The Poor Prole’s Almanac

In this episode, we're joined by author and historian Katy Morlas Shannon to discuss her book "Antoine of Oak Alley". The story of Antoine is emblematic of countless enslaved people whose lives and contributions have been overlooked. Antoine, the enslaved gardener of Oak Alley Plantation, was one of the first people to successfully propagate the pecan tree, yet he exists only as a footnote in the bigger story of Oak Alley Plantation. His pioneering work enabled large groves of trees to be planted creating a lucrative commercial crops and though his horticultural achievement has long been legend, virtually nothing is known about his life. In this episode, we chat about how we reconstruct these types of histories and how we engage with these complicated stories from a vastly different time. Check out Katy's work and other books at: https://www.katymshannon.com/ Check out the corresponding substack article for resources, citations, and more information! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/pecans To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Nearly every person reading this has tasted the pecan, a marked difference from every other tree crop subject we have covered so far in this series. Pecans are without a doubt the most successful native commercial nut crop in North America, but what most folks don’t know is that this status is a relatively new phenomenon. In fact, unlike the other tree crops we’ve covered so far, the pecan has debatably had the least amount of human interference of any nut crop in North America. In many ways, the pecan was for generations the definition of what a sustainable, passive native agroforestry system could look like to feed communities healthy food with minimal inputs. In this episode, we jump into the complex history of the pecan, from its indigenous use to its first grafting by an enslaved man named Antoine to the role the government played in making it a staple across grocery shelves throughout the world. Check out the corresponding substack article for resources, citations, and more information! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/pecans To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Unlock the secrets to cultivating nut trees in the unforgiving cold climates of central Vermont with Buzz Ferver of A Perfect Circle Farm. In this episode, we promise you'll gain insights into Buzz's journey of overcoming skepticism to successfully grow a diverse range of edible nut trees and shrubs. Discover the meticulous process Buzz employs to select resilient plant genetics, inspired by historical tree crop pioneers, and learn how his dedication has led to the development of hardy seedlings capable of withstanding harsh weather conditions. Experience the challenges and triumphs of nursery bed management through Buzz's innovative techniques for identifying and nurturing vigorous tree varieties, particularly persimmons. With a focus on adaptability and cold resistance, Buzz shares the trials and successes of finding standout cultivars like Granger and Hess. You'll be intrigued by the unique methods Buzz employs in nursery bed preparation and rootstock selection, which prioritize healthy root systems and weed management without herbicides, all while embracing sustainable agricultural practices. Join us as Buzz reveals the fascinating dynamics between grafted oaks and wildlife interactions, offering a glimpse into his endeavors with oaks like Dale's Giant and sweet varieties such as Ashworth and Hershey. Buzz also delves into his strategies for maintaining a social media presence to engage with the community, illustrating the importance of support in his agricultural journey. This episode offers a compelling look at how one farmer's passion and commitment to his craft are shaping the future of sustainable, cold-climate agriculture. Buzz has worked for 30 years as a consultant to farming operations on every scale, designing and developing on-farm composting as appropriate technology. Buzz has been managing a nursery for tree crops for a decade, and has developed a unique collection of improved native crops as well as some non-native species. In our interview, he mentions a hard-to-find book around tree selections, check out the link below for a free copy: https://www.songonline.ca/songnews/nutgrowing.html Check out Buzz's nursery at perfectcircle.farm To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: Nut Trees, Cold Climate, Central Vermont, Buzz Ferver, A Perfect Circle Farm, Edible, Skepticism, Resilient Plant Genetics, Historical Tree Crop Pioneers, Hardy Seedlings, Harsh Weather Conditions, Nursery Bed Management, Persimmons, Adaptability, Cold Resistance, Granger, Hess, Nursery Bed Preparation, Rootstock Selection, Sustainable Agricultural Practices, Grafted Oaks, Wildlife Interactions, Dale's Giant, Ashworth, Hershey, Social Media Presence, Community Engagement, Sustainable Agriculture, Cold-Climate Agriculture, Farm Cultivar Selection, Nursery Bed Management Techniques, Nursery Bed Preparation and Efficiency, Nursery Bed Management and Rootstock Selection, Exploring Tree Crop Selection and Outreach, Colorful Home Furnishings, Community Investment Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

If the oak tree is the tree that fed the world, Hickories are the tree that helped humans thrive in North America. Across eastern North America until only 300 or so years ago, hickories were the staple crop consumed most commonly. Like the oaks, their mast years drove the successes of communities, and even until recently, there were records of thin-shelled hickories that were likely planted and protected by indigenous people. To eat a hickory nut is to taste thousands of years of history on the continent. For the uninitiated, hickory nuts are a treat; they can mostly similarly be compared to pecans, which is unsurprising given that they are so closely related they can interbreed (and hicans are an area of breeding worth exploring for several reasons). Hickories, specifically from shagbark hickories, have a subtle, maple flavor which underscores the pecan-esque flavor. The hard part is getting to the nut itself. While we call hickories and pecans nuts, they are referred to as drupes or drupaceous nuts rather than true botanical nuts because they grow within an outer husk. The scientific term, tryma, is how these unique types of fruits are classified. This can seem confusing at first, but if we consider the husk as an inedible fruit and the nuts the pit, they’re much easier to understand and categorize. In this episode, we dive into the history of hickories, their misunderstood use on the landscape, why folks should care a whole lot more about them, and what the future of the hickory is on the American landscape! Check out the corresponding substack article for resources, citations, and more information! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/hickories?utm_source=profile&utm_medium=reader2 To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Join us on a captivating exploration into the world of hazelnut cultivation with Dr. Thomas Molnar from Rutgers University, a leading figure in the hazelnut breeding program. Guided serendipitously into this field under the mentorship of Dr. Funk, Dr. Molnar shares his journey from turfgrass to nut tree breeding and unveils the rich history and nutritional benefits of hazelnuts. We unravel the complexities of tackling Eastern Filbert Blight and clarify misconceptions surrounding its impact on both native and European hazelnut varieties. Embark on a 25-year journey of innovation and patience as we uncover the intricate process of developing new hazelnut cultivars like Raritan, the Beast, Somerset, and Hunterdin. Dr. Molnar sheds light on the challenges faced in breeding plants for diverse climates and the promise of hazelnuts as a viable crop for the Northeast. Through collaborations with local chefs and bakers, these fresh and flavorful nuts are making their mark on the market, fueling optimism for their future role in agriculture. As hazelnuts emerge as a high-value agricultural product, we explore their potential across diverse climates and consumer demands. From their use in candies and pastes to the promise of oil production, these nuts offer an exciting opportunity for both traditional and non-traditional farmers. Discover the collaborative efforts among renowned universities and institutions, aiming to identify adaptable hazelnut varieties for various environments, ensuring their success in future food systems. With a focus on sustainability and innovation, hazelnuts are poised to become a staple in local agriculture. Thomas Molnar received his PhD from Rutgers University in 2006. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Plant Biology Department of the Rutgers University School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA). His research program concentrates on the genetic improvement and study of hazelnuts (Corylus) and large-bracted dogwoods (Cornus). Part of this work includes germplasm exploration, collection, and evaluation. A major aspect of his current research is developing and characterizing genetic resistance to eastern filbert blight, a fungal disease which is the primary limiting factor of hazelnut production in the eastern North America. Check out the Rutgers Hazelnut research program at: https://research.rutgers.edu/agricultural-products/hazelnuts For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: Hazelnut Cultivation, Dr. Thomas Molnar, Rutgers University, Hazelnut Breeding Program, Eastern Filbert Blight, Nut Tree Breeding, Hazelnut Varieties, Hazelnut Production, Hazelnut Cultivar Selection, Hazelnut Disease Resistance, Hazelnut Research, Hazelnut Market, Hazelnut Oil Production, Hazelnut Consumption, Sustainable Agriculture, Hazelnut Collaborations, Hazelnut Germplasm, Hazelnut Testing, Hazelnut Legacy Project Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we dive into the history and use of the American hazelnut. Often an afterthought in nut production, the American hazelnut offers significant potential as a food crop while also offering critical ecosystem services. We compare its production to other tree crops and discuss where breeding work for American hazelnuts should focus to bring this plant back into food crop discussions. Check out the corresponding substack article for resources, citations, and more information! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/the-american-hazelnut To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Unlock the secrets of one of America's forgotten tree heroes, the Ozark chinkapin, as we chat with Steve Bost, the passionate founder of the Ozark Chinkapin Foundation. Discover the compelling story of this majestic tree, once thriving in our forests, now on the brink of vanishing due to the devastating chestnut blight. Steve shares insights into the extensive research and DNA studies being conducted to unravel the genetic mysteries of the Ozark chinkapin and the foundation's relentless efforts in preserving its legacy against the odds. Explore the vital role human activity plays in both the spread and control of invasive species that threaten our native ecosystems. We highlight the resilient nature of the Ozark chinkapin, which could hold clues to climate adaptability and ecological restoration. This episode sheds light on the complexities of breeding programs designed to foster trees with blight resistance and drought tolerance, while also revealing surprising allies like neotropical birds that contribute to these ecological endeavors. Join us on a journey through history and ecology, as we rediscover the interconnectedness of species like the American buffalo and native plants, shaped by traditional conservation practices. Steve and his team not only focus on the science but also emphasize the importance of community involvement in restoration efforts. Learn how you can become part of this crucial mission to protect our natural heritage and support the Ozark Chinkapin Foundation's inspiring work. If you're unfamiliar with the chinquapin, you can check out the previous episode or read the piece linked below to learn more! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/chinquapins To learn more about the Ozark Chinquapin Foundation, check out the following link: https://ozarkchinquapinmembership.org/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: Ozark Chinkapin, Tree, Foundation, Conservation, Invasive Species, Ecosystem, Genetic Research, DNA Studies, Chestnut Blight, Native Plant Species, Breeding Programs, Climate Adaptability, Ecological Restoration, American Buffalo, Traditional Conservation Practices, Community Involvement, Environmental Changes, Donations, Volunteering, Awareness Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we dive into the history of the forgotten chinquapin and what new research tells us about its diversity and actual range. For folks unfamiliar, the chinquapin is often considered the smaller cousin of the American Chestnut, despite the fact that research today suggests that isn't the whole story. We're talking about the Ozark, Allegheny, and the Alabama chinquapins and what role these trees can play in our climate-change driven future! Check out the corresponding substack article for resources, citations, and more information! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/chinquapins To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by the director of the University of Tennessee’s tree improvement program, Dr. Scott Schlarbaum. Most people listening are probably surprised that any university offers a tree improvement program, and they’d be even more surprised to know that the program isn’t designed specifically with future cash crops in mind, but rather protecting ecotype genetic diversity and developing the foundation for potential tree crops, such as acorns, black walnuts, butternuts, and more. We chat about tree diversity, the potential of tree crops from wild trees, the impacts of invasives on our forests, and much more! Check out the program's work at: https://treeimprovement.tennessee.edu/ On instagram at @tenntip To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The prole boys finally tackle the most divisive of nuts-- the black walnuts. Are they feety? How important have they been historically, anyway? Is juglone actually a problem-- and if so, what can be done about it? Lastly, what about the black walnut industry can we take away for other potential wild tree crops as potential food sources for our communities? This will be the first and (hopefully) last episode you'll ever need to understand the black walnut. Check out the corresponding substack article for resources, citations, and more information! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/black-walnuts To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

With over four decades in the field, Ken Asmus from Oikos Tree Crops shares his pioneering work in perennial crop breeding. Known for his innovative approaches to oak breeding, Ken recounts his journey from a family Christmas tree farm to becoming a key player in the nursery industry. Immerse yourself in Ken's world as he sheds light on the critical role of preserving genetic diversity and the passionate network of acorn collectors who support his mission. Explore the untapped potential of acorns as a food source, with Ken's cutting-edge project on testing burr oak acorns for tannin levels taking center stage. Through vivid storytelling, Ken delves into the historical significance of acorn processing, drawing inspiration from Native American traditions and the work of Suella Ocean. The conversation reveals the exciting possibilities of integrating underutilized crops like hickories, black walnuts, and even niche favorites like hazelnuts and apricots into sustainable food systems, emphasizing the importance of communal innovation and honoring the legacy of past plant breeders. Discover the intriguing concepts of understory crop development, with Ken's experiments on growing perennial potatoes and other lesser-known plants under oak canopies. From chufa to sunchokes, Ken paints a vivid picture of turning orchards into dynamic ecosystems. The episode wraps up with insights into the potential of niche crops and the creative process behind agricultural advancements, sparking curiosity and appreciation for the dedicated individuals driving progress in this essential field. Follow Ken on instagram at @oikostreecrops Check out Ken's writing at: https://oikostreecrops.com/ecological-enrichment/ Check out the substack article for sources cited and a more extensive review of the subjects discussed in this episode! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/oaks-and-acorns To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: Perennial Crop Breeding, Oak Breeding, Genetic Diversity, Acorn Collectors, Sustainable Agriculture, Niche Crops, Understory Crop Development, Plant Cultivars, Genetic Repositories, Perennial Potatoes, Chufa, Hydroponic Systems, Flavor Development, Rare Crops, Selective Breeding, Domestication, Creative Projects, Appreciation, Exchange of Ideas, Untapped Topics Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Elliott & Matt are back to discuss the oak tree, acorns, whether or not Elliott works for the CIA, and the pecularities of processing acorns. The Quercus genus is arguably the most important genus for all living things on earth, including humans. Spanning 55 million years, five continents, over six hundred species, including over ninety of which are here in North America, the oak tree is a central figure in folklore across the globe. Found as both deciduous and evergreens, as massive keystone trees in forests, and as small shrubs, it’s no surprise that the ubiquitous oak is a foundational part of human existence. Oaks provide us with food, firewood, building materials, tannins for processing the leathers that shielded us from the elements, and feed for the animals and fungi we also consume. Our existence is predicated on their existence, and that’s clearly manifested in its cultural significance, from the names of places (such as Oakland) to its central role in religions (such as paganism). Check out the substack article for sources cited and a more extensive review of the subjects discussed in this episode! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/oaks-and-acorns To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Dan Kittredge to discuss the work his organization the Bionutrient Food Association is doing. The Bionutrient Institute team is a global collection of scientists, technicians, engineers, organizers, and others working toward our collective goal to define nutrient density. We chat at length about the surprising results of their studies, and how their testing allows us to better assess the claims of various farming methods, from permaculture, no-till, broad-forking, organic, all the way to conventional agriculture. How can we take this unique data to grow better food, and what are the implications of making food quality knowledge more democratic to consumers? To check out Dan's work, visit: https://www.bionutrientinstitute.org/ https://www.bionutrient.org/ https://www.youtube.com/@Bionutrient and on instagram: @Bionutrientfoodassociation @Bionutrientinstitute To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Dr. Eric Burhart from Penn State's Environmental Center. Eric's focus is around wild plant research, stewardship, and use, and we get to dive into this subject specifically around ramps and ghost pipe, although he has an extensive background in American ginseng and goldenseal as well. We explore the ways these plants are impacted and can be impacted by invasives, and what the future holds for these special species that inhabit our forests across the east coast. For more information: https://www.shaverscreek.org/about-us/meet-the-staff/ericburkhart/ You can also find Eric on Instagram at @PA_Botany_and_ethnobotany To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode is special, as we have paired it with a lengthy 2-part scything 101 collaborative substack piece. We're joined by Benjamin Brownlow of Fox Holler Almanac & Farmstead to discuss the application of the scythe and basics around making this traditional tool more accessible for first-time users. What are the benefits of using a scythe, how can it change the trajectory of a landscape, and when is it not appropriate? Further, what exactly is a scythe, and how can your decisions around the scythe you use impact your success? We explore all of these questions and more in this episode. Additionally, Fox Holler Farmstead is seeking apprentices for 2024 in cooperative land management, agroforestry, natural building, sustainable agriculture and gardening. Contact Ben at [email protected] for more information! Check out the substack pieces and subscribe to Ben's substack as well! https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com/p/revitalizing-the-scythe https://benjaminbramble.substack.com/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by musician and organizer Ben Potrykus to talk about building community and how music and politics interplay. Ben's a veteran in the greater Boston music scene, and spent years touring the country with a number of different bands, including the Receiving end of Sirens, Christians & Lions, Get Loose!, Sharp Teeth, Baixa, Girlfriends, Bent Shapes, Fake ID, and more. Imposed Magazine describes Ben's place in the music scene succinctly, stating that "Over the years, he’s torpedoed two major label deals, temporarily fractured his relationship with his brother, and sabotaged a rock doc, all results of his idealism, impulsiveness, and neurosis about selling out. His devotion has made him one of the most revered songwriters in Boston, though it was never his intention to become anything, really." (read the article here, if you are curious) We chat about where he stands on these issues today, and further, how these relationships in and around music have informed the way in which he engages with his other work around tenant organizing. If you're not familiar with tenant organizing, we discuss the benefits of this type of organizing over unionizing workplaces, and the increased presence it will likely have in a world which increasingly isolates due to work from home and more. We also discuss various resources for tenant organizing, which are included below: https://atun-rsia.org/ https://powrpvd.org/ https://bostontenantsunion.org/ And of course follow @Christiansandlions on Instagram & check out their music at www.christiansandlions.com Intro music: Christians & Lions- "The Changeling" Transition music: Christians & Lions- "Firebelly Salamander" Outro music: Christians & LIons- "Bird's Milk" To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined by Whitney Johnson, a forager who has focused on highlighting the complex and beautiful cultural history of foraging in Appalachia. Johnson has become known to the internet as the @appalachian_forager on Tiktok & Instagram, which she built by hunting mushrooms – and her passion for Appalachian culture and dedication to authenticity keeps people coming back. Her work highlights the ways in which food, ecology, and community intersect, and point to a way in which foodways can help us navigate our way towards healthier communities and healthier ecosystems. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined by the one and only Chris Newman of Sylvanaqua Farms to talk about cooperative farming, figuring out who to work with, why he hates chestnuts, and what the pumpkin spice girls got right. We dive deep into conversations about scalability and what it means to be a part of the loosely affiliated eco-left, and how we figure out to build food systems while operating under capitalism. Check out Chris's work at Sylvanaqua Farms and Skywoman on Instagram and sylvanaqua.com. From Sylvanaqua Farms' website: Good food is a human right, period't. We need to get it to everyone; not just the denizens of our wealthiest enclaves fortunate enough to "vote with their food dollars." Everyone deserves good choices, and they should be available at the corner stores, our grocery stores, our restaurants, our schools, our hospitals, our institutions, and beyond. To do this, we must deprecate the romanticized Jeffersonian yeomanry that's dominated food discourse for centuries, and create deeply collaborative, de-individualized, sophisticated, human-centered, circular food supply chains inspired by this landscape's first and best stewards. Sylvanaqua Farms is one farm among several other food businesses coordinating to make this happen in the Chesapeake Bay region." To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined by Tim Clemens at Ironwood Foraging to discuss fitness, health, and the left's relationship with sports. What does fitness really mean, how do we engage with fitness when so many of us have complicated relationships with food and sports? Tim founded Ironwood Foraging in 2017 to offer hands-on plant and mushroom foraging workshops. He is the past president of the Minnesota Mycological Society, a Minnesota Master Naturalist, and a certified wild mushroom expert. Tim holds a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology/Archaeology from the University of Minnesota and a certificate in Environmental Education from Cornell University. You can also find Tim on Instagram @mnforager. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Lake of The Revolutionary's Garden podcast to talk farming, climate change, and commune living. Lake discusses the challenges and process of building a commune space, finding ways to create a healthy, sustainable community while operating under laws designed for businesses and nuclear families, and, of course, deciding who does the dishes. We swap stories about podcasting and our goals with our projects, and much much more. Check out the Revolutionary's Garden's website below and find their show wherever you get your podcasts! https://www.therevgarden.com/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Join us as we journey through the profound intersection of history and ecology with the insightful Zach Elfers, whose passion for native plants and permaculture has reshaped his path into sustainable agriculture. Zach shares tales of his fascination with spring ephemerals and edible plants, leading to the rediscovery of century-old trees at the John Hershey Orchard. These living relics of the past, untouched by urban sprawl, hold lessons in resilience and wisdom that continue to inform modern agricultural practices. We unravel the underappreciated history of tree crops in North America, spotlighting visionary figures like J. Russell Smith and John Hershey. Zach's journey through native ecosystems on his own eight-acre plot demonstrates a commitment to ecological restoration and human subsistence gardening. His work with the Keystone Tree Crops Cooperative seeks to breathe new life into these ancient agricultural traditions, blending the old with the new to foster sustainable and thriving ecosystems. As we imagine the future, the potential of tree crops to transform our understanding of sustainability becomes clear. We explore the role of cooperatives in creating viable economies centered around nut trees and the innovative uses for byproducts like press cakes. Through stories of historical and international cooperative models, we reflect on the rich legacy of communal resource management and indigenous horticultural practices. Together, we envision a world where the lessons of the past guide us toward sustainable land stewardship and a harmonious relationship with our environment. Check out Zach's work with the Keystone Tree Crop Cooperative: https://keystonetreecrops.com/ Find Zach on Instagram at: @susqu_woodlum To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, ad-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key Words: History, Ecology, Zach Elfers, Native Plants, Permaculture, Sustainable Agriculture, Spring Ephemerals, Edible Plants, John Hershey Orchard, Urban Sprawl, Resilience, Wisdom, Agricultural Practices, Tree Crops, North America, J. Russell Smith, Nut Trees, Keystone Tree Crops Cooperative, Sustainable Markets, Press Cake, Cottage Industries, Maple Syrup, 3D Printing, Diversification, Scalability, Homesteading, Nut Depot, France, Italy, Indigenous Practices, Land Ownership, Stewardship, Land Trusts, Agroecology Easements, Non-Timber Forest Products, Cultural Shifts, Private Property, Native Horticultural Practices, Landscapes, Inherited, Future Generations Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Matt from Symbiop to discuss what it looks like to develop cooperatives in the landscaping world. How do we showcase alternatives to the norm that draw folks in, and how can we also leverage that ownership to center native plants in our landscaping design choices? SymbiOp started off as a one-person landscaping business, operated by one of their co-founders, Nutmeg. On Oct 1st, 2021, they opened an ecological garden shop, using their plant expertise to make ecological gardening even more accessible to the greater community. Find them in Portland if you're in town, or otherwise check out their work on social media or at their website: www.symbiop.com To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Join us in this engaging episode as we explore the fascinating world of flexible learning and sustainable agriculture with our special guest, Eliza Greenman. Known for her innovative research on tree crops and climate change, Eliza shares her inspiring journey from working with apples and pigs to her current focus on persimmons and oaks. Her dedication to discovering new possibilities in agriculture challenges conventional approaches and offers hope for adapting our diets to future climate changes. Eliza's work with the Savannah Institute and her blog, Eliza Apples, showcase her commitment to exploring the past to build a sustainable future. Listen in as we trace Eliza's childhood passion for pigs and how it intersected with her professional pursuits in sustainable orchard management. Her travels to Central Asia and experiences in food forestry reveal the integration of animal management in fruit forests, sparking innovative ideas about using pigs for sustainable orchard care. We also discuss the potential of persimmons, particularly the Northern and Southern varieties, as a resilient fruit that could play a crucial role in adapting to climate change. The conversation highlights ongoing research efforts, including a persimmon breeding project, to unlock the genetic diversity and future potential of this underappreciated fruit. Finally, explore the captivating world of acorns and their untapped potential as a food source. Eliza and I discuss traditional and innovative methods to process acorns, such as fermentation, which could make them more appealing for human consumption. The episode also touches on the importance of understanding native crop genetics and the historical selection by indigenous peoples, which influenced the distribution of persimmons across North America. As we look to the future, we consider the potential of silvopasture systems and nuts like hickories to diversify agriculture and provide sustainable alternatives to monocrop systems. This episode is filled with insights and inspiration for anyone interested in the intersection of agriculture, sustainability, and climate resilience. Check out Eliza's work at https://elizapples.com/ , @elizapples on Instagram, and her work with the Savanna Institute! To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key words: Sustainable Agriculture, Tree Crops, Climate Resilience, Animal Management, Orchards, Genetic Diversity, Native Crops, Food Forestry, Ecosystem Management, Acorns, Persimmons, Oak Savannas, Genetic Preservation, Microlocations, Genetic Research, Indigenous Stewardship, Agroforestry, Monocrop Systems, Tannin Content, Fermentation Techniques, Personalized Learning Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're joined once again by Nate Kleinman of the Experimental Farm Network to talk about their work breeding potential food crops. We dive into crops lost to history, future ecologies, and what decentralized plant breeding looks like for community liberation in relation to community ecology. The Experimental Farm Network (EFN) works to facilitate collaborative plant breeding and sustainable agriculture research in order to fight global climate change, preserve the natural environment, and ensure food security for humanity into the distant future. They believe participatory plant breeding on a massive scale can lead to breakthroughs to help us not only adapt to climate change, but one day actually stabilize the climate. Founded in 2013, EFN is composed of professional and amateur farmers, gardeners, plant breeders, and researchers. The network's main organizing tool — this open-source website — is free to use and open to all. Check out their work at https://www.experimentalfarmnetwork.org/ and on Instagram at @ExperimentalFarmNetwork. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Can our suburban lawns become thriving ecosystems that support wildlife and biodiversity? This week, we're thrilled to welcome Dr. Doug Tallamy, a renowned entomologist, ecologist, and conservationist, who shares his groundbreaking insights on the vital importance of native plants in our landscapes. Dr. Tallamy passionately argues against the notion that humanity is separate from nature, instead advocating for the integration of ecological principles into our everyday environments. We discuss the unsustainable nature of unchecked development and the crucial role biodiversity plays in maintaining the planet's life-support systems. Delving into the significant ecological contributions of oak trees, Dr. Tallamy reveals how these keystone species support a vast array of caterpillars and other wildlife. He explains how oaks excel in carbon sequestration and watershed management, making them indispensable to healthy ecosystems. However, their survival is threatened by over-harvesting and the suppression of natural fire cycles. We also tackle the misconceptions about non-native plants and their detrimental impact on local biodiversity, focusing on the ecological advantages of native plants like goldenrod. We wrap up by exploring the Homegrown National Park initiative, a grassroots movement aiming to reduce lawn areas and replace them with native plants to restore ecological functions. Dr. Tallamy highlights the importance of community involvement and policy engagement in promoting sustainable landscaping practices. This inspiring conversation offers practical ways for individuals to contribute to conservation efforts and underscores the collective impact we can achieve. Tune in to learn how you can be part of the solution and create a more sustainable, beautiful environment in your own backyard. Dr. Doug Tallamy is an American entomologist, ecologist and conservationist. He is a professor in the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Delaware. He has written and co-authored several books, as well as many papers. Tallamy advocates for home gardens and landscaping that bridge the gaps between parks and preserves in providing habitat for native species You can check out Dr. Tallamy's work at: https://www.homegrownnationalpark.org/ https://www.udel.edu/canr/departments/entomology-and-wildlife-ecology/faculty-staff/doug-tallamy/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key words: Conservation, Sustainable Landscapes, Native Plants, Biodiversity, Ecological Principles, Keystone Species, Oaks, Caterpillars, Wildlife, Carbon Sequestration, Watershed Management, Invasive Species, Goldenrod, Homegrown National Park, Grassroots Movement, Community Engagement, Policy Engagement, Industrial Agriculture, Urban Development, Traditional Ecological Knowledge Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode we're joined by David Holmgren to discuss the past 50 years of permaculture and some of his thoughts on its evolution. We dive into some of the uncomfortable subjects of native habitat loss, invasive species, land back, indigenous sovereignty, the PDC structure, permaculture at scale, among other things in what I hope will be an incredibly insightful conversation for listeners curious to dive into these subjects. David Holmgren is an Australian environmental designer, ecological educator and writer. He is best known as one of the co-originators of the permaculture concept with Bill Mollison. He still actively manages Melliodora Farm, a 2.5 acre permaculture homestead, writes extensively, and offers training on his homestead. You can find his work here: https://holmgren.com.au/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The 2009–2011 Icelandic financial crisis protests, also referred to as the Kitchenware, Kitchen Implement or Pots and Pans Revolution, occurred in the wake of the Icelandic financial crisis. There had been regular and growing protests since October 2008 against the Icelandic government's handling of the financial crisis. The protests intensified on 20 January 2009 with thousands of people protesting at the parliament in Reykjavík. These were at the time the largest protests in Icelandic history. Protesters were calling for the resignation of government officials and for new elections to be held. Unlike every other country during this global crisis, numerous officials and bank leaders were imprisoned and the government reclaimed ownership of many industries in response. How did this protest develop, and why was their protest so successful in comparison to other movements such as Occupy Wall Street? We chat about why average citizens got involved and lessons we can learn from this unique period in history. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Sources: Dixon, M. (2018). Economic crisis and mass protest: The pots and pans revolution in Iceland. Social Forces, 96(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy029 Bibler, J. (2021). Iceland’s secret: The untold story of the world’s biggest con. Harriman House. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The 2009–2011 Icelandic financial crisis protests, also referred to as the Kitchenware, Kitchen Implement or Pots and Pans Revolution, occurred in the wake of the Icelandic financial crisis. There had been regular and growing protests since October 2008 against the Icelandic government's handling of the financial crisis. The protests intensified on 20 January 2009 with thousands of people protesting at the parliament in Reykjavík. These were at the time the largest protests in Icelandic history. Protesters were calling for the resignation of government officials and for new elections to be held. Unlike every other country during this global crisis, numerous officials and bank leaders were imprisoned and the government reclaimed ownership of many industries in response. How did this protest develop, and why was their protest so successful in comparison to other movements such as Occupy Wall Street? We chat about why average citizens got involved and lessons we can learn from this unique period in history. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Sources: Dixon, M. (2018). Economic crisis and mass protest: The pots and pans revolution in Iceland. Social Forces, 96(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy029 Bibler, J. (2021). Iceland’s secret: The untold story of the world’s biggest con. Harriman House. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The 2009–2011 Icelandic financial crisis protests, also referred to as the Kitchenware, Kitchen Implement or Pots and Pans Revolution, occurred in the wake of the Icelandic financial crisis. There had been regular and growing protests since October 2008 against the Icelandic government's handling of the financial crisis. The protests intensified on 20 January 2009 with thousands of people protesting at the parliament in Reykjavík. These were at the time the largest protests in Icelandic history. Protesters were calling for the resignation of government officials and for new elections to be held. Unlike every other country during this global crisis, numerous officials and bank leaders were imprisoned and the government reclaimed ownership of many industries in response. How did this protest develop, and why was their protest so successful in comparison to other movements such as Occupy Wall Street? We chat about why average citizens got involved and lessons we can learn from this unique period in history. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Sources: Dixon, M. (2018). Economic crisis and mass protest: The pots and pans revolution in Iceland. Social Forces, 96(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy029 Bibler, J. (2021). Iceland’s secret: The untold story of the world’s biggest con. Harriman House. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Denmark Vesey, a carpenter and formerly enslaved person, allegedly planned an enslaved insurrection to coincide with Bastille Day in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey modeled his rebellion after the successful 1791 slave revolution in Haiti. His plans called for his followers to execute the white enslavers, liberate the city of Charleston, and then sail to Haiti before the white power structure could retaliate. Vesey and several of his co-conspirators worshiped at the African Church, the AME congregation which became Mother Emanuel after the Civil War. Along with white abolitionists in the North, Vesey referenced the Bible in his attacks on the institution of slavery. In the aftermath of the execution, white Charlestonians tore down the church and supported new efforts to control the black majority. Funds were appropriated to support a Municipal Guard of 150 men and the construction of "a Citadel" to house them and weapons. In 1843, the structure became home to the cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy. Additionally, as Vesey's rebellion relied on assistance from free black sailors, South Carolina passed legislation known as the Negro Seamen Acts. The act called for the incarceration of visiting free black sailors in local jails while their vessel remained in Charleston to eliminate contact between free black sailors from outside of South Carolina and black Charlestonians. Despite protests from northern states and British consuls, South Carolina stubbornly insisted on its right to police its population in this way. Denmark Vesey was later held up as a hero among abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass, during the Civil War. Douglass used Vesey's name as a rallying cry in recruiting and inspiring African American troops, including the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Vesey's son, Robert, attended the April 14, 1865 ceremony at Fort Sumter. Today, however, his name remains largely unknown despite his foundational role in accelerating further slave rebellions and ultimately the civil war itself. We discuss why this is the case and what lessons can be learned from this story. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Sources: Jeremy Schipper “Denmark Vesey’s Bible” https://userpages.umbc.edu/~bouton/History407/SlaveStats.htm https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/defining-charlestons-free-people-color Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Denmark Vesey, a carpenter and formerly enslaved person, allegedly planned an enslaved insurrection to coincide with Bastille Day in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey modeled his rebellion after the successful 1791 slave revolution in Haiti. His plans called for his followers to execute the white enslavers, liberate the city of Charleston, and then sail to Haiti before the white power structure could retaliate. Vesey and several of his co-conspirators worshiped at the African Church, the AME congregation which became Mother Emanuel after the Civil War. Along with white abolitionists in the North, Vesey referenced the Bible in his attacks on the institution of slavery. In the aftermath of the execution, white Charlestonians tore down the church and supported new efforts to control the black majority. Funds were appropriated to support a Municipal Guard of 150 men and the construction of "a Citadel" to house them and weapons. In 1843, the structure became home to the cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy. Additionally, as Vesey's rebellion relied on assistance from free black sailors, South Carolina passed legislation known as the Negro Seamen Acts. The act called for the incarceration of visiting free black sailors in local jails while their vessel remained in Charleston to eliminate contact between free black sailors from outside of South Carolina and black Charlestonians. Despite protests from northern states and British consuls, South Carolina stubbornly insisted on its right to police its population in this way. Denmark Vesey was later held up as a hero among abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass, during the Civil War. Douglass used Vesey's name as a rallying cry in recruiting and inspiring African American troops, including the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Vesey's son, Robert, attended the April 14, 1865 ceremony at Fort Sumter. Today, however, his name remains largely unknown despite his foundational role in accelerating further slave rebellions and ultimately the civil war itself. We discuss why this is the case and what lessons can be learned from this story. To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Sources: Jeremy Schipper “Denmark Vesey’s Bible” https://userpages.umbc.edu/~bouton/History407/SlaveStats.htm https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/defining-charlestons-free-people-color Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

A Rebel with a Cause: Denmark Vesey and the Seeds of Insurrection This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the life and legacy of Denmark Vesey, a formerly enslaved man who planned a major slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. The hosts, Elliot and Andy, use Vesey's story to examine the complex social and religious landscape of the antebellum South and the role of the Bible in both justifying and condemning slavery. They also highlight the often-overlooked role of the Black church in organizing and mobilizing resistance to slavery. Denmark Vesey: A Man Who Dared to Dream of Freedom The episode begins by introducing Denmark Vesey, whose planned uprising was nine years before Nat Turner's rebellion and 37 years before John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. Vesey's plan, which was ultimately thwarted, involved seizing weapons, setting fires throughout Charleston, and killing the city's entire white population before escaping to Haiti. The hosts emphasize that Vesey, unlike many other enslaved people, had achieved freedom and established a successful carpentry business. This fact makes his decision to risk everything for an uprising all the more remarkable, highlighting the depth of his commitment to ending slavery. The Bible as a Double-Edged Sword: Justifying Slavery and Inspiring Resistance The episode explores how the Bible was used by both slave owners and abolitionists to support their respective positions. Vesey himself used scripture to rally support for his cause, arguing that the Bible commanded the Israelites to destroy their enemies and that slavery was a sin that needed to be eradicated. He drew on passages from both the Old and New Testaments to inspire and reassure his followers, illustrating how the same text could be interpreted in vastly different ways. The hosts point out that the authority of the Bible, rather than its specific content, made it a powerful tool for both sides. They connect this historical phenomenon to contemporary issues, suggesting that the Bible continues to be used to justify harmful ideologies and policies. The Role of the Black Church: A Space for Community and Resistance The establishment of the first African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in Charleston in 1817 played a pivotal role in Vesey's organizing efforts. The church provided a space for Black people to gather, build community, and develop a shared sense of identity, independent from the white-dominated churches. This independence fueled fears among white slave owners, who suspected that the AME Church was being supported by abolitionists and that it was fostering insurrection. The hosts emphasize the importance of "meet space" - physical spaces where people can come together and build community - for fostering social and political change. They connect this historical example to the need for similar spaces in contemporary society, arguing that strong communities are essential for challenging oppressive systems. The Perils of "Middle Ground": The Complicity of Moderate Voices The episode examines the role of white religious leaders in Charleston, particularly Benjamin Palmer and Richard Fuhrman, who condemned Vesey's planned uprising while simultaneously advocating for the right of Black people to read the Bible. These figures represent the "radical centrists" of their time, who sought to maintain a delicate balance between preserving the institution of slavery and appeasing moral concerns about its cruelty. The hosts argue that these moderate voices ultimately served to reinforce the status quo by discouraging more radical action. They draw parallels to contemporary political debates, suggesting that those who advocate for incremental change or compromise with oppressive systems often end up perpetuating those systems. The Illusion of Power: Fear and the Fragility of the Slaveholding Class Despite their outward confidence, the white elite in Charleston lived in constant fear of a slave revolt. This fear was amplified by the fact that enslaved people outnumbered white people in both the city and the surrounding countryside. The episode suggests that this demographic reality, coupled with the growing abolitionist movement in the North and Europe, created a sense of vulnerability among slave owners. The hosts argue that this underlying fear shaped the reactions of the slaveholding class to Vesey's planned uprising. They suggest that the harsh punishments meted out to Vesey and his followers, as well as the subsequent crackdown on Black literacy, were driven by a desperate attempt to maintain control and suppress dissent. The Legacy of Denmark Vesey: A Challenge to the "Natural Order" The episode concludes by reflecting on the lasting significance of Vesey's story. Although his uprising was unsuccessful, it exposed the deep cracks in the foundation of Southern society and demonstrated the potential for organized resistance to slavery. The hosts argue that Vesey's use of the Bible

This episode picks up where the previous episode left off, exploring Erna Bennett's work with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and her increasing criticisms of the Green Revolution's impact on global agriculture. The episode portrays Bennett as a dedicated scientist who challenged powerful interests within the FAO and the broader agricultural establishment to advocate for a more nuanced and ecologically sound approach to food production. Bennett's Critique of Seed Banks: "More Artifacts Than Resources" Building on her earlier work in genecology, Bennett argued that simply storing seeds in banks was insufficient for protecting plant genetic diversity. She believed that removing seeds from their natural environments and storing them in controlled conditions halted the evolutionary processes that allowed plants to adapt to changing environments and pressures. This critique challenged the prevailing view that seed banks were the primary solution to genetic erosion. Bennett stressed that preserving the dynamic relationship between plants and their environments was essential for maintaining their evolutionary potential. She likened seed banks to museums, preserving artifacts rather than living, evolving organisms. This perspective, although initially controversial, has gained traction in contemporary discussions about the limitations of seed banks and the need for complementary conservation strategies. Challenging the "Plug and Play" Approach to Plant Breeding Bennett criticized the dominant approach to plant breeding during the Green Revolution, which focused on isolating and manipulating individual genes to achieve specific traits, such as high yields or disease resistance. She argued that this reductionist perspective overlooked the complex interactions between multiple genes and the environment. She likened this approach to the simplistic Punnett squares used to illustrate basic Mendelian inheritance, highlighting the inadequacy of such models for understanding the intricate web of genetic interactions in real-world ecosystems. Instead, Bennett advocated for a more holistic understanding of plant genetics, emphasizing the need to conserve entire genotypes – the complete set of genes within an organism – to preserve the full range of adaptive potential. The Importance of Local Knowledge: Echoes of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi Just like Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, whose story was explored in previous episodes, Bennett recognized the vital role of local knowledge in understanding and preserving plant diversity. She argued that seed collections should be accompanied by meticulous documentation of local agricultural practices, cultural traditions, and environmental variations. This emphasis on integrating scientific knowledge with the wisdom of farming communities directly challenged the top-down, technocratic approach often associated with the Green Revolution. Clashing with Otto Frankel: A Debate on the Practicality of In Situ Conservation The episode highlights a key intellectual debate between Bennett and Otto Frankel, a prominent geneticist and advocate for the Green Revolution. Frankel argued that preserving landraces – locally adapted varieties – in their original environments was impractical in a world where those environments were rapidly changing. He questioned the purpose of in situ conservation when agricultural landscapes were undergoing significant transformations. Bennett countered that while Frankel's concerns were valid, the solution lay not in abandoning in situ conservation but in adapting it to dynamic conditions. This disagreement underscores the tension between preserving traditional agricultural practices and adapting to the pressures of modernization. The Green Revolution's Blind Spot: Communities Feeding Themselves as a Threat The episode delves into the ideological underpinnings of the Green Revolution, arguing that it was based on a belief that Western science was necessary to "save" the world from hunger and that communities feeding themselves were somehow a negative outcome. Frankel's skepticism towards Bennett's focus on local food production is framed as evidence of this worldview. The hosts suggest that Frankel, and by extension the Green Revolution's proponents, saw the goal of agriculture not as empowering communities to provide for themselves, but as integrating them into a globalized system of food production and consumption. This interpretation aligns with critiques of the Green Revolution that highlight its role in promoting industrial agriculture and corporate control over food systems. Corporatization of Seed Banks: The "Personal Resource Bank" Problem The episode explores how seed banks, initially intended as a public good, became increasingly vulnerable to corporate interests. Bennett observed that certain companies viewed these publicly funded collections as their own private resource banks, seeking to acquire and control valuable genetic material for commercial

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" introduces Erna Bennett, a lesser-known figure whose life intersected with major historical events and intellectual currents. The episode highlights Bennett's unconventional path, starting with her adventurous (and occasionally fabricated) military career, and moving towards her significant contributions to the field of genecology, a discipline that explores the relationship between genetic variation and environmental factors. Throughout the episode, the hosts emphasize Bennett's sharp wit, rebellious spirit, and unwavering commitment to her principles, even when those principles put her at odds with powerful institutions. **The episode begins with a humorous acknowledgement of Bennett's obscurity, noting that finding meaningful information about her life requires digging through a "treasure trove" of obituaries, scholarly articles, and a four-hour audio interview held by the National Library of Australia. ** A Rebellious Youth: Early Signs of Bennett's Independent Spirit The hosts trace Bennett's rebellious streak back to her childhood in Belfast, where she described the city as "rather awful." Her father, a socialist and policeman, encouraged her to challenge conventional thinking, a value that would shape her trajectory. **Her willingness to question authority is illustrated by an anecdote involving a priest who visited her home for her baptism. Rather than passively accepting religious doctrine, the teenage Bennett engaged in a spirited debate about creationism, ultimately driving the priest away. ** Wartime Adventures: Deception, Defiance, and a Growing Political Consciousness Bennett's adventurous spirit took center stage during World War II. She lied about her age to enlist in the British army, and later, when relegated to kitchen duties, she boldly claimed to be a skilled pilot, despite having only a "theoretical" understanding of flying. Her first flight was a chaotic test of the plane's limits, leaving her instructor speechless and terrified, while she discreetly vomited in a corner. This episode in her life highlights both her audacity and her capacity for learning on the fly (pun very much intended by the podcast hosts). **Her wartime experiences in Greece proved to be a political awakening. ** Assigned to British intelligence, Bennett's task was to identify Greek activists who were sympathetic to British interests. However, this work exposed her to the brutal realities of power politics and the manipulation of resistance movements. Witnessing the British government's collaboration with the Nazis to undermine leftist factions within Greece, she became disillusioned with the Allied cause. Defection and the Embrace of a New Cause Driven by her evolving political convictions, Bennett made the radical decision to defect from the British army and join the Greek partisans. She acknowledged the risks and moral complexities of her actions, recognizing that her work with British intelligence had been harmful. She expresses gratitude towards the Greek partisans for accepting her despite her past. This period solidified her commitment to socialism and exposed her to the richness and resilience of traditional agriculture, which she saw being threatened by "progress" imposed by outside forces. Post-War Struggles and a Forging of a New Path Upon her return to England, Bennett faced consequences for her desertion, being court-martialed and ostracized by former friends. The onset of the Cold War further compounded her difficulties, as her communist affiliations made her unemployable in many fields. Despite these setbacks, she pursued her education, earning degrees in botany from London and Durham Universities. She persevered through financial hardship and isolation, eventually securing a position at the National Library of Science and Technology, where her linguistic skills proved valuable. The Scottish Plant Breeding Station: Laying the Groundwork for Genecology Bennett's career path led her to the Scottish Plant Breeding Station, where she worked with Jim Gregor, a renowned geneticist known for his studies on microevolution. It was during this time that she began to articulate her ideas around genecology, a branch of ecology that examines the interplay between genetic diversity within species and their distribution across varied environments. This work focused on understanding how plants adapt to specific ecological conditions, and how those adaptations might be lost in the context of domestication and monoculture agriculture. The Looming Threat of Genetic Erosion: Bennett Sounds the Alarm **By the 1950s, Bennett was already raising concerns about the potential negative impacts of the Green Revolution, which was rapidly expanding across the globe. ** Her focus was on the alarming loss of genetic diversity within crops, as traditional varieties were replaced by high-yielding but genetically uniform cultivars. She saw parallels between the destructio

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the story of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi and examines his experiences at the National Agricultural College in Chapingo (NAC). The episode highlights Xolo's criticisms of the college's curriculum and teaching methods, noting that he believed they were too rigid, lacked socioeconomic context, and did not incorporate indigenous knowledge systems. Xolo argued that agronomists should be "fundamentally biologists with agricultural studies" and discard "old concepts" of rigid categorization. He advocated for higher pay for instructors, the requirement of doctorates, and a greater emphasis on research that was relevant to the specific conditions of Mexico. However, his recommendations were largely ignored. The episode explores the NAC as a representation of the larger issues surrounding the Green Revolution in Mexico. The school became a platform for modern agricultural technology and practices due to substantial funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, successfully promoting the American approach to agriculture. The institution's emphasis on technology and industrial-scale farming was in direct opposition to the traditional, small-scale agriculture practiced by most Mexican farmers. Xolo's worries about the loss of indigenous knowledge and the possible detrimental effects of modernization resonated with a growing number of students who grew increasingly critical of the school's curriculum and focus. Despite the NAC's emphasis on discipline and conformity, there was a strong undercurrent of revolutionary spirit within the student body. This was influenced by the school's history, particularly a traumatic incident during the Mexican Revolution where students witnessed an execution on campus. Students voiced their concerns about the disconnect between their education and the realities of Mexican agriculture, criticizing the quality of instruction, the lack of practical knowledge, and the school's focus on training "agronomic factory workers" rather than researchers and innovators. Student activism was expressed through protests, boycotts, and critical articles in the student newspaper. By 1960, the negative impacts of the Green Revolution were becoming more evident, and Xolo's criticisms grew more pointed. He openly condemned the destruction of Mexican identity and the environmental harm caused by the drive for modernization. He claimed that the Green Revolution was producing "poor imitations of agriculture in other countries" and failing to address the socioeconomic realities of Mexican farmers. Xolo continued to advocate for the integration of traditional knowledge into agricultural education, emphasizing the importance of learning from campesino farmers. He recognized the elders and adults within indigenous communities as essential sources of knowledge, highlighting their "empirical method" that had been tested over generations. The episode emphasizes the fundamental conflict between Xolo's approach and the prevailing paradigm of the Green Revolution. Xolo's emphasis on biodiversity, ecological balance, and the preservation of traditional knowledge was in stark contrast to the focus on maximizing yields through technological interventions. His vision for sustainable and culturally appropriate agriculture clashed with the push for uniformity and standardization that characterized the Green Revolution. The episode sets the stage for Xolo's ongoing resistance to the Green Revolution and his efforts to promote a more holistic and equitable approach to agriculture in Mexico. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the story of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, a renowned Mexican botanist whose views clashed with the dominant agricultural paradigm of the Green Revolution. The episode focuses on Zolo's experiences at the National Agricultural College in Chapingo (NAC), which was heavily funded and influenced by the Rockefeller Foundation. It highlights the growing tension between Zolo's advocacy for traditional agricultural practices and the school's emphasis on U.S.-style modernization. Zolo's Early Critique of Agricultural Education in Mexico Zolo's critical perspective on agricultural education emerged early on, stemming from his observations of the curriculum and teaching methods at the NAC. He believed that the curriculum was too rigid, lacked socioeconomic context, and failed to incorporate indigenous knowledge systems. In a 1955 speech, Zolo argued that agronomists should be "fundamentally biologists with agricultural studies," discarding the "old concepts" of rigid categorization. He advocated for higher pay for instructors, the requirement of doctorates, and a greater emphasis on research that was relevant to the specific conditions of Mexico. Zolo's recommendations were largely ignored by the school's leadership, who continued to prioritize the U.S.-style model of agricultural education. The NAC: A Microcosm of the Green Revolution's Contradictions The episode portrays the NAC as a microcosm of the broader tensions surrounding the Green Revolution in Mexico. The Rockefeller Foundation's heavy investment in the school transformed it into a showcase for modern agricultural technology and practices, effectively turning it into a "PR wing" for the American way of growing food. The school's emphasis on technology and industrial-scale farming contrasted sharply with the traditional, small-scale agriculture practiced by most Mexican farmers. Zolo's concerns about the erasure of indigenous knowledge and the potential negative impacts of modernization were echoed by a growing number of students who became increasingly critical of the school's curriculum and direction. Student Unrest and the Persistence of a Revolutionary Spirit Despite the NAC's emphasis on discipline and conformity, a strong undercurrent of revolutionary spirit persisted within the student body. This was influenced by the school's history, particularly a traumatic incident during the Mexican Revolution where students witnessed an execution on campus. Students became increasingly vocal in their criticisms, expressing concerns about the disconnect between their education and the realities of Mexican agriculture. They complained about the quality of instruction, the lack of practical knowledge, and the school's focus on training "agronomic factory workers" rather than researchers and innovators. Student activism manifested in various forms, including protests, boycotts, and critical articles in the student newspaper. Zolo's Increasingly Outspoken Critique of the Green Revolution By 1960, the negative impacts of the Green Revolution were becoming more apparent, and Zolo's critique became increasingly pointed. He publicly denounced the destruction of Mexican identity and the ecological damage caused by the push for modernization. He argued that the Green Revolution was creating "poor imitations of agriculture in other countries" and failing to address the socioeconomic realities of Mexican farmers. Zolo continued to advocate for the incorporation of traditional knowledge into agricultural education, emphasizing the importance of learning from campesino farmers. He saw the elders and adults within indigenous communities as vital repositories of knowledge, highlighting their "empirical method" that had been tested over generations. A Clash of Agricultural Philosophies The episode underscores the fundamental clash of philosophies between Zolo's approach and the dominant paradigm of the Green Revolution. Zolo's emphasis on biodiversity, ecological balance, and the preservation of traditional knowledge stood in stark contrast to the focus on maximizing yields through technological interventions. His vision for a sustainable and culturally appropriate agriculture was at odds with the push for uniformity and standardization that characterized the Green Revolution. The episode sets the stage for Zolo's continued resistance to the Green Revolution and his efforts to promote a more holistic and equitable approach to agriculture in Mexico.For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simple

A Formative Trip and the Rise of Extension Schools: Setting the Stage for Zolo's Story This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" focuses on the early life and career of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, a Mexican botanist. It begins by establishing the historical and political context of Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the rise of U.S.-style agricultural extension schools. The episode emphasizes Zolo's early experiences and the factors that shaped his unique perspective on agriculture, contrasting his approach with the prevailing trend of promoting American-style agricultural modernization in Mexico. Zolo's Formative Journey: From Aspiring Engineer to Advocate for Traditional Agriculture The episode recounts Zolo's childhood move to the U.S. and his initial pursuit of electrical engineering. A pivotal trip back to Mexico to visit his father during his senior year exposed him to the realities of peasant farming in Mexico, inspiring a shift in his academic focus towards agronomy. This experience highlighted the ingenuity and resilience of traditional farming practices, particularly in the face of limited rainfall and poor soil quality. The episode emphasizes the deep impact this trip had on Zolo, foreshadowing his later advocacy for campesino knowledge and sustainable agricultural practices. The Rise of Extension Schools and the Push for American-Style Modernization The episode outlines the significant role of the Rockefeller Foundation in shaping Mexican agricultural policy during this period. Drawing on the successes of the Green Revolution in the United States, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to replicate its model in Mexico, promoting the adoption of hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and mechanized farming techniques. This push for modernization was furthered through the establishment of U.S.-style agricultural extension schools, modeled after land-grant universities and Cooperative Extension programs. The episode highlights the rapid transformation of Mexican agriculture within a few years, fueled by the influence of figures like Salvador Sanchez, a prominent botanist and proponent of American agricultural practices. Sanchez's success in promoting these practices, coupled with the allure of American-style prosperity, led to the widespread adoption of the extension school model and the rapid dissemination of modern agricultural techniques throughout Mexico. Zolo's Unique Path Amidst the Tide of Modernization While working for the Rockefeller Foundation's Mexico Agricultural Program (MAP), Zolo collected thousands of corn samples, showcasing his deep interest in preserving traditional crop varieties. However, his approach differed significantly from other scientists involved in the program. Zolo prioritized understanding and documenting indigenous knowledge systems, immersing himself in the cultural context surrounding agricultural practices. This approach is exemplified in his fascination with the Milpa system, a traditional intercropping method, which he recognized as a highly efficient and sustainable form of agriculture. The episode contrasts Zolo's focus on long-term sustainability and ecological balance with the prevailing emphasis on short-term increases in crop yields. A Foreshadowing of Conflict The episode concludes by hinting at the growing tension between Zolo's views and the dominant agricultural paradigm in Mexico. His suggestion to utilize native plants and goats instead of pursuing cotton production in arid regions highlights his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom and advocate for alternative approaches. Similarly, his questioning of MAP's focus on increased production despite the lack of overall improvement in food security suggests a growing critique of the Rockefeller Foundation's agenda. The episode sets the stage for Zolo's eventual confrontation with the Green Revolution in Mexico, establishing his deep appreciation for traditional agricultural practices and his willingness to question the prevailing dogma. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode details the financial and legal collapse of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) as its grand plans for the Jerusalem artichoke fall apart. The episode explores the company's internal financial mismanagement, the legal fallout from its unsustainable business practices, and the key players' fates as the artichoke bubble bursts. AEFS's Financial House of Cards: A Trail of Reckless Spending and Dubious Accounting The episode reveals a pattern of financial mismanagement and questionable practices within AEFS, highlighting the company's disregard for basic accounting principles and blatant disregard for legal and ethical boundaries. Ignoring warnings: Despite repeated warnings from auditing firms about their irregular financial practices, AEFS owners, Dwyer and Hendrickson, continued to treat company funds as personal piggy banks. Mixing personal and company funds: The owners consistently blurred the lines between personal and company finances, using corporate funds for personal expenses, advances, and even credit card payments. Exploiting tax loopholes: AEFS opted to operate under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code, which allowed them to be taxed as a partnership. This structure, however, backfired when their excessive withdrawals from the company triggered significant tax liabilities, particularly as the business began to fail. Fabricating profits: The company deceptively counted future sales against advances taken from company accounts, creating a false impression of financial stability while masking their reckless spending. Manipulating land deals: Dwyer and Hendrickson used company funds to purchase personal farms, which they then leased back to AEFS at inflated prices, further enriching themselves at the company's expense. Engaging in self-dealing: Dwyer, through his construction company Dwyer Inc., engaged in blatant self-dealing, buying seed at low prices and selling it back to AEFS at a significant markup. Additionally, Dwyer Inc. received substantial unsecured loans from AEFS, creating a web of financial entanglements that further drained the company's resources. The Challenge Fund Scheme: Reverend Kramer, with Dwyer's support, established the "Challenge Fund," purportedly to lend money to high-risk growers. In reality, the fund served as a mechanism to dispose of excess seed, generate dubious financial paper, and potentially raise cash for personal use, further blurring the lines between religious endeavors and financial exploitation. Legal Reckoning: Investigations, Indictments, and a Fortunate Legal Loophole As AEFS's financial woes mounted and the truth about its operations surfaced, legal troubles intensified. Multiple investigations, including those by the Minnesota Attorney General's office, the FBI, and U.S. postal inspectors, converged on AEFS, culminating in criminal indictments. Settling with the Minnesota Attorney General: AEFS agreed to pay a $40,000 fine, modify its sales practices, and offer growers the option to rescind their contracts. However, with limited cash on hand, the company could not fulfill its financial obligations, leading to further legal action. Facing a Grand Jury: Attorney Peter Kasol, driven by personal connections to individuals who lost money due to AEFS, pursued a criminal case against Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer. This relentless pursuit led to grand jury indictments despite the company's belief that Kasol was a pawn of Big Agriculture. A Fortunate Legal Loophole: In a surprising turn of events, the state legislature inadvertently decriminalized the charge of diverting corporate assets while redrafting the relevant statutes. This legal technicality significantly weakened the prosecution's case, leading to a less severe punishment for the AEFS executives. The Aftermath: Bankruptcy, Evasion, and New Ventures AEFS eventually declared bankruptcy, leaving a trail of unpaid debts and disillusioned investors. The episode details the final financial accounting, revealing that Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer siphoned millions from the company, further highlighting the extent of their financial malfeasance. Dwyer's Downfall: Dwyer received a non-dischargeable debt of $815,000, faced property liens, and served jail time for theft by swindle. Despite his legal troubles, he remained unrepentant, blaming external forces for AEFS's failure. Hendrickson's Continued Delusions: Hendrickson, despite receiving a non-dischargeable debt of $50,000 and serving a prison sentence, continued to promote the Jerusalem artichoke, envisioning a new age of cooperative farming amidst global famine. He later shifted his focus to the urban underclass, predicting an uprising in 1992. Kramer's Return to Evangelism: Kramer, burdened with a non-dischargeable debt of $250,000, returned to his religious endeavors, promoting conspiracy theories and blaming other evangelists for his downfall. Lasting Impressions: The Arrogance of Deception and the Allure of the Con The episode conclu

This episode continues the saga of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) and its audacious attempt to build an agricultural empire on the back of the Jerusalem artichoke. Hosts Andy and Elliot further examine the company's dubious tactics, increasingly desperate attempts to create a market for their miracle crop, and the growing skepticism from experts and authorities. The Gospel of the Jerusalem Artichoke: AEFS's Sales Pitch and Cultish Tactics AEFS goes beyond simply promoting the Jerusalem artichoke; it positions the crop as a divinely ordained path to prosperity and even incorporates religious faith into its sales pitch. The episode highlights the company's deep ties to evangelical Christianity, noting that its initial sales list came from the membership of a regional radio show called "Prayer Power", hosted by Pastor Pete. AEFS's first employee is John Peterson, Pastor Pete's son, further blurring the lines between faith and business. The company integrates religious elements into its daily operations, starting workdays with prayer services and incorporating organ music into its events. AEFS even goes as far as encouraging its employees to pray for the failure of corn crops, hoping that farmers, faced with economic hardship, would turn to the Jerusalem artichoke as a salvation. AEFS uses various tactics to attract investors, including: Promising an escrow account: For every dollar spent on seed, 50 cents would be kept back, creating the illusion of financial security and responsible management. Appealing to a sense of shared purpose: The company positions buyers and growers as a "spiritual family" united in a project for God and the nation. Utilizing high-pressure sales tactics: AEFS employs the "train is leaving" pitch, creating a sense of urgency and encouraging impulsive decisions. Making extravagant claims about industrial uses and imminent demand: Salesmen carry products like spaghetti pellets and jars of alcohol, falsely suggesting they are made from Jerusalem artichokes to bolster the idea of existing demand. Exaggerating potential profits: AEFS claims that an acre of Jerusalem artichokes could yield 45 to 65 tons of tubers, a figure exceeding even the highest-producing corn crops, which yield around two tons per acre. This claim, however, ignores the reality that there is no established market or infrastructure for processing and selling such quantities of Jerusalem artichokes. To further bolster its image and foster a sense of community, AEFS celebrates growers' birthdays and anniversaries, sponsors contests for the tallest plant and best school speeches about the artichoke, solicits recipes from growers' wives, and promotes the exchange of Jerusalem artichoke recipes under the questionable label "breaking loose." These efforts are reminiscent of "love bombing," a manipulation tactic used by cults to foster a sense of belonging and loyalty. Smoke and Mirrors: Fabricating Success and Hiding the Truth AEFS uses various methods to create the illusion of legitimacy and future success: Partnering with independent news organizations: AEFS collaborates with publicist Willetta Warburg and other individuals to publish questionable articles that promote the Jerusalem artichoke's potential. Misrepresenting facilities: Potential investors are flown in to see the large Marshall corn processing plant, falsely presented as belonging to AEFS. Exploiting the digestive side effects of Jerusalem artichokes: After signing contracts, prospective growers are treated to a "smorgasbord" of fresh artichoke foods that are deliberately undercooked, causing digestive discomfort. This tactic, while ethically dubious, further reinforces the idea that the Jerusalem artichoke is a potent and significant crop. Cracks in the Facade: Early Warnings and Growing Skepticism As early as October 1981, the University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension Service issues a memorandum cautioning that AEFS is overestimating the Jerusalem artichoke's yield and potential. Experts also debunk AEFS's claims about the plant's unique nutritional properties, pointing out that all plants get their nutrition from air, sunshine, and water. Despite these warnings, many people remain captivated by the idea of the Jerusalem artichoke. Throughout 1982, AEFS continues to aggressively sell seed contracts, capitalizing on the allure of potential riches. However, criticisms and accusations about the company and its practices mount. Mark Seton, the Minnesota Commissioner of Agriculture, openly questions AEFS's yield claims and announces his intention to investigate the company for possible pyramid scheme activities. The Sioux Falls Argus Leader publishes a critical article questioning the economic viability of Jerusalem artichoke production. The Farmer, an influential agricultural paper, labels the Jerusalem artichoke a "highly speculative venture" due to the lack of existing markets. The article quotes experts who suggest that AEFS may even be growing the

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the exploration of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) and its attempt to turn the Jerusalem artichoke into a miracle crop and fuel source in the 1980s. Hosts Andy and Elliot examine the flawed business model and questionable leadership that drove AEFS's meteoric rise. From Alleyways to Empires: Fred Hendrickson’s Grand Vision The episode picks up with Fred Hendrickson, the self-proclaimed "agribusiness concept developer" introduced in the previous episode, and his growing obsession with the Jerusalem artichoke. After seeing six artichoke plants thriving in an alley behind his home in Rapid City, South Dakota, Hendrickson becomes convinced of the plant’s potential. He devours articles on the subject and even cold-calls experts mentioned in the articles, solidifying his belief that the Jerusalem artichoke is "energy farming's answer to OPEC". Hendrickson's enthusiasm for the Jerusalem artichoke knows no bounds. He declares its superiority to corn as a source of alcohol fuel, despite having no experience growing the plant himself. This lack of practical experience, coupled with his previous failed ventures like the "Igloo project," a self-sustaining farming community that never got off the ground, raises red flags about Hendrickson's judgment and ability to deliver on his grandiose promises. A Partnership Forged in Hubris: Enter James Dwyer The episode introduces James Dwyer, a businessman who becomes Hendrickson's partner in AEFS. Dwyer, drawn to the promise of cheaper fuel for his energy-intensive construction business, is eager to invest in the Jerusalem artichoke venture. However, Dwyer’s own business acumen is questionable. He is already struggling to pay his contractors and has made risky bets on farmland appreciating in value, despite a nationwide farm crisis that is driving many farmers into bankruptcy. Despite these warning signs, Dwyer is immediately captivated by Hendrickson's vision. He decides to buy enough Jerusalem artichoke seed for 20 acres, a significant investment at $1,000 per acre in 1980. This impulsive decision, based more on faith in Hendrickson's prophetic pronouncements than on sound business logic, further underscores the shaky foundation upon which AEFS is built. The episode notes that both men seem to feed off each other's enthusiasm, validating their shared delusion that they have stumbled upon a revolutionary agricultural solution. Dwyer, like Hendrickson, frames their partnership in religious terms. He sees Hendrickson as a prophet sent by God to save the "Christian farm" and the nation from the clutches of "Big Oil" and the "Trilateral Commission", a group of international business leaders often cited by conspiracy theorists as a source of global economic manipulation. This intertwining of religious conviction and economic opportunism becomes a hallmark of AEFS, attracting investors who share their belief in the divine providence of the Jerusalem artichoke. The Ragtag Research Team and the Illusion of Legitimacy AEFS's claims of scientific backing are quickly exposed as hollow. The company’s "research" is led by Wayne Dorband, an assistant professor with a PhD in Fisheries Resources, who has no prior knowledge of the Jerusalem artichoke or experience in crop development. Dorband's role seems to be more about providing a veneer of scientific legitimacy than conducting rigorous research. He compiles articles on the Jerusalem artichoke, conducts rudimentary field surveys, and writes much of the company's sales literature, which later becomes the subject of a legal investigation by the Minnesota attorney general. The episode highlights the irony of Dorband, a scientist with limited expertise in the field, being responsible for AEFS's scientific claims, while Hendrickson, an attorney by trade, oversees the company's research. This mismatch of skills and experience further underscores the haphazard and ultimately deceptive nature of AEFS's operations. Riding the Wave of Delusion: AEFS's Unsustainable Business Model AEFS's initial success is fueled by its pyramid scheme-like structure. The company guarantees to buy back a portion of the Jerusalem artichoke seed produced by its first-year growers, creating a false sense of security and incentivizing farmers to invest heavily in the venture. This model allows AEFS to boast of impressive cash flow, even though much of that money is simply circulating within the system, ultimately promised back to the growers who initially invested in the seed. The episode breaks down the economics of AEFS's model, revealing how the company inflates the perceived value of the Jerusalem artichoke. Seed costs are set at 100 times higher than corn, with the promise that growers can sell their harvest back to AEFS at 1,000 times higher premiums than corn on the commodity market. This artificial inflation, coupled with the guaranteed buyback scheme, create

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," titled "Episode 151 #2: The Great Jerusalem Artichoke Scandal part 1," begins a four-part series exploring the bizarre story of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS), a company that attempted to capitalize on the Jerusalem artichoke (also known as the sunchoke) as a source of renewable energy and agricultural salvation during the energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Hosts Andy and Elliot trace the origins of this ambitious venture, highlighting the eccentric personalities and dubious claims that fueled its rise. The First Messiah of the Jerusalem Artichoke Before introducing AEFS, the hosts recount the story of Fred Johnson, a Nebraska man who became obsessed with the Jerusalem artichoke during the Great Depression. Johnson, who the episode dubs "Fred the First," believed the plant was a panacea, a "weed worth a million dollars" capable of solving the nation's economic and agricultural woes. He touted its potential as a source of alcohol fuel and a superior sweetener derived from a sugar called levulos. Johnson even went so far as to carry Jerusalem artichoke tubers in his pockets, stopping strangers on the street to extol their virtues. Johnson's advocacy for the Jerusalem artichoke reached its peak when he became a congressman in the 1940s, using his political platform to push for its widespread adoption. While his efforts ultimately failed to ignite a nationwide Jerusalem artichoke revolution, his story foreshadows the themes of misguided enthusiasm and economic opportunism that would characterize AEFS a few decades later. A Nation on Edge: The Energy Crisis and the Rise of Fred the Second The episode then shifts to the late 1970s, a period marked by economic instability and the second energy crisis of the decade. Spiraling fuel prices, double-digit inflation, and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident created a climate of anxiety and a desperate search for alternative energy solutions. This context sets the stage for the emergence of Fred Hendrickson, a self-proclaimed "agribusiness concept developer" who believed he had found the answer to America's energy woes in the humble Jerusalem artichoke. Hendrickson, whom the episode calls "Fred the Second," shared an uncanny resemblance to his predecessor in both name and fervent belief in the Jerusalem artichoke's potential. Like Johnson, Hendrickson envisioned the plant as a source of alcohol fuel, promoting it as a path to energy independence and agricultural prosperity. However, Hendrickson's vision went beyond mere fuel production. He believed the Jerusalem artichoke could revolutionize agriculture, providing food for humans and livestock, and even serving as a substitute for sugar and starch, particularly for diabetics. More Than Just a Business: The Evangelical Zeal of AEFS What set Hendrickson and AEFS apart from previous proponents of the Jerusalem artichoke was the religious fervor with which they promoted their vision. Hendrickson, who underwent a dramatic religious conversion in the early 1970s, saw himself as a prophet chosen by God to lead America to salvation through the Jerusalem artichoke. He framed the plant as a "Biblical plant of promise", a divine gift meant to "feed and save his people". This evangelical framing resonated with farmers struggling during the farm crisis of the 1980s, who were desperate for a solution to their economic woes and receptive to the message of hope and renewal that AEFS offered. A Hemisphere Scheme: Selling Hope and Seeds While AEFS did sell actual Jerusalem artichoke seeds, its business model relied heavily on a pyramid-like structure. The company encouraged early adopters to sell seeds to subsequent generations of growers, promising them a share of the profits from this burgeoning new industry. This system, while technically not illegal, capitalized on the speculative frenzy surrounding the Jerusalem artichoke, with farmers and investors alike buying into the hype and driving up demand for seeds. From Boring to Bonkers: The Unraveling of Fred the Second The episode concludes by revealing a more personal side to Hendrickson, painting a portrait of a man driven by ambition, a messianic complex, and a seemingly inexhaustible capacity for self-delusion. Prior to his Jerusalem artichoke epiphany, Hendrickson had a history of jumping from job to job, always chasing the next big idea. He even attempted to secure a loan to purchase 27 counties in South Dakota for a self-sufficient farming system that included everything from cattle grazing to aquaculture. Hendrickson's grandiose visions, coupled with his fervent belief in his own divine mission, set the stage for a story that promises to be as entertaining as it is cautionary. The episode ends on a cliffhanger, hinting at further revelations about AEFS, its charismatic founder, and the inevitable crash of the Jerusalem artichoke bubble. This episode connects with our previous discussi

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the historical economic bubble surrounding Merino sheep in New England between 1810 and 1845. Hosts Andy, Elliot, and Matt discuss how the opportunity to get rich quick, combined with favorable economic conditions, led to the rapid deforestation of New England for sheep pasture and ultimately ended in the financial ruin of many farmers. Setting the Stage: Pre-Merino New England Before discussing the Merino sheep craze, the hosts provide context on the ecological and economic situation in New England in the 17th and 18th centuries. They explain that colonists rapidly cleared forests for homesteads, farms, and timber for shipbuilding. Most of this timber was pine, which the hosts acknowledge is a fast-growing, strong, and lightweight wood suitable for construction. Much of this timber, especially large pines, was claimed by the British crown for use as ship masts, leading to conflicts with colonists who were clearing the land for their own use. As the country expanded westward, many farms followed, leaving behind a partially reforested landscape dotted with homesteads. The episode also introduces the Boston Brahmins, a wealthy and influential group descended from early colonists who wielded significant economic and political power in the newly formed United States. Enter the Merino: A Sheep of Exquisite Value The episode then shifts focus to William Jarvis, a member of the Boston Brahmins, and his role in introducing Merino sheep to New England. While working as a U.S. consul in Europe, Jarvis observed the high price commanded by Merino wool, which was significantly finer and softer than the wool produced by the English sheep common in the colonies. Merino sheep were originally bred in Spain, where their export was strictly controlled to protect the lucrative wool trade. The Perfect Storm: War, Embargoes, and Technological Innovation A confluence of events created ideal conditions for the Merino wool market to explode in New England. Escalating tensions between England and France, culminating in the War of 1812, disrupted the supply of wool to the United States. Embargoes on French and English goods further restricted the availability of wool, driving up demand. Simultaneously, the invention of the power loom in 1814 allowed for rapid and efficient textile production, particularly in New England, which was rich in rivers suitable for powering mills. Jarvis capitalized on this opportunity, importing thousands of Merino sheep from Spain and establishing himself as a prominent figure in the burgeoning wool industry. He not only raised sheep himself but also invested heavily in textile mills, effectively creating a vertically integrated business model. Sheep Fever: Uncontrolled Growth and Ecological Consequences The combination of high demand and the potential for immense profits led to what the hosts call “Sheep Fever” in New England. Farmers were eager to acquire Merino sheep, driving up prices and fueling speculative investment. The demand for sheep pasture led to rapid deforestation, with agricultural land below 2,000 feet increasing from 20% to 80% within 35 years. This deforestation had lasting ecological consequences, as evidenced by the prevalence of white pine, a fast-growing but less ecologically valuable species, in New England forests today. The episode emphasizes the scale of deforestation by citing Tom Russell, who describes the extensive network of stone walls built across New England as a direct result of the timber shortage caused by sheep farming. These walls, totaling over 125,000 miles, represent a massive human-made alteration of the landscape. The Bubble Bursts: Market Saturation and Financial Ruin The Merino wool craze proved unsustainable. As Spain sold off more of its Merino flocks and the Napoleonic Wars ended, the price of wool plummeted from $2 per pound to 27 cents per pound between 1809 and 1840. This price collapse led to the financial ruin of many farmers who had invested heavily in Merino sheep, leaving behind a deforested landscape struggling to recover. Lessons Learned: The Echoes of Short-sighted Exploitation The episode concludes by reflecting on the long-term consequences of the Merino sheep craze. While the economic bubble ultimately burst, the ecological damage to New England forests persists to this day. The dominance of white pine and the lack of old-growth forests demonstrate the lasting impact of short-sighted exploitation driven by the pursuit of quick profits. The hosts connect this historical episode to contemporary issues, suggesting that the pursuit of wealth often comes at the expense of environmental health and long-term sustainability. This episode connects with our previous conversation about treatment-free beekeeping by highlighting the dangers of prioritizing short-term gains over long-term sustainability. The Merino sheep craze demonstrates how market forces, combined with a lack of foresight and e

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" focuses on the controversial concept of treatment-free beekeeping. Hosts Andy and Elliot argue that while modern beekeeping practices prioritize honey production through chemical treatments and artificial feeding, these methods ultimately harm bees in the long run. Instead, they advocate for a more natural approach that emphasizes observation, minimal intervention, and allowing bees to adapt to their local environments. Reframing Beekeeping: From Short-Term Gain to Long-Term Viability The hosts challenge the conventional beekeeping wisdom that emphasizes keeping colonies alive as long as possible, arguing that true beekeeping success lies in supporting the long-term health of the species. They point out that modern beekeeping practices, focused on maximizing honey production through chemical treatments and artificial feeding, have actually weakened bee populations and increased their susceptibility to diseases and pests. The hosts advocate for a shift in perspective from individual hive survival to the overall well-being of bees as a species. They emphasize that treatment-free beekeeping is not about neglecting bees but rather about fostering resilience and adaptability by minimizing interventions and allowing natural selection to strengthen bee populations. The Two Pillars of Treatment-Free Beekeeping The hosts outline two key areas that distinguish treatment-free beekeeping from conventional methods: No Disease Treatments: This involves refraining from using chemical treatments to control pests and diseases. Instead, treatment-free beekeepers focus on using hive designs that reduce the risk of infestation and allowing bees to develop natural resistance. Limited or No Supplemental Feeding: Modern beekeeping often relies on feeding bees sugar water, especially during spring and winter. This practice, while providing calories, lacks the nutritional complexity of natural honey and can weaken bees' immune systems. Treatment-free beekeepers aim to minimize or eliminate supplemental feeding, encouraging bees to rely on their own honey stores and forage for diverse, natural food sources. The Problem with Honeydew Honey The episode explores the challenges of honeydew honey, a type of honey produced by bees from the sugary excretions of sap-feeding insects. While bees may collect honeydew honey during periods of pollen scarcity, the hosts explain that honeydew honey can crystallize in the hive and become poisonous to bees, particularly during winter. The hosts caution beekeepers against harvesting honey too late in the season, as this may leave bees with primarily honeydew honey for winter stores. They emphasize the importance of allowing bees to build sufficient reserves of high-quality honey during the main honey flow. Rethinking Hive Management: Minimal Intervention for Maximum Resilience The hosts advocate for a minimalist approach to hive management, arguing that frequent inspections and manipulations can stress bees and disrupt their natural behaviors. They recommend limiting hive inspections to twice a year, in spring and fall, focusing on observing colony health, adding frames as needed, and ensuring adequate honey stores for winter. The hosts also emphasize the importance of allowing bees to swarm naturally, as this promotes genetic diversity and strengthens local bee populations. They suggest that beekeepers can encourage swarming by providing ample space in the hive and avoiding practices that suppress natural reproduction. The Role of Insulation in Bee Survival The episode discusses the importance of hive insulation in helping bees conserve energy and survive cold winters. The hosts point out that modern Langstroth hives, often constructed with thin wood, may lack adequate insulation, forcing bees to work harder to maintain hive temperature. They recommend using thicker hive walls, incorporating insulation materials, and considering hive designs that naturally retain heat, such as top bar hives. They highlight the importance of reducing moisture buildup within the hive, which can contribute to cold stress and bee mortality. Reframing Our Relationship with Bees: From Exploitation to Collaboration The episode concludes with a call for a more respectful and collaborative relationship between humans and bees. The hosts emphasize that beekeeping should prioritize bee health and well-being rather than solely focusing on honey production. They encourage beekeepers to learn from the behaviors of wild bees, observe their adaptations to local environments, and embrace practices that support natural resilience and genetic diversity. The hosts believe that by shifting our focus from exploitation to collaboration, we can create a more sustainable future for bees and ensure their vital role in our ecosystems. This episode connects to our previous conversation about Langstroth hives by highlighting alternative approaches to beekeeping that prioritize bee health and n

In this episode, we're joined by Michiel Verspuij from Boomtree Bees in Donegal, Ireland, to discuss log hives and restoring native honeybees in Ireland. How much of a difference does raising honeybees in log hives make, and how does it upend our understanding of healthy hives and what their natural cycles look like? Michiel's mission is to help with the conservation and rewilding of the native honeybee through habitat creation and development. They make log hives that mimic the natural habitat for honeybees in the Irish countryside. Check out their work at www.boomtreebees.com & on instagram @Boomtreebees To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode, we're joined by Susan Chernak McElroy, a prolific naturalist author with a number of New York Times best sellers, to discuss her experiences with building and maintaining skeps, log hives, and the future of beekeeping. How is the science around beekeeping changing how we understand bee habits and what they need to thrive? Get her most recent book, "What Bees Want", on Amazon or wherever you buy books. To learn more about Susan's research and work, check out her website: https://susanchernakknilans.com/ To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit poorprolesalmanac.substack.com Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the advantages of top bar hives as a more natural and bee-friendly alternative to the widely used Langstroth hives. Through their signature blend of humor and insightful commentary, hosts Andy and Elliot unpack the unique features of top bar hives, highlighting their benefits for both bees and beekeepers. Challenging the Langstroth Hegemony: Embracing Top Bar Hives The episode begins by acknowledging the dominance of Langstroth hives in modern beekeeping, attributing their popularity to their efficiency for industrial honey production. However, the hosts emphasize that top bar hives, while less common, offer several advantages that make them a compelling option for beekeepers seeking a more natural and sustainable approach. Top Bar Advantages: Heat Retention, Deep Frames, and DIY Flexibility The hosts highlight several key benefits of top bar hives: Enhanced Heat Retention: Top bar hives, with their lower ceilings, retain heat more effectively than taller, narrower Langstroth hives. This feature is particularly beneficial in colder climates, as it helps bees conserve energy and maintain a stable hive temperature during winter. Deep Frames for Natural Comb Building: Top bar hives accommodate deep frames, typically 12 inches or more, allowing bees to build their comb naturally downward from the top bar. This design contrasts with Langstroth hives, which often utilize shallower frames, potentially disrupting the bees' natural comb-building instincts. The hosts emphasize the importance of deep frames for successful beekeeping, allowing bees to store ample honey reserves above the brood nest for winter sustenance. DIY Construction and Customization: Top bar hives are relatively easy to build, offering beekeepers the flexibility to customize designs and incorporate features like improved insulation. The hosts contrast this with the more standardized and potentially intimidating construction of Langstroth hives. Navigating the Nuances: Addressing Moisture and Standardization Challenges While extolling the virtues of top bar hives, the hosts also address some of the challenges associated with this hive design: Moisture Management: The hosts emphasize the importance of addressing moisture buildup in top bar hives, particularly during winter. They recommend incorporating a space beneath the hive entrance to allow for water drainage and moisture absorption, preventing condensation and potential harm to the colony. Lack of Standardization: The hosts acknowledge that top bar hives lack the standardized dimensions and readily available components of Langstroth hives. This can make it more challenging for novice beekeepers to find information and resources for top bar hive management. They suggest that beekeepers carefully consider their specific needs and preferences when choosing a top bar hive design, ensuring it accommodates deep frames and appropriate moisture control features. Reconnecting with Bee Biology: A Call for Observation and Understanding The episode concludes with a call for beekeepers to observe and learn from the natural behaviors of bees, both managed and wild. The hosts highlight the importance of understanding bee biology and adapting beekeeping practices to support colony health and resilience. Key Takeaways and Insights: Top bar hives offer a more natural and bee-centric approach to beekeeping, prioritizing bee health and natural comb-building behavior. The deep frames in top bar hives allow bees to store ample honey reserves, reducing the need for supplemental feeding and promoting colony self-sufficiency. Moisture management is crucial in top bar hives, particularly in colder climates, to prevent condensation and protect the colony from dampness. The DIY nature of top bar hives offers customization options but requires careful consideration of design and construction to ensure bee health and successful hive management. Observing and understanding bee biology is essential for adapting beekeeping practices to support colony health and resilience. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," titled "Episode 145 #10: Sending Bees to the Cube Farm; the Reverand's Langstroth Hive," explores the history, design, and limitations of the Langstroth hive, the most common type of beehive used in modern beekeeping. The hosts, Andy and Elliot, use their characteristic humor to unpack the complexities of this widely adopted hive model, highlighting its advantages, shortcomings, and potential alternatives. The Langstroth Hive: A Revolutionary Design with Enduring Legacy The episode introduces Reverend Lorenzo Langstroth, an American clergyman and beekeeper often hailed as the "father of American beekeeping." While acknowledging that Langstroth didn't invent the concept of removable frames, the hosts credit him with discovering the "bee space," a crucial gap of approximately one centimeter that prevents bees from gluing frames together with propolis, a resinous substance bees use for hive construction and maintenance. This innovation allowed for easy inspection and manipulation of hive components without damaging the comb or disrupting the colony. The hosts emphasize that Langstroth's discovery, although significant, wasn't entirely unique. A Polish apiarist, Dr. Jan Dzierzon, had actually identified the same bee space 20 years prior and applied it to top-bar hives. However, Langstroth's design gained widespread recognition and adoption, largely due to its simplicity, affordability, and ease of use. Anatomy of a Langstroth Hive: From Roof to Bottom Board The hosts provide a detailed breakdown of the basic components of a Langstroth hive: Outer Cover: The roof of the hive, providing protection from the elements. Inner Cover: A barrier between the outer cover and the hive body, preventing bees from gluing the roof down and aiding in ventilation. Supers: Boxes placed above the hive body for honey storage. Queen Excluder: A mesh screen that prevents the queen from laying eggs in the supers, ensuring honey purity. Hive Body (Mediums or Deeps): Boxes where the bees live and raise brood. Mediums are shorter and lighter than deeps, making them easier to handle. Frames: Wooden structures within the hive body and supers that hold the honeycomb. Foundation: Sheets of beeswax imprinted with a hexagonal pattern, providing a guide for bees to build their comb uniformly. Bottom Board: The floor of the hive, providing an entrance for the bees. The "Hot Potato" Problem: Disrupting Natural Bee Behavior While acknowledging the advantages of the Langstroth hive, the hosts criticize the conventional practice of rotating hive boxes, which they humorously refer to as the "hot potato" method. This technique involves regularly shuffling the position of hive bodies and supers to encourage bees to build comb and store honey in desired locations. The hosts argue that this constant manipulation disrupts the natural bee behavior of building downward from the top of a cavity, potentially stressing the colony and hindering their ability to prepare adequately for winter. They point out that conventional beekeeping often involves harvesting honey from the supers during the summer, leaving the bees with insufficient stores for the colder months. To compensate, beekeepers typically feed bees sugar water, which, while providing calories, lacks the nutritional complexity of natural honey. Insulation: A Forgotten Factor in Modern Beekeeping The hosts express concern that modern Langstroth hives are often constructed with thinner wood than those used in Langstroth's time, compromising insulation and forcing bees to expend more energy to maintain hive temperature. They advocate for a return to thicker hive walls and the incorporation of insulation materials to reduce stress on the colony and enhance their ability to thrive. They cite research indicating that insulated hives may not produce more honey but contribute to higher bee survival rates due to reduced mortality from cold stress. This suggests that insulation plays a crucial role in maintaining colony strength and resilience. Rethinking Hive Design: Exploring Alternatives to the Langstroth The hosts explore alternative hive designs that address some of the limitations of the traditional Langstroth model: Long Langstroth Hives: These hives, resembling top-bar hives in their horizontal layout, provide bees with a larger, continuous space to build their comb and store honey, mimicking their natural nesting behavior. This design eliminates the need for box rotation and reduces disturbance to the colony. Extra Deep Frames: Using deeper frames within a Langstroth hive can provide bees with more space to store honey above the brood nest, allowing them to prepare more effectively for winter. While acknowledging the benefits of these alternatives, the hosts recognize that the Langstroth hive remains the dominant model in conventional beekeeping due to its portability and ease of management in large-scale operations. They suggest that the c

Dr. John Kiefus, a beekeeping virtuoso with his hands in hives across continents, joins us to unravel his journey from the fields of Michigan to the picturesque landscapes of France. We dive into his world of treatment-free beekeeping and the crucial pivot away from chemical treatments for varroa mites, a change driven by health and sustainability. Alongside tales of his ventures in South America and the innovative use of bumblebees for greenhouse pollination, Dr. Kiefus offers invaluable insights into the evolving landscape of beekeeping, highlighting his dedication to bee stewardship and sustainable practices. Venture further into the complexities of managing Varroa mite infestations with unconventional techniques and genetic resistance, as recounted by fellow beekeeper Mr. Osi and his collaboration with Wolfgang Witter. We scrutinize the intricate balance between high honey production and low mite presence, emphasizing the strategic importance of bond testing. The discussion extends to the economic implications and the challenges of breeding mite-resistant bees, underlining the pressing need for a paradigm shift towards sustainable beekeeping that values adaptability and resilience. Our journey doesn't stop there. We spotlight the economic and ecological benefits of supporting native bee diversity and the looming threat of invasive hornets in France. Randy Oliver's evolving insights on mite resistance enrich our conversation, urging a broader perspective in research and practice. Through diverse planting strategies and disease-resistant bee selection, we explore the potential for coexistence between honeybees and wild bees, reinforcing the importance of open-mindedness and innovation in beekeeping for a thriving ecosystem. Dr. John Kefuss began experimenting with the possibility of breeding resistant bees before it was known it could be done. He promotes his "Bond Method" of selection as both more healthy and economical than chemical treatment for both bees and their keepers. We discuss his evolution on beekeeping after practicing beekeeping across the world, from both Americas & Europe, and what 50 years of beekeeping, 25 of which treatment free, has taught him about this timeless practice. Check out his recent study from 2015 on treatment-free beekeeping: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00218839.2016.1160709 For sources and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Writing Content, visit: www.agroecologies.org For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/ Key words: Key Words: Beekeeping, Varroa Mites, Sustainable Practices, Treatment-Free, Genetic Resistance, Pollination, Bumblebees, Honey Production, Native Bee Diversity, Invasive Species, Randy Oliver, Disease Resistance, Flexible Learning, Discounts, Capella University, Whole Foods Market, Nordstrom Rack, Amica Auto Insurance, Winter Essentials Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," challenges the conventional understanding of drone bees, moving beyond the stereotype of them as lazy, unproductive members of the hive. The hosts, Andy and Elliot, engage in their signature comedic banter while exploring the multifaceted roles of drones and highlighting their crucial importance to honeybee health and genetic diversity. Beyond the Stereotype: Unveiling the Importance of Drones The hosts begin by acknowledging the common perception of drones as the "deadbeat dads" of the bee world, emphasizing that they don't participate in pollen collection, hive defense, or honey production. However, they quickly shift the conversation to reveal the often-overlooked contributions of drones. Indicators of Hive Health: Drones can serve as valuable "canaries in the coal mine," signaling potential problems within the hive. The presence of numerous drones flying around in the fall or dead drones outside the hive can indicate food shortages and impending hive collapse. Genetic Diversity: Drones play a critical role in maintaining genetic diversity within honeybee populations. As the sole carriers of the queen's genetic code, their successful mating with queens from other hives ensures the spread of healthy genes and the long-term viability of the species. Heat Regulation: Drones contribute to regulating the hive's temperature, particularly during the winter months. Their larger size and fluffier bodies help create a "blanket" over the brood, providing insulation and warmth. The Drone Congregation Area: A Mile-High Club for Bees The hosts provide a humorous explanation of the drone congregation area (DCA), a unique aerial gathering place where male honeybees congregate to mate with young queens. This phenomenon, compared to a "bee orgy" and likened to the "mile-high club," highlights the crucial role drones play in the continuation of honeybee generations. Drone Drift and Landscape Features: The episode touches on the concept of "drone drift," a term used to describe the movement of drones from one hive to another. While acknowledging that the science behind drone drift is not fully understood, they suggest that landscape features, such as edges of forests or openings in fields, influence drone congregation patterns. Varroa Mites: Exploiting Drone Brood as a Natural Trap The hosts discuss the problem of varroa destructor mites, a significant threat to honeybee health. They introduce a novel approach to mite control, using drone brood as bait to trap and remove mites without relying on chemical treatments. This method involves strategically placing frames without comb on the edges of hive boxes, attracting drones to build their larger cells in these areas. Since varroa mites prefer to infest drone brood, these frames effectively act as "mite traps." By regularly inspecting and removing the infested frames, beekeepers can significantly reduce mite populations without resorting to potentially harmful chemicals. Royal Jelly and the Importance of Drone Nutrition The conversation shifts to the importance of nutrition, particularly royal jelly, in drone development. They explain that drones are initially fed royal jelly for the first three days of their lives, and the quality of this substance directly impacts their size, sperm production, and overall fitness. The hosts highlight a recent discovery that pesticide exposure, even at low levels, can negatively affect the quality and quantity of royal jelly produced by nurse bees, leading to smaller, weaker drones with reduced fertility. Pesticide Impacts: The Hidden Threat to Drone Health The hosts express concern about the widespread use of pesticides, particularly neonicotinoids, and their detrimental effects on honeybee health. They cite research indicating that pesticide exposure can: Reduce the size and function of the hypopharyngeal gland (HP gland) in nurse bees, responsible for producing royal and worker jelly. Lead to smaller drones with reduced sperm volume and quality due to the consumption of inferior jelly. Alter drone development, even when fed royal jelly, resulting in smaller sex organs and delayed maturation. A Call for Awareness and a Holistic Approach The episode concludes with a call for greater awareness and respect for drone bees, acknowledging that their role in honeybee health and genetic diversity is far more significant than previously recognized. The hosts advocate for a holistic approach to beekeeping, emphasizing the importance of: Reducing pesticide use and promoting sustainable alternatives. Providing bees with diverse and nutritious forage to support healthy drone development. Continuing research on drone biology and the factors affecting their health and reproductive success. The episode underscores the interconnectedness of all members of the honeybee hive, highlighting the critical role that drones play in ensuring the long-term survival

This episode of The Poor Proles Almanac centers on the varroa destructor, a parasitic mite that poses a significant threat to honeybee populations worldwide. The hosts discuss the history of the varroa mite, its devastating impact on honeybee colonies, and explore various approaches to managing this persistent pest. The Varroa Mite: A Global Threat to Honeybees The varroa mite, described as a "tiny mite that is basically like a tick for bees", was first discovered in Asia in 1904, parasitizing the Asian honeybee (Apis cerana). Through the movement of Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies, the mite spread to Africa and Europe in the mid-20th century and eventually reached the United States in 1987. Since then, it has rapidly spread across the globe, devastating honeybee populations and posing a serious challenge to beekeepers and the agricultural industry. The Destructive Impact of Varroa Mites Unlike Asian honeybees, which have co-evolved with the varroa mite and developed mechanisms to control its population, European honeybees, the primary species used in commercial beekeeping, lack natural defenses against this parasite. The mites primarily target developing brood (larvae and pupae) in the hive, feeding on their hemolymph (bee "blood") and transmitting harmful viruses. This infestation weakens the bees, leading to malformations, reduced lifespan, impaired flight performance, and ultimately, colony collapse. Chemical Treatments: A Short-Term Solution with Long-Term Consequences Initially, beekeepers relied heavily on insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, to control varroa mite infestations. However, the mites quickly developed resistance to these chemicals, leading to a cycle of new treatments and subsequent resistance. The widespread use of chemical treatments also raises concerns about potential negative impacts on bee health, honey contamination, and the environment. Exploring Alternative Management Strategies Recognizing the limitations and potential downsides of chemical treatments, the hosts discuss alternative approaches to varroa mite management, highlighting the need for sustainable and long-term solutions. Plant Extracts: The episode explores the use of plant extracts, such as garlic, as a natural method for varroa control. While some extracts have shown promising results in laboratory settings, their efficacy in real-world hive conditions and potential impacts on developing bees require further investigation. Breeding Resistant Bees: The hosts showcase successful examples of varroa-resistant honeybee populations, particularly in Cuba, where bees have naturally developed mechanisms to coexist with the mites without significant colony losses. This example highlights the potential for selective breeding programs to enhance natural resistance traits in honeybee populations. Drone Brood Removal: Drawing on a previous episode about drones, the hosts mention the practice of removing drone brood comb from hives as a method for reducing varroa mite populations. Since varroa mites prefer to reproduce in drone brood, strategically removing infested combs can help control mite levels while allowing the bees to develop some tolerance. Slowing Down Mite Reproduction: Research has shown that slowing down varroa mite reproduction within the hive can give bees more time to adapt and develop natural defense mechanisms. This approach focuses on reducing mite pressure rather than complete eradication, allowing for a more balanced co-existence between bees and mites. RNA Interference: The episode touches on the use of RNA interference technology, a cutting-edge approach that targets the genetic mechanisms of varroa mite reproduction, potentially disrupting their ability to reproduce and spread. While this technology holds promise, concerns remain about its potential long-term ecological impacts and the ethical implications of genetically manipulating honeybees. The Need for a Holistic Approach: Rethinking Beekeeping Practices The hosts emphasize that effectively addressing the varroa mite challenge requires a holistic approach that goes beyond simply finding a "silver bullet" solution. They advocate for a shift in beekeeping practices, moving away from heavy reliance on chemical treatments and embracing strategies that promote natural bee defenses and ecological balance. Reducing Transportation Stress: The practice of migratory beekeeping, where hives are transported long distances for pollination services, has been implicated in spreading varroa mites and other diseases. The hosts suggest reducing the stress associated with transportation to improve bee health and resilience. Improving Bee Nutrition: The importance of providing bees with a diverse and nutritious diet is highlighted, with the hosts cautioning against over-reliance on sugar water as a primary food source. Ensuring access to natural forage and supplementing with high-quality pollen substitutes can enhance bee health and immune function. Learni