The Poor Prole’s Almanac

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," titled "Episode 141 #6: Honeybee Queens & the future of Breeding," centers on a concerning trend: the declining health and longevity of honeybee queens. The hosts, joined by their resident queen expert Andy, discuss the traditional life cycle of a queen, how this has drastically changed in recent decades, and explore potential contributing factors to this worrisome development. The Traditional Queen Lifecycle: Longevity and Supersedure Traditionally, a honeybee queen lives for 3 to 6 years before being superseded, a natural process where the hive replaces an aging or underperforming queen. During this time, multiple swarms may emerge from the hive, splitting the colony and allowing for the establishment of new hives. As queens age, they typically experience a decline in their egg-laying capacity, particularly towards the end of summer. When a queen fails, meaning she can no longer lay the proper ratio of worker bees, the worker bees will often force her out of the hive. The Modern Queen: Shorter Lifespans and Mysterious Disappearances However, as the hosts emphasize, the current reality for honeybee queens is a stark departure from this traditional lifecycle. Queens are now rarely surviving beyond two years, and their decline is happening throughout the year, not just in late summer. Furthermore, they are being superseded at unusual times and, in some cases, disappearing entirely without a trace. Unraveling the Mystery: Exploring Potential Causes The hosts grapple with this concerning phenomenon, acknowledging that there is no definitive answer to explain this widespread decline in queen health. They challenge the mainstream explanations, which often attribute these issues to aggressive bees, bad weather, and queens getting lost. They point out that these factors have always been present and do not adequately explain the sudden and dramatic shift in queen health. Chemical Treatments: A Significant Impact on Reproductive Capacity The hosts focus on the potential impact of chemical treatments used in beekeeping to control mites, suggesting that these chemicals may be a significant contributing factor to the decline in queen health. They cite a 2016 study that showed a dramatic decrease in drone sperm viability after exposure to chemical treatments. They also note that similar negative impacts on sperm viability have been observed in queens exposed to these chemicals. Transportation Stress and its Impact on Sperm Viability Beyond chemical exposure, the hosts discuss how the transportation process itself can negatively affect queen health. Queens are often shipped long distances in conditions that are either too warm or too cold, which can lead to reduced sperm viability and compromise the queen's ability to establish a healthy hive. The Importance of Diet: Beyond Sugar Water The hosts delve into the critical role of diet in honeybee health, emphasizing that while a diverse diet is essential, many beekeepers rely heavily on sugar water, particularly during times when natural food sources are scarce. This practice, while intended to sustain the hive, lacks the nutritional complexity of honey and pollen, potentially impacting the queen's health and longevity. A Confluence of Factors: A Recipe for Decline The episode highlights that the declining health of honeybee queens is likely not attributable to a single factor but rather a combination of stressors. The hosts underscore that the very practices employed to support honeybees, such as chemical treatments, long-distance transportation, and reliance on sugar water, may be inadvertently contributing to their decline. Breeding Practices and the Quest for Healthy Queens The hosts explore the role of breeding practices in addressing the queen health crisis. They discuss the importance of factors like genetics, the age of worker bees involved in raising new queens, and the size of the queen cells. They also mention the work of researchers like Torben Schiffer, who focuses on studying wild honeybee populations to gain insights into natural breeding patterns and the potential for improving queen health. Local Queens and Natural Adaptation: A Path Forward The episode concludes with a call for a more sustainable approach to beekeeping, one that prioritizes the use of local queens adapted to specific environments and minimizes the reliance on interventions that may have unintended consequences. The hosts advocate for allowing bees to adapt naturally and suggest that reducing human intervention may be key to ensuring the long-term survival of healthy honeybee populations. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Nativ

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the fascinating world of honeybee genetics, emphasizing the crucial role of genetic diversity in colony health and survival. The episode traces the historical migration and evolution of honeybees, examines the unique reproductive processes that contribute to genetic variation, and discusses the implications of beekeeping practices on bee genetics. The Journey of Honeybees: Adaptation and Evolution Through Migration The episode begins by taking a journey back to the last Ice Age, explaining that honeybees, unable to survive the frigid temperatures, migrated south. As the ice receded, different subspecies of honeybees emerged, adapted to their specific environments. The episode highlights the Iberian honeybee, which, due to the relatively flat terrain of the Iberian Peninsula, was able to quickly recolonize Northern Europe. These bees crossbred with other non-honeybees in the region, contributing to the genetic diversity of European honeybees. The Importance of Swarming and Natural Selection The hosts discuss the significance of swarming, a natural process where a portion of the hive, including the queen, leaves to establish a new colony. They explain that in the past, when beekeeping was not widespread, only the strongest and most adaptable colonies survived to swarm and reproduce. This natural selection process ensured the perpetuation of robust honeybee populations. The Queen's Role: Diploids and Haploids The episode explains the unique reproductive system of honeybees, where queens are diploids, carrying chromosomes from both their mother and father (a drone), while drones are haploids, carrying only one set of chromosomes from their mother. The hosts clarify that this means drones are essentially the queen's genetic brothers. Meiosis: Mixing and Reducing Chromosomes The process of meiosis is introduced, which is how the queen's diploid genetic code is mixed and reduced to create haploid drone eggs. This process involves a random exchange of genetic material between the queen's two sets of chromosomes, ensuring genetic variation in the drones she produces. Competitive Polyandry: Mating with Multiple Drones The hosts explain the concept of competitive polyandry, where queen bees mate with multiple drones in mid-air. This mating process further contributes to genetic diversity within the hive, as each drone's sperm carries a unique set of genes. The queen stores the sperm from all the drones she mates with and uses it throughout her life to fertilize eggs. Subfamilies Within the Hive: Diversity in Appearance and Behavior The multiple matings result in subfamilies within the hive, each with slightly different genetic makeups. This genetic variation manifests in differences in appearance, behavior, and skill sets among the worker bees. The episode uses the example of the waggle dance, the bees' communication method for sharing the location of food sources, explaining that subfamilies may interpret the dance differently due to their unique genetics. The Importance of Genetic Diversity for Colony Health The episode stresses that this genetic diversity, although seemingly creating challenges, is crucial for the overall health and resilience of the colony. The hosts explain that genetic variation: Provides a range of skill sets: Different subfamilies excel in different tasks, such as hygiene, foraging, and brood rearing, contributing to the efficiency of the hive. Enhances resistance to diseases and parasites: Hives with greater genetic diversity are better equipped to withstand threats like viruses and parasites. Inbreeding: A Threat to Hive Survival The episode discusses the dangers of inbreeding, explaining that when queens mate with their brothers (drones), it can lead to the production of diploid drones. These diploid drones are not viable and are typically cannibalized by worker bees. Continued inbreeding can result in a "shotgun effect," where a significant portion of the brood is comprised of these non-viable diploid drones, ultimately leading to the collapse of the hive. The Impact of Beekeeping Practices on Genetic Diversity The hosts shift the focus to the implications of modern beekeeping practices on honeybee genetics. They point out that: Keeping inbred hives alive artificially can be detrimental: Beekeepers, through various interventions, may inadvertently sustain hives that would have naturally collapsed due to inbreeding, potentially weakening the overall gene pool. Importing bees from different regions can disrupt local adaptations: The practice of ordering bees from distant locations, often with different climates and environmental conditions, can disrupt the development of locally adapted ecotypes. The Concept of Ecotypes: Regional Adaptations The episode introduces the concept of ecotypes, regionally adapted honeybee populations with specific traits that allow them to thrive in their particular environments. The hosts expl

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" expands upon the previous episode's exploration of honeybee biology, focusing on the intricate division of labor within the hive, the different stages of a worker bee's life, and the various types of hives used in beekeeping. The episode continues the hosts' engaging blend of humor and insightful commentary, featuring Andy, Elliot, and their guest host, Matt. Worker Bees: A Life of Stratified Labor The episode begins by emphasizing the structured division of labor among worker bees, highlighting the three main roles they assume throughout their lives: nurse bees, house bees, and foragers. This stratification of work aligns with the bees' age, abilities, and the hive's needs. Nurse Bees: The Nurturers - Nurse bees, the youngest worker bees, are responsible for feeding other worker bees as they emerge from their cells. Their primary task involves feeding royal jelly, a nutrient-rich secretion from glands in their heads, to newly hatched larvae. House Bees: The Builders and Processors - As nurse bees mature, their brood food glands dry up, and wax glands on their abdomen become active, marking their transition into house bees. House bees focus on building and repairing the honeycomb, processing pollen into bee bread, and stretching nectar to create honey. They also take orientation flights to familiarize themselves with the hive's location and surroundings. Foragers: The Gatherers - Around 21 days old, worker bees shift into the foraging role, their wax glands atrophying as they venture outside the hive to collect resources. Foragers gather water, pollen, nectar, and resins used to make propolis, a bee glue used to seal gaps and reinforce the hive structure. They continue in this role until they reach the end of their lifespan, around six weeks. The Significance of Propolis: Bee Glue with Multiple Uses The hosts discuss the importance of propolis, explaining that it's distinct from beeswax. While beeswax forms the honeycomb structure, propolis acts as a sealant, filling cracks and crevices within the hive to regulate airflow. The hosts compare it to mortar, highlighting its role in maintaining the hive's integrity. Reflecting on Bee Society: A Model for Equitable Mentorship? The hosts draw parallels between the stratified labor system in bee society and human societal structures. They observe that while bees transition through different roles based on their capabilities and experience, human societies often prioritize hierarchical advancement and financial gain. They propose that the beehive's system of mentorship, where younger bees learn by working alongside older bees in subsequent stages, could offer a model for creating a more equitable and compassionate human society. Hive Variations: Adapting to Location and Beekeeping Practices Shifting focus to the physical structures of beehives, the hosts discuss the variety of hive types available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages depending on location, climate, and the beekeeper's skill level. Langstroth Hives: The Standard Choice - The most common type, characterized by square stacked boxes. Top Bar Hives: The Southern Favorite - More prevalent in warmer climates, believed to dissipate heat more effectively and resemble natural hive structures. Skep Hives: The Historical Relic - Less than 1% of hives in use, typically made of straw and historically designed to be destroyed during honey harvesting. The hosts challenge the traditional narrative that this practice stemmed from ignorance, suggesting that beekeepers likely harvested after bees naturally moved out. Protective Gear: The Michelin Man of Beekeeping The hosts emphasize the importance of protective clothing for beekeepers, specifically a veil to protect the face and a bee suit to cover the body. While stings on the hands and body are tolerable, stings to the face are highly undesirable. The hosts humorously describe the bee suit's appearance, likening it to the Michelin Man. Hive Tools: Essential Equipment for Beekeeping The episode introduces the essential tools for beekeeping, focusing on three key items: Hive Tool: The Multipurpose Lever - Used for prying, scraping, and leveraging tasks within the hive, particularly for dislodging frames stuck together with propolis. Smoker: The Bee Calmer - Traditionally used to subdue bees by inducing them to gorge themselves on honey in anticipation of an emergency flight. The smoke also masks alarm pheromones, making the beekeeper less of a perceived threat. However, the hosts note that the practice can disrupt honey production, and they personally try to avoid using a smoker. Bee Brush: The Gentle Remover - Any clean brush can suffice, used to gently remove bees from frames or the beekeeper's body. The hosts advise brushing bees away from their heads. Acquiring Bees: Packages, Nukes, and Swarms The hosts discuss the different methods for obtaining bees, each offering its own set of considerations: Pac

Through the previous two episodes, we outlined the realities of honeybees and the limitations of the ecosystems around us to support honeybees. With that in mind, if we choose to continue to live alongside European Honeybees, what should that look like? Decoding Bee Society: An Introduction to Honeybee Biology and Behavior This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," titled "Episode 138 #3: Beekeeping 101 for Beginners," offers an introductory exploration into the captivating world of honeybees. Hosts Andy and Elliot engage in their signature blend of informative and humor-laden dialogue, covering the basics of honeybee biology, their social structure, and the intricate roles within the hive. Although framed as a beginner's guide to beekeeping, the episode provides valuable insights for anyone curious about the fascinating lives of these buzzing pollinators. Honeybees: More Than Just "Butt Stabby Sky Caterpillars" The episode kicks off with Andy's humorous, albeit inaccurate, description of honeybees as "butt stabby sky caterpillars". This lighthearted introduction sets the tone for the discussion, which quickly dives into a more scientifically accurate classification of these insects. Honeybees belong to the order Hymenoptera, which includes wasps, ants, and sawflies. Within this order, honeybees are further categorized under the genus Apis mellifera, encompassing a diverse array of over 7,500 species. The hosts emphasize that honeybees are considered "eusocial" insects, meaning they exhibit a high level of social organization and cooperation within their colonies. This intricate social structure involves a complex division of labor, cooperative brood care, and overlapping generations within the hive. The Circle of Life: The Eight Stages of a Honeybee's Existence The episode provides a detailed overview of a honeybee's life cycle, which unfolds in eight distinct stages, beginning with an egg. The hosts briefly touch upon the intriguing possibility of bee eggs as a culinary delicacy, albeit acknowledging the lack of widespread consumption. From Egg to Larva: The Role of Royal Jelly The hosts explain that upon hatching from the egg, the honeybee larva resembles a "tiny white glistening worm-like" creature. During the initial stages of development, all female larvae are fed royal jelly, a nutrient-rich substance secreted by nurse bees. The quantity and duration of royal jelly consumption determine the fate of the female bee. Those destined to become queens receive a continuous supply of royal jelly throughout their larval stage, spanning four and a half days. Worker larvae, on the other hand, transition to a diet of bee bread, also known as brood food, after just two days. Drones: The "Five-Headed" Members of the Hive Drone larvae, the males of the colony, follow a similar dietary pattern but extend their royal jelly intake for six days, which the hosts attribute to their "giant ass head". The hosts highlight the physical distinction of drones, noting their larger size and prominent eyes. The episode also reveals a fascinating detail about drone cell placement within the hive. Worker bees strategically position drone cells around the edges of the brood frames. This placement ensures that during periods of cold weather, the drones, deemed less essential for the hive's survival, are the first to perish. From Larva to Pupa: Metamorphosis Within a "Secret Cocoon" As the larvae mature, worker bees cap their cells, initiating the pupation stage. The hosts describe this transformation as occurring within a "secret cocoon" spun by the larva. Inside this cocoon, the larva undergoes a remarkable metamorphosis, developing the characteristic features of an adult bee: three distinct body parts, six legs, four wings, and compound eyes. Emerging from the Cocoon: Life as a Worker, Drone, or Queen The episode outlines the varying emergence times for each bee type: worker bees take 21 days, drones 24 days, and queens a mere 16 days. This discrepancy in development time, particularly the shorter duration for queens, is attributed to the richer diet they receive as larvae and their crucial role within the hive. Newly emerged queens engage in a fierce competition for dominance, seeking out rival queens and queen cells in an attempt to eliminate any contenders. This "Highlander" scenario ensures that only one queen reigns supreme within the hive. Drones: The "Lottery Winners" of the Hive Drones, upon emerging from their cells, enjoy a life of relative leisure. Worker bees cater to their needs, feeding them until they are self-sufficient. The hosts humorously characterize drones as "teddy bears with dicks that can fly," highlighting their lack of involvement in hive maintenance tasks. Worker Bees: The Backbone of the Hive Worker bees, comprising the majority of the hive population, shoulder the responsibility of all hive oper

In this episode, we chat with researcher Torben Schiffer to discuss his findings working with wild honeybees in Europe. What can we learn from wild honeybees about the health of bees in conventional settings, and further, what do these discoveries imply about the sustainability of honeybees in urban settings? You can buy Torben's books at the following link, or check your local bookstore! https://www.amazon.com/stores/Torben-Schiffer/author/B087QL9XB7?ref=ap_rdr&store_ref=ap_rdr&isDramIntegrated=true&shoppingPortalEnabled=true To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" challenges the common narrative that honeybees are primarily responsible for pollinator decline. While acknowledging the importance of honeybees, the hosts, Andy and Elliot, alongside guest host Matt, argue that focusing solely on honeybee conservation distracts from the more significant issue: the need to protect and restore native pollinator populations. They dissect various research papers and highlight the nuances surrounding invasive species, monocropping, and the complex interplay between native and non-native plants and pollinators. Challenging the Claim that Honeybees Promote Invasive Species The episode examines the often-repeated assertion that honeybees contribute to the spread of invasive plant species. The hosts trace this claim back to a series of papers, starting with a 2001 study titled "The Influence of Sociality on the Conservation Biology of Social Insects". This paper, however, only briefly mentions the concept and refers to a 1994 study for further investigation. Upon examining this 1994 study, "An Assessment of the Contribution of Honeybees to Weed Reproduction in New Zealand Protected Natural Areas", the hosts find that the abstract directly contradicts the commonly held belief. The study concludes that while honeybees may pollinate some invasive species, they likely do not significantly contribute to the overall problem. They further investigate another frequently cited paper, "Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences, and Control", and discover that it doesn't even mention honeybees. This exploration reveals a pattern of misinterpretations and misattributions within the scientific literature, highlighting the importance of carefully examining primary sources rather than relying on secondhand summaries. The Impacts of Monocropping on Pollinator Diversity The hosts then shift their focus to monocropping, a prevalent agricultural practice that displaces native plants with vast swathes of single crops. They discuss a 2016 study that investigated how the scale of monocropping influences pollinator diversity. The research found that row crops, a common form of monoculture, negatively impact bee abundance within a 900-foot radius. Notably, even with unmanaged, "wild" areas bordering these monocrops, native pollinator diversity did not significantly improve. This finding suggests that the degradation of surrounding habitats may limit the effectiveness of small-scale native plant restoration efforts. Rethinking Native and Non-Native Plant Strategies The episode also challenges the simplistic notion that simply planting native species is a guaranteed solution for pollinator decline. They present findings from Oregon State University's Garden Ecology Lab, which compared the attractiveness of native and non-native plants to various pollinators. While native plants were initially more attractive, non-native plants became more popular with pollinators, especially honeybees, after a year of establishment within the ecosystem. This suggests that honeybees, as generalist foragers, gravitate towards less competitive resources. The hosts emphasize that while native plants are generally more beneficial for native pollinators, honeybees' tendency to exploit less competitive non-native plants might inadvertently reduce competition for native pollinators. They caution, however, that replacing all non-native plants with natives could lead to increased competition between honeybees and native pollinators for those native resources. The Need for a More Nuanced Perspective The episode concludes by urging listeners to move beyond simplistic solutions and embrace a more nuanced understanding of the complex factors contributing to pollinator decline. They stress that honeybees are not the sole culprit and that various interconnected issues, such as habitat loss, pesticide use, and the spread of diseases from managed honeybee populations to wild pollinators, require attention. The hosts advocate for a holistic approach that prioritizes habitat restoration, reduces reliance on monocropping, and encourages thoughtful integration of both native and non-native plants to support a diverse range of pollinators. Key Takeaways The claim that honeybees are the primary drivers of invasive species spread lacks strong scientific evidence. Monocropping negatively impacts pollinator diversity, and small-scale native plant restoration may be insufficient to fully mitigate this damage. While native plants are generally more beneficial, non-native plants can also support pollinators, and a balance between the two is necessary. Addressing pollinator decline requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond simply focusing on honeybees and includes habitat restoration, reduced pesticide use, and disease management. The episode encourages a shift in perspective, moving away from blame and towards collaborative action to sup

In this episode, we're chatting with Ilse Kohler-Rollefson to discuss the past and present state of pastoralism across Europe, Asia, and Africa. After decades working with Pastoralists in india, Ilse discusses living around camels, the role modern agriculture has played in this age old practices, and much, much more. Ilsa Kohler-Rollefson am associated with two organisations: The League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development (LPP) that she co-founded in 1992, and Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan (LPPS), a local organisation in Rajasthan (India) and she is dividing her time between the two, but also advises international organisations, such as FAO, GIZ, UNDP, Worldbank, and others on matters related to livestock. co-founded Camel Charisma, a social enterprise that develops and markets camel products and runs the Kumbhalgarh Camel Dairy at the foot of the Aravalli Hills. To buy her book, visit: https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/hoofprints-on-the-land/ Find her on social media at: @KohlerRollefson To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

What if transforming a small strip of urban land could boost local ecology and foster a sense of community? Join us as we converse with Dr. Gray Copeland from Murdoch University, exploring her journey from marine ecology to urban rewilding using the innovative Miyawaki method. Learn about the meticulous preparation involved in selecting sites and species for these tiny urban forests and how Dr. Copeland's expertise in seagrasses and mangroves informs her current work in urban reforestation. Discover the crucial role of soil microbes in Miyawaki forests as we delve into fascinating differences in soil microbial profiles inside and outside these tiny urban ecosystems. Dr. Copeland sheds light on the importance of soil respiration rates and the innovative use of eDNA to assess biodiversity. We discuss how traditional and indigenous practices, like compost tea, can enhance soil health and forest maturity, while clarifying common misconceptions about growth rates versus maturity rates. Lastly, we explore the powerful impact these tiny forests can have on community engagement, particularly among children. Hear about the surprising social benefits, the importance of selecting native species, and the challenges of managing invasive species. Dr. Copeland shares inspiring stories of community involvement, from celebrating a forest's first birthday to combating invasives with mulch and weeding. Discover how these thriving ecosystems can transform urban landscapes and foster a sense of ownership and environmental stewardship within communities. Pocket Forests WA plants Miyawaki forests or 'pocket' forests as part of a dedicated science program run from the Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University. The research investigates the ecology and restoration potential of pocket forests in the Australian context. The program also engages citizen scientists through a dedicated science outreach program. The outreach program brings pocket forests into schools where the children plant their very own Miyawaki forest right in their school grounds. As part of the outreach program, the children monitor their pocket forests every month with ecologist and urban forest maker, Dr Grey Coupland, from Harry Butler Institute, becoming citizen scientists and hopefully inspiring the next generation of scientists and eco-warriors. You can learn more about their work on Instagram at @pocketforestsWA and as well as at: https://pocketforestswa.org/ For sources and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: Urban Biodiversity, Miyawaki Method, Urban Rewilding, Marine Ecology, Seagrasses, Mangroves, Tiny Forests, Biodiversity, Soil Microbes, Forest Health, Soil Microbial Profiles, eDNA, Community Engagement, Environmental Stewardship, Invasive Species, Empowerment, Children, Growth Rates, Maturity Rates, Citizen Science, Compost Tea, Indigenous Practices, Social Impact, Native Species, Conservation Groups, Invasive Species Management, Mulch, Weeding, Regenerative Agriculture, Instagram, Websites, Research Affiliations Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're diving into the history of Tiny Forests and the man behind them, Akira Miyawaki. There's a complex framework to this seemingly simple process of super-dense forests, and we discuss how it's been appropriated without context in permaculture, and what tree clusters should look like and the science behind it. To get Miyawaki's book in the US, visit: https://www.buddhistcenter-rkina.org/product-page/the-healing-power-of-forest To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. Sources: https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d00789/ 1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721040249 2 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/plantbiotechnology1997/16/1/16_1_15/_pdf/-char/en 3 https://urban-forests.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Urban-Forests-report-The-Miyawaki-method-%E2%80%93-Data-concepts.pdf 4 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/shubhendu-clears-misconceptions-about-miyawaki-methodology/articleshow/70798962.cms 5 https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/in-jordan-the-middle-easts-first-miyawaki-style-baby-forests-take-root/ 6 https://www.crowdforesting.org/minimum-size-of-a-miyawaki-forest 7 "The Healing Power of Forests: The Philosophy Behind Restoring Earth's Balance with Native Trees" by Akira Miyawaki Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

How deep is your understanding of the soil beneath your feet? Jeff Lowenfels, a lawyer-turned-gardening expert, takes us on an insightful journey from using Miracle-Gro to becoming a staunch advocate for organic gardening. Through fascinating stories of his transformation, Jeff reveals how interactions with JI Rodale and Dr. Elaine Ingham opened his eyes to the wonders of the soil food web. Discover the pivotal role of mycorrhizal fungi and the critical movement of nutrients from soil to plants, all explored in his latest book, "Teaming with Bacteria." Ever wondered about the secret life of bacteria in your garden soil? This episode uncovers the complex relationships between plants and bacteria within root meristem cells. Learn how bacteria and plants engage in a symbiotic dance involving superoxide and nitrate production for mutual growth benefits. We also discuss the broader implications for soil health and sustainable agriculture, stressing the importance of bacteria-produced slime in maintaining soil structure and the dangers of chemical interventions. From composting and vermicomposting to innovative methods like Korean Natural Farming, Jeff shares traditional and modern soil-building techniques that nurture the soil food web. Highlighting the importance of endophytic bacteria in seeds, Jeff advises against sterilizing seeds and soil. Stay tuned as we explore the future of beneficial bacterial identification technologies and reflect on the groundbreaking insights from Jeff's series of books, starting with "Teaming with Microbes." This conversation is a treasure trove of knowledge that will inspire you to embrace organic gardening and understand the science behind it. If you’re not familiar with Jeff, he describes himself as an “reformed lawyer”, who also happens to write the longest running garden column in North America, having never missed a week in 41 years. The combination of garden writing and law earned him the moniker of “America’s Dirtiest Lawyer,”. He is the former President of the Garden Writers of America, a GWA Fellow and in 2005 was inducted into the GWA Hall of Fame, the highest honor a garden writer can achieve. Jeff is also the founder of a now national program that started as “Plant a Row for Bean’s,” the soup kitchen in Anchorage, and is now “Plant A Row for The Hungry.” The program is active all 50 states and Canada and has resulted in millions pounds of garden produce being donated to feed the hungry every year. As of this recording, Jeff has just released his newest book of the Teaming With Series. You might be familiar with Teaming with Microbes, Teaming with Nutrients, but his newest book, Teaming with Bacteria, sheds an entirely new light on some of the most cutting edge soil science research, and that’s what we’re here to talk about today. You can find Jeff on Twitter @GardenerJeff and you can buy his book series at jefflowenfels.com For sources and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the crucial role microbes play in the nitrogen cycle within the soil. The hosts, Andy and Elliot, along with guest host Matt, break down complex biological processes into an accessible and humorous discussion. They emphasize how understanding these microbial interactions can help both home gardeners and large-scale agricultural operations move away from commercial fertilizers and embrace more sustainable practices. Soil as a Complex Ecosystem The episode begins by recapping the basic principles of soil ecology covered in previous episodes, reminding listeners that soil is not simply inert dirt, but a dynamic ecosystem teeming with life. Plants form the foundation of this ecosystem by releasing exudates, which feed bacteria and fungi. These microbes then make nutrients more accessible to the plants, creating a mutually beneficial relationship. The hosts explain that this complex web of interactions extends beyond just plants and microbes, encompassing organisms like protozoa, nematodes, and arthropods. This diversity within the soil food web is essential for maintaining a healthy balance and ensuring the continuous cycling of nutrients. The Importance of Nitrogen The episode focuses specifically on nitrogen, a vital nutrient for plant growth, and how microbes impact its availability within the soil. When organisms within the soil food web die or are consumed, some of the nitrogen they contain is released as waste in the form of ammonium. Special bacteria, known as nitrifying bacteria, then convert this ammonium into nitrates. The Role of pH in Nitrogen Availability The hosts emphasize that the pH of the soil plays a crucial role in determining whether nitrogen is present as ammonium or nitrates. Nitrifying bacteria thrive in high pH, bacterially dominated soils. In low pH soils, however, these bacteria are less prevalent, and the nitrogen remains in the form of ammonium. The episode highlights the importance of understanding these pH dynamics when it comes to fertilizing plants. Commercial fertilizers are almost always in the form of nitrates, which are suitable for high pH soils but not for plants that prefer low pH conditions. This disparity underscores the importance of tailoring fertilization practices to the specific needs of plants and their corresponding soil environment. The Interplay of Soil Structure and Microbial Activity The discussion then shifts to soil structure, particularly the cation exchange capacity (CEC), which refers to the ability of the soil to hold onto nutrients and water. The hosts explain that lower pH soils, like those found in forests, generally have a lower CEC. However, the presence of organic matter in forest soils can help mitigate this by providing similar properties to neutral pH soils. The hosts underscore the critical role of hydroscopic water, a thin film of water that surrounds soil particles and is essential for microbial survival. Even in dry conditions, this hydroscopic water remains bound to the soil, providing a crucial lifeline for the microbial community. Bacteria and Fungi: Key Players in Decomposition The episode then goes into detail about two primary decomposers in the soil food web: bacteria and fungi. Bacteria are the second most common decomposers, breaking down organic matter into simpler molecules like sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids. Fungi, on the other hand, are the number one decomposers worldwide, capable of breaking down more complex materials like lignin and cellulose, as well as insect shells and even bones. Their ability to move nutrients across soil horizons makes fungi particularly important in building soil structure and fertility. Fungal Dominance in Forests The hosts connect the dominance of fungi in forest soils to the lower pH environment typically found in forests. Fungi are more tolerant of low pH conditions than bacteria, explaining why forests tend to have a higher fungal-to-bacterial ratio. The episode explains that as fungi break down organic matter, they release enzymes that are acidic, further lowering the soil pH. This acidification, in turn, inhibits the growth of nitrifying bacteria, leading to a greater abundance of ammonium, the preferred form of nitrogen for trees. Practical Applications for Gardeners The hosts offer practical advice for gardeners based on these microbial principles. For instance, they suggest building bacterially dominated mulches using green materials like grass clippings to promote bacterial activity and reduce weeds. Conversely, using surface mulches composed of materials like shredded leaves can encourage fungal activity, which is beneficial for trees and other plants that prefer ammonium. The Importance of Soil Building The episode concludes by emphasizing the importance of building healthy soil by fostering a diverse microbial community. Adding fertilizers alone is not a sustainable solution, as the nutrients are quickly lost without th

Last week we spoke with Vijay Kumar Thallam to discuss the development of Andhra Pradesh's natural farming movement to feed 50 million people in a few short years; in this episode we're joined by two of the women who are part of this movement. We’re joined with H. Vanurakka, or Vanu, from Durudakunta village of Kalyandurgam Mandal in the Anantapur District & Konda Usha Rani, or Usha, of the Nutakki Village in the Guntur district. They’re both single women farmers. This episode is particularly special, as our host for this episode was none other than our friend Dr. Ayesha Khan, and some of the translation voiceovers were provided by Nash Flynn. Make sure to check out their work at both The Disorderland Podcast & the Death and Friends podcast, respectively. You can follow their story on Facebook: Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming Twitter & Instagram: @APZBNF https://apcnf.in/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Vijay Kumar Thallam, a farm leader in the Andhra Pradesh region of India. What does it look like to rely on biology, fermentation, and place-based resources to feed people at scale? This seems to be the million dollar question for folks in regenerative agriculture, permaculture, and so on. Andhra Pradesh is doing it and showing what these systems can look like. Andhra Pradesh addresses this issue by focusing on building women's cooperatives that are organized federationally, which guides food systems in local communities. This episode is a special one that everyone should be listening closely to. Vijay Thallam is Executive Vice Chairman of the Indian non-profit Rythu Sadhikara Samstha, which focuses on organic agriculture; and an advisor on agriculture and cooperation to the state Government of Andhra Pradesh. After 37 years in government, Thallam took that experience to work with large-scale community mobilization and promotion of livelihoods of rural women, tribal communities and farmers. He served a record 10 years as CEO of the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty in Andhra Pradesh and led the mobilization and empowerment of 11.5 million rural poor women into thrift and credit based self-help groups, so they could move out of poverty. During the past five years, he has led a movement for climate-resilient, community managed natural farming, also known as Zero Budget Natural Farming. In 2020, it was renamed as Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming. Thallam was appointed as the Vice Chair of the Champions Network for the UN Food Systems Summit. You can follow their story on Facebook: Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming Twitter & Instagram: @APZBNF https://apcnf.in/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Ever wondered how ancient Indian farmers managed to cultivate bountiful crops without synthetic chemicals? In this episode, we journey back to around 700 BCE to uncover the ingenious practices detailed in texts like Vrikshaya Veda and the Berkshire Veda. You'll be amazed to learn how these early techniques laid the groundwork for modern organic farming, employing principles that integrated mathematics, health management, and animal care. We then venture into the heart of these ancient texts, dissecting innovative farming methods that emphasized harmony with the land’s natural uniqueness. From the use of cow dung and composting to the creation of fermented liquid manures, we discuss how these traditional techniques compare to modern sustainable practices like Korean Natural Farming (KNF) and Jadam. You'll get a balanced perspective as we critique contemporary movements such as zero budget natural farming, separating timeless wisdom from pseudoscientific claims. Next, we delve into specific ancient recipes and their modern counterparts, like the fascinating fermentation process of Kunapajala, a potent liquid manure. We spotlight Surapala’s methods and the impressive yield increases seen in crops like mango, coconut, and kiwi when using these ancient techniques. Whether you’re a farming enthusiast or just curious about ancient practices, this episode promises to be both enlightening and delightfully humorous. For sources and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: Ancient Indian Farming, Vrikshaya Veda, Berkshire Veda, Traditional Farming, Sustainable Agriculture, Korean Natural Farming, Jadam, Fermented Fertilizers, Organic Fertilizers, Crop Yield, Poultry Waste, Marginalized Communities, Fermentation Process, Nutrient Content, Personal Hygiene, Self-Care, Blue Cash Preferred, American Express Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Brandon Rust, founder of Bokashi Earthworks and known for his extensive expertise in cannabis growing. Brandon's work walks the tight rope between understanding conventional agricultural practices and how to maximize yield and data tracking while also embracing many natural farming methods. Why is this balance important, and what does it look like? Check out Brandon's incredible work on Instagram @Rust.Brandon and if you're looking to buy products from Bokashi Earthworks, visit: https://www.bokashiearthworks.com/?wpam_id=21 As of this episode drop, there is a 25% sale using the code BLACKFRIDAY To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores bokashi, an alternative method of composting that utilizes anaerobic fermentation to break down organic waste. Hosts Elliot and Andy, joined by guest host Matt, navigate the complexities of bokashi, drawing comparisons to traditional composting, examining its historical origins, and highlighting its practical applications. The hosts engage in their signature irreverent humor while offering a thorough breakdown of bokashi, from its microbial foundations to its potential benefits and drawbacks. Distinguishing Bokashi from Traditional Composting The episode begins by clarifying that bokashi, while often referred to as composting, is fundamentally different from traditional aerobic composting. Traditional composting relies on oxygen and involves a diverse array of microorganisms working together to break down organic matter, producing heat and ultimately transforming the waste into humus. Bokashi, on the other hand, operates in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions) and utilizes a specific group of microbes, primarily lactobacillus bacteria, to ferment the waste. This fermentation process results in a product known as pre-compost, which can then be further broken down in soil to release nutrients. Bokashi's Asian Roots and Modern Evolution While often associated with Korea, where it is believed to have been practiced for thousands of years, the modern bokashi system was developed in Japan by Dr. Teruo Higa in the late 1970s. Dr. Higa's breakthrough was the creation of EM1 (Effective Microorganisms 1), a pre-packaged blend of microorganisms specifically selected for their ability to effectively ferment organic waste. The episode highlights how Dr. Higa's work made bokashi more accessible for modern living, particularly in urban environments. Traditionally, bokashi involved burying waste in pits, relying on the consistent underground temperature to facilitate fermentation. EM1 allowed for the creation of bokashi systems that could be used in apartments and other settings where burying waste was impractical. The Microbes Behind Bokashi: EM1 and Beyond The episode delves into the composition of EM1, explaining that it primarily consists of lactobacillus bacteria, yeast, and purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB). However, there is debate about whether PNSB actually contribute to the bokashi process, as some argue they are ineffective in anaerobic conditions. The hosts acknowledge that EM1 can be expensive and point out that DIY alternatives exist. One option is to buy EM1 once and propagate the microorganisms, similar to maintaining a sourdough starter. Another method involves trying to capture PNSB from the environment, although the hosts caution that this requires further research and experimentation. Creating Bokashi Bran: The Carbon Source Bokashi relies on a carbon source to provide a medium for the microorganisms to thrive. This typically involves using rice bran, wheat bran, or rice hulls. However, the hosts mention that paper or coffee grounds can be used in a pinch, though not ideal due to their moisture content and texture. The episode outlines the process of creating bokashi bran, which involves mixing molasses, water, and EM1, then combining this mixture with the chosen carbon source. The goal is to inoculate the bran with the microorganisms and create a moist environment that supports their growth. The Bokashi Process: From Food Scraps to Pre-Compost The hosts provide a step-by-step explanation of the bokashi process: Choose an airtight container. While commercially available bokashi buckets exist, DIY options using five-gallon buckets with drilled holes or modified lids are also possible. Layer food scraps with bokashi bran. Add a layer of bokashi bran to the bottom of the container, followed by a layer of food scraps (about an inch thick), and then sprinkle more bran on top. Press down the waste. This helps minimize air pockets and create a more anaerobic environment. Repeat layering process. Continue adding layers of food scraps and bokashi bran until the container is full. Seal the container and let it ferment. Store the container in a room-temperature location for two weeks to allow the fermentation process to complete. After two weeks, the bokashi pre-compost will have a distinctive vinegary smell and may be covered in white mycelium, indicating the presence of beneficial fungi. This pre-compost can then be either buried in the garden or mixed with soil in a separate container to finish the decomposition process. Bokashi Tea: Leachate and Its Applications During the fermentation process, a liquid known as leachate or bokashi tea drains from the bucket. The hosts emphasize that this liquid should be used quickly, ideally within hours of collection, and is best suited for indoor plants. They express skepticism about the purported nutritional benefits of bokashi tea, likening it to the weak leachate that drips from coffee grounds or overr

We're joined by the Denver Compost Collective to discuss the concept of urban composting and utilizing compost as a tool for building community. How can we leverage our mutual understanding of the importance of soil health and local, healthy food to build inroads with our neighbors? And more importantly, how can their model be replicated across urban spaces globally? The Denver Compost Collective provides a weekly compost collection service for apartment dwellers. Their community farm partners regularly receive their compost and add it to their soils, which supports the soil greatly: improving its structure, adding fertility for crops, retaining water, and reintroducing critically important microbes back into the earth. This supports the farm’s efforts to grow healthy, natural food for their communities right in Denver. Check out the Denver Compost Collective on Instagram (@DenverCompostCollective) & Facebook, and visit their website for more information: http://www.denvercompostcollective.com Support this podcast by visiting www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac or sign up for our newsletter at www.poorproles.com Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of the Poor Proles Almanac podcast explores the fascinating world of composting, breaking down the process into its fundamental components and highlighting the scientific principles behind its effectiveness. The hosts, Elliot and Andy, along with guest host Matt, engage in their characteristic humorous and rambling style while sharing insights into the art and science of turning organic waste into a valuable soil amendment. Compost: More Than Just Rotting Waste The episode starts by defining compost as the product of decomposing plant waste and food scraps, resulting in a nutrient-rich, fluffy material called humus. Humus is a transitional layer between organic material and soil, essential for plant growth and soil health due to its ability to hold water, provide nutrients, and support diverse soil organisms. The Two Sides of Decomposition: Abiotic and Biotic The hosts explain that compost formation involves two main processes: Abiotic decomposition: Natural chemical reactions like oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, which occur regardless of the presence of living organisms. Biotic decomposition: The breakdown of organic matter by living organisms, primarily bacteria and fungi. Bacteria and Fungi: Key Players in the Compost Ecosystem The episode emphasizes the crucial role of bacteria and fungi in composting: Bacteria use enzymes to oxidize and break down organic matter, releasing energy in the form of heat. This is why compost piles often feel warm or even steamy. Fungi are particularly adept at breaking down lignin, a complex molecule found in woody materials. This makes them essential for composting materials like leaves and twigs. The ratio of fungi to bacteria in compost is influenced by the type of materials added. For example, adding more leaves and twigs will encourage fungal growth, while adding more grass clippings will favor bacteria. The Importance of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water The hosts stress the importance of providing the right balance of essential elements for efficient composting: Carbon: Provides energy for the decomposing organisms. Dry, brown materials like leaves and twigs are good sources of carbon. Nitrogen: Needed for microbial growth and reproduction. Fresh, green materials like grass clippings and vegetable scraps are rich in nitrogen. Oxygen: Essential for aerobic decomposition, the most efficient and desirable type of breakdown. Turning the compost pile regularly ensures oxygen availability. Water: Necessary for microbial activity, but too much water can lead to anaerobic conditions, resulting in the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Maintaining the Ideal Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio The optimal carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio for composting is around 25:1. This means there should be about 25 parts carbon for every 1 part nitrogen. Achieving this balance ensures that the decomposing organisms have enough energy and nutrients to thrive. The Heat is On: Mesophilic and Thermophilic Stages As compost decomposes, it goes through different temperature stages: Mesophilic stage: Temperatures between 50°F and 113°F, where a mix of bacteria and fungi begin the breakdown process. Thermophilic stage: Temperatures between 113°F and 170°F, primarily driven by bacteria. The high heat helps kill weed seeds and pathogens. Cooling and maturation stage: As decomposition slows down, temperatures decrease, and mesophilic organisms return. Fungi and actinomycetes play a crucial role in this final stage, producing the desired humus. Vermicomposting: Worms Join the Party The episode briefly discusses vermicomposting, a composting method that relies on earthworms to break down organic matter. Unlike traditional composting, vermicomposting doesn't reach high temperatures, so weed seeds may not be killed. Beyond the Backyard: The Future of Composting The episode concludes by highlighting the potential of composting beyond individual backyard setups: Large-scale composting systems: The hosts mention the Denver Compost Collective as an example of community-based composting initiatives. Human composting: The hosts touch upon the emerging trend of composting human remains as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional burial. Key Takeaways from the Episode Composting is a complex biological process involving the interaction of various organisms and environmental factors. Understanding the fundamental principles of composting, such as the C/N ratio and the importance of oxygen and water, is crucial for success. Composting offers a sustainable solution for managing organic waste and improving soil health. The episode underscores the importance of careful observation and experimentation to optimize composting techniques. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, vis

In this episode, we're joined by Kathleen Draper, the Board Chair of the International Biochar Initiative. We chat about the past 3 decades of biochar research, its limitations, and its potential. While biochar gets most of its attention around building soil, it has a number of other potential uses which should be getting just as much attention as its role in some soils. Tune in to learn about some of the many research projects going on across the globe around biochar! Kathleen Draper is the co-author of BURN: Using Fire to Cool the Earth & is the Board Chair of International Biochar Initiative Learn more about IBI, IBI Membership, and read IBI’s monthly newsletter. IBI offers a Biochar Certification Program to help producers prove the high value of their biochar products. Access training with IBI’s online Biochar Training Program, a 19-part video training series designed to teach the how-to of biochar production and use, how to commercialize products through the study of biochar production technologies, biochar standards and classification. Follow IBI on LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and see their library of videos on YouTube. Support this podcast by visiting www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac or sign up for our newsletter at www.poorproles.com Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" centers on biochar, a soil amendment with purported benefits but also potential risks. Hosts Elliot and Andy, along with guest host Matt, discuss what biochar is, how it differs from charcoal, its potential applications, and the complexities of using it effectively. What is Biochar and How is it Made? Biochar is a type of charcoal produced by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen to high temperatures (600-950°F). This process, known as pyrolysis, breaks the bonds in the biomass and creates a porous material with a high surface area. While regular charcoal is produced at lower temperatures, biochar's higher production temperature results in greater purity and a reduction of hydrocarbons. This high-temperature pyrolysis creates unique "chemisorption" properties in biochar, allowing it to attract and hold substances on its surface at a molecular level. Biochar can be made using a variety of methods, ranging from simple DIY setups using metal containers in a wood stove to more sophisticated designs like the Annela stove, which utilizes a secondary burn of the off-gases to reach higher temperatures. Biochar as a Soil Amendment: Benefits and Challenges Biochar is commonly touted as a soil amendment that raises pH, acts as a carbon sink, and improves soil health. One of its key benefits is its ability to increase water retention, particularly in sandy soils, which are known for poor water retention. Studies have shown that biochar can increase water retention by up to 20% in sandy soils. Biochar's "chemisorption" properties enable it to absorb and hold nutrients, potentially improving soil fertility. However, freshly produced biochar has a low cation exchange capacity (CEC), which limits its ability to immediately release those nutrients to plants. The CEC of biochar increases over time through oxidation in the soil. This means that the benefits of biochar are not always immediate and can vary depending on factors like the soil type and the biochar's feedstock (the material it's made from). The Complicated Nature of Biochar: A "Yes and No" Story Throughout the episode, the hosts emphasize the complexity of biochar and the lack of definitive answers regarding its use. They often use the phrase "yes and no" to highlight this uncertainty. While biochar can be beneficial, there are also instances where it has had negative effects on soil health. For example, the pH change caused by biochar can suppress beneficial microbial communities, and freshly produced biochar can temporarily absorb nutrients, leading to deficiencies. Some studies have shown that biochar's benefits may only last a few years, and in some cases, it has even suppressed plant growth. There are also concerns about biochar potentially accumulating pollutants and heavy metals, drawing them closer to plant roots. In some cases, the effects of biochar have been negligible, with no observable changes in soil health or plant growth. The hosts underscore that more research is needed to fully understand biochar's interactions with soil and its long-term effects. Charging Biochar and Practical Considerations The hosts discuss the concept of "charging" biochar to enhance its nutrient content. Soaking biochar in nutrient-rich liquids like urine, compost tea, or fish emulsion can increase its CEC and nutrient availability. The episode also touches on the importance of choosing the right feedstock for biochar based on the intended use and location. Hardwood biochar is generally considered better for forest soils, while corn stover or similar materials might be more suitable for pastures or prairies. While there are no hard and fast rules for biochar application rates, a general guideline is around 20 pounds per acre, incorporated into the soil at a depth of 5-10 inches. Conclusion: Proceed with Caution and Observation The episode concludes by emphasizing the need for caution and careful observation when using biochar. It's not a magic fix for all soil problems, and in some cases, it may even be detrimental. However, biochar holds potential for improving soil health, particularly in certain contexts like sandy soils and areas with low pH. The hosts encourage listeners to experiment with biochar, but to do so responsibly and with an awareness of its complexities. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Note: We discuss a fermented tea from poison ivy-- the french word 'ortie', is actually stinging nettle tea. Ferns are also common for a fermented soil amendment in the region. Thanks to Edible Earth for the translation help! Join us as we embark on an enlightening journey with Éric Texier of Brézème Vineyards in south-central France. Éric's path from the nuclear industry to the world of winemaking is nothing short of inspiring. We explore his early influences, including the philosophy of Masanobu Fukuoka, and how he embraced traditional farming methods that honor the land's natural processes. Through Éric's reflections, we gain insight into the profound cultural and generational connections he formed with older, traditional farmers, and the remarkable impact of wild yeast fermentation on his wines. As climate change reshapes the landscape, vineyard techniques must evolve. We discuss how ethical considerations initially drove the shift away from harmful herbicides and pesticides towards sustainable practices. However, as the Northern Rhone region faced increasing challenges from climate change, traditional methods had to be adapted. Listen in as we explore the transition to cover cropping and the careful selection of suitable plants for different soil types, with a focus on how these practices support both the environment and the vineyard's resilience. Finally, we celebrate the dynamic energy of a new generation of farmers in Ardèche, who are revitalizing traditional farming and winemaking methods with a forward-thinking approach. Their enthusiasm for sustainable practices and drought-resistant varietals offers hope for the future. We also touch on the joy of experiencing wine in various contexts, whether through the intellectual appreciation of terroir-driven wines or the simple pleasure of social, convivial drinking. This episode encapsulates the unique journey of wine from vineyard to glass, reflecting the passion and care involved in every bottle. Brézème is available for purchase across the globe, and you can learn more about their wine process at: https://www.eric-texier.com/ Eric can be found occasionally posting about the vineyards on Instagram @Brezame For sources and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Natural Winemaking, Eric Texier, Brezame Vineyards, South-central France, Masanobu Fukuoka, Traditional Farming, Elder Farmers, Wild Yeast Fermentation, Climate Change Adaptation, Northern Rhone Region, Sustainable Practices, Cover Cropping, Vineyard Resilience, Ethical Farming, Drought-resistant Varietals, Ardèche, Young Farmers, Revitalizing Traditional Methods, Modern Sensibilities, Terroir-driven Wines, Intellectual Pursuit, Casual Drinking, Carbonic Maceration, Wine Storage, Wine Culture Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're back for season 3! This episode of the Poor Proles Almanac podcast focuses on Masanobu Fukuoka and his "do-nothing" farming method. Matt, a guest host, guides listeners through Fukuoka's life and philosophy, emphasizing the interconnectedness of natural systems and the importance of minimizing human intervention in agriculture. Fukuoka's Early Life and Revelation: Masanobu Fukuoka was born in 1913 in Japan, the son of a citrus farmer. He studied microbiology and agricultural science, even working as an agricultural customs inspector. Despite his scientific background, Fukuoka experienced a turning point during a bout of pneumonia at age 21. This illness led to an existential crisis, culminating in a profound experience where he felt he "understood nothing." This realization, sparked by the sight of a heron and the feeling of his doubts being swept away, marked a shift in Fukuoka's perspective. From Abandonment to "Do-Nothing" Farming: Initially, Fukuoka tried to apply his newfound understanding through complete abandonment of his father's orchard, leading to disastrous results. He recognized that true natural farming wasn't simply neglect, but rather a nuanced approach requiring observation and adaptation. This experience led him to develop the concept of "do-nothing" farming, which emphasizes minimal intervention and working in harmony with nature. It's important to note that "do-nothing" is a somewhat misleading name, as the method still involves work, but significantly less than conventional methods. Seed Balls and Principles of Natural Farming: One of the distinctive practices of Fukuoka's method is the use of seed balls, a mixture of clay, compost, and seeds. These seed balls, inspired by animal droppings, protect the seeds and allow them to germinate in suitable locations. Fukuoka's method is guided by four key principles: no cultivation, no chemical fertilizers, no weeding by tillage or herbicides, and no dependence on chemicals. These principles underscore the idea of allowing nature to take its course, fostering a balanced ecosystem within the farm. The Importance of Context and Fukuoka's Legacy: Fukuoka stressed that his methods were developed for his specific environment in southern Japan. However, he also emphasized the importance of understanding local contexts and adapting methods accordingly. While his techniques might not be directly transferable, his philosophy of observation, humility, and working with nature holds broader relevance. Fukuoka's work received international recognition, highlighting the growing interest in sustainable and ecological approaches to agriculture. The episode concludes by emphasizing the connection between Fukuoka's methods and broader themes of agroecology and sustainable living, highlighting the need to consider the social and philosophical dimensions of food production. The hosts also encourage listeners to reflect on their own relationship with the environment and the food they consume. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined by two activists working to defend the Atlanta Forest during an attempt to tear down the forest in order to build both a mock city for police to develop urban trainings, which would train police nationally. We talk about what different tactics have been successful and what tactics people should be bringing to defense projects where they live. The intro to this podcast comes from the Defend the Atlanta Forest website Learn more about the movement: https://defendtheatlantaforest.org Learn more about the contractors hired to destroy the forest and build Cop City and Hollywood Dystopia: https://stopreevesyoung.com Anonymous communiques from forest defenders: https://scenes.noblogs.org An article exploring the meanings of this movement and the projects its fighting against: https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/horizons/493130/stop-the-metaverse-save-the-real-world/ A recent Rolling Stone article on the movement: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/defend-atlanta-forest-copy-city-climate-change-defund-the-police-1397188/ Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined by Mikey & Keoni from the O'ahu Water Protectors to discuss the recent history of Red Hill & the destruction of Hawaii's largest aquifer and primary source of fresh water for the residents of the island. How did we get to the point that the most important source for life, fresh water, is becoming less and less accessible? Further, how has this pushed people into activism and begun to change narratives in the community about the role of activism? We don't just dive into these questions but we also look at the recent successes caused by direct action, and the lessons learned from this process. To support the O'ahu Water Protectors, visit: https://oahuwaterprotectors.org/ They can also be found on social media at @Oahuwaterprotectors Shut Down Red Hill Mutual Aid social medias: @SDRHMutualAid Venmo: @ShutDownRedHillMutualAid Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Dr. Ryan Shmid & Katya Busenitz from the Ecdysis Foundation to discuss the impacts of grazing on both native and non-native insects. How can regenerative grazing improve honey production while also helping increase native diversity? To learn more about the Ecdysis Foundation, visit www.ecdysis.bio Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by researcher Tommy Fenster to discuss how we can transition California Almond farms for future climates. What potential is there to keep nut crops in these regions in California, and what does that look like? You can check out Tommy's work at Ecdysis.bio and he can be found on Twitter @TomDF1 Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Chloe & Max from Liberation Tools to discuss the question of heirloom tools and designing tools to meet the needs of marginalized and non-traditional farmers. The modern era's model of disposable tools is inherently unsustainable & exists as a blip in the history of human existence. Relearning the processes of developing tools and developing networks for resources around tool development. Liberation Tools is a subsect of Soul & Soil Project based in the unceded Tsalagi (aka Cherokee) territory of Western North Carolina. Find out more about their work at: https://www.soulandsoilproject.org/ . We seek to support racial justice and food sovereignty through the free distribution of high quality, hand forged garden tools to BIPOC who grow food or want to start. Liberation Tools can also be found on Instagram @liberation_tools & their tools can be bought at: https://www.artgardenavl.com/ Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined by Chris from Kentucky Heartwood to discuss protecting old-growth forests and unique ecosystems that are home to rare and endangered species from clearcutting by the forestry service. Your first thought might be, "Why is the forestry service clearcutting public lands?" We chat about this, and how their solutions fall short. ​Kentucky Heartwood was formed in 1992 by people concerned about logging, mining, and off-road vehicles on the Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF). We advocate for the greatest protections of Kentucky’s public lands, with the twin values of protecting and restoring ecological integrity and a reverence and respect for wild nature as our guiding principles. Through public education, outreach, forest monitoring, and the suite of administrative and legal avenues of public participation and recourse, Kentucky Heartwood continues our tradition of effective advocacy. You can learn more about Kentucky Heartwood at KYheartwood.com & at @KentuckyHeartwood on Instagram Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Have you ever considered that a forgotten plant could hold the key to sustainable agriculture and enhanced nutrition? Today, we take you on a journey through time to rediscover the American groundnut, a plant that was a lifeline for indigenous communities and even supported the Pilgrims in 1620. We honor Dr. Bill Blackman, whose pioneering work at Louisiana State University in the 1980s aimed to revive and improve this incredible plant. Despite the program's abrupt end, Dr. Blackman's continued dedication into his 90s keeps the dream alive for the groundnut's resurgence. What are the barriers and breakthroughs in transforming a historical staple into a modern agricultural marvel? We'll explore the trials and triumphs of cultivating American groundnuts on a large scale, from breeding challenges and mechanical farming difficulties to the promising yields and rich nutritional benefits. The episode delves into innovative efforts to develop herbicide systems and non-viney varieties, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to fully harness the plant's potential. Reflecting on the historical use of groundnuts, we consider its role in future farming practices and its remarkable anticancer properties. Join us as we question long-held scientific beliefs and celebrate the enduring curiosity that drives agricultural innovation. From comparisons to the introduction of potatoes in Ireland to personal experiences in cultivating LSU groundnuts, this episode is a testament to the passion and perseverance of those dedicated to this unique crop. We share heartfelt stories of growing interest and community involvement, culminating in a hopeful vision for the future of American groundnuts. Don't miss this inspiring exploration of an ancient plant with the potential to revolutionize modern agriculture. For sources and a transcript of this episode, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/the-hidden-legacy-of-american-groundnuts To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Keywords: American Groundnut, Rediscovery, Historical Significance, Indigenous Communities, Pilgrims, Nitrogen-Fixing, Perennial Plant, Cultural Importance, Agricultural Significance, Dr. Bill Blackman, Louisiana State University, Breeding Program, Tubers, Market Viability, Challenges, Mechanical Farming, Promising Yields, Nutritional Benefits, Herbicide Systems, Non-viney Varieties, Research, Anticancer Compounds, Resurgence, Passion, Cultivation, Distribution, Momentum, Resurgence, Legacy, Future Potential, Curiosity, Passion, Groundnut Growers, Gardening, Newcomers, Comprehensive Look, Envision, Possibilities, Journey, Viney, High-Nutritional Value, Sensitivity, Climates, Product Development, Regional Adaptability, Scientific Beliefs, Agriculture, Perennial Crops, Indigenous Peoples, Potatoes, Ireland, Disease-Resistant Varieties, Scientific Theories, Experimentation, Inquiry, Curiosity, Interest, Varieties, LSU Strains, Satisfaction, Enthusiasm, Unique Plants Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Peter Gelderloos joins us again to discuss his recent book "The Solutions are Already Here: Strategies for Ecological Revolution from Below". The conversation is framed around ecological collapse, the complexity of tackling these issues, and detangling climate change from the conversations around the carbon footprint. How does capitalism utilize climate change to continue its path to exploit the resources on the planet through tools like the green new deal, and how do we respond to this greenwashing? We explore the concept of community-building, the power of utopia, and what kind of tools are at our disposal to find ways to gum up the system destroying the ecosystem. You can get Peter's book from Pluto Press: https://www.plutobooks.com/ Find Peter on Twitter @PeterGelderloos Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The role of corn in our diet cannot be overstated, whether it's through animal feed for meat production, ethanol to transport our food, high fructose corn syrup, corn flour, or any of the other ways it has been introduced. Corn is a staple for good reason; it stores well, grows incredibly efficiently, and we've gotten really, really good at growing it. Despite this, there's an underbelly to this industry that often gets overlooked in the conversation about what the future of our food looks like. How did we get here, and how does the modern corn we eat today related to the crops indigenous people across the Americas have been harvesting and breeding for thousands of years? In this "Tomorrow, Today" crossover episode, we're joined by Helen Anne Curry, author of "Endangered Maize: Industrial Agriculture & the Crisis of Extinction" and Kranzberg Professor of the History of Technology in the School of History and Sociology at Georgia Tech. We chat about this complex relationship between modern corn and its relatives, often called landrace or unimproved corn varieties. But are these actually unimproved varieties? Researchers became aware that the corn we grow today had a very narrow genetic pool, and it was imperative to make sure the diversity of corn that existed across the continents was protected. Like most things, it was more complex than that. How did the cold war, multinational corporations, and the green revolution impact the evolution of corn? Tune in to find out! Historian Helen Anne Curry on her book "Endangered Maize: Industrial Agriculture and the Crisis of Extinction" from University of California Press. www.ucpress.edu/book/978052030769…/endangered-maize Find Helen Anne Curry on Twitter at @HACurry Support this podcast through Patreon at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode we're joined by James Holt, the Executive Director of the Buffalo Field Campaign, a non-profit focused on restoring the rights of the wild buffalo to manage the landscape similarly to how it has in the past. What's the difference between bison, beefalo & buffalo, and what exactly is the problem with how Yellowstone Park is managing them currently? We talk about these subjects and explore the role non-indigenous people have in both restoring the buffalo and hunting them. To learn more about the Buffalo Field Campaign, visit their website at www.buffalofieldcampaign.org or visit them on social media @buffalofieldcampaign Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Panteleon from Maseualkualli Farms, a small fossil-free farm in northeast Kansas. We discuss the importance of relearning to farm without petrochemicals and petrofuels, building community, and the Florentine Codex-- a text that outlines traditional indigenous land stewardship as recorded by the Spanish upon their arrival. We also chat about food apartheid and the concept of food as a public work. Check out their farm at: https://www.masefarm.org/ and on social media at @Maseualkuallifarms Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by writer & producer Joe Yates, who is part of the Yawk'laanaas tribe. We discuss the PBS award-winning show 'Molly of Denali', the importance of TV that reflects very complicated realities around representation and finding common threads across audiences. If you're not familiar with the show 'Molly of Denali', it is an animated children's show created by Dorothea Gillim and Kathy Waugh. The series is the first American nationally distributed children's show to feature an Alaska Native as the lead character. You can learn more about Joe's work at alaskanfilms.com Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined in this episode by Dr. Martin Reinhardt to discuss a unique project focused on what decolonized foods look like & how these diets impact health. When foods aren't easily available at the grocery store, how does that change your relationship with your food, and what are the health effects of these dietary changes. The Decolonizing Diet Project (DDP) was an exploratory study of the relationship between people and indigenous foods of the Great Lakes Region. Very few studies have ever been conducted on this subject matter, and studies that examine the physical, cultural, and legal/political dimensions are practically non-existent. This research program is being led by Dr. Martin Reinhardt, Assistant Professor – Center for Native American Studies at Northern Michigan University and is being supported by the USFS and Cedar Tree Institute. The results can be found at: https://na.eventscloud.com/file_uploads/0c98117111bd526196a14015c8f3489f_Reinhardt_Day3_1020am.pdf The Decolonizing Diet book is available at the Northern Michigan University bookstore: https://nmu.bncollege.com/c/Decolonizing-Diet-Project-Cookbook/p/MBS_2042696_used Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Jacqueline form the Cempazúchitl Collective to discuss street medic training for communities in their communities, as well as the variety of care that we should be thinking about as we prepare for more government crackdowns on dissent. Check out their work at: https://linktr.ee/cempazuchitl Folks can donate to their work anytime through venmo: @BIPOCskillshares Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Food scarcity is prevalent within every city in the U.S. The pandemic, systemic oppression and escalating climate change have exacerbated existing needs. One solution to food scarcity is food sovereignty and community health. In 2021 Seeding Sovereignty embarked on our first-ever farming adventure, Ancestral Acres Farm & Garden on Tiwa Territory in Albuquerque, New Mexico! In this episode, we're joined by Mayam from Ancestral Acres, land steward and program director, to discuss finding place and time in restoring landscapes for the benefit of human and non-human inhabitants. You can check out Ancestral Acres at: https://seedingsovereignty.org/aafg You can learn more about Seeding Sovereignty's various projects at: https://seedingsovereignty.org/ Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Taylor Pennewell from Redbud Resource Group to discuss the complex web of conversations around the concept of land acknowledgements, landback and sovereignty for indigenous people across North America. What does this look like in practice, what are the shortfalls around the way we do land acknowledgements today, and where do we go from here? To learn more about Redbud Resource Group, visit: https://www.redbudresourcegroup.org/ or find Redbud Resource Group across social medias. Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Linda Black Elk & Ruth Plenty Sweetgrass-She Kills to discuss food sovereignty, seed rematriation, food systems collapse, and how social media plays into these conversations. What does the future hold for our food systems and how do we move forward from the current state of colonialism? Linda Black Elk (Catawba) is an ethnobotanist specializing in traditional foods and medicines of the Great Plains. She is currently the Director of Food Sovereignty at United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck, ND, and is the mother to three Lakota sons. She can be found on Facebook at Linda Black Elk, or on Instagram @Linda.Black.Elk Ruth Plenty Sweetgrass-She Kills (Hidatsa, Mandan, Dakota, and Nakota) is the Food Sovereignty Director at the Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College. Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined with Mandu from NATIFS, North American Traditional Indigenous Food Systems, to discuss food sovereignty and the future of indigenous foodways and the concept of culture and food as dynamic and evolving. North American Traditional Indigenous Food Systems (NāTIFS), founded by James Beard award winners The Sioux Chef, is dedicated to addressing the economic and health crises affecting Native communities by re-establishing Native foodways. We imagine a new North American food system that generates wealth and improves health in Native communities through food-related enterprises. NāTIFS has opened the Indigenous Food Lab in the Midtown Global Market on historic Lake Street in Minneapolis. The Indigenous Food Lab is a professional Indigenous kitchen and training center covering all aspects of food service; research and development; Indigenous food identification, gathering, cultivation, and preparation; and all components of starting and running a successful culinary business based around Native traditions and Indigenous foods. Reclamation of ancestral education is a critical part of reversing the damage of colonialism and forced assimilation, and food is at the heart of this reclamation. NāTIFS will drive sustainable economic empowerment and prosperity into tribal areas through a reimagined North American food system that also addresses the health impacts of injustice. Check out NATIFS at NATIFS.org or @Natives_org on Instagram Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" features a discussion with Laura Thomas, Communications and Partnerships Manager at GC Resolve, and Graeme Christensen, a fifth-generation farmer and advocate for regenerative agriculture. The conversation centers on the upcoming 2023 Farm Bill, its historical bias towards commodity crops, and potential changes that could support the growth of small, diverse, and regenerative farming operations. The Farm Bill's Impact on Small Farmers The episode highlights the limitations of the Farm Bill in its current form, particularly its focus on commodity crops and its failure to adequately support small and diverse farming operations. Christensen points out that the crop insurance program, a significant component of the Farm Bill, is designed in a way that disadvantages small farmers and even penalizes those who adopt certain regenerative practices. This bias towards commodity crops, he argues, has contributed to a food system where even agriculturally rich states like Nebraska import the majority of their food. Opportunities for Reform in the 2023 Farm Bill The discussion emphasizes the 2023 Farm Bill as a crucial opportunity for reform, advocating for changes that could make farming more accessible to younger generations and support a transition towards more sustainable and regenerative practices. Key proposals discussed include: A Regenerative Transition Program (RTP): This program would provide financial and technical assistance to farmers transitioning to regenerative practices, helping them overcome the economic barriers and knowledge gaps often associated with such a shift. Strengthened Technical Assistance: The episode calls for improvements to the technical assistance provided by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), advocating for increased training in regenerative agriculture principles and the creation of culturally appropriate resources for diverse farming communities, including urban, tribal, and immigrant populations. A Government Land Bank: Christensen proposes the creation of a government-managed land bank where retiring farmers could receive a retirement stipend in exchange for transitioning their land into a holding area for aspiring young farmers. Participants in this program would receive training in regenerative agriculture and business management, ensuring the land is cared for sustainably and passed on to a new generation of farmers. The Need for Consumer Demand and Market Transparency The episode emphasizes the need for increased consumer demand for diverse, locally-produced, and regeneratively grown food. Thomas and Christensen argue that a shift in consumer preferences, coupled with greater transparency in the food system, could drive significant change. They suggest that technology could play a key role in connecting consumers with farmers, allowing them to make informed choices about where their food comes from and supporting those who align with their values. Christensen envisions a future where consumers can easily access information about a farm's practices, environmental impact, and social responsibility, empowering them to make purchasing decisions that support a more just and sustainable food system. Addressing "Regenerative Greenwashing" The episode acknowledges the growing trend of "greenwashing" within the regenerative agriculture movement, with large corporations potentially co-opting the term for marketing purposes without making genuine changes to their practices. To counter this, Christensen stresses the importance of establishing clear principles and definitions for regenerative agriculture, grounded in indigenous wisdom and a deep understanding of soil health. He believes that a unified front against greenwashing, rooted in a commitment to genuine ecological restoration, can prevent the movement from being diluted and ensure its long-term impact. A Call to Action for Listeners The episode concludes with a call to action for listeners, urging them to: Engage with the Farm Bill: Learn about the upcoming Farm Bill, participate in advocacy efforts, and contact elected officials to voice support for policies that promote small, diverse, and regenerative farming operations. Make Conscious Food Choices: Pay attention to where your food comes from, prioritize ethically produced and regeneratively grown products, and support local farmers whenever possible. Become an Advocate: Speak up about the importance of regenerative agriculture, share information with others, and participate in local and national conversations about food systems change. The episode emphasizes that individual actions, when combined with collective efforts to influence policy and shift market demand, can create a powerful force for positive change in the food system. Check out GC Resolve at: https://www.gcresolve.com/ For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patre

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," celebrating its 100th episode, focuses on the history of corn in America, specifically its transformation from a food primarily consumed by poor people to a ubiquitous ingredient in modern diets. The hosts, Elliott and Andy, use humor and historical analysis to explore the complex factors that led to corn's dominance in the American food system, including technological advancements, government policies, and the crop's unique biological properties. Early History and the Rise of Corn Whiskey: Prior to the 1800s, corn was a staple food for poor communities and prisoners in the United States. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, three key technologies—the iron plow, railroads, and canneries—revolutionized corn production and distribution. The iron plow allowed farmers to cultivate larger areas, while railroads enabled efficient transportation of corn across the country. Canneries provided a means to preserve and store corn, further increasing its value. This confluence of technologies led to a surge in corn production and a boom in the corn whiskey industry. Farmers, seeking to maximize profits and address the challenges of storing and transporting diverse corn varieties, turned to whiskey production. By the 1820s, the average American consumed five gallons of hard liquor annually, a testament to the popularity and profitability of corn whiskey. Standardization, Hybrid Strains, and the Haber Process: As the corn industry grew, issues arose regarding the lack of standardization in corn varieties. The diversity in size, color, and kernel characteristics made packaging, trading, and selling corn difficult. To address this, trade boards and rail hubs encouraged farmers to breed a standard crop. James Reid's "Yellow Dent Corn," which won the blue ribbon at the 1893 World's Fair, emerged as the dominant variety. This standardized corn, with its hard kernels, was shelf-stable, easily transportable, and ideal for processing. However, by the late 1800s, corn yields began to stagnate, prompting government intervention. Policymakers, concerned about food security, implemented initiatives such as irrigation projects, dam construction, and further investment in railroads. These efforts aimed to increase food production and ensure efficient transportation to urban centers. In the early 20th century, scientists developed hybrid corn strains that significantly boosted yields. These hybrids, coupled with the introduction of industrial fertilizers, led to an unprecedented increase in corn production. The Haber process, developed in 1909 by German chemist Fritz Haber, played a crucial role in this growth. The process enabled the synthesis of plant-available nitrates from the air, providing a readily available source of nitrogen fertilizer. However, the process was energy-intensive, consuming two percent of the global energy supply to produce nitrogen for farming. This dependence on fossil fuels for fertilizer production raised concerns about the environmental sustainability of corn production. Government Intervention, Subsidies, and the Dust Bowl: The rapid increase in corn production led to market saturation and plummeting prices, causing economic hardship for farmers. The Great Depression and the subsequent Dust Bowl further exacerbated the crisis. The government responded with subsidies, price supports, and land diversion programs to stabilize the agricultural sector. The Dust Bowl, a period of severe drought and dust storms in the 1930s, had a profound impact on agricultural policies. It instilled a fear of food shortages in policymakers, leading to a focus on maximizing corn production. Government programs encouraged farmers to increase yields and provided incentives for surplus production, even as the oversupply contributed to lower prices. World War II and the Rise of Corn-Based Products: World War II further intensified corn production. The government incentivized farmers to plant "war crops," primarily corn, wheat, and oats, to support the war effort. Additionally, the wartime production of ammonium nitrate for munitions led to a surplus of fertilizer, which further boosted corn yields. Following the war, the government continued to subsidize corn production and sought ways to utilize the massive surplus. This led to the development and proliferation of corn-based products, including high fructose corn syrup, animal feed, and ethanol. High fructose corn syrup, cheaper than sugarcane due to corn subsidies, became a ubiquitous ingredient in processed foods. Corn also became the primary feed for livestock, as its low cost and abundance made it an economically viable option. Ethanol production, while not the most efficient use of corn, emerged as another avenue to utilize the surplus. The Environmental and Social Impacts of Corn Dominance: The episode concludes by discussing the environmental and social consequences of corn's dominance in the A

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the hosts’ critique of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), building upon points raised in the previous episode. Elliott and Andy further dissect AGRA's operations, exposing its shortcomings in data reporting, its detrimental impact on local food systems, and its questionable ties to corporate interests. AGRA's Opaque Reporting Practices: The hosts highlight the lack of transparency in AGRA's operations, pointing to the organization's delayed and limited data reporting despite receiving billions in funding. They note that AGRA only began reporting data five years prior to this episode, which aired in 2023, meaning that it took 10 years for the organization to release any information about its impact. This lack of accountability is particularly concerning given AGRA's size and influence. The hosts further criticize the quality and scope of the data that AGRA eventually released. They point out that the data is heavily skewed towards corn, with only passing mentions of rice, despite AGRA's stated mission to improve overall food crop productivity. This narrow focus, the hosts argue, reflects AGRA's flawed approach of prioritizing a few commercial crops at the expense of diverse, locally adapted crops that are essential for food security and nutrition. Adding to these concerns, the hosts reveal that AGRA's evaluation only included data from six out of its eleven focus countries, omitting any information about the remaining five countries where it operates. Furthermore, AGRA no longer makes its outcome monitoring reports publicly available on its website, only releasing them after a public records request forced them to do so. This deliberate obfuscation of information, the hosts argue, raises serious questions about AGRA's legitimacy and the true impact of its work. AGRA's Harmful Impact on African Food Systems: The hosts argue that AGRA's model, which promotes the adoption of expensive commercial seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, has actually harmed African food systems. They cite studies that show little to no benefit to farmer incomes or food security. Some farmers even reported a decline in their economic well-being as the costs of these inputs drove them into debt, while yields did not increase enough to offset these expenses. The hosts also highlight the negative nutritional consequences of AGRA's approach, noting reports of declining nutrition due to reduced crop diversity. Challenging AGRA's Narrative of Empowering Farmers: The hosts challenge AGRA's claim that it prioritizes poor women farmers and youth, pointing to evidence that the primary beneficiaries of AGRA's programs have been wealthier male farmers. This contradicts the organization's stated goals and reveals a disconnect between its rhetoric and its actual impact on the ground. Unmasking the Gates Foundation's Agenda: The hosts extend their critique to AGRA's primary funder, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, arguing that the foundation's agenda prioritizes the interests of Western corporations and institutions over the needs of African farmers. They cite research from Grain, a journal that published a breakdown of the Gates Foundation's agricultural development grants, revealing that a staggering 82% of the funding was channeled to groups based in North America and Europe, while less than 10% went to Africa-based groups. This skewed distribution of funds, the hosts argue, demonstrates that the Gates Foundation is more interested in promoting Western-developed technologies and solutions than supporting existing knowledge and practices within Africa. They highlight the foundation's significant funding for the CGIAR, a consortium of international research centers known for promoting the Green Revolution, which has been widely criticized for its negative impacts on smallholder farmers and the environment. The hosts suggest that the Gates Foundation's focus on technological fixes, exemplified by its support for biofortification initiatives, ignores the root causes of hunger and malnutrition, such as poverty, lack of access to land, and unfair trade policies. They argue that biofortification, while potentially useful in emergency situations, is not a sustainable solution for addressing nutritional deficiencies. Exposing Conflicts of Interest: The hosts raise concerns about the potential conflict of interest posed by the Gates Foundation's investments in Monsanto, a multinational agricultural corporation known for its production of genetically modified seeds and herbicides. They argue that this financial tie, coupled with the Gates Foundation's influence over agricultural policy in Africa, creates a system that benefits corporations at the expense of smallholder farmers. Highlighting the Need for Agroecology: Despite the bleak picture painted by AGRA's failures, the hosts offer a glimmer of hope by highlighting the growing movement towards agroecology in Africa. The

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" presents a scathing critique of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), an organization founded in 2006 by the Rockefeller and Gates Foundations. Hosts Elliott and Andy challenge AGRA's stated goals of empowering African farmers and reducing food insecurity, arguing that it instead perpetuates a neocolonial model that benefits Western interests at the expense of African livelihoods. AGRA's Funding and Questionable Accountability: The hosts emphasize that AGRA's primary funding sources, the Gates Foundation and the U.S. government, raise concerns about its agenda. They point out that AGRA received approximately one billion dollars in funding, with the Gates Foundation alone contributing two-thirds of that amount. The hosts question the accountability of such an organization, especially given its complex structure and the involvement of major players in the "non-profit industrial complex". They draw parallels to past philanthropic endeavors by Bill Gates, suggesting a pattern of prioritizing Western solutions over local knowledge and needs. Challenging AGRA's Claims of Success: The hosts cite the work of researcher Tim Wise, who analyzed AGRA's documentation and found little evidence to support its claims of success. Wise concluded that despite AGRA's 15-year investment in promoting commercial seeds and fertilizers, there was "little evidence that...[it] has improved farmers yields income or food security". Wise's analysis revealed that yields in AGRA's focus countries had risen only 18% over 15 years, falling far short of the promised 100% increase. Additionally, AGRA's emphasis on monoculture crops like GM corn has led to a decline in crop diversity, threatening food security and resilience. AGRA's Model: Benefiting Western Corporations, Not African Farmers: The hosts argue that AGRA's model, focused on commercial seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, only benefits Western corporations while increasing African farmers' dependence on expensive inputs and long supply chains. This dependence undermines farmers' resilience and increases their risk of debt, particularly in the face of climate change. The African Union and the Influence of External Funding: The discussion expands to critique the African Union (AU), highlighting the influence of external donors on the organization's priorities. The hosts note that while African member states agreed to prioritize the AU's stability, they only contribute about 27% of the spent budget, leaving donors to fill the gap. This reliance on external funding, primarily from former colonizers and the European Union, has led to concerns about skewed accountability and a prioritization of donor interests over those of African member states. Safeguarding Food Sovereignty and Embracing Agroecology: The episode concludes with a call for a paradigm shift in agricultural development in Africa. The hosts highlight a public letter from the Alliance for Food Sovereignty in Africa (AFSA), a confederation of 35 organizations, urging donors to cease funding for AGRA and instead support "African-led efforts to expand agro-ecology and other low-input farming systems". The letter criticizes AGRA's approach as harmful to farmers, the environment, and long-term sustainability. Conflict of Interest and Unanswered Concerns: The hosts raise concerns about the conflict of interest posed by AGRA's president leading the UN Food System Summit. They also point out that despite extensive criticism from faith leaders and civil society organizations, the Gates Foundation has failed to acknowledge or address concerns about its approach to agricultural development in Africa. Concluding Thoughts: The episode leaves listeners with a strong critique of AGRA and a call for a more just and sustainable approach to agriculture in Africa. The hosts argue that true food sovereignty requires prioritizing local knowledge, agroecological practices, and empowering African farmers to control their own food systems. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Knack Attack" explores the historical origins and evolution of anti-foraging laws in the United States, revealing how these laws, often rooted in racism and classism, have systematically restricted access to wild foods for marginalized communities and working-class people. The hosts, Elliott and Andy, trace the shift from a period of relatively open access to foraging in colonial America to the gradual erosion of these rights, driven by the expansion of industrial agriculture and the interests of wealthy elites seeking to control and commodify natural resources. Early Foraging Rights and the Shift Toward Restriction The episode begins by highlighting the broad foraging rights enjoyed by American colonists, who could freely gather food not only on common lands but also on private property. This right was even enshrined in the constitutions of some states, reflecting the importance of foraging for subsistence. However, as industrial agriculture gained prominence, the need for and protection of foraging practices declined. Targeting Marginalized Communities: Native Americans and Freed Slaves The hosts emphasize how anti-foraging laws were weaponized against marginalized groups. Native American tribes were among the first to be stripped of their traditional foraging rights, driven from their lands as white settlers expanded westward. This dispossession was justified by portraying Native American hunter-gatherer practices as primitive and incompatible with "modern" agricultural practices. Following the Civil War, newly emancipated African American slaves, who had relied on foraging for sustenance and income, faced similar attacks on their foraging practices. Southern states enacted trespass laws and other measures to restrict access to wild foods, undermining the self-sufficiency and economic independence of freed slaves. This pattern of dispossession, the hosts note, is a recurring theme in American history, with those in power consistently using legal and social mechanisms to exploit and control marginalized populations. "Conservation" as a Tool for Exclusion The episode examines how the conservation movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, while ostensibly aimed at protecting natural resources, often served as a cover for excluding working-class people and marginalized communities from access to land and its resources. The hosts cite the example of the Adirondack Park in New York, where wealthy elites, seeking to protect their interests in the region's timber and waterways, pushed for the creation of a protected area that restricted traditional foraging and hunting practices of local residents. This "conservation" effort was driven by a paternalistic view of rural residents as incapable of responsibly managing the natural world. The Labyrinthine Web of Anti-Foraging Laws The hosts detail the complex and often contradictory web of regulations governing foraging at the local, state, and federal levels. They point out how the vague and broadly worded ordinances, coupled with the discretionary power granted to park officials, create a system that is easily manipulated to target and penalize foragers, particularly those who are poor or from marginalized communities. The inconsistencies in regulations across jurisdictions, they argue, further highlight the arbitrary and often discriminatory nature of these laws. The Case of Steve Brill and the Hypocrisy of Enforcement The episode recounts the story of Steve Brill, a New York City forager who gained notoriety in the 1980s for leading foraging tours in Central Park and was subsequently arrested in a sting operation for picking dandelion greens. This incident, which garnered international attention, exposed the absurdity of criminalizing foraging for common, non-native plants. While the charges against Brill were eventually dropped, the hosts note that this case did little to change the city's restrictive stance on foraging, as evidenced by subsequent incidents where individuals were fined for picking berries and dandelion greens in city parks. The Contradictory Mandate of the National Park Service The hosts examine the contradictory mandate of the National Park Service (NPS), which is tasked with both promoting public enjoyment of national parks and preserving their resources for future generations. They highlight how the NPS regulations, while generally prohibiting foraging, grant superintendents wide latitude to set specific rules, resulting in a patchwork of inconsistent regulations across different parks. This discretionary power, they argue, further contributes to the potential for arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Foraging as a Class and Race Issue The episode concludes by emphasizing that access to wild foods remains largely a matter of privilege and power. They observe that the modern foraging movement, while gaining popularity in recent years, is predominantly white and middle-cl

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" revisits the history of American Prohibition, exploring its origins in the temperance movement and examining the social, political, and economic factors that led to the passage of the 18th Amendment. Hosts Elliott and Andy discuss the role of religious sentiment, social anxieties, and political maneuvering in the rise of the anti-alcohol movement, highlighting the influence of key figures like Carry Nation and Wayne Wheeler. Early Temperance Efforts and the Rise of the Anti-Saloon League The episode traces the roots of the temperance movement back to the early 1800s, noting the emergence of temperance societies advocating for moderation or abstinence from alcohol consumption. Concerns about the negative social consequences of alcohol, intertwined with religious convictions and health considerations, fueled the movement's growth, particularly among middle-class reformers, with women playing a prominent role. The hosts examine the evolution of the temperance movement from localized efforts to a national political force. The formation of the National Prohibition Party in 1869, despite its limited electoral success, demonstrated the growing political aspirations of the movement. The establishment of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893 marked a significant shift in strategy, focusing on leveraging political pressure to enact prohibition laws. Wayne Wheeler and the Politicization of Prohibition The episode focuses on Wayne Wheeler, a key figure in the Anti-Saloon League, describing him as a shrewd political strategist who effectively manipulated the political system to advance the prohibition agenda. Wheeler and his allies recognized the power of a small but dedicated voting bloc, strategically aligning themselves with candidates who supported their cause, regardless of party affiliation. This approach, similar to modern-day political tactics, involved exploiting wedge issues to sway elections in their favor, effectively creating the illusion of widespread support for prohibition, even in areas where it lacked popular backing. Exploiting Social Anxieties and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment The hosts discuss how the prohibition movement capitalized on the social anxieties of the time, particularly those stemming from rapid industrialization, urbanization, and immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rural whites, migrating to cities for work, often found themselves in close proximity to saloons frequented by immigrants and minorities, fueling resentment and fears about the changing social fabric. The Anti-Saloon League effectively tapped into these sentiments, portraying alcohol as a threat to the moral fiber of the nation, often using racist and xenophobic rhetoric to demonize immigrants and their drinking habits. The Role of World War I and the Passage of the 18th Amendment The episode examines how the outbreak of World War I provided a crucial opportunity for prohibition advocates to advance their agenda. By framing opposition to alcohol as a patriotic duty, linking it to anti-German sentiment and the need to protect American soldiers from the temptations of drink, they gained significant political momentum. With wartime prohibition in place, and a majority of states already having dry laws, the movement successfully pushed for a constitutional amendment to ban alcohol nationwide. The 18th Amendment, along with the Volstead Act, which outlined the enforcement mechanisms, became law in 1919, ushering in the era of national prohibition. The Legacy of Prohibition and its Relevance Today The episode concludes by reflecting on the unintended consequences of prohibition, including the rise of organized crime, the flourishing of a black market for alcohol, and the erosion of public respect for the law. The hosts draw parallels between the tactics employed by the prohibition movement and contemporary political strategies, highlighting the enduring relevance of understanding how small, passionate groups can manipulate the political system to achieve their goals. They emphasize the importance of critical thinking and civic engagement in navigating complex social and political issues, guarding against the dangers of moral absolutism and the overreach of government power. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores hydrogen power, examining its potential to address the world's energy crisis while acknowledging the complexities and challenges associated with its implementation. Hosts Andy, Elliott, and Matt engage in a lively discussion, covering the history, science, and potential applications of hydrogen technology while considering its economic, geopolitical, and environmental implications. Hydrogen Power: A Historical Overview and the Basics of Fuel Cells The episode begins by dispelling the notion of hydrogen power as a futuristic concept, highlighting its long history dating back to the 19th century. The hosts point to the development of the first working hydrogen fuel cell in 1842 and its use in powering tractors by 1959, culminating in its application in the Gemini 3 space mission in 1965. The hosts explain that a fuel cell facilitates a controlled chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, producing water as a byproduct. This process, distinct from direct combustion, offers a cleaner and more efficient energy conversion method. The "Duck Problem" and the Need for Energy Storage The hosts introduce the "duck problem," a concept illustrating the mismatch between peak solar energy generation (mid-day) and peak energy consumption (evenings). This disparity underscores the need for efficient energy storage solutions to bridge the gap between supply and demand. They discuss the limitations of current approaches like home batteries, especially as electric vehicle adoption increases, putting further strain on the grid during peak hours. Hydrogen Cars vs. Battery-Powered Vehicles: A Comparative Analysis The episode delves into the potential of hydrogen-powered cars, referencing President George W. Bush's 2003 State of the Union address, which touted hydrogen cars as a key solution to reducing pollution. However, the hosts acknowledge the challenges associated with hydrogen cars, particularly the issue of energy density. While hydrogen boasts high energy density by weight, its low energy density by volume necessitates bulky and expensive high-pressure tanks cooled to extremely low temperatures. This logistical hurdle makes battery-powered vehicles a more practical option for personal transportation. Safety concerns related to hydrogen storage are also addressed, with the hosts emphasizing that compressed hydrogen, despite the high pressures involved, dissipates much quicker than gasoline in the event of a container rupture, making it arguably safer than traditional fuel tanks. The Role of Infrastructure and Efficiency Considerations The episode underscores the importance of a robust infrastructure for widespread hydrogen adoption, noting the need for a network of refueling stations equipped with specialized high-pressure storage and dispensing systems. This infrastructure development poses a significant cost barrier compared to setting up charging stations for electric vehicles. Efficiency losses associated with hydrogen production, storage, and conversion are also acknowledged, with the hosts emphasizing that the overall process results in a significant energy penalty. The Colorful World of Hydrogen Production: Green, Gray, and Blue The episode examines various methods of hydrogen production, categorized by their environmental impact: Green hydrogen: Produced through electrolysis using renewable energy sources, this method is considered the most sustainable but currently represents a tiny fraction of global production. Gray hydrogen: Derived from steam methane reforming of natural gas, this process is the most common but releases significant amounts of CO2. Blue hydrogen: Similar to gray hydrogen but incorporates carbon capture technology to reduce emissions, though at a higher production cost. The hosts highlight the economic and logistical factors driving the dominance of gray hydrogen, emphasizing the current reliance on fossil fuels and the use of hydrogen as an intermediate product in industries like fertilizer production and petroleum refining. The Potential of Green Hydrogen and Shifting Economic Landscapes The declining costs of renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, are presented as a promising trend that could make green hydrogen more economically viable in the future. The episode also explores factors that could further increase the attractiveness of green hydrogen: Vulnerability to Disruptions: The decentralized nature of electrolytic hydrogen production makes it less susceptible to disruptions caused by natural disasters or geopolitical conflicts. Water Economy: Hydrogen fuel cells produce distilled water as a byproduct, offering potential benefits for water-stressed regions. Reduced Reliance on Rare Earth Metals: Advances in fuel cell technology are reducing the amount of platinum required, potentially mitigating the ethical and environmental concerns associated with rare earth meta

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" takes listeners on a captivating journey through the history of cannabis, from its ancient origins as a medicinal and spiritual plant to its demonization and criminalization in modern America. Hosts Andy and Nash, joined by guest Matt, weave a narrative that highlights the cultural, religious, and political forces that have shaped our relationship with this versatile plant. Cannabis in the Ancient World: Medicine, Spirituality, and Everyday Life: The episode begins by dispelling the misconception that cannabis use is a recent phenomenon. Archaeological evidence suggests that humanity has cultivated marijuana for at least 10,000 years, initially as a source of hemp fiber for textiles and rope. Its medicinal applications emerged later, with the earliest recorded use attributed to the legendary Chinese emperor and deity, Shennong, around 2700 BCE. Shennong, revered as the "Father of Farming," is credited with introducing various agricultural practices, including the use of plants for medicinal purposes. He believed that cannabis could effectively treat a wide range of ailments, from gout and malaria to rheumatism. His insights are documented in the ancient Chinese text, "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic," a testament to the long-standing tradition of cannabis as a healing plant in Chinese culture. The episode emphasizes that ancient cannabis use extended beyond mere medicinal applications. It played a significant role in spiritual and religious practices, particularly in ancient Asia. Evidence suggests that cannabis was used in burial rituals and shamanic ceremonies, highlighting its perceived connection to the divine and the afterlife. Cannabis on the Move: Spreading Along the Silk Road: From its origins in China and India, cannabis spread westward along the Silk Road, reaching Mesopotamia, Egypt, and eventually Europe. As it traveled, it was integrated into diverse cultures and adopted for various purposes. In India, cannabis became associated with the Hindu god Shiva, often referred to as the "Lord of the Bong," reflecting its continued role in spiritual practices. The Scythians, a nomadic people who roamed the Eurasian steppes, also embraced cannabis, using it for both medicinal and recreational purposes. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus documented their practice of throwing hemp onto hot stones in saunas to create a steam bath infused with cannabis. The Shift in America: From Cash Crop to Demonized Drug: The episode then traces the trajectory of cannabis in America, noting its initial arrival with European colonists in the 17th century. Primarily used as a source of hemp fiber, it became a valuable cash crop for producing rope, clothing, and paper. Even the Founding Fathers cultivated cannabis, demonstrating its widespread acceptance and economic importance during this period. However, the perception of cannabis began to shift in the mid-19th century, influenced by the introduction of its medicinal properties to the West by Irish doctor William Brooke O'Shaughnessy. This newfound medical interest coincided with the growing popularity of smoking cannabis recreationally among marginalized communities, particularly jazz musicians and Mexican immigrant workers. The episode argues that this association of cannabis with minority groups fueled a racist campaign to demonize the drug and associate it with crime and social unrest. The term "marijuana," derived from the Spanish word for the plant, was intentionally adopted to distance it from its medicinal uses and emphasize its perceived foreign and dangerous nature. The Rise of Prohibition and the War on Drugs: The demonization of cannabis culminated in the passage of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, effectively outlawing its sale and use throughout America. This legislation, spearheaded by Harry Anslinger, the head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, was fueled by racist propaganda and unfounded claims about the drug's purported dangers. The episode highlights the role of the infamous propaganda film "Reefer Madness" (1936) in solidifying the public's perception of cannabis as a gateway to insanity, violence, and social decay. This film, riddled with exaggerated claims and blatant fear-mongering, became a powerful tool in Anslinger's campaign to demonize cannabis and justify its prohibition. The episode then fast-forwards to the 1970s, when President Richard Nixon declared a "War on Drugs," further intensifying the criminalization of cannabis. This policy, rooted in political motivations and a desire to target anti-war protesters, led to the classification of marijuana as a Schedule I narcotic, placing it alongside heroin and LSD. The Legacy of Prohibition: Mass Incarceration and a Thriving Black Market: The episode explores the devastating consequences of cannabis prohibition, particularly its disproportionate impact on Black and Hispanic commu

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" features a conversation with Kristen and Shar from AK Press, an anarchist worker-run publishing and distribution collective. The discussion focuses on how AK Press operates as a non-hierarchical collective, the challenges of existing as an anarchist business within a capitalist system, and AK Press's unique role in promoting radical thought and literature. AK Press: A Collectively Run Publishing House Kristen, a publicist in the publishing department, and Shar, a worker in the distribution department, explain that AK Press is a collectively run and non-hierarchical organization. This means that all members are self-identified anarchists, receive equal pay, and participate in decision-making. All books published by AK Press are chosen through collective discussion and voting, even those on topics or by authors that may not be familiar to the collective. This process involves reading manuscripts, assigning readers, discussing submissions, and engaging in open communication about the work and the direction of the publishing program. Kristen highlights the values that guide AK Press's publishing program, including abolition, Black anarchism, Indigenous anarchism, trans and queer insurrection, mutual aid, transformative justice, and labor organizing. She emphasizes that these values drive the selection of books that not only educate but also challenge readers and potentially "open the minds of people who are not familiar with anarchism". Shar discusses the significance of AK Press's distribution department, which carries thousands of books from smaller presses. This allows AK Press to provide a platform for these smaller publishers and offer a wider variety of radical literature to its readers. Shar emphasizes the value of making these books accessible to people who might not otherwise find them, particularly during times when access to physical bookstores is limited, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic. Living Anarchist Ideals in a Capitalist System The conversation explores the challenges of living anarchist ideals within a system that inherently contradicts those ideals. The participants acknowledge the inherent contradictions of operating an anarchist business within a capitalist framework. They note that the materials used to produce and distribute their books, such as paper, packaging, and computers, are all products of exploitative labor within the capitalist economy. Despite these contradictions, Kristen and Shar emphasize that AK Press remains committed to its political project of promoting anarchist thought and working towards a more just and equitable world. They believe that the collective decision-making process, shared values, and trust among members are essential for navigating these challenges and maintaining their commitment to their political project. Kristen and Shar argue that the collective work structure at AK Press is more fulfilling and empowering than traditional hierarchical work environments. They describe a sense of shared responsibility and ownership over their work, highlighting the satisfaction that comes from seeing their efforts directly contribute to the success of the collective and the advancement of their political project. They contrast this with the alienation and lack of agency often experienced in traditional workplaces where employees are expected to simply follow orders from superiors. The Impact of the "Post-Truth" Era The discussion also touches upon the unique opportunities presented by the so-called "post-truth" era, characterized by widespread distrust of traditional media and institutions. The participants suggest that this distrust has created a space for alternative viewpoints and sources of information, including radical media like AK Press. They argue that AK Press's long-standing reputation for publishing high-quality radical literature has become even more valuable in a world where information is constantly being questioned and challenged. Kristen and Shar believe that the "post-truth" era has led to an increased interest in alternative perspectives and a willingness to engage with radical ideas. They see this as a positive development, as it allows AK Press to reach a wider audience and potentially influence more people to think critically about the world around them. They also highlight the importance of AK Press continuing to publish and distribute radical literature that can provide tools and knowledge for people seeking alternatives to the dominant narratives and systems of power. Looking Towards the Future Looking towards the future, Kristen and Shar express optimism about the growth of AK Press and the increasing visibility of radical media. They believe that the demand for alternative viewpoints will continue to grow, creating new opportunities for AK Press to reach a wider audience and influence the broader social and political landscape. They emphasize the importance of AK Pre

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" features a conversation with Garrison Davis, a writer and podcaster from Cool Zone Media, a left-leaning media collective. They discuss the challenges of creating anarchist media within a capitalist framework, strategies for reaching a wider audience, and Cool Zone Media's vision for the future. Cool Zone Media: An Anti-Collapse Collective Garrison introduces Cool Zone Media as a collective of individuals working on projects related to societal collapse and potential responses to it. He clarifies that they use "collapse" as a marketing term and are more focused on exploring solutions and fostering a sense of agency in the face of societal challenges. He emphasizes that Cool Zone Media's content aims to offer alternatives to the "doomer" mentality that often accompanies discussions of collapse, encouraging individuals to see opportunities for social change amidst the unraveling. Navigating the Media Ecosystem The conversation explores Cool Zone Media's position within the larger media ecosystem. Garrison describes their work as a "fifth estate," existing outside of mainstream media but close enough to potentially draw in audiences accustomed to more traditional outlets. They acknowledge the challenge of balancing their radical politics with the need to reach a wider audience, recognizing that creating media solely for anarchists would limit their impact and financial sustainability. The Financial Realities of Anarchist Media Production The episode addresses the financial realities of producing anarchist media within a capitalist system. Garrison explains that Cool Zone Media accepts funding from corporations, viewing it as a way to support their team and create content critical of capitalism. They argue that taking money from corporations to produce anti-capitalist media is a "scam" they are comfortable with, especially given the limited financial viability of relying solely on support from other individuals with limited resources. They acknowledge the inherent contradictions of this approach but ultimately embrace the absurdity of the situation. Strategies for Expanding Reach and Impact Garrison outlines Cool Zone Media's approach to expanding their reach and impact. They aim to introduce radical ideas to a wider audience by connecting with popular culture and current events. They also emphasize the importance of making their content freely accessible, avoiding paywalls or subscriptions that could limit their audience. Cool Zone Media also seeks to support other creators with aligned political perspectives by offering them opportunities to contribute to their projects and receive compensation for their work. Looking to the Future Looking towards the future, Garrison expresses a desire to expand Cool Zone Media beyond podcasts into other mediums like documentary filmmaking. They acknowledge the financial constraints of pursuing these ambitions while also emphasizing their commitment to constantly creating new content and seeking out new collaborators. Garrison concludes by expressing optimism about the growing visibility of radical media and its potential to break into the mainstream in the coming years. To check out Cool Zone Media, visit them on social media at @CoolZoneMedia Support this podcast by becoming a Patron at: https://www.patreon.com/PoorProlesAlmanac For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.