The History of Egypt Podcast

Updated in 2024. A tale of terror and tombs. In 1924, Weird Tales magazine published "Imprisoned with the Pharaohs" (aka "Under the Pyramids"). A short story in which Harry Houdini, world-famous escape-artist, illusionist, and advocate of rationalism, came face-to-face with horrors beyond his comprehension. The tale is work of horror, ghost-written by H.P. Lovecraft. It is a fun story, worthy of the genre. Logo image: The statue of Khafra / Khephren in Cairo's old museum (Photo Dominic Perry). Timecodes: Story Part One: 00:01:40. Story Part Two: 00:38:39. Commentary: 01:18:50. The History of Egypt Podcast Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Select Bibliography: H.P. Lovecraft, “Imprisoned with the Pharaohs,” Weird Tales magazine at WikiSource. R. Emrys and A. M. Pillsworth, ‘Harry Houdini Versus Cosmic Horror: “Under the Pyramids”’, TOR.com, <https://www.tor.com/2015/02/24/harry-houdini-versus-cosmic-horror-under-the-pyramids/> accessed 12.27.2023. D. Harms, Cthulu Mythos Encyclopedia: A Guide to the Horrors Created and Inspired by H.P. Lovecraft (3rd edn, Chelsea, 2012). S. T. Joshi and D. E. Schultz, An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia (2001). H. P. (Howard P. Lovecraft, The New Annotated H.P. Lovecraft (2014). D. Norris, ‘Lovecraft and Egypt: A Closer Examination’, Lovecraft Annual (2016), 3–45. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Updated in 2024. Around 2520 BCE, King Men-kau-ra (or Menkaure) ruled Egypt. In his time, royal artists produced high-quality sculpture, and builders constructed another pyramid at Giza. But Menkaura has a complicated legacy. Although his pyramid is the smallest of the three "Great Pyramids of Giza," this King's legacy proved far more positive than his predecessors. Likewise his treasures, including his beautiful sarcophagus, have gone through a difficult journey over the past 4500 years... Further information: Photos of Menkaure’s pyramid by Aidan McRae Thomson on Flickr. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music and interludes by Luke Chaos. Select Bibliography: M. Baud, Famille royale et pouvoir sous l’Ancien Empire égyptien (1999). P. Boughton, ‘The Lost Sarcophagus’, Egyptology News Network, https://egyptologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2011/01/lost-sarcophagus.html. P. Boughton, ‘Who Owns Menkaure’s Sarcophagus?’, Nile Magazine (2016), 60—66. Digital Giza, ‘Menkaure Pyramid’, http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/2796/full/. D. Gibbins, ‘PHARAOH: The Sarcophagus of Menkaure and the Wreck of the Beatrice’, http://davidgibbins.com/journal/2013/8/28/pharaoh-the-sarcophagus-of-menkaure-and-the-wreck-of-the-beatrice. R. Gundacker, ‘Die Inschrift an der Nordseite der Mykerinospyramide’, Sokar 19 (2009), 18—25. J. Leclant, ‘Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan 1967—1968,’ Orientalia 38 (1969), 240—307. M. Lehner and Z. A. Hawass, Giza and the Pyramids (2017). É. Prisse d’Avennes, Histoire de l’art égyptien: d’après les monuments; depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’à la domination romaine, 2 vols (1879). U. C. Ringuer, ‘The Story of the Lost Sarcophage’, Archaeology Mysteries, https://archaeologymysteries.com/2019/02/09/the-lost-sarcophage/. A. M. D. Roveri, I sarcofagi egizi dalle origini alla fine dell’antico regno (1969). J. Thompson, Wonderful Things, A History of Egyptology, I: From Antiquity to 1881 (2015). M. Verner, The Pyramids: The Archaeology and History of Egypt’s Iconic Monuments (Updated edn, 2020). H. Vyse, Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt and an Appendix, 2 (1840). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Third Giza Pyramid. Around 2520 BCE, King Khaf-Re died and his son Men-Kau-Re took power. Menkaure ("The Spirit of Re Endures") oversaw a more modest phase of pyramid building. His monument at Giza was the smallest pyramid yet. Were all of these pyramids straining the economy? We investigate a social structure very different from our own... Date c.2520 - 2500 BCE Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Select Bibliography: Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, 1994 (Amazon). Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, 2005 (Amazon). Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 2008 (Amazon). Gay Robins, The Art of Ancient Egypt, 2008 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A forgotten heir; a Great Sphinx. Following the death of King Khufu, the throne passed to one of his sons, Djed-ef-Ra. Then, it passed to Khafra ("He Appears Like Ra"). These kings are important, but only Khafra is remembered thanks to his enormous pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza... Date c.2550 - 2520 BCE Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Select Bibliography: Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, 1994 (Amazon). Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 2008 (Amazon). Gay Robins, The Art of Ancient Egypt, 2008 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A crime scene with no crime? In 1925, archaeologists working at Giza uncovered a remarkable monument. The tomb chamber of Queen Hetep-Heres (c.2630-2580 BCE) contained a wealth of beautiful, high-quality items. But the monument itself was strange, the excavation was a serious challenge, and the results were baffling in many ways. In this episode, we explore the discovery, revelation, the life, and the legacy of Queen Hetep-Heres I... Updated in 2024. Extended version of this episode and digital booklet available at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. The Tomb of Queen Hetep-Heres: Digital Giza http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/1509/full/. G. A. Reisner and W. S. Smith, A History of the Giza Necropolis Volume II: The Tomb of Hetep-Heres the Mother of Cheops (1955). Available online. M. Lehner, The Pyramid Tomb of Hetep-Heres and the Satellite Pyramid of Khufu (1985). Available online. The treasures of Hetep-Heres: Ancient objects at Digital Giza. Furniture of Hetep-Heres in the Cairo Museum at Wikimedia. Exact replicas at Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Modern reconstruction and replica of a throne at Harvard University. The bracelets of Hetep-Heres – Aegean silver? SCIMEX, ‘Queen Hetepheres’ bracelets reveal new information on trade networks in Old Kingdom Egypt, c 2600 BC’, Scimex, Available online. See also K. Sowada et al., ‘Analyses of Queen Hetepheres’ bracelets from her celebrated tomb in Giza reveals new information on silver, metallurgy and trade in Old Kingdom Egypt, c. 2600 BC’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 49 (2023), 1—9. Available online. The History of Egypt Podcast Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Updated in 2024. How archaeology can increase your life expectancy by 40%! For centuries, popular perceptions of the Great Pyramid’s construction have hinged on Herodotos reference to “twenty years.” While historians have debated that, hard evidence on the reign of Khufu (and its length) has always been fragmentary. In the past ten years, though, things have changed substantially. We now have strong evidence that Khufu reigned much longer than the “twenty years” story. This fundamentally changes our understanding of the period, and the Great Pyramid project… More information: Episode image: Khufu, small ivory statuette from Abydos (Egyptian Exploration Society archives). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Select Bibliography: The Memorial/Mortuary Temple of Khufu at Wikimedia Commons. Digital Giza, ‘Khufu Pyramid’, http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/1782/full/. H. Goedicke, Re-Used Blocks from the Pyramid of Amenemhat I at Lisht, 20 (1971) free download. Z. A. Hawass et al., ‘The Great Pyramid Temple Project’, AERAGram 21 (2020), 10—17 (free download). J.-P. Lauer, Note Complémentaire sur le Temple Funéraire de Khéops (1949). M. Lehner and Z. A. Hawass, Giza and the Pyramids (2017). F. Monnier and D. Lightbody, The Great Pyramid 2590 BC Onwards: Operations Manual (2019). K. Ryholt, ‘The Turin King-List’, Egypt and the Levant 14 (2004), 135—55. K. Ryholt, ‘The Turin King-List or So-Called Turin Canon (TC) as a Source for Chronology’, in E. Hornung et al. (eds), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (2006), 26—32. P. Tallet, Les Papyrus de la Mer Rouge I: Le ‘Journal de Merer’ (Papyrus Jarf A et B) (2017). P. Tallet and M. Lehner, The Red Sea Scrolls: How Ancient Papyri Reveal the Secrets of the Pyramids (2021). M. Verner, The Pyramids: The Archaeology and History of Egypt’s Iconic Monuments (Updated edn, 2020). Waseda University Institute of Egyptology, ‘Khufu’s Second Boat’, https://www.egyptpro.sci.waseda.ac.jp/e-khufu.html. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Magic and Prophecy. In this mini episode, we recount stories that the Egyptians told. Stories set in the reign of Khufu and his father Sneferu. Date c.2620 - 2550 BCE Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Select Bibliography: Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, 1994 (Amazon). Gay Robins, The Art of Ancient Egypt, 2008 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Toby Wilkinson, Writings from Ancient Egypt, 2015 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Building the Giza monuments. In the last years of Khufu’s reign, work on the Great Pyramid was nearing completion. From this period, the Diary of Merer provides unexpected testimony: a record of workers contributing to the Giza project… Episode Details Date: c. 2600 BCE. The Diary of Merer: English translation and commentary by Prof. Pierre Tallet available in Open Access. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Music by Bettina Joy de Guzman www.bettinajoydeguzman.com. Music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Audio editing and processing by yourpodcastpal.com. Select Bibliography: M. Lehner and Z. Hawass, Giza and the Pyramids (London, 2017). F. Monnier and D. Lightbody, The Great Pyramid 2590 BC Onwards (Sparkford, 2019). P. Tallet, Les Papyrus de la Mer Rouge I: Le ‘Journal de Merer’ (Papyrus Jarf A et B) (Cairo, 2017). P. Tallet and M. Lehner, The Red Sea Scrolls: How Ancient Papyri Reveal the Secrets of the Pyramids (London, 2021). M. Verner, The Pyramids: The Archaeology and History of Egypt’s Iconic Monuments (Cairo, 2020). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Khufu and the Great Pyramid. Around 2580 BCE, King Khnum-Khufu ("Khnum Protects Me") came to power. His reign lasted more than 25 years, and over this quarter century, Egyptians would build the largest pyramid in history... Date c. 2580 - 2550 BCE, www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the Show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Select Bibliography: Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, 1994 (Amazon). Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 2008 (Amazon). Gay Robins, The Art of Ancient Egypt, 2008 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, 2001 (Amazon). David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt, 2006 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Magical mystery cruise. King Sneferu was a legendary ruler. His three pyramids at Meidum and Dahshur mark the transition from Step Pyramids to True Pyramids. But his legacy is more than stone. The King left other records and hints of his personality. We go in search of the ruler who loved beauty... Episode details: Recorded 2022. Date: c. 2650 BCE. Texts: The Westcar Papyrus (translation by Mark-Jan Nederhof). Pyramids: The Meidum Pyramid, Bent Pyramid, and Red Pyramid (see all at wikimedia). Logo image: Sneferu's pyramid at Meidum via Wikimedia. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Audio editing and processing by yourpodcastpal.com. Select Bibliography: N. Alexanian and F. Arnold, ‘The Complex of the Bent Pyramid as a Landscape Design Project’, in M. Ullmann (ed.), 10. Ägyptologische Tempeltagung (2016), 1—16. Online. N. Alexanian et al., ‘Untersuchungen am unteren Aufweg der Knickpyramide in Dahschur’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 68 (2012), 1—30. F. Arnold, ‘A Ceremonial Building of King Snofru at Dahshur’, in M. Bietak and S. Prell (eds.), Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces (2018), 113—124. Online. G. Dormion and J.-Y. Verd’hurt, La chambre de Meidoum : analyse architecturale. 1, Texte (2013). F. Monnier, ‘New Light on the Architecture of the Bent Pyramid’, Nile Magazine 20 (2019), 44—50. Online. F. Monnier, ‘A New Survey of the Upper Chambers of Snefru’s Pyramids at Dahshur’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture 4 (2020), 1—17. Online. M-J. Nederhof, “The Westcar Papyrus,” translation online. L. Parys, Le récit du Papyrus Westcar : texte, traduction, interprétation (2017). C. Reader, ‘The Meidum Pyramid’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt (2015), 203—224. Online. D. Rosenow, ‘Dahschur, Ägypten. Die Arbeiten der Herbstkampagne 2019 und Frühjahrskampagne 2020’, Elektronische Publikationen Desdeutschen Archäologischen Instituts 2 (2020), 8—15. Online. M. Verner, The Pyramids: The Archaeology and History of Egypt’s Iconic Monuments (2020). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The wondrous monuments of King Sneferu. Around 2650 BCE, Egypt's Fouth Dynasty began. King Sneferu kick-started a golden age of pyramid building. Over thirty-plus years, the King's architects and labourers designed three magnificent monuments, eventually culminating in the first "true" pyramid. Date c.2620 - 2580 BCE www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the Show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Select Bibliography: Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, 1994 (Amazon). Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 2008 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, 2001 (Amazon). David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt, 2006 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Ambitious failures. Following the reign of Netjerykhet Djoser, the next generation would attempt to surpass his monuments. King Sekhem-khet tried, but failed, to achieve this. In this episode, we fill a lesser-known gap in the history of ancient Egypt's pyramids. At the same time, we tell the tale of a renowned archaeologist, Mohamed Zakariah Goneim, whose work and influence deserve greater recognition... Episode details: Episode written 2019/2020. Released to Patreon subscribers 2021. Released to public 2022. Date: c. 2670 — 2630 BCE Kings: Netjerykhet (Djoser); Sekhem-khet; Kha-ba. Logo: The entrance to Sekhemkhet's pyramid at Saqqara. See more at wikimedia. Music: Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Support the show via Patreon at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. References and images at www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Video: See modern stoneworkers reproducing ancient vessels, at Scientists Against Myths https://youtu.be/dC3Z_DBnCp8 Select Bibliography: Andrzej Ćwiek, “Date and Function of the So-Called Minor Step Pyramids,” Göttingen Miszellen 162 (1998): 39–52. Raphael Giveon, "A Second Relief of Sekhemkhet in Sinai," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 216 (1974): 17-20. M. Zakaria Goneim, The Buried Pyramid, 1956. M. Zakaria Goneim, Horus Sekhem-khet: The Unfinished Step Pyramid at Saqqara, 1957. Jean-Philippe Lauer, "Le Complexe Funéraire De L'horus Sekhem-Khet Et La Seconde Pyramide A Degrés De Saqqarah," Revue Archéologique 2 (1959): 89-95. Ronald J. Leprohon, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary, 2013. Stephan J. Seidlmayer, "The Relative Chronology of Dynasty 3," in E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D. Warburton (eds), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, 2006: 116-23. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As Egypt's "Third Dynasty" began, a new monument took shape. King Netjerykhet Djoser and his architect, Imhotep, created something unusual. The Step Pyramid rose on the western horizon, ushering in a new era of monument building... Time Period: circa 2700 – 2650 BCE Kings: Netjerykhet (Djoser) Notable sites: Saqqara, Iunu (Heliopolis) Episode Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. The History of Egypt Podcast website www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast.com. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Select Bibliography: Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 2008 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, 2001 (Amazon). David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt, 2006 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Atum Creates the Universe. The stories of how ancient Egypt (and the world) came into existence are beautiful. In this episode, we explore three Creation myths: the tale of Atum and the primeval Ocean; the tale of Ptah and the divine word; and the story of the Ogdoad, the Council of Eight Gods. Each tale gives its own spin on the origins of life, the universe, and everything... Date c.4.5 billion years ago - 10,000 BCE Website: https://egyptianhistorypodcast.com Support the Show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Follow the show on social media www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast and www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Warring gods, divided dynasties. Following the First Dynasty of rulers, the Egyptian royal family seems to divide. Shadowy records hint at civil conflicts, and archaeological information reveals climate change and economic decay. These troubles shattered royal unity, but they may have had a larger legacy: inspiring tales of the gods Horus and Seth, who waged a decades-long battle for the kingship of Egypt... Time period: 2850 – 2700 BCE. Kings: Peribsen, Khasekhemwy. Notable sites: Saqqara, Abydos. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. The History of Egypt Podcast website www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast.com. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Select Bibliography: Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, 2001 (Amazon). David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt, 2006 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Egypt's earliest monarchs are a curious bunch. Powerful figures like Aha and Merneith left their mark on this "First Dynasty," with lavish tombs and extensive records. Egyptians led campaigns and trading expeditions to foreign lands. Along the way, they achieved a form of immortality... Time period: circa 3000-2900 BCE Kings: Aha, Djer, Wadjet, Mer-Neith, Den. Notable sites: Abdju (Abydos), Nekhen (Hierakonpolis), Saqqara (necropolis of Memphis). Gods: Horus, Neith Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. The History of Egypt Podcast website www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast.com. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Select Bibliography: Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many, 1996 (Amazon). John Romer, A History of Egypt: from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013 (Amazon). Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, 2001 (Amazon). David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt, 2006 (Amazon). Robert Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State, 2009 (Amazon). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Five thousand years ago, a kingdom emerged on the banks of the Nile. The "Two Lands" of Southern and Northern Egypt slowly unified, and rulers like Narmer established their authority. The origins of the kingdom are murky, but archaeology can uncover secrets. In this episode, we meet the first ruler of the land, get a sense of Egypt and its people, and introduce the podcast as a whole. Welcome! Date: circa 3050 – 3000 BCE. Kings: Narmer, Scorpion (epilogue). The History of Egypt Podcast website. Support the show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Episode Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Select Bibliography: Kathryn A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, 2nd edition, 2015. Eugenia D’Atanasio et al., “The Peopling of the Last Green Sahara Revealed by High-Coverage Resequencing of Trans-Saharan Patrilineages,” Genome Biology 19.20 (2018): 1–15. Gunter Dreyer, “Tomb U-j: A Royal Burial of Dynasty 0 at Abydos,” in Emily Teeter (ed.) Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, 2011: 127-36. A.J. Spencer, Early Egypt: The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley, 1993. Barry J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, 3rd edition, 2018. David O’Connor, Abydos: Egypt’s First Pharaohs and the Cult of Osiris, 2011. John Romer, A History of Ancient Egypt from the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, 2013. Alice Stevenson, “Material Culture of the Predynastic Period,” in Emily Teeter (ed.) Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, 2011: 65-74. David Wengrow, “Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power: The African Foundations of Ancient Egyptian Civilization Reconsidered,” in David O’Connor and Andrew Reid (eds) Ancient Egypt in Africa, 2003: 121-36. David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, 2006. Robert J. Wenke, The Ancient Egyptian State: The Origins of Egyptian Culture (c. 8000 – 2000 BC), 2009. Toby A.H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, 1999. Bruce B. Williams, “Relations Between Egypt and Nubia in the Predynastic Period,” in Emily Teeter (ed.) Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, 2011: 83-92. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Welcome to the show! If you are wondering whether to start the story, this introduction will give you the gist. Learn more on our website or the Patreon. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices