Counter-Errorism in Diving: Applying Human Factors to Diving

This episode explores the power of small, intentional changes to improve teamwork, leadership, and performance in diving. Drawing from the Human Diver team's experience with a new training platform, we discuss how focusing on key skills like communication, task prioritization, and role clarity can create significant improvements. By embracing curiosity, running effective debriefs, sharing stories, and taking actionable steps, we can build safer, more effective diving practices. Change starts with small actions, and owning that change is the key to lasting impact. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/what-one-thing   Links: Marginal gains: https://jamesclear.com/marginal-gains DEBrIEF guide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief If Only… documentary: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly The Human Diver blogs: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog Contact Gareth: https://www.thehumandiver.com/contact The Essentials class: https://www.thehumandiver.com/HFiD-Essentials Level 1 Webinar: https://www.thehumandiver.com/hfid-level-1-webinar-series Face-to-Face program: https://www.thehumandiver.com/hfid-level-2 2 relevant blogs: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/knowledge-is-not-enough-we-must-apply https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-power-of-one   Tags:  English, Debrief, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, If Only, Just Culture, Leadership

Leadership in diving is critical for navigating uncertain situations and achieving successful outcomes, whether you're teaching students, leading a dive project, or running a dive center. Drawing lessons from Ernest Shackleton's legendary leadership and modern theories of influence, this episode explores how effective leaders go beyond authority and management to inspire trust, foster psychological safety, and build personal connections. We discuss six key strategies for diving instructors, including defining a clear purpose, embracing humility, managing conflict constructively, learning from mistakes, adapting leadership styles, and showing genuine care for others. Tune in for actionable insights to enhance your leadership in the water and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/follow-me-trust-me-i-am-your-leader   Links: Building psychological safety in a team (part 1): https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 Trust is based on 1:1 relationships: https://www.forbes.com/sites/shanesnow/2020/04/27/this-common-approach-to-earning-trust-completely-backfires-on-leaders/?sh=515264702fcb Goodheart’s law: https://humanisticsystems.com/2019/10/24/shorrocks-law-of-limits/ Double-loop learning: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-loop_learning The Ladder of Inference: https://thesystemsthinker.com/the-ladder-of-inference/ Self Discovery techniques: https://spectrumofteachingstyles.org/index.php?id=21 The Myth of the Advert: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/shackleton-probably-never-took-out-an-ad-seeking-men-for-a-hazardous-journey-5552379/   Tags:  English, Communication, Gareth Lock, Leadership, Psychological Safety, Teamwork

Debriefs are vital for learning and improvement, but making them effective can be challenging. This episode explores how the DEBrIEF framework, inspired by aviation and human factors experts, provides a structured approach to debriefing that fosters psychological safety. We discuss the importance of vulnerability, showing that even experienced divers make mistakes, and how leading by example encourages honest self-reflection. Real-world examples highlight how debriefs can move beyond surface-level feedback, helping teams identify areas for growth and create meaningful solutions. With the right structure and environment, debriefs can become powerful tools for continuous improvement in diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-importance-of-psychological-safety-in-debriefs   Links: The DEBrIEF model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief Jenny and Mike’s Briefing and Debriefing presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTM_Lh7HtmA&t=591s   Tags:  English, Communication, Debrief, Gareth Lock, Psychological Safety, Teamwork

In this episode, we explore the meaning of accountability and its role in learning and improvement. Is accountability about assigning blame, or can it be a tool for growth? We discuss the difference between backward-looking accountability, which focuses on punishment, and forward-looking accountability, which emphasizes understanding, empathy, and systemic change. Drawing on lessons from healthcare and diving, we highlight the importance of hearing multiple perspectives, addressing the needs of those impacted, and fostering a culture of responsibility over blame. By sharing real-world examples, we show how open conversations and a Just Culture approach can lead to better outcomes, stronger relationships, and meaningful improvements in safety and performance. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/accountability-or-another-word-for-blame   Links: Two approaches to accountability: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1878-4_3 Accountability and Responsibility defined: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324582377_Accountability_and_responsibility_defined Helping people understand what happened: https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/best-response-medical-errors-transparency Communications and Resolutions Programmes: https://communicationandresolution.org/communication-and-resolution-programs/ ‘Work as Imagined’ and “Work as Done’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtgIwHrUWVQ&list=PLNXuyLsCTX6hHS3newpcROfJ_JiI27q3C&index=24&t=1s Restorative Just Culture in The Merseyside NHS Trust: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331284479_Restorative_Just_Culture_a_Study_of_the_Practical_and_Economic_Effects_of_Implementing_Restorative_Justice_in_an_NHS_Trust Restorative Just Culture: http://www.safetydifferently.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/RestorativeJustCultureChecklist-1.pdf Second and Thrid victims: https://youtu.be/YeSvCEpg6ew   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Incidents, Just Culture

In this episode, we dive into how to integrate human factors and non-technical skills into dive training and businesses. We explore the importance of understanding and applying these concepts in real-world scenarios, from effective communication to structured debriefing. Discover practical tools like blogs, workshops, and the Essentials of Human Factors in Diving course to deepen your knowledge and improve safety. Learn how abstraction, open questions, and storytelling can enhance learning and problem-solving in diving. Tune in to hear actionable advice on making human factors a core part of your diving practice. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/knowledge-is-not-enough-we-must-apply   Links: Human Factors in Diving Conference videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNXuyLsCTX6hHS3newpcROfJ_JiI27q3C Blog page: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog Dummies series: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog?tag=dummies DeBRIEF guide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief If Only…documentary: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly Gareth’s contact for Mandated Essentials class, or Affiliate link: https://www.thehumandiver.com/contact   Tags: English, Gareth Lock

In this episode, we explore why calling a dive can be so difficult and why safety ultimately allows us to dive more. We discuss how small issues and stressors, combined with the sunk cost fallacy, can lead divers to push boundaries they wouldn’t normally cross. Drawing on personal experiences, we highlight the challenges of making safety-focused decisions and why they’re essential for long-term enjoyment of the sport. Safety may seem like a small loss in the moment, but it guarantees the chance for many more dives in the future. Listen in to learn how to balance risk and reward to keep diving safe and fun. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/sunk-costs   Links: Guaranteed small loss vs possibly big loss blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-choices-guaranteed-small-loss-or-a-probable-large-loss-injury-or-fatality   Tags:  English, Cognitive Biases, Decision-Making, Jenny Lord    

Why is safety often seen as boring in diving? In this episode, we discuss a story of high-current dives, questionable guiding practices, and the stigma of prioritizing safety over thrill. While safety briefings and precautions might seem dull or restrictive, they’re the key to longevity in diving—and life. A safe diver isn’t boring; they’re the one who gets to dive again tomorrow. We explore the value of being the “boring” diver, how safety builds trust among dive buddies, and why prioritizing safety ensures more adventures in the long run. Don’t let “fun” override your commitment to coming home safe. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/safety-is-boring   Links: Safety is nothingness blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/safety-is-nothingness   Tags:  English, Jenny Lord, Safety, Safety Culture

What can WWII bombers teach us about diving? The story of Abraham Wald’s counterintuitive armor placement on planes highlights the importance of analyzing what’s not immediately visible—a lesson diving can embrace. Success in diving isn’t just about avoiding accidents but understanding why things go well and whether it’s skill or luck. Reflecting on successes and failures through effective debriefs can enhance learning. Additionally, survivorship bias can skew our perception, as we often focus on thriving divers and ignore those who leave the sport. Incorporating human factors and non-technical skills, like communication and psychological safety, is crucial for safer, more enjoyable diving. Change starts with action—let’s bring these lessons to the forefront of the diving industry. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/were-you-lucky-or-were-you-good   Links: Abraham Wald: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Wald Operations Research and Management Science Applied to Marketing: https://www.decisionanalyst.com/whitepapers/bulletholesinbombers/ DeBRIEF model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief Close Calls: https://stratiskas.com/closecalls/ Under Pressure: https://www.thehumandiver.com/underpressure   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Incident Analysis, Incident Investigation

Mistakes are an essential part of learning, but in the highly regulated world of diving, the fear of judgment often stifles open discussion. Unlike other extreme sports where mistakes are embraced as learning opportunities, diving culture tends to focus on blame. This discourages growth and progress within the community. A "Just Culture" encourages sharing mistakes—large or small—without fear, fostering learning and improvement for everyone. Divers, especially those in leadership roles, are urged to lead by example by sharing their stories, explaining how their mistakes made sense at the time, and how they’ve adapted since. Join the movement to normalize learning from errors by engaging in safe spaces like the Human Factors in Diving Facebook group. Let’s change the culture together. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/we-ve-got-an-attitude-problem   Links: The Human Diver Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/184882365201810 My Biggest Mistake blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/my-biggest-mistake Just Culture: https://gue.com/blog/is-a-just-culture-needed-to-support-learning-from-near-misses-and-diving-accidents/ Blaming blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/surely-if-we-blame-and-punish-things-will-be-safer Building a psychologically safe team: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-2   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Jenny Lord, Just Culture, Psychological Safety

When diving accidents occur, the immediate response often blames rule-breaking, but reality is far more complex. Rules are designed to enhance safety, yet accidents can happen even when rules are followed—and sometimes rules are broken without incident. Diving operations occur within a web of technical, social, and cultural conditions, which can provoke deviations. This highlights the gap between “work as imagined” (rules and procedures) and “work as done” (real-world practice). Understanding why rules are broken requires looking at the system rather than focusing solely on individuals. A Just Culture, where context-rich stories can be shared without fear of punishment, helps address underlying issues and drives meaningful improvements in safety. Punishment alone rarely deters rule-breaking if systemic conditions remain unchanged. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/they-broke-the-rules   Links: Root Cause blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-root-cause-of-an-accident Identifying violation-provoking conditions in a healthcare setting: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18941971/ The Extent of Conditions: https://preaccidentpodcast.podbean.com/e/papod-399-the-extent-of-condition-episode/ Normalisation of Deviance from the Challenger launch decision: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Challenger-Launch-Decision-Technology-Deviance/dp/0226851761   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Just Culture, Normalisation of Deviance, Normalization of Deviance

Murphy’s Law suggests that if something can go wrong, it will, but this oversimplifies reality. Most of the time, things go right, even when procedures are ignored or actions are flawed, which can create a false sense of safety. Instead of focusing on outcomes alone, we need to examine the processes that led to success or failure, using tools like structured debriefs. By asking questions like “Were we good, or were we lucky?” and exploring both what went well and what needs improvement, we can identify and address risks before they lead to serious consequences. Near-misses and incidents, like the recent tragic chlorine gas leak in Aqaba, offer critical learning opportunities, revealing how systemic issues often underlie individual errors. Ultimately, effective safety management comes from understanding and addressing the deeper factors that influence behavior, not just following rules blindly or blaming outcomes. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/murphy-was-wrong   Links: Chlorine blast in Jordan: https://youtu.be/iMBEfa-5wbs DeBRIEF guide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief The illusion of Safety blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/quarks-and-meows-the-state-of-diving-safety   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Risk, Risk Management

In this episode, we discuss a controversial Facebook post about a novice diver being taken beyond their certification limits to 45 meters by an instructor, sparking a heated debate on blame, punishment, and safety in the diving community. We explore key issues like authority gradients, risk-reward perceptions, and the normalization of deviant behaviors that lead to unsafe practices. Instead of focusing solely on punitive actions, we delve into how changing the environment and promoting a culture of learning and accountability can better address systemic issues. Tune in to understand why context, education, and proactive management are crucial for improving diving safety and culture. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/surely-if-we-blame-and-punish-things-will-be-safer   Links: Building psychological safety blog series, Part 1: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 Crew Resource Management: https://skybrary.aero/articles/crew-resource-management-crm Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons: https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/events-courses/course-details-non-technical-skills-for-surgeons-notss Anaesthetists Non-Technical Skills: https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/105/1/38/307710 Well Operations Crew Resource Management: https://www.iogp.org/bookstore/product/guidelines-for-implementing-well-operations-crew-resource-management-training/ The Human Diver courses: https://www.thehumandiver.com/hfid-training-2025  Normalisation of Deviance blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/being-a-deviant-is-normal Experience or Expertise blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-importance-of-experience Sharing mistakes you make blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/my-biggest-mistake Bad Apples blog: https://gue.com/blog/do-bad-apples-actually-exist/ High Reliability Organisations: https://www.aihs.org.au/sites/default/files/A%20Practical%20Guide%20to%20becoming%20a%20High%20Reliability%20Organisation%20-%20Andrew%20Hopkins.pdf   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Just Culture, Leadership, Psychological Safety

This blog explores the challenges of integrating Human Factors into diving, starting with the very nature of human factors themselves. Diving incidents often get oversimplified as “diver error,” ignoring the broader system and context influencing decisions. From cognitive shortcuts to commercial pressures, Gareth Lock unpacks how biases, complacency, and industry practices affect safety. The blog emphasizes the value of non-technical skills—such as decision-making, teamwork, and situational awareness—not just for critical incidents but for enhancing the overall diving experience. It also invites divers to start small, such as with an Essentials class, to gain insights into performance and safety. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the_problem_with_human_factors_is   Links: Types of Human Factors: https://humanisticsystems.com/2017/08/11/four-kinds-of-human-factors-1-the-human-factor/ How the langauge we use matters: https://gue.com/blog/the-role-of-agency-when-discussing-diving-incidents-an-adverse-event-occurs-an-instructor-makes-a-mistake/ Biases and Heuristics: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/i-am-biased-you-are-biased-we-are-all-biased Drawing video: https://youtu.be/x9wn633vl_c Efficiency vs complacency: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/complacency-the-silent-killer-but-it-s-not-that-simple Outcome and severity bias: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome Status-quo bias: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/status-quo The Essentials Class: https://www.thehumandiver.com/HFiD-Essentials If Only… documentary: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Human Factors, Non-Technical Skills

In this episode, we dive into the complex nature of safety in diving and explore why it’s not as simple as just following rules or avoiding accidents. Safety is shaped by people, technology, processes, and culture, creating a socio-technical system where risks must be managed dynamically. We discuss how perceptions of safety differ among individuals and organisations, the influence of rewards and biases on decision-making, and the balance between taking risks and achieving goals. Listeners are encouraged to reflect on their own approach to diving safety, develop skills to manage uncertainties, and embrace a mindset of continuous learning to build resilience and mitigate failures. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/quarks-and-meows-the-state-of-diving-safety   Links: Rasmussen’s Drift: https://youtu.be/SPa9Th9Fwh4 Schrodinger's cat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat Hindsight bias: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome The importance of experience: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-importance-of-experience High-reliability teams and organisations: https://www.high-reliability.org/the-five-principles-of-weick-sutcliffe High reliability organisations are learning organisations too: https://gue.com/blog/improvement-requires-learning-learning-happens-at-the-organizational-level-too/   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Leadership, Safety Culture

In this episode, we explore the unintended consequences of rewarding specific behaviors and metrics in both high-risk industries and diving. From the infamous Cobra Effect in colonial India to modern-day challenges in reporting safety metrics, we examine how well-intentioned systems can backfire when rewards drive undesirable behaviors. In the diving world, certifications, dive counts, and reporting systems can be gamed, undermining safety and learning. We discuss how fostering a culture of psychological safety, shared learning, and context-driven discussions can transform mistakes into opportunities for growth. The key takeaway? Be mindful of what you reward—learning and improvement should always take precedence over punitive measures or superficial metrics. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/are-there-cobras-in-diving   Links: Goodhart’s Law: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law Scuba Accidents and Risk Management Techniques for Divers Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1612046102342961 The Human Diver: Human Factors in Diving Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/184882365201810 Weak signals: https://skybrary.aero/articles/weak-signals-approach-ansp-safety-performance BMW celebrating failure: https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing/the-acclaim-of-failure-why-bmw-reward-employee-mistakes-qmDonsLAav   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Just Culture, Leadership, Psychological Safety, Teamwork

In this episode, we explore the role of punishment in learning and accident investigations, challenging the idea that punishment fosters accountability or safety. Drawing from research by Heraghty, Dekker, and Rae, we discuss how punishment often stifles honesty, trust, and meaningful learning by creating a culture of fear. Using real-world examples, like a tragic drysuit diving accident and the grounding of a liveaboard vessel, we examine systemic issues that contribute to failures and how biases like hindsight and severity affect our responses. Instead of focusing on blame, we advocate for systemic, science-based approaches to foster psychological safety, support accountability, and promote learning to prevent future incidents. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/blame-or-learn   Links: Modifying an accident process and its justice system: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092575352100093X?via%3Dihub Punishment doesn’t change behaviours associated with errant behaviours: https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html Managing accidents using retributive justice mechanisms: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925753520300746?via%3Dihub Linnea Mills case: https://divernet.com/scuba-news/12m-lawsuit-follows-suit-squeeze-death/ Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791858?seq=1 The likelihood of drift: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/being-a-deviant-is-normal Modifying an accident process and its justice system: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092575352100093X?via%3Dihub CIEHF Guide to Learning from Adverse Events: https://ergonomics.org.uk/resource/learning-from-adverse-events.html Socorro Vortex grounding: https://www.deeperblue.com/socorro-vortex-liveaboard-runs-aground/ Report from the Danish MAritime Accident Investigation Board: https://dmaib.com/reports/2021/beaumaiden-grounding-on-18-october-2021/ Cognitive biases that limit learning: https://gue.com/blog/drift-is-normal-being-a-deviant-is-normal-heres-why/ Identifying error prone or error producing conditions: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/human-error-in-diving-is-it-really-that-simple Stoney Cove “Safety Stop” case: https://divernet.com/scuba-diving/diving-instructor-cleared-in-safety-stop-death-case/ Sidney Dekker’s Restorative Just Culture Checklist: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vkg0o4Fc8XWsAul-mkXNqD5lwokQ0ntP/view?usp=sharing   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Incident Analysis, Incident Investigation, Incident Reporting, Just Culture, Leadership, Psychological Safety

In this episode, we explore how systems, not just individuals, shape safety outcomes in aviation, diving, and daily life. We discuss historical lessons, such as redesigning cockpit controls in WWII B-17 bombers to prevent pilot errors, and modern examples like changes to ATM processes to reduce card loss. Diving safety is also examined, highlighting the recurring nature of incidents and the limitations of focusing solely on human error without addressing systemic issues. Drawing on insights from safety science and Professor James Reason's work, we emphasize the importance of creating conditions that support human performance rather than blaming individuals for predictable mistakes. Tune in to learn how understanding and improving systems can lead to safer, more effective outcomes. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/fix-the-diver   Links: ‘Bad Apples’ blog: https://gue.com/blog/do-bad-apples-actually-exist/ Study from Denoble et al: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23955484_Common_causes_of_open-circuit_recreational_diving_fatalities BSAC annual diving incident report: https://www.bsac.com/safety/diving-incidents/annual-diving-incident-report/ Forcing functions to reduce catastrophic failures: https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/human-factors-engineering Types of error: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/mistakes-errors-words-have-meaning Perception of risk paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271767726_Perception_of_Risk   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Non-Technical Skills

Status Quo Bias is the tendency to stick with familiar choices, even when better options exist, and it impacts decisions in many areas, including diving. From Coca-Cola's "New Coke" failure to nitrox's initial resistance in the diving world, this bias highlights our preference for the familiar and reluctance to embrace change. It shows up in dive site routes we repeat, equipment setups we hesitate to adjust, and training paths we follow without exploring alternatives. Being aware of this bias can help us question our habits, seek new perspectives, and make more informed decisions in diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/status-quo   Links: Maintaining the Status Quo: https://www.academia.edu/8285384/The_Psychology_of_Preferences? …If there is choice overload: https://econweb.umd.edu/~masatlioglu/DKM.pdf …if there are costs to consider: https://philarchive.org/archive/NEBSQB   Tags:  English, Cognitive Biases, Decision-Making, Leadership, Mike Mason

This episode dives into the complexities of risk, decision-making, and resilience, blending personal experience with critical lessons for divers and beyond. Host Gareth Lock recounts his journey from peak physical fitness to surviving a near-fatal cardiac event, emphasizing the importance of recognizing weak signals, confronting cognitive biases, and understanding that safety isn’t just about training or equipment but also mindset and preparedness. Gareth challenges us to think critically about risk, share vulnerabilities, and prioritize health and safety—not just for ourselves, but for those around us. This episode is a powerful reminder that resilience and change start with awareness and action. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/risks-decisions-lessons   Links: Fitness for Rescues video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOiHkpvp2NU Willful blindness: https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_the_dangers_of_willful_blindness?language=en UK-DMC Post COVID score: https://www.ukdmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/UKDMC_COVID-19_diver_scorecard_Rev_1_20220209.pdf   Tags:   English, Cognitive Biases, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock

This episode explores the Efficiency Thoroughness Trade-Off (ETTO), a concept by Erik Hollnagel that explains how we balance being thorough and efficient in everyday tasks, including diving. Using relatable examples like incomplete checks and forgotten tasks, we discuss how time pressures and biases often lead us to prioritize productivity over safety—usually with successful outcomes, but occasionally with costly mistakes. We examine how ETTO influences individual and organizational decisions, highlighting strategies like checklists and clear communication to counteract its risks. By understanding these trade-offs, we can learn from past incidents and create safer, more effective systems in diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/ETTO   Links: If Only documentary: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly Behavioural economics: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-bend-is-uninteresting-the-related-decisions-are-much-more-so ETTO paper: https://erikhollnagel.com/onewebmedia/ETTO.pdf System 1 to System 2 thinking: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cfd8z3l3TYk   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Incident Analysis, Non-technical Skills

This episode dives into a powerful, real-life story of a cave diving incident that highlights the importance of psychological safety, trust, and clear communication in high-stakes environments. The narrative explores how a seemingly small misunderstanding about gas pressure spiraled into a stressful situation, showcasing the impact of doubt and unspoken concerns within a team. Lessons learned include the value of speaking up, taking responsibility, and building a culture of questioning and trust. The story serves as a reminder that even experienced divers can learn from mistakes, reinforcing the idea that addressing doubts early can prevent cascading problems and improve team dynamics. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/whenever-there-is-any-doubt-there-is-no-doubt   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Leadership Psychological Safety, Teamwork

Why do we do things the way we do? This question is at the heart of a story about a family’s tradition of cutting the ends off meat before cooking—a habit traced back to a Great Grandmother’s small tray. The tale highlights how unexamined habits can persist long after their original purpose is gone. In diving, the same applies to the debate over teaching students on their knees versus neutrally buoyant. While the former method made sense in the past, equipment advancements and new techniques now show better results with neutral buoyancy. Change, though, is hard—habits, convenience, and social norms all play a role. But by questioning the status quo, we open doors to improvements, whether it’s in teaching techniques, post-dive debriefs, or even gas analysis. Change may require effort, but the rewards can make it worthwhile. So, ask yourself: why have we always done it that way? Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/why-change-is-hard-in-diving   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Jenny Lord, Leadership

In this episode, we discuss the complexities of learning from mistakes and adverse events in diving and beyond. Using real-world examples, including a technical diving error and a high-profile medical case, we explore how systemic pressures, biases like hindsight and confirmation bias, and the gap between "work as imagined" and "work as done" influence decisions. We highlight the importance of Just Culture in fostering open discussions and meaningful learning, emphasizing that improving safety means addressing systemic issues, not just individual actions. Join us to rethink how we approach errors and build resilience in high-pressure environments. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome   Links: Last week’s blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/my-biggest-mistake HFiD Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/184882365201810 Some cognitive biases: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/from_blaming_to_learning RaDonda Vaught verdict: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/03/25/1088902487/former-nurse-found-guilty-in-accidental-injection-death-of-75-year-old-patient Learning from RaDonda Vaught case: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reckless-homicide-vanderbilt-just-culture-analysis-david-marx/ The learning line (page 7, section 6): http://sunnyday.mit.edu/16.863/rasmussen-safetyscience.pdf Learning organisation: https://gue.com/blog/improvement-requires-learning-learning-happens-at-the-organizational-level-too/   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Hindsight Bias, Just Culture, Psychological Safety

In this episode, we explore how context drives behavior and how mistakes can happen even to experienced professionals. Sharing a personal story about a diving oversight, we examine how time pressures, language barriers, and assumptions led to a dangerous error—and the lessons learned from it. Highlighting the importance of psychological safety and robust pre-dive checks, we discuss why understanding "how it made sense at the time" is key to improving safety and preventing future mistakes. Tune in to rethink how we approach errors and learn from unintended outcomes. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/my-biggest-mistake   Links: Gareth’s blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/from_blaming_to_learning   Tags:  English, Cognitive Biases, Communications, Decision Making, Jenny Lord, Just Culture, Psychological Safety

Mistakes, slips, and lapses are a natural part of human performance, influenced by factors like training, time pressures, and equipment design. While rule-breaking may seem deliberate, it's often shaped by context, social pressures, and the perceived benefits of deviation. Biases like hindsight, outcome, and severity distort how we interpret incidents, leading to blame rather than understanding. Effective learning requires exploring why decisions made sense at the time and avoiding counterfactual judgments like "should have" or "could have." By shifting from blame to understanding and investigating systemic factors, we can improve safety and performance in diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/from_blaming_to_learning   Links: Research about anaesthetists: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18941971/ Bad apples: https://gue.com/blog/do-bad-apples-actually-exist/ Attribution of agency: https://gue.com/blog/the-role-of-agency-when-discussing-diving-incidents-an-adverse-event-occurs-an-instructor-makes-a-mistake/ Further reading: To blame is human. To fix is to engineer. https://www.academia.edu/527985/People_or_Systems_To_blame_is_human_The_fix_is_to_engineer  The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error. S. Dekker.   Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors: Learning from Adverse Events https://ergonomics.org.uk/resource/learning-from-adverse-events.html  US Forest Service - Learning Review Guide. https://www.fs.usda.gov/rmrs/coordinated-response-protocol-learning-review  "Blame is the Enemy of Safety" from Engineering a Safer World by Nancy Leveson. Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Incident Analysis, Incident Investigation, Incident Reporting, Just Culture

In this episode, we explore how instructors can balance leadership with fostering psychological safety in diving education. Psychological safety, defined as a "rewarded vulnerability," is crucial for creating environments where mistakes, questions, and challenges to the status quo are welcomed without fear of ridicule or blame. By understanding and implementing the four stages of psychological safety—Inclusion, Learner, Contributor, and Challenger safety—diving leaders can create teams that thrive on collaboration, trust, and continuous learning. We discuss practical strategies, like sharing mistakes, setting ground rules, and encouraging constructive feedback, to nurture this safety and improve outcomes for both instructors and students. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/challenger-safety-control   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Just Culture, Leadership, Psychological Safety

In this episode, we explore the importance of checklists in diving, inspired by lessons from aviation and medicine. After a tragic 1935 plane crash, pilots introduced simple checklists to reduce human error—an approach now standard in high-risk industries. Checklists help compensate for our natural forgetfulness and distractions by providing quick prompts for essential tasks. For divers, effective checklists should be simple, fit for the environment, and backed by proper training. Teams benefit from shared checklists, improving safety through collaboration and consistency. Adopting checklists as a cultural norm, much like in surgery, can make diving safer and more efficient for everyone. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/why-checklists-work   Links: Atul Gawande’s Reith Lecture: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/6F2X8TpsxrJpnsq82hggHW/dr-atul-gawande-2014-reith-lectures Reduction in mortality due to checklists: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsa0810119 How a checklist can be the difference between living and dying: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly   Tags:  English, Checklists, Decision-Making, Mike Mason

Experience and practice are crucial for making better decisions, especially in uncertain situations, but they aren’t the same. Perfect practice builds expertise, while varied experiences across different environments enhance decision-making by expanding mental patterns. Decision-making relies on situational awareness, which involves sensing, understanding, and projecting future outcomes, all influenced by our training, memories, and expectations. Models like Gary Klein’s recognition-primed decision-making show how we use cues and past experiences to act efficiently, even under pressure. Feedback loops and a culture of learning are key to refining our actions. By diversifying your practice and learning, you can build the mental models needed to think and act like an expert. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-importance-of-experience   Links: DEBRIEF model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Situation Awareness

In this episode, we explore how human perception and assumptions can lead to critical errors, using real-world examples like the tragic 1994 friendly fire incident where two US helicopters were mistaken for enemy aircraft. These events highlight the dangers of "believing is seeing" and how expectations can shape our decisions under pressure. We connect these lessons to diving, where incomplete information and mental shortcuts can result in serious incidents. Learn how to reduce errors by validating assumptions, improving communication, and fostering shared mental models, helping to enhance safety and teamwork in high-risk environments. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/believing-is-seeing   Links: What You Look For Is What You Find paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925753509000137 Language can shape expectations: https://gue.com/blog/the-role-of-agency-when-discussing-diving-incidents-an-adverse-event-occurs-an-instructor-makes-a-mistake/   Tags:  English, Cave Diving, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Rebreather, Situation Awareness

In this episode, we discuss integrating Human Factors training into technical diving courses, inspired by a new program blending eLearning, hands-on skills, and real-world exploration. The program emphasized teamwork, leadership, and psychological safety, with the DEBRIEF model becoming a standout tool for improving feedback and team efficiency. Students embraced these concepts, leading to more effective learning and collaboration. Lessons learned included refining teaching methods, incorporating Human Factors into all course modules, and fostering a just culture. The result? Better divers, better teammates, and a better instructor. Tune in for insights on enhancing diver education through Human Factors. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/HF_Into_Archaeology   Links: Underwater Archaeology Society of British Columbia: http://www.uasbc.com/ DEBRIEF model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief The Essentials class: https://www.thehumandiver.com/HFiD-Essentials Guy Shockey: [email protected]   Tags:  English, Debrief, Decision-Making, Guy Shockey, Leadership, Teamwork

In this episode, we explore the complexities of situational awareness (SA) in diving and why it's often only recognized as missing after an event has occurred. SA involves interpreting sensory data and predicting future outcomes based on experience. Experienced divers may notice subtle signs of danger, like coral movements indicating currents or rust falling in a wreck, while novices lack the knowledge to anticipate or respond. Distractions, limited mental capacity, or unclear information can divert attention from critical issues. Rather than focusing on "loss of SA," we discuss how effective briefings, experience, and deliberate focus can help divers pay attention to what truly matters underwater. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/cant_pay_MORE_attention   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Non-technical Skills, Situation Awareness

In this blog, a diver reflects on a simulated rescue scenario during a PADI Rescue Course, highlighting critical lessons about human factors in diving. The incident underscores the impact of high task focus, reduced situational awareness, and psychological stress, which led a student to run critically low on gas without asking for help. The writer explores contributing factors, including the challenges of operating in cold, low-visibility conditions, the pressures of performing under assessment, and the lack of a "just culture" where errors can be openly discussed and learned from. This real-life example emphasizes the importance of fostering psychological safety and vigilance in all roles during training dives. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/rescuer-and-rescued   Tags:  English, Communications, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Just Culture, Psychological Safety, Situation Awareness

Pre-dive checks are essential for diving safety, but they’re often rushed or overlooked, especially on busy dive boats. Factors like time pressure, peer pressure, distractions, and overconfidence can lead divers to skip thorough checks, relying instead on past outcomes. However, regardless of experience, using a familiar checklist with your buddy is key to ensuring equipment works and everyone knows how to assist in an emergency. While dive boats may not always allow for perfect checks, taking time beforehand—at the dive shop or during the journey—to understand your buddy’s gear can mitigate risks. Dive Masters play a vital role in setting the standard by demonstrating thorough checks. Ultimately, effective pre-dive checks improve safety, reduce errors, and prepare divers for unexpected situations. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/checks-on-a-dive-boat   Tags:  English, Checklists, Decision Making, Mike Mason, Teamwork

In this episode, Gareth Lock explores the critical role of situation awareness and risk management in diving, emphasizing the importance of building accurate mental models to anticipate and manage potential hazards. He discusses how assumptions, experience, and training shape decision-making, and highlights the distinction between managing risks logically and addressing uncertainty through mental shortcuts and emotions. Gareth shares how The Human Diver promotes non-technical skills, psychological safety, and a Just Culture, fostering a learning approach to adverse events. With new programs and instructors worldwide, 2025 promises more opportunities to improve diving safety and teamwork. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/making-sense-now   Links: DAN Southern Africa webinar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSeKQidAZZA&t=547s Upcoming Face to Face courses: https://www.thehumandiver.com/hfid-level-2#section-1637697699737   Tags:  English, Decision-Making, Gareth Lock, Situation Awareness

In this blog, Bart Den Ouden shares a personal experience highlighting the importance of psychological safety, vulnerability, and human factors in diving. While teaching a rebreather instructor course, Bart forgot a critical piece of equipment, turning the oversight into a teachable moment. He emphasizes that instructors, as humans, can make mistakes, and fostering open communication and trust among divers is essential for safety and learning. By reflecting on errors—intentional or accidental—divers can improve team dynamics, decision-making, and preparedness, creating safer environments for themselves and others. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/checking_each_other   Tags:  English, Bart Den Ouden, CCR, Human Error, Leadership, Psychological Safety, Rebreather, Teamwork

The first-ever Human Factors in Diving Conference, held on September 24-25, 2021, brought together 27 speakers from around the world to explore the application of human factors, non-technical skills, Just Culture, and psychological safety in diving. Spanning nearly 25 hours of content over two days, the event showcased a global virtual conference model using the LexGo Live platform, with a focus on interactive and engaging experiences. Despite challenges with ticket sales, tight deadlines, and technical logistics, the conference provided invaluable insights and demonstrated the potential of human factors to enhance safety across recreational, military, commercial, and public safety diving. The event highlighted both the successes and lessons learned, paving the way for future efforts to bring this critical knowledge to the diving community. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/acorn-to-conference   Links: Conference website: https://www.hf-in-diving-conference.com/ Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thehumandiver863 LexGo platform: https://www.lexgo.work/ Marketing advisors: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rosconkie/ and https://www.linkedin.com/in/mickeywilsonfirestarter/   Tags: English, Gareth Lock, Human Factors

Accidents in diving, and life, rarely stem from a single "root cause" but rather from a complex interplay of factors—technical skills, context, randomness, and non-technical skills like communication and decision-making. This episode explores how cognitive biases, such as the fundamental attribution error, often lead us to blame individuals rather than considering the broader system in which events unfold. Drawing parallels from diving, surgery, and other high-stakes environments, we discuss the importance of understanding the full context, embracing feedback, and focusing on interdependencies to improve safety and outcomes. Tune in to challenge your assumptions and expand your perspective on risk and decision-making. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-root-cause-of-an-accident   Links: Fundamental attribution bias: https://gue.com/blog/the-role-of-agency-when-discussing-diving-incidents-an-adverse-event-occurs-an-instructor-makes-a-mistake/ The rise of human factors paper: https://europepmc.org/article/med/31183182#free-full-text   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Incident Investigation, Investigations

In this episode, Gareth Lock delves into the nature of human error, exploring concepts like slips, lapses, mistakes, and violations through the lens of safety research and diving experiences. Drawing on James Reason’s work, Gareth explains how understanding errors and violations—whether unintended or situational—can foster learning, reduce outcome bias, and improve safety systems. By openly discussing mistakes, instructors can lower authority gradients, increase psychological safety, and promote a Just Culture where errors are seen as opportunities for growth rather than blame. Tune in to learn how these principles apply to diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/mistakes-errors-words-have-meaning   Tags: English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Human Error, Psychological Safety

In this episode, Gareth Lock explores the critical role of checklists in enhancing safety and reducing errors in high-risk environments like diving, surgery, and aviation. Drawing insights from Atul Gawande's The Checklist Manifesto, Gareth highlights how properly designed checklists can prevent lapses, improve communication, and establish a culture of accountability. Despite resistance from those who view checklists as unnecessary or a sign of weakness, evidence shows their ability to save lives by addressing "unknown unknowns" and mitigating human error. Gareth shares personal experiences and emphasizes the importance of embracing checklists to ensure safety, reliability, and performance in diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/surgeons-and-checklists   Links: Downloads and Transcripts of Atul Gawande’s lectures: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00729d9/episodes/player The problem with not using checklists: http://aerossurance.com/helicopters/habits-kill/ The Checklist manifesto: https://cognitasresearch.wordpress.com/2015/01/17/only-20-of-surgeons-would-like-to-use-a-checklist-in-their-operations/0px%20!important;%22%20/%3E NHS checklist: http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/?entryid45=59860 DAN study: http://www.alertdiver.com/checklists Checklist design: http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/profile/adegani/procedure-design/ Chain of events of things going wrong (1): http://silentdiversion.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/human-error-dont-blame-rebreather.html?spref=fb&m=1 (2): https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2018/06/05/navy-officer-35-dies-in-off-duty-diving-mishap/   Tags:  English, Checklists, Gareth Lock, Human Factors

In this episode, Bart Den Ouden reflects on the importance of mastering the basics before taking on advanced challenges, using ice diving as a vivid example. During a rare opportunity for ice diving in the Netherlands, Bart observed several instructors rushing into instructor-level ice diving certifications without adequate experience. Drawing parallels with the Dunning-Kruger effect and highlighting the risks of "unknown unknowns," he emphasizes the dangers of overconfidence and taking shortcuts in training. Bart challenges dive professionals to lead by example, prioritize safety, and ensure they truly earn their certifications, reminding us all to slow down and build skills step by step. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/run-before-walk   Links: Micheal Thomas’ blog for TDI: https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi-diver-news/slow-down-young-fella-attitudes-in-technical-diving/ Dunning Kruger effect: https://vimeo.com/223029249   Tags:  English, Bart Den Ouden, Decision Making, Instruction, Leadership

In this episode, we explore the critical role of leadership and decision-making in diving safety, using a real-life story about a young instructor, “Jack,” who made a risky dive on a rebreather he wasn’t certified to use. Despite his confidence, Jack’s actions reflect dangerous cognitive biases like overconfidence, outcome bias, and normalization of deviance, shaped by a culture of cutting corners in his early training. Through this cautionary tale, we highlight the importance of setting the right example as dive leaders, understanding the consequences of our actions, and promoting a safety-first mindset. Tune in to learn why responsible leadership and listening to feedback are vital for creating a safer diving community. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/lead-a-horse-to-water   Tags:  English, Bart Den Ouden, Decision Making, Situation Awareness

In this episode, we explore how listening to your inner voice can be a lifesaver, both in diving and everyday life. Bart Den Ouden shares his personal journey of uncovering severe heart issues despite passing regular diving medicals, emphasizing the importance of recognizing warning signs and overcoming cognitive biases like denial and confirmation bias. We also discuss a diver’s near-fatal experience with immersion pulmonary edema (IPO) and how quick action and a well-equipped facility saved their life. These stories highlight the critical role of self-awareness, preventative measures, and teamwork in planning to fail safely—whether under water or on land. Listen in to learn why trusting that “little voice” could be the key to staying alive. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/plan-to-fail-safely-part-2-passing-the-test-doesn-t-say-it-all   Links: Angioplasty and Stent: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-angioplasty/what-happens/ HSE Medical requirements: https://www.hse.gov.uk/diving/medical-requirements.htm IPO (IPE): http://www.ukdmc.org/medical-conditions/immersion-pulmonary-oedema/ BMJ article: https://heart.bmj.com/content/80/6/537 DAN article: https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/health/heart/cardiac-health   Tags:  English, Bart Den Ouden, Cognitive Biases, Decision Making, Medical

In this episode, we delve into risk management and decision-making in diving, exploring the difference between personal and professional responsibilities. Using a case of a divemaster tasked with guiding divers on a challenging wreck dive, we examine the complexities of managing hazards, understanding acceptable risks, and the impact of assumptions and biases. The conversation highlights the importance of preparation, critical thinking, and a proactive approach to safety, while acknowledging the challenges of balancing rules with real-world scenarios. Ultimately, we discuss how diving professionals can navigate these grey areas, fostering safer practices while maintaining the adventurous spirit of diving. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/who-owns-the-risk-in-diving   Links: HSE Terms: https://www.hse.gov.uk/managing/theory/alarpglance.htm Normalisation of Deviance video: https://vimeo.com/174875861 Work as Imagined vs Work as Done: https://humanisticsystems.com/2016/12/05/the-varieties-of-human-work/   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Risk, Risk Management

In this episode, we explore the importance of preparing for failure in diving education, inspired by Hal Watts' quote: “The most dangerous thing about diving is divers themselves.” Using a real-life example from a scuba Instructor Examination, we highlight how training focused solely on passing exams can lead to complacency and poor decision-making in real-life scenarios. Diving instructors and trainers must teach students to plan for and respond to unexpected challenges safely. This involves reflecting on training methods, addressing blind spots, and fostering a mindset where failure becomes a learning opportunity, not a life-threatening event. Part 2 will delve deeper into personal strategies for planning to fail safely. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/plan-to-fail-safely   Tags:  English, Dart Den Ouden, Instruction, Leadership

In this episode, we explore the dangers of "normalisation of deviance"—the gradual erosion of safety standards through repeated shortcuts—and its impact on rebreather diving and other high-risk activities. Drawing on lessons from aviation and diving, we discuss how human factors, cognitive biases, and systemic drift contribute to accidents, emphasizing that outcomes should not be the sole focus when analyzing incidents. Using models like the Swiss Cheese Model and concepts of systems thinking, we unpack how multiple, seemingly minor factors can align to create critical incidents. Learn how applying tools like checklists, audits, and effective debriefs can help mitigate these risks and maintain safety margins in diving and beyond. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/one-mistake   Links: “If Only” documentary: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly John Bantin’s Undercurrent article: https://www.undercurrent.org/blog/2020/06/01/the-tragic-and-un-necessary-death-of-brian-bugge/ Debrief model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief Normalisation of Deviance: https://vimeo.com/174875861 Simple Swiss cheese model: https://vimeo.com/326723142 Big Hole animation: https://vimeo.com/326723122 Little Hole animation: https://vimeo.com/326723109 HSE report: https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr871.pdf   Tags:  English. CCR, Complacency, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Human Factors, Rebreather

This episode dives into the critical role of human factors in safety, using a tragic aviation incident and its parallels in diving to illustrate how distractions, pressures, and systemic issues contribute to accidents. We explore how a Royal Air Force training film, "Distractions," highlighted the cumulative factors behind a hypothetical crash, emphasizing the need for shared responsibility in preventing errors. Similarly, the story of Brian Bugge's 2018 diving accident reveals the dangers of focusing solely on individual mistakes while overlooking the broader contributing factors. Accidents rarely result from a single error but emerge from a combination of conditions. By understanding these dynamics, we can better mitigate risks and improve safety in both aviation and diving. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/outcomes-are-so-sexy   Links: “If Only” Documentary: https://www.thehumandiver.com/ifonly   Tags:  English, CCR, Checklists, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, If Only, Investigations, Rebreather

In this episode, a newly qualified Human Factors in Diving Instructor shares their journey of grappling with impostor syndrome and the challenges of teaching human factors to divers. Despite over a decade of diving instruction experience, they recount feeling inadequate compared to peers and doubting their knowledge, especially when students might view human factors as "common sense." Reflecting on the Dunning-Kruger effect, they explore how experts often underestimate their abilities because they understand the vastness of their field. Through conversations with peers and self-reflection, they learn to embrace the value they bring to the classroom and the importance of fostering curiosity in their students. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-best-is-the-enemy-of-the-good   Tags:  English, Communications, Jenny Lord, Leadership, Teamwork

This episode dives into the critical importance of recognizing deviations from the norm in diving, a concept rooted in situational awareness. Inspired by the 1972 attack at Lod Airport, Bart den Ouden draws parallels between how assumptions can blind us and the role of training and experience in diving. By understanding what “normal” looks like, divers can detect and respond to unexpected changes. We explore mental models, decision-making under pressure, and the value of learning skills the right way to build a strong foundation. Tune in to learn why paying attention to the small details can make all the difference underwater! Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/predicitive-profiling   Links: Situational Awareness and Decision Making in Diving: https://gue.com/blog/situational-awareness-and-decision-making-in-diving/?fbclid=IwAR1Pq5eqIxWxcc0s1S2CoYefJgkWeXy_pUi8AsjQ8BoKSx-xKKXrLTPqleQ   Tags:  English, Bart Den Ouden, Decision Making

In this episode, we explore the pitfalls of blindly trusting technology through two cautionary tales—one about a GPS mishap in snowy Quebec and another about divers relying solely on their computers. Automation offers precision and convenience, but over-reliance can dull our awareness and problem-solving skills. We discuss how this applies to diving, where dive computers are invaluable but prone to errors if misconfigured or when they fail. Listeners will learn why it’s essential to combine technology with old-school skills, planning, and situational awareness to ensure safety. Embrace technology, but always have a backup plan!   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Helene Pellerin, Situational Awareness

In this episode, we explore how safety in diving is not just about avoiding accidents but about building systems that can fail safely. Drawing on a real-life incident shared by Phil Short, we examine how a small technical issue—debris in a rebreather valve—could have escalated into a life-threatening situation during a cave dive. We highlight the critical role of technical preparation, situational awareness, and non-technical skills like teamwork, leadership, and communication in managing and recovering from unexpected challenges. By sharing these stories, we aim to help divers understand how to plan for failures and enhance safety through learning, reflection, and a chronic unease about what could go wrong. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/failing-safely-400m-back-in-a-cave   Links: How Safe is Your Diving blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/how-safe-is-your-diving   Tags:  English, CCR, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Leadership, Non-Technical Skills, Teamwork