Counter-Errorism in Diving: Applying Human Factors to Diving

In this podcast episode, we debunk common misconceptions about Human Factors, shedding light on its complexity and importance. Contrary to the belief that Human Factors is just common sense, it's an evidence-based practice that delves deeper into understanding human behavior and system design. While technical skills are crucial, Human Factors emphasizes non-technical skills like decision-making and communication to prevent errors. It's not solely about personal limitations but involves training and learning from mistakes. Additionally, Human Factors considers cultural and organizational influences on behavior. Addressing the misconception around Just Culture, it's about learning from mistakes while sometimes assigning blame when necessary. Emphasizing the role of change and learning, Human Factors seeks continuous improvement, making it easier to do the right thing in various aspects of life.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/5-common-misconseptions-about-human-factors   Links: Blog about common sense:https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/common-sense What we mean by a Just Culture: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/a-just-culture-is-not-a-just-do-it-culture How learning reviews are different to traditional investigations: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/learning-reviews-in-diving Why this is important: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/human-factors-in-diving-what-it-is-what-it-isn-t-why-you-need-to-know   Tags: English, Human Factors, Jenny Lord  

In this episode, we explore the often overlooked gap between how work is envisioned and how it actually gets done. Imagine crafting the perfect set of procedures for a job, only to face the realities of limited resources, budget constraints, and differing perspectives from those actually performing the tasks. This misalignment between "Work as Imagined" and "Work as Done" can lead to various outcomes, from compliant but flawed execution to outright disregard for standards. We delve into the complexities of why this misalignment occurs, from misunderstandings to deliberate acts of defiance or circumvention. By understanding the truth of "Work as Done," we can identify areas for improvement and bridge the gap between expectation and reality. Join the conversation on our Facebook group to share your insights and experiences in navigating these challenges.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/Work-as-Imagined-vs-Work-as-Done   Links: The difference between the standards as written and what happens: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/analyzing-the-hidden-consequences-of-undermining-diving-standards Diagram of overlapping circles: https://humanisticsystems.com/2016/12/05/the-varieties-of-human-work/%E2%80%9C Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/184882365201810/ Further reading: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/what-does-human-factors-in-diving-mean https://humanisticsystems.com/2016/12/05/the-varieties-of-human-work/ https://psychsafety.co.uk/psychological-safety-work-as-imagined-vs-work-as-done/ https://www.rcog.org.uk/about-us/quality-improvement-clinical-audit-and-research-projects/each-baby-counts-learn-support/safety-thinking-toolkit/work-as-imagined-versus-work-as-done/ Tags:  English, Jenny Lord, Rules

The podcast delves into the issue of ignoring diving standards, highlighting the potential consequences and influencing behaviors within the industry. Despite the prerequisite for Rescue Diver certification before starting Divemaster training, some i nstructors overlook this standard for various reasons, from ignorance to time pressure or complacency. Direct consequences include students being inadequately prepared and potentially posing a danger to themselves and others, while influencing behaviors perpetuates a culture of shortcuts and compromises safety. The authority gradient between instructors and students means that instructors' actions significantly impact students' perceptions of importance and acceptable behavior. This influence extends throughout the diving community, emphasizing the need for adherence to standards to ensure safety and integrity within the industry.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/analyzing-the-hidden-consequences-of-undermining-diving-standards Links: Work as Imagined vs Work as Done https://www.rcog.org.uk/about-us/quality-improvement-clinical-audit-and-research-projects/each-baby-counts-learn-support/safety-thinking-toolkit/work-as-imagined-versus-work-as-done/ Giving yourself permission to do it again: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/normalisation-of-deviance-not-about-rule-breaking Tags:  English, Authority Gradient, Decision Making, Jenny Lord, Leadership

The allure of SCUBA diving offers unparalleled opportunities for underwater exploration but also comes with inherent risks that demand respect and understanding. This podcast, summarizing a conversation between industry experts, delves into the critical aspects of risk management and incident reporting in diving. Understanding the risks, the role of equipment in safety, learning from experience, psychological preparedness, and the importance of community are all explored in depth. Each dive presents unique challenges, requiring thorough planning, adaptability, and a keen understanding of the underwater environment. By sharing experiences and fostering a culture of safety, divers can collectively enhance their awareness and practices, ensuring safer and more enjoyable experiences beneath the waves. Safety in diving is a continuous journey, requiring a holistic approach that considers people, equipment, processes, culture, and the environment, with each dive serving as an opportunity for learning and growth.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/risk-management-podcast-review Links: Podcast: https://www.buzzsprout.com/2191453/14228917 2nd Podcast with Gareth: https://www.buzzsprout.com/2191453/14507924-interview-with-gareth-lock DEBrIEF model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief Tags: English, Gareth Lock, Just Culture, Psychological Safety, Risk Management

In this podcast episode, we delve into the psychological impact of diving incidents, particularly focusing on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the diving community. While physical injuries from diving accidents are well-documented, psychological trauma often goes unnoticed and untreated. Research suggests that a significant portion of divers experience psychological effects even a year after an incident, affecting their overall well-being and decisions regarding future diving. However, the prevalence of PTSD in diving remains unclear due to limited reporting and awareness. Trauma related to diving accidents can have long-lasting consequences, affecting divers' mental health, social functioning, and their ability to cope with stress during subsequent dives. Despite the lack of formal diagnosis, unresolved trauma can lead to avoidance behaviors, anxiety, and even substance abuse. Addressing psychological well-being in diving is crucial for creating a safer and more supportive diving environment. Divers should be aware of the potential for psychological issues after an incident and know where to seek help. By prioritizing psychological support alongside physical safety measures, we can foster a culture of resilience and empowerment within the diving community.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/psychological-consequences-of-a-diving-accident Links: Fit to dive Reakcje psychologiczne i nurkowanie, opis terapii The psychological impact of accidents on recreational divers: A prospective study RISK OF SLEEP DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS: A NATIONWIDE, POPULATION-BASED STUDY IN TAIWAN - - Psychiatria Danubina, 2019; Vol. 31, No. 2, pp 172-181 https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2019.172 A twelve-year longitudinal study of neuropsychological function in non-saturation professional divers Tags:  English, Andrzej Górnicki, Diving Psychology, Incident Analysis, Jenny Lord, Performance Shaping Factors, Psychological Safety, PTSD

In this podcast episode, we explore who should be driving change in the diving industry, drawing inspiration from quotes by George Bernard Shaw and Albert Einstein emphasizing the necessity of change for progress. While top-down leadership models are common, with executives setting the culture and direction, it's argued that true change often stems from the middle, where individuals are most affected. With millions of divers worldwide, those employed in diving, including instructors and professionals, hold significant influence and can champion higher standards and improved teaching methodologies. By advocating for better quality instruction and embracing current best practices, the industry can address issues like declining numbers and quality, ultimately fostering a safer and more satisfying experience for all divers. Encouraging discussions, teaching effective communication, and prioritizing skills training in buoyancy control can shape a positive culture shift that permeates through agencies and influences industry-wide change. As individuals in the middle, listeners are encouraged to envision the culture they desire and actively contribute to driving positive change within the diving community.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/who-is-responsible-for-change Tags:  English, Jenny Lord, Leadership

In this podcast episode, we delve into the necessity of change, exploring why it's crucial and who should be driving it. Drawing insights from Winston Churchill's quote, "To improve is to change, to be perfect is to change often," we examine how change is an inherent part of life and essential for progress. While some resist change due to comfort or reluctance to adapt teaching methods, advancements in knowledge, equipment, and teaching methodologies underscore the importance of evolving practices in diving instruction. From teaching students while neutrally buoyant to embracing new equipment setups like wings and long hoses, the diving community is witnessing transformative shifts aimed at enhancing safety and efficacy. Despite challenges like the reluctance to break from tradition or financial constraints, we explore the imperative of staying abreast of modern best practices and fostering a culture of continuous improvement in diving education.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/why-we-need-change Tags:  English, Jenny Lord, Safety Culture

In this podcast episode, we explore the pitfalls of using "shoulda, woulda, coulda" in discussions about diving mistakes and accidents, emphasizing the need for constructive language and learning-oriented approaches. Drawing from real-life diving scenarios, we highlight how counterfactual responses hinder progress and fail to address the root causes of incidents. Instead, we advocate for reframing language to focus on actionable solutions and future improvements. By shifting from "would" to "will," "could" to "can," and "should" to proactive suggestions, we empower divers to learn from mistakes and enhance safety practices. Additionally, we stress the importance of understanding the context behind errors and offering supportive guidance for continuous improvement.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/shoulda-woulda-coulda Links: Blog about hindsight bias; https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome Multiple factors leading to an incident: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/one-mistake The Swiss Cheese model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/when-the-holes-line-up Tags:  English, Counterfactuals, Hindsight Bias, Human Error, Jenny Lord

In this podcast episode, we draw parallels between aviation and diving safety, emphasizing the importance of human factors and non-technical skills in preventing accidents. Reflecting on a tragic airplane crash, we explore hazardous attitudes commonly seen in both industries and propose antidotes to mitigate their risks. From anti-authority to resignation, these attitudes can lead to complacency and unsafe practices, impacting instructors and divers alike. Through real-life examples and insights, we underscore the need for awareness and positive attitudes in diving instruction, aiming to foster a culture of safety and responsibility within the diving community.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-five-hazardous-attitudes Links: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Investigation Preliminary Report CAA tutorial about Airmanship: https://infringements.caa.co.uk/tutorial/airmanship/ FAA info about Airmanship: https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?cID=723&sID=1448&preview=true EASA info about Aeronautical Decision Making: https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/HE4_Single-Pilot-Decision-Making-v1.pdf More about this from a flight instructors perspective: https://www.aviation101.com/deathbyflightinstructor Tags: English, Communication, Human Performance, Incident Analysis, Jenny Lord, Leadership

In this podcast episode, we delve into the dynamics of mentoring in the diving community, exploring how mentor-mentee relationships contribute to personal and professional growth. While traditionally seen as unequal, effective mentoring fosters mutual development, relying on trust, vulnerability, and constructive feedback from both parties. Mentors guide mentees to find solutions independently, balancing support with respectful critique. Through real-life examples, we witness how mentors facilitate learning by encouraging self-reflection and providing targeted guidance. Feedback plays a pivotal role in this relationship, promoting continuous improvement and mutual learning. Ultimately, mentoring in diving cultivates a culture of collaboration and skill development, benefiting both mentors and mentees alike.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/mentoring-both-sides-of-the-story Links: Blog about leadership in a short term team: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/leadership-in-a-short-term-team Blog about debriefing: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/debriefing Tags:  English, Followership, Jenny Lord, Leadership, Psychological Safety

In this podcast episode, we explore the concept of leadership in diving beyond traditional roles like Divemasters and Instructors. Leadership in diving involves guiding a team towards a common goal, prioritizing communication and maintaining situational awareness. Through real-life scenarios, we see how leadership can shift within a dive group, with experienced divers stepping up to lead even without formal titles. Effective leadership entails understanding each diver's goals, ensuring compatibility, and adapting plans accordingly. Whether navigating, monitoring gas levels, or supporting specialists like photographers, leaders prioritize safety and effective teamwork. Trust and communication are key components, fostering psychological safety within the team. Through briefings and debriefings, divers can enhance their leadership skills and ensure successful and safe dives.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/leadership-in-a-short-term-team Links: Part 1: building a short term team: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/building-a-short-term-team Blogs about how to build psychological safety: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-2 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-3 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-4 Tags: English, Jenny Lord, Leadership, Teamwork

In this podcast episode, we delve into the crucial role of effective communication and trust in scientific diving. Communication underwater is essential for safety, coordination, and data collection, but it comes with its challenges, including language barriers and equipment limitations like Full Face Masks and helium distortion. Various methods such as hand signals and underwater writing tools facilitate communication but require practice and agreement among divers. Trust is equally vital, involving confidence in team members, equipment, and established procedures. Team cohesion and adherence to safety protocols are crucial for successful diving missions, emphasizing the need for ongoing training and preparation. Ultimately, prioritizing safety and effective communication enhances the efficiency and outcomes of scientific diving projects, ensuring the safety of all involved while gathering valuable research data.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/scientific-diving-trust-and-communication-in-the-depths Tags: English, Beatrice Rivoira, Communication, Trust

In this podcast episode, we explore the importance of Human Factors training in the diving industry, drawing parallels with its significance in aviation. A firsthand account reveals how insurance premiums reflect the recognition of this training's value, emphasizing the shift from blaming individuals to fostering a culture of learning for safety improvement. While insurance companies incentivize instructors to undergo such training, diving agencies have yet to mandate it, potentially impacting the industry's sustainability. The discussion underscores the necessity of viewing the issue holistically and integrating Human Factors training into all aspects of diving, beyond just formal instruction. Ultimately, change may only occur when instructors recognize the direct benefits, potentially through increased premiums, prompting a broader industry shift. The episode concludes with a reflection on the potential for a politically relevant event to drive change, echoing insights from Gareth Lock's presentation on the subject.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/diving-liability-insurance-enabler-or-barrier-to-diving-safety Links: Compliance to avoid litigation: https://gue.com/blog/compliance-provides-an-illusion-of-safety-in-diving/ Gareth’s presentation at Rebreather Forum 4: https://gue.tv/programs/5-gareth-lock-human-factors-in-diving Relevant slide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/rf4-resources Tags:  English, Decision Making, Guy Shockey, Risk Management

In this episode, we delve into the concept of learning loops in scuba diving, inspired by the works of Chris Argyris and Donald Schön. We explore single-loop learning, focusing on immediate problem-solving like fixing a malfunctioning buoyancy control device (BCD), and double-loop learning, which involves analyzing underlying issues such as calibration errors in a rebreather. Then, we introduce triple-loop learning, which considers broader contexts like team dynamics and learning culture within the dive community. Practical examples illustrate each loop's application, from troubleshooting equipment issues to enhancing training programs. Drawing parallels with other high-risk domains like wildland firefighting, we emphasize the importance of fostering a learning culture and embracing continuous improvement at every level of diving. Whether troubleshooting a BCD or revising safety protocols, remember that each dive offers opportunities for growth and deeper understanding, contributing to a safer and more knowledgeable diving community.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-value-of-loops-for-learning-don-t-just-fix-the-diver Links: Learning in Loops doc: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WOy5v81N5zkAAgwVOZD53G6LIVPMnZr5/view?usp=sharing Standards changes: https://fifthpointdiving.com/the-dive-pro-hub-teaching/changes-to-padi-dry-suit-standards/ Blog about moving too quickly through the system: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/racing-through-courses-how-fast-is-too-fast Human and Organisational Performance: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/five-key-principles-how-to-improve-individually-and-organisationally Brad Mayhew’s blog: https://bradmayhew.substack.com/p/38-the-first-law-of-learning What is a Just Culture?: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/a-just-culture-is-not-a-just-do-it-culture Tags: English, Gareth Lock, HOP, Human Performance, Leadership, Learning

In this episode, we explore the dynamics of teamwork in diving, emphasizing that although diving may not be a traditional team sport, divers typically operate in teams to ensure safety underwater. Key factors in team development include communication, shared goals, and role clarity. Whether diving with familiar partners or strangers, effective communication through pre-dive briefings and debriefings is crucial. Trust is built on competency, honesty, and consideration for others, while role clarity ensures everyone understands their responsibilities. These principles apply to both short-term dive teams and longer-term collaborations, fostering a culture of safety and cooperation in the diving community. For more insights, check out the links in the show notes.   Original link: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/building-a-short-term-team Links: Debriefing: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/debriefing Dummies blog about teamwork: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/HFiD-for-dummies-teamwork Dummies blog about communication: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/HFiD-for-dummies-comms How to build psychological safety in teams: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-2 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-3 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-4 Tags:  English, Communication, Jenny Lord, Team, Teamwork, Trust

In this episode, we delve into the complexities of dive training agency standards and the challenges faced by instructors in evaluating student performance. While standards outline specific skills, determining their mastery isn't always straightforward. New instructors, lacking experience and nuanced judgment, often prioritize efficiency over thoroughness due to external pressures like time constraints and financial considerations. This efficiency-thoroughness trade-off (ETTO) can compromise the quality of instruction, leading to pass grades for students who may not be fully prepared. The root issue lies in instructors' limited exposure to diverse student experiences and the reluctance of dive centers to invest in extensive observation opportunities. As an industry, we must reconsider this trade-off, where financial concerns often outweigh safety and quality. Ultimately, the responsibility falls on individual divers to evaluate their skills, raising questions about the integrity of certification processes and the adequacy of diver preparedness.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/price-vs-quality-the-efficiency-thoroughness-trade-off Links: Erik Holnagel’s paper: https://erikhollnagel.com/onewebmedia/ETTO.pdf Another blog about ETTO: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/ETTO Tags:  English, Decision Making, ETTO, Jenny Lord

In this episode, we reflect on the tragic death of a fellow diver and the tendency within the diving community to rush to conclusions and assign blame rather than focusing on learning from incidents. Highlighting the need for a shift towards a more transparent and constructive approach, Gareth introduces The Human Diver's "Learning Review Guide in Diving," which provides a structured framework for analyzing diving incidents. Drawing on concepts from safety science and human factors, the guide emphasizes understanding the complexity of diving incidents and the role of various factors at play. Through a system-centric approach and steps for conducting a learning review, divers and organizations can work towards enhancing safety and preventing future mishaps. The guide, available for download, offers practical tools and insights for promoting a culture of learning and improvement within the diving community.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/learning-reviews-in-diving Links: Jenny’s blog about the death of one of her colleagues: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/blame-vs-learning Learning review technique understanding the relationships, tensions, and conflicts within the complex system of diving: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/can-divers-learn-from-the-us-forest-service Learning Review in Diving guide here Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, Incident Investigation, Incident Reporting

In this episode, we confront the harsh reality of diving accidents and the lack of transparency within the diving community regarding incident reporting and analysis. Reflecting on a recent tragedy involving a colleague, we emphasize the importance of learning from mistakes rather than engaging in speculation and blame. Unlike other sports, diving lacks a comprehensive reporting system, leading to misinformation and missed opportunities for collective learning. We advocate for a cultural shift towards open discussion and analysis of accidents, recognizing that understanding why incidents occur is essential for improving diver safety. By asking constructive questions and sharing insights, we can honor those who have lost their lives by preventing similar tragedies in the future.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/blame-vs-learning Links: Last week’s blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/racing-through-courses-how-fast-is-too-fast Incident analysis: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/why-diving-incident-stories-are-good-and-bad Incident investigation: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/don-t-just-focus-on-the-errors Just Culture: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/blame-or-learn Tags:  English, Incident Analysis, Incident Investigation, Incident Reporting, Jenny Lord, Just Culture

In this podcast episode, we delve into the complexities of diving instruction and the pressures to rush through courses without adequate skill consolidation. The author reflects on a student who quickly progressed from one course to another, raising concerns about the thoroughness of training and readiness for advanced dives. Despite the instructor's thorough evaluation process and warnings, the student passed the course but may lack crucial experience. The episode highlights the need for a shift towards quality over quantity in diving instruction, encouraging instructors to prioritize skill development and safety. As the diving community moves towards this ethos, instances of rushed training and unprepared divers may diminish, promoting a culture of skill mastery and responsible diving practices.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/racing-through-courses-how-fast-is-too-fast Links: Changing the way we think about training blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/changing-the-way-we-think-about-training Tags: English, Decision Making, Jenny Lord, Leadership

In this podcast episode, we explore the concept of tribalism and discrimination within the diving community, stemming from cultural, historical, and social factors. Discrimination based on race, gender, age, or social background hampers the development of diving students, leading to lowered motivation, unrealistic expectations, and reduced quality of training. We dissect the distinction between normalization of deviance and constructive deviation, emphasizing the importance of creating a just and tolerant society. Unconscious biases among instructors and leaders can perpetuate stereotypes and hinder the inclusivity of diving environments. Overcoming discrimination requires self-awareness, adaptability, and a commitment to equality. By fostering psychological safety and open communication, we can strive towards a more inclusive and accepting diving community.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/facing-one-s-own-shadow-discrimination-in-diving-limits-learning-impacts-safety-and-perpetuates-stereotypes Tags:  English, Andrzej Górnicki, Just Culture, Leadership, Psychological Safety

In this podcast episode, we delve into the distinction between normalization of deviance and constructive deviation/advancement within the diving community. Normalization of deviance, as coined by Diane Vaughen, describes the gradual acceptance of unsafe practices as the norm, whereas constructive deviation involves a deliberate, open exploration of new methods to enhance safety and efficiency. Through examples such as the evolution of nitrox usage and the risks associated with solo diving, we explore how attitudes toward failure shape these approaches. Standard procedures typically incorporate fail-safes to prevent errors, while constructive deviation involves consciously researching and adopting alternative practices. Join us as we dissect these concepts and their implications for diver safety and training.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/drift-vs-advancement-how-do-we-push-limits-safely Links: The Nitrox controversy: https://dtmag.com/25th-anniversary-vintage-articles/breathe-not-breathe-exploring-nitrox-controversy/ Attitudes towards failure: https://www.corporate-rebels.com/blog/right-kind-of-wrong-intelligent-failure Tags:  English, Decision Making, Jenny Lord, Normalisation of Deviance

In this podcast episode, we explore the concept of sunk cost fallacy in training courses, challenging the traditional mindset of focusing solely on certification or titles. Drawing from personal experiences in teaching outdoor sports like white water kayaking, the discussion emphasizes the value of adopting a mindset centered on skill improvement rather than certification attainment. By sharing anecdotes from kayaking clubs and professional diving, we encourage listeners to reframe their approach to training, viewing it as an opportunity for skill enhancement and personal growth rather than a mere pursuit of certifications. The episode proposes a shift towards embracing the journey itself, advocating for a mindset where learning and skill development are prioritized over hierarchical certifications.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/changing-the-way-we-think-about-training Links: First blog about Sunk Cost Fallacy: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/sunk-costs Further reading: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-choices-guaranteed-small-loss-or-a-probable-large-loss-injury-or-fatality Tags:  English, Cognitive Biases, Jenny Lord, Training

In this episode, we delve into the Betari Box model, exploring how our attitudes and behaviors are influenced by others and can create a negative spiral, particularly in diving scenarios. Through real-life examples, we illustrate the impact of negative attitudes on dive outcomes, highlighting situations where frustration, stress, and complacency lead to undesirable outcomes. We discuss strategies for breaking out of negative cycles, including internal reflection, external communication using tools like HALT (Hungry, Angry, Lonely, Tired), and fostering mutual accountability within teams. By consciously choosing a positive attitude and behavior, divers can positively influence their own experiences and those of others, emphasizing the role of dive leaders and instructors in setting a constructive tone. Join us as we explore ways to navigate interpersonal dynamics and foster a culture of safety and respect in diving environments. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/my-attitude-impacts-your-behaviour Tags: English, Communication, Leadership, Mike Mason, Teamwork

In this episode, we explore strategies for individuals to navigate authority gradients and foster open communication within teams, focusing on the PACE model for graded assertiveness communication. Drawing parallels from medical and diving contexts, we highlight the importance of gentle escalation when addressing concerns with higher-ranking individuals. Through probing, alerting, challenging, and, if necessary, declaring emergencies, team members can effectively communicate issues while maintaining respect and professionalism. We discuss real-life scenarios and acknowledge cultural biases that may hinder effective communication, emphasizing the need for awareness and proactive efforts to mitigate these challenges. While there's no quick fix, fostering psychological safety and utilizing communication tools like PACE can facilitate constructive dialogue and enhance team dynamics. Join the conversation in our Facebook group to share your insights and experiences on this topic. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/navigating-the-authority-gradient-pt2 Links: Part One: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/navigating-the-authority-gradient Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/184882365201810 Tags:  English, Authority Gradient, Jenny Lord, Psychological Safety

In this episode, we delve into the complexities of authority gradient, illustrated by a personal anecdote highlighting the challenges of challenging authority in diving contexts. Despite efforts to foster psychological safety, the innate hierarchical structure often inhibits individuals from voicing concerns. We explore strategies to mitigate this gradient, emphasizing the importance of building psychological safety through genuine acceptance of mistakes and open communication. Additionally, we discuss practical approaches such as leaders actively engaging in tasks alongside their team and promoting continuous skill development to empower individuals to question norms. While these methods may not be foolproof, they offer avenues to cultivate a culture of mutual respect and accountability within dive teams. For further insights, we recommend exploring the provided series of articles on building psychological safety in teams. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/navigating-the-authority-gradient Links: DEBrIEF model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/debriefing How to build psychological safety in a team: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-2 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-3 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-4 Tags: English, Authority Gradient, Jenny Lord, Psychological Safety

In this episode, we explore the cognitive effects of cold water on divers, balancing our understanding of temperature's impact with last week's discussion on heat. While physiological effects of cold water, like decompression sickness, are well-documented, the cognitive implications are less known but equally important, particularly for divers in cold conditions. Studies reveal that besides feeling colder with repeat dives, divers experience symptoms like de-personalization, reduced concentration, and memory lapses, impacting their ability to execute essential tasks underwater. Despite potential improvements with acclimatization, divers must consider these cognitive effects, especially during task-loaded dives or repetitive immersions. Mitigation strategies include wearing appropriate insulation, limiting dive times, and actively warming up between dives, emphasizing the importance of planning and preparation for cold-water diving excursions.   Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/brrrr-cold-water-and-the-effects-on-our-brain Links: 1968 study: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001872086801000501 2019 study: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899319302331?via%3Dihub Tags:  English, Decision Making, Fatigue, Jenny Lord, Performance Shaping Factors, Situation Awareness

In this podcast episode, we explore the often-overlooked impact of weather, particularly heat, on divers' cognitive and physical abilities. Despite the common perception that warm temperatures are ideal for vacations, studies reveal significant cognitive impairment in individuals exposed to heat, especially without air conditioning. From decreased reaction times to impaired decision-making and mental flexibility, the effects of heat on divers, particularly those new to hot climates, pose considerable risks. Additionally, physical conditions like dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly, underscoring the importance of staying hydrated and seeking shade. With many divers visiting hot destinations for short holidays, acclimatization becomes crucial for safe diving, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to temperature regulation and self-care to mitigate the cumulative effects of heat on diving performance. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/hot-hot-hot-challenges-of-diving-in-the-heat Links: Harvard study: https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002605 Study by Cheema and Patrick: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1509/jmr.08.0205 Tags:  English, Decision Making, Jenny Lord, Performance Shaping Factors

In this podcast episode, we delve into the contentious debates within the diving community, focusing on the half turn back of tank valves as a prime example. Exploring a recent Facebook group discussion with diverse opinions, ranging from staunch supporters to strong opponents, the episode delves into the broader issue of anchoring bias in scuba diving practices. Drawing parallels with anchoring bias in various domains, from shopping decisions to legal judgments, the episode emphasizes the impact of initial teachings on long-term practices. Anchoring bias, deeply rooted in psychology, influences how divers learn and instruct others, creating a tradition that may persist even when no longer necessary. The podcast encourages listeners to question established practices, employing the "consider-the-opposite" technique to overcome anchoring bias and think logically about alternative approaches. The episode extends this mindset to examining incidents and accidents, advocating for understanding the context and reasons behind actions rather than focusing solely on mistakes. Ultimately, the episode urges divers to embrace exploration of new ideas, challenging traditional practices to foster continuous learning and improvement. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/change-is-difficult-consider-the-opposite Tags: English, Cognitive Biases, Incident Analysis, Jenny Lord

In this podcast episode, we delve into the crucial role of mistakes in the learning process, drawing parallels between human learning and artificial intelligence. Reflecting on the challenges of learning to dive, the narrative emphasizes the importance of trial and error, highlighting that making mistakes is an inherent part of improvement. The episode introduces the concept of debriefs as a powerful tool for learning, not just to identify mistakes but also to recognize what went well. A practical model, DEBrIEF, is discussed, emphasizing the significance of balanced feedback that includes both positive and negative aspects. The podcast encourages a learning mindset when approaching accidents and incidents, shifting the focus from assigning blame to preventing future occurrences. The episode underscores the value of a structured approach to debriefs, providing references to support the discussion. Overall, the episode encourages listeners to embrace mistakes as opportunities for growth and underscores the importance of fostering a learning-oriented mindset in both individual and team contexts. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly   Links: Robots learning to play football: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZjQwZNw2po “Ugly”- Two other relevant blogs: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/counter-factuals https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/its-obvious-why-it-happened The positivity effect: a negativity bias in youth fades with age. Laura L Carstensen and Marguerite DeLiema: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6186441/   Tags: English, Debrief, Incident Analysis, Jenny Lord

In this podcast episode, we explore the challenge of bringing about change, emphasizing the importance of recognizing value in stories. Three compelling examples are discussed: a near-fatal diving incident due to an oxygen mix-up, a media company's critical review of a faulty rebreather incident, and a rural Indian village adopting latrines after witnessing the consequences of unhygienic practices. The central theme revolves around the need for reflection to identify similarities and conditions leading to outcomes, rather than focusing solely on differences. The episode poses questions about trust in established practices, the depth of evidence required for change, and the factors hindering it. The diving industry's reliance on compliance and resistance to a Just Culture are highlighted, emphasizing the necessity of investing in continuous learning and applying human factors for lasting improvement. The podcast encourages listeners to move beyond identifying lessons to implementing meaningful changes for genuine learning. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/learning-from-stories-isn-t-easy-here-s-why   Links: Look at the conditions, not the outcomes: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/don-t-just-focus-on-the-errors Article by Dan Heath on LinkedIn about trying to bring latrines to rural Indian villages: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/you-can-change-anyones-mindif-help-them-trip-over-truth-dan-heath/ The status quo is good enough blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/status-quo Compliance provides an illusion of safety blog: https://gue.com/blog/compliance-provides-an-illusion-of-safety-in-diving/ Compliance provides an illusion of safety video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNhmxz2_adc Were you lucky or were you good blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/were-you-lucky-or-were-you-good-2   Tags: English, Debrief, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Learning, LFUO

Dive into the world of diving safety with insights from Gareth's blog on counterfactuals in this podcast episode. Jenny tackles common but unhelpful statements following accidents, such as "They should have paid more attention" and "They lacked situation awareness." The episode explores practical strategies for divers, focusing on increasing capacity and directing attention effectively. She emphasizes the importance of making diving processes automatic and shares tips on self-assessment for skill readiness. The episode also covers the nuances of prioritizing attention to elements like mindset, buoyancy, and gas supply, offering a comprehensive guide for safer and more enjoyable diving experiences. The summary highlights the significance of practice, experience, and slowing down to build expertise in underwater environments. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/unleashing-your-sixth-sense   Links: Gareths blog about counterfactuals: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/counterfactuals   Tags:  English, Jenny Lord, Situation Awareness, Situational Awareness

In this podcast episode, Jenny shares a humorous yet insightful experience from assessing an instructor course, highlighting the common issue of miscommunication. The example involves a diver misinterpreting hand signals during a training exercise, leading to an unexpected outcome. She explores the challenge of ensuring clear communication, emphasizing the responsibility of the communicator to provide sufficient information. The episode introduces the concept of closed loop communications as a way to check assumptions and ensure understanding, especially in underwater scenarios where verbal communication is limited. Cultural behavior and the importance of avoiding condescension in communication are also discussed. Jenny acknowledges the inevitability of miscommunication due to our natural inclination to be efficient and make assumptions, concluding with a humorous reference to the challenges of explaining every detail, especially for those with young children. The show notes include a link to a video that further explains the efficiency aspect of communication. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/lost-in-translation   Links: Video about explaining every step of a process: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDA3_5982h8   Tags:  English, Communication, Jenny Lord

In this podcast episode, we explore a diving incident where two divers entered a wreck without laying a line, resulting in a challenging situation inside a room. We reflect on common responses that often follow such incidents, emphasizing the limitations of retrospective counterfactuals, where people tend to say what the divers "should have," "could have," or "would have" done differently. The episode discusses biases and the importance of understanding the local rationality of those involved, urging listeners to consider the perspectives of the divers at the time. Gareth provides insights into various factors affecting decisions, such as training availability, financial constraints, and the emotional significance of past experiences. The episode concludes by highlighting the prevalence of counterfactuals in discussions about incidents and encourages listeners to approach learning from adverse events with an open mind, understanding the complexity and challenges involved in change. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/counterfactuals   Links: The power of hindsight blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome Hindsight bias blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/its-obvious-why-it-happened We can’t pay more attention blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/cant_pay_MORE_attention Balasore train crash news report 1: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-accident-wrong-labelling-of-location-box-wires-led-to-mix-up-crs-report-8699655/ Balasore train crash news report 2: https://thewire.in/law/cbi-arrests-three-railway-employees-for-balasore-train-tragedy   Tags: English, Cognitive Biases, Counterfactuals, Decision Making, Hindsight Bias, Incident Analysis, Just Culture

In this podcast episode, we explore the profound wisdom encapsulated in various quotes about learning from mistakes. Quotations from figures like Oscar Wilde, Samuel Levenson, and Mary Tyler Moore emphasize the importance of embracing errors as opportunities for growth. The discussion delves into the challenge of learning from near-misses and the cognitive biases, such as the outcome bias, that hinder our ability to reflect on decision-making. Using the context of diving safety, Gareth highlights the significance of focusing on contributory factors rather than just outcomes when analyzing incidents. The episode emphasizes that true learning involves change and recounts a personal experience in a diving safety review, highlighting the crucial difference between lessons identified and lessons learned. The importance of reflection in activities like diving is stressed, and a four-question post-activity debrief model is shared. The episode concludes by distinguishing between types of errors – mistakes, slips, and lapses – and underscores the need for understanding the context surrounding these events for effective learning. The concept of psychological safety and Just Culture is introduced, highlighting the necessity of creating an environment where learning from mistakes is encouraged. The summary encourages listeners to recognize that merely focusing on outcomes without understanding the context may hinder the learning process, emphasizing that true learning involves embracing change. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/you-need-more-than-mistakes-to-learn   Links: The difficulty in learning from near misses: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/were-you-lucky-or-were-you-good-2 The difference between mistakes, slips, and lapses: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/mistakes-errors-words-have-meaning Looking at conditions, not just outcomes: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/don-t-just-focus-on-the-errors Stages of psychological safety blogs: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-2 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-3 https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-4 Just Culture video: https://vimeo.com/410128892?share=copy   Tags:  English, Debrief, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Psychological Safety, Teamwork

In this podcast episode, Gareth reflects on the challenges of learning from near-misses, particularly in the context of recent tragic events involving the loss of the Titan submersible. The episode explores the biases that hinder our ability to analyze and learn from incidents, emphasizing the complexities of socio-technical systems and the difficulties in replicating conditions for learning. Drawing parallels with diving, Gareth discusses the dynamic nature of risks, the fallacy of binary safety assessments, and the importance of recognizing uncertainties. The episode delves into cognitive biases, heuristics, and psychological factors influencing decision-making, shedding light on the sunk cost fallacy, prospect theory, and the local rationality principle. It advocates for a culture of learning, critical debriefs, and the application of human factors principles in diving. Ultimately, the episode encourages listeners to approach incidents with curiosity, suspend judgment, and seek to understand the local rationality of those involved. The tragic loss of the Titan submersible serves as a poignant reminder of the imperative to learn and improve safety in complex systems. The episode concludes by honoring the lives lost in the incident. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/its-obvious-why-it-happened   Links: How Near-Misses Influence Decision Making Under Risk: A Missed Opportunity for Learning: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.1080.0869 If we want to learn, notice the conditions, not the outcomes: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/don-t-just-focus-on-the-errors AccipMap: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000368701730100X DMAIB report: https://dmaib.com/reports/2021/beaumaiden-grounding-on-18-october-2021/ Implications for hindsight bias: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Perspectives-on-Human-Error%3A-Hindsight-Biases-and-Woods/d913cdeae4e2782881a52e635e06c208b0796aed If the adverse event occurs in an uncertain or unusual environment, then we are more likely to judge it more harshly: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167292181012 Five principles behind High-Reliability Organisations (HRO): https://www.high-reliability.org/faqs?_gl=1*j0ylqo*_ga*NDkyNjExMzA3LjE2ODc2Nzc2NTI.*_ga_TM3DC1EMKK*MTY4NzY3NzY1MS4xLjEuMTY4NzY3OTI2OC4wLjAuMA.. Prospecive hindsight/Pre-mortems: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/how-to-help-correct-the-biases-which-lead-to-poor-decision-making Red Team Thinking: https://www.redteamthinking.com/ Guy’s blog, Is the Juice Worth the Squeeze?: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/is-the-juice-worth-the-squeeze Doc Deep’s final dive: https://gue.com/blog/i-trained-doc-deep/ Single and Double Loop learning: https://hbr.org/1977/09/double-loop-learning-in-organizations Columbia Accident Investigaion Board: https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/caib/news/report/pdf/vol1/chapters/chapter8.pdf New ways to learn from the Challenger disaster: https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2015.7118898 Drop your Tools: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393722 Availability, Representativeness & Adjustment and Anchoring: https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~schaller/Psyc590Readings/TverskyKahneman1974.pdf Trieste record breaking dive: https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2020/january/first-deepest-dive Resources from RF4 presentation: https://bit.ly/rf4-resources Psychological safety, Tom Geraghty’s site: https://psychsafety.co.uk/ Normal Accidents: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_Accidents Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Human Factors, Incident Investigation

In this podcast episode, Gareth delves into the concept of near-misses in diving, exploring the two categories: those that "could happen" and those that "almost happened." The distinction lies in background risks versus perceived risks influenced by cognitive biases. The episode draws parallels with real-world examples, such as the normalization of risks in the space shuttle Columbia tragedy. Three dive scenarios are presented, examining the outcomes and whether the participants were lucky or skilled. The discussion emphasizes the impact of successful near-misses on risk perception, leading to potential complacency. The episode concludes with insights into mitigating these issues, promoting counterfactual thinking, and stressing the importance of effective debriefs to enhance learning from near-misses. The audience is encouraged to reflect on successful outcomes and consider whether they were lucky or good in order to improve diving practices. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/were-you-lucky-or-were-you-good-2   Links: Normalisation of Deviance blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/normalisation-of-deviance-not-about-rule-breaking Debrief model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief How Near-Misses Influence Decision Making Under Risk: A Missed Opportunity for Learning. Dillon & Tinsley, 2008: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.1080.0869   Tags:  English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Normalisation of Deviance, Risk Management

In this podcast episode, Gareth recounts the experience of an experienced cave diver during what was intended to be a routine sidemount dive. Despite their expertise and previous successful dives, this particular excursion took an unexpected turn, prompting reflection on why certain factors may not be apparent in the moment but become evident in hindsight. The episode explores the physiological and cognitive aspects affecting diver performance, touching on concepts like working memory, task load, and background cognitive loading. Analogies such as juggling and buckets of water are used to illustrate the limitations of cognitive capacity. The impact of being submerged on cognitive performance is discussed, emphasizing the need for awareness and adaptation during underwater activities. The episode concludes with insights into the narcotic effects of gases, particularly nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and examines the specific context that contributed to the diver's challenges. The importance of resilience in the face of errors is highlighted, encouraging listeners to understand the local rationality of those involved in adverse events and emphasizing the value of learning from near misses. Original blog:  https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/please-sir-my-brain-is-full   Links: Carl Spencer’s last dive: https://www.sidetracked.com/the-siren-song-of-the-britannic/ Dalecki et Al, 2012: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-012-2999-6 Oxygen narcosis research: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35859332/   Tags: English, Cognitive Biases, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Incident Analysis

In this podcast episode, Gareth shares insights gained from conversations with survivors of the recent Carlton Queen liveaboard incident off the coast of Egypt. The survivors recounted harrowing experiences during the ship's sinking and discussed conditions that seemed "odd" in hindsight. The episode delves into the challenge of recognizing latent factors contributing to accidents before they occur and emphasizes the importance of understanding what 'normal' looks like in various situations. Drawing on the survivors' perspectives, Gareth explores the powerful effects of hindsight bias, providing practical tips for reducing its impact when analyzing events and learning from them. The episode concludes with a call for active reflection and the use of tools like DEBrIEF to uncover error-producing conditions and improve safety. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/would-you-do-the-same-thing   Links: Looking for patterns: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome Error producing conditions: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/don-t-just-focus-on-the-errors Debrief guide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief   Tags: English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Hindsight Bias

In this podcast episode, Gareth reflects on the power of assumptions in everyday life, using examples ranging from a humorous cycling sign to more serious incidents in diving. The discussion explores how assumptions, while essential for navigating the complexity of daily activities, can sometimes lead to oversights and mistakes. Drawing parallels with diving scenarios, the episode emphasizes the critical need to validate certain assumptions, especially those related to safety in the underwater environment. Gareth shares insights into the recent incident involving the Carlton Queen liveaboard, highlighting the individual and systemic failures that contributed to the event. The episode concludes by advocating for a shift from a punitive approach to a restorative one in learning from mistakes and fostering a culture of safety in diving. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/assumptions-a-paradox   Links: Cognitive bias infographic: https://medium.com/thinking-is-hard/4-conundrums-of-intelligence-2ab78d90740f Buster Benson’s original blog about cognitive bias: https://betterhumans.pub/cognitive-bias-cheat-sheet-55a472476b18 Debrief model: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief   Tags:  English, Cognitive Biases, decision Making, Gareth Lock, Just Culture

In this podcast episode, the focus is on how we interpret and learn from incidents in diving. Using the analogy of a vase breaking, the episode explores how the language we use to describe events can influence our understanding. It presents two diver scenarios, emphasizing the importance of context in shaping behavior and decision-making. The podcast delves into research showing biases in incident reports, where a linear-cause-and-effect narrative leads to individual blame. It stresses the need for context-rich narratives for a more comprehensive understanding of incidents. The episode discusses cultural influences on diving safety protocols and calls for a shift from an individual-blame approach to a systemic understanding of failures. It concludes with an announcement of "Learning from Unintended Outcomes" course and upcoming comprehensive guide on moving from blame to learning in diving incidents using a human factors and system-learning approach. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/watch-what-you-say   Links: The role of agency in discussing dive incidents: https://gue.com/blog/the-role-of-agency-when-discussing-diving-incidents-an-adverse-event-occurs-an-instructor-makes-a-mistake/ 2018 Research aboout linear reports: https://www.mdpi.com/2313-576X/4/4/46 2023 research about experienced vs inexperienced analysis: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144921/full Work as imagined vs work as done: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtgIwHrUWVQ&list=PLNXuyLsCTX6hHS3newpcROfJ_JiI27q3C&index=26 Two contrasting views of the South Korea ferry accident: https://vimeo.com/122851457 Moving from an individual blame focused approach to one that looks at the wider system: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227822215_A_Review_of_Literature_Individual_Blame_vs_Organizational_Function_Logics_in_Accident_Analysis Learning from Unintended Outcomes course: https://www.thehumandiver.com/lfuo   Tags:  English, Communication, Gareth Lock, Incident Investigation, Just Culture

In this podcast episode, the discussion revolves around risk management in diving, sparked by an incident in a remote location. The episode explores fundamental principles applicable to all diving scenarios. It begins by emphasizing the inherent hazards in diving and the potential fatal outcomes associated with various risks. The "bow-tie model" is introduced to illustrate preventive measures, controls, and mitigations. The episode further delves into the Four Ts of risk management—Treat, Transfer, Tolerate, and Terminate—and explains their relevance to diving, considering factors like training, equipment, and environmental conditions. The inherent and irreducible risk in diving is acknowledged, with a focus on the delicate balance between risk and reward, highlighting the trade-offs involved in decision-making. The podcast concludes with a scenario-based exploration of risk management strategies in a remote diving expedition, addressing the complexities and interdependencies of the 4Ts. The episode encourages listeners to consider these principles when assessing risk in their diving experiences and emphasizes the importance of a multi-layered approach to achieve a tolerable level of risk. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/risk-management-in-diving   Links: The confusing concept of inherent risk: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GFVM8QrNv0zfevkiGBX38SC-MJWYNdco/view?usp=sharing Human Diver blog about risk or uncertainty: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/risk-or-uncertainty Dirty Dozen checklist: https://thedirtydozenexpeditions.com/s/Dirty-Dozen-Group-LLC-SPLASH-CHECKLIST-30-AUDITED-BY-HUMAN-FACTORS.pdf Pschosocial risks: https://www.hse.gov.uk/msd/mac/psychosocial.htm More Human Diver blogs: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog?tag=cognitive+biases Blog about hindsight bias: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/joining-dots-is-easy-if-you-know-the-outcome   Tags:  English, Checklists, Cognitive Biases, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Risk Management

This podcast episode explores the critical importance of designing checklists for rebreather and general diving operations, drawing parallels with aviation practices. The episode delves into the 'Challenge and Response' checklist method widely used in aviation, emphasizing its role in enhancing safety, systematic verification, and crew coordination. The discussion addresses reasons for deviations from checks, including distractions, individualism, complacency, and frustration, with insights from aviation incidents. Solutions to these challenges are presented, advocating for optimal checklist initiation, managing interruptions, and thoughtful checklist design based on human factors principles. The episode concludes by underlining the need for checklists as integral tools in diving safety, urging consistent usage within a robust social system to minimize deviations and enhance overall operational safety. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/how-to-improve-diving-checklist-design-and-use   Links: Original checklist blog, part one: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/how-to-building-an-effective-checklist Ross. Human Factors Issues of the Aircraft Checklist, 2004: https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1553&context=jaaer Degani, Asaf; Wiener, Earl L. (1990) Human Factors of Fight-Deck Checklists: The Normal Checklist. Contract No. NCC2-377. A report prepared for Ames Research Center:​​ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19910017830 Degani, A. and Wiener, E. L. (1994). On the Design of Flight-Deck Procedures. (NASA Contractor Report 177642). Moffett Field, CA: NASA-Ames Research Center: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19940029437   Tags: English, Checklists, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Non-Technical Skills, Situation Awareness

This podcast episode explores the crucial role of checklists in enhancing safety and standardizing procedures in various fields, with a focus on diving. Delving into the complexities of checklist design and execution, the discussion emphasizes the importance of considering human factors, operational conditions, and the social environment. While checklists play a vital role in promoting mutual monitoring and coordination during high workload periods in dive operations, the episode highlights the need for balance in standardization, length, typography, and phraseology. The podcast underscores the significance of addressing cognitive limitations and potential error-producing conditions, advocating for the thoughtful design of checklists based on human factors principles. The episode concludes by stressing that checklists are not a one-size-fits-all solution; they must be integrated into a team with a shared commitment to adherence and accountability for effective risk management in diving operations. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/how-to-building-an-effective-checklist   Links: World Health Organisations Surgical Safety Checklist: https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/patient-safety/research/safe-surgery/tool-and-resources Part 2 original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/how-to-improve-diving-checklist-design-and-use Degani, Asaf; Wiener, Earl L. Human Factors of Fight-Deck Checklists: The Normal Checklist. Contract No. NCC2-377. A report prepared for Ames Research Center. May 1990: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19910017830 Degani, Asaf. On the Typography of Flight-Deck Documentation. Contract No. NCC2-327. A report prepared for NASA. December 1992: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930010781 Burian, Barbara. “Design Guidance for Emergency and Abnormal Checklists in Aviation.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting. 2006: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253033092_Design_Guidance_for_Emergency_and_Abnormal_Checklists_in_Aviation   Tags:  English, Checklists, Decision Making, Gareth Lock

In this podcast episode, Gareth delves into the nuanced concept of safety in diving, challenging the perception of what constitutes a "safe" dive. Examining different dive scenarios, from reef dives to wreck penetrations and cave dives, the episode explores the subjective nature of acceptable risk levels based on individual training, skills, and experience. Drawing on a healthcare safety framework, the discussion categorizes safety approaches into "Ultra Adaptive," "High Reliability," and "Ultra Safe," questioning where the diving industry aligns in terms of risk management. The lack of precise data on diving failures and fatalities is highlighted, challenging the commonly cited failure rate. The episode encourages listeners to reconsider their understanding of a "safe" dive, emphasizing the importance of regular emergency and rescue plan validation, skill practice, and reflective debriefs to foster a true sense of safety in diving. Gareth prompts listeners to contemplate their personally constructed views of safety and the potential challenges when these views differ within a dive team, stressing the need for a psychologically-safe environment for effective risk management discussions. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/what-does-safe-mean   Links: Framework of contrasting approaches to safety: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25559-0   Tags: English, Decision Making, Gareth Lock, Risk, Risk Management, Safety Culture

In this podcast episode, Gareth explores the complexities of risk management in diving, emphasizing the hazards involved, including drowning, hypoxia, hyperoxia, entanglement, and decompression illness. The discussion challenges the traditional concept of risk, highlighting that in diving, uncertainties are managed, not risks, due to the unknown probabilities associated with events. Drawing from a real-life cave diving accident, the episode delves into cognitive biases such as availability bias, representativeness bias, and mirages, revealing how humans struggle to accurately judge risks, especially in low probability/high consequence situations. The importance of framing decisions and considering cultural effects is discussed, shedding light on the divergent perspectives within the diving community. Gareth advocates for education and systematic thinking to address biases, emphasizing the role of checklists and the unique approach of The Human Diver in managing uncertainty rather than quantifiable risk. The episode concludes by highlighting the social construction of safety and the subjective nature of an acceptable level of risk in diving. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/risk-or-uncertainty   Links: Plura cave diving accident: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_into_the_Unknown Anchoring case study: https://youarenotsosmart.com/2010/07/27/anchoring-effect/ Dirty Dozen splash checklist: https://thedirtydozenexpeditions.com/s/Dirty-Dozen-Group-LLC-SPLASH-CHECKLIST-30-AUDITED-BY-HUMAN-FACTORS.pdf Reference: Social Structure, Psychology, and the Estimation of Risk. Heimer, 1998: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.002423   Tags:  English, Cognitive Biases, Decision Making, Gareth Lock

In this podcast episode, Gareth explores the nuanced meanings of terms like success, failure, good, bad, and safe within the context of a two-week workshop for developing Human Diver instructors. The workshop incorporates realistic simulations with live students from diverse backgrounds, posing challenges in team formation. The episode delves into discussions around defining success in simulations, where both positive and negative outcomes contribute to learning. Gareth shares a personal experience from the workshop, highlighting the impact of goal-oriented leadership on team dynamics and the importance of maintaining psychological safety for effective communication. The episode emphasizes the relevance of these insights to the diving community, prompting listeners to reflect on leadership styles, capacity to fail safely, emergency preparedness, and the value of non-technical skills in high-consequence environments. Ultimately, Gareth argues that being safe involves understanding context, implementing defenses, and planning to fail safely in a fallible environment. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/success-or-failure-success-and-failure   Links: DEBrIEF guide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief Challenger Safety: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-4 The courses we run: https://www.thehumandiver.com/hfid-level-2 Safety is not being compliant with rules: https://gue.com/blog/compliance-provides-an-illusion-of-safety-in-diving/   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, InterLAB, Leadership, Psychological Safety, Teamwork, Training

In this podcast episode, the host reflects on the crucial role of human factors in diving, particularly in the context of scientific diving, where diverse skills are essential for conducting underwater research. The episode details the experience of implementing human factors training in the first Occupational Scientific Diving Training class at the Tvärminne Zoological Station in Finland. The scientific diving class, held over six weeks, aimed to develop skills in project management, supervision, emergency plans, and diving skills. The incorporation of human factors principles, such as creating a psychologically safe environment, using checklists, and improving communication techniques, significantly enhanced the students' learning experience. The host shares how these practices fostered teamwork, reduced errors, and improved safety and efficiency in the challenging underwater environment. The episode concludes with the students' positive feedback, highlighting the transformative impact of integrating human factors training into scientific diving education. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/HF-into-scientific-diving   Links: https://www.helsinki.fi/en/research-stations/tvarminne-zoological-station/finnish-scientific-diving-academy   Tags: English, Beatrice Rivoira, Checklists Communication, Psychological Safety, Scientific Diving, Teamwork

In this podcast episode, Gareth explores the safety practices of aviation and nuclear industries, and their relevance to diving. Rather than focusing on regulations, the discussion centers on five key principles derived from Human and Organisational Performance (H&OP). The principles delve into understanding human error as normal, avoiding blame in favor of learning, recognizing that context drives behavior, emphasizing the importance of leaders' responses, and highlighting the vital role of continuous learning for improvement. Gareth provides a concise overview of each principle, underscoring their interdependence and practical applications in the diving community. The episode concludes by emphasizing the need to shift from a blame-oriented culture to one centered on learning, promoting safety and improved performance in the dynamic world of diving. Additional resources are offered for a deeper exploration of these principles. Original Blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/five-key-principles-how-to-improve-individually-and-organisationally   Links: Work as imagined will not meet the operating environment: https://gue.com/blog/compliance-provides-an-illusion-of-safety-in-diving/ James Reason’s categorised errors: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/mistakes-errors-words-have-meaning You can blame or you can learn, you can’t do both: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/surely-if-we-blame-and-punish-things-will-be-safer  Context, the decision-making process, and ‘local rationality’: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/why-diving-incident-stories-are-good-and-bad Social media sites and the fear of sharing stories: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/we-ve-got-an-attitude-problem Psycholoigcal safety: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/team-building-psych-safety-1 Dummies blog about Just Culture: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/hf-in-diving-for-dummies-part-3-just-culture Adopting HF and Non-Technical Skills training into curricula: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/knowledge-is-not-enough-we-must-apply Moving from a blame-focused approach to one which is focused on learning and understanding local rationality: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/accountability-or-another-word-for-blame Learning from unintended outcomes: https://www.thehumandiver.com/lfuo The need to tell context-rich stories: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/don-t-just-focus-on-the-errors Patrick Lencioni’s ‘The Five Dysfunctions of a Team’: https://medium.com/@leenasn/book-summary-the-five-dysfunctions-of-a-team-f3299a1f1a3c Post from the CEO of PADI: https://pros-blog.padi.com/straight-talk-from-padi-ceo-your-1-priority-and-responsibility-when-training-or-supervising-divers/%C2%A0 Moving from blame to learning: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/from_blaming_to_learning   Tags:  English, Gareth Lock, HOP, Human Error, Human Performance, Just Culture, Leadership

In this podcast episode, Jenny delves into the concept of trust, drawing a historical connection to the origin of the term "confidence man" in the late 1940s. The story of William Thompson, a small-time thief, serves as an analogy to highlight the importance of integrity in building trust, especially in teamwork. The discussion emphasizes that while skills and integrity are foundational components of trust, benevolence, or the belief that someone is acting in our best interests, plays a crucial role. Jenny explores Shane Snow's three building blocks of trust – ability, integrity, and benevolence – and emphasizes that benevolence forms the foundation, making it the most critical factor. The episode concludes by relating these trust principles to the diving community, highlighting the natural tendency for divers to trust one another based on shared identity and the significance of considering all three trust components in diving partnerships. Relevant academic references on organizational trust and teamwork are provided for further exploration. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/do-you-trust-me-can-i-trust-you   Links: Simon Sinek’s presentation about trust: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJdXjtSnZTI Shane Snow’s three building blocks: https://www.forbes.com/sites/shanesnow/2020/04/27/this-common-approach-to-earning-trust-completely-backfires-on-leaders/ An Integrative Model of Organisational Trust: https://www.jstor.org/stable/258792?seq=7#metadata_info_tab_contents Trust in Teams: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0018726718818721 Patrick Lencioni's Five Dysfunctions of a Team. Foundation is Trust. https://medium.com/@leenasn/book-summary-the-five-dysfunctions-of-a-team-f3299a1f1a3c   Tags:  English, Jenny Lord, Leadership, Psychological Safety, Teamwork, Trust  

In this podcast episode, Gareth shares his insights from a presentation given to young CEOs and presidents during a diving trip, focusing on applying lessons from diving to non-diving environments. The discussion encompasses topics like organizational drift, competing goals, creating a shared mental model using non-technical skills, and fostering an environment supporting psychological safety and a Just Culture. The key takeaway emphasizes the importance of learning and practicing debriefs for future dives, with a focus on the DEBrIEF framework. The framework is detailed as a valuable tool for analyzing both positive and negative dive experiences, promoting a psychologically safe environment for effective debriefing. Each element of the DEBrIEF framework is explained, from defining the scope and creating psychological safety to reviewing the timeline and fostering internal and external learning. The episode concludes by highlighting the framework's role in continuous development for high-performing dive teams and the importance of a positive and supportive learning environment. The standalone DEBrIEF guide is also made available for further reference. Original blog: https://www.thehumandiver.com/blog/debriefing   Links: DEBrIEF guide: https://www.thehumandiver.com/debrief   Tags:  English, Debrief,Gareth Lock, Leadership, Teamwork