacre – took place in the year 532. But we have more documentation of the Nika Riots than many of the others. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The 8th Earl of Bridgewater’s life is a hodgepodge of privileged eccentricity. From deeply spoiled pets to shoes used as a diary to a whole lot of writing about his relatives, it seems that Egerton was always guided by whim. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This classic episode from 2018 covers a 1917 event with elements of a labor strike, a wartime hysteria, a vigilante mob, and a mass propaganda effort, all rolled into one. It took place in Bisbee, Arizona, southeast of Tucson and close to the U.S. border with Mexico. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the angry-making aspects of the Millar will's aftermath, and discuss the only Black participants in the derby. They also discuss the intriguing life of Lucy Parsons, including her very complicated identity and behaviors. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Parsons was an activist focused on improving the lives of workers, poor people, immigrants, and people who were unemployed or homeless. The Chicago Police Department described her as more dangerous than a thousand rioters. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Toronto’s Great Stork derby of the 1920s and 1930s is often reported with a bit of whimsy. But classism, right to privacy, exploitation, the role of women in society, racial superiority, eugenics, and reproductive rights have been left out of the discussion. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers what's often held up as one of history's great love stories - Plutarch wrote that Pericles kissed Aspasia every single day. And that's very sweet and romantic, but their high-profile relationship was central to a key period in Greek history. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss the difficulty in examining sociological texts as part of research. They also recount their first encounters with the work of Moms Mabley, and her incredible timing in telling jokes that were often incredibly daring for their time. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Moms Mabley’s career lasted more than six decades. She was hugely influential, and inspired so many comedians and other performers who came after her. But outside of her work, a lot of the details of her life are a mystery, and there are some contradictory accounts of a particularly traumatic part of her early life. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In the early 18th century, Britain needed money. In 1711, the South Sea Company was established to try to manage this debt, and the heart of the debt consolidation the company arranged was a debt-for-equity swap that did NOT keep the nation from incurring more debt. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode Shirley Chisolm, who was politically active starting during her college years. Her drive and desire to make positive change led her to many political firsts, including being the first black woman elected to the U.S. Congress. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss their relationships with the various foods from our third eponymous foods episode. They also discuss the surprising aspects of Peter Roget's life story, including some which didn't make it into his episode. . Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Peter Roget was a doctor and scientist who really liked putting things into classification systems. His life was very dramatic well before he came up with the book that is his legacy. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Today we’re covering a super yummy comfort food from Italy, and two dishes with debate as to their origin, one on the U.S. East Coast, and one on the West Coast. All are delicious! Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Riots are a distressingly common part of human history, and the strangest events can trigger widespread violence. In this 2011 episode, previous hosts Deblina and Sarah take a closer look at one of history's strangest riots. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss the woman who Breckinridge hired to spy on Madeline Pollard, and horror of Madeline's writing being read in court. They also discuss how unicorn lore shows up in pop culture, and Tracy's disappointment at seeing a "real" unicorn. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

You probably know exactly what animal we mean when we say “unicorn,” but descriptions and depictions of unicorns have shifted over the millennia. Some lore has roots in sightings of real animals that people have found difficult to describe, or that have been misinterpreted. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.