英文小酒馆 LHH

【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Welcome to Geek Time. This is Brad. How are you doing Lulu?Hi, Brad.So we're gonna continue on with STEM, and moving to something called STEAM, just doesn't have the same feeling. No, all these lingos, though, stem is S-T-E-M, STEAM is with an a.…an a.A is for arts.Right, the whole idea is that A is bringing arts back into STEM because people moved away from the arts in like the 80s people started moving away. The government started taking funding out of art subjects, music, and all of that, and this was accelerated even more in the 90s.But then like STEM came about and people said, why do we keep moving away from arts? Arts are still important. We still need arts, and so they decided to put it back in. Oh, the pitiful arts just get crammed in with S-T-E-M, honestly I'm seeing that shift in China, so we're seeing that shift like a lot of people… you do hear a lot of people saying that we really should just focus more on STEM subjects as what we would call 理科like science subjects, engineering subjects. Why are we even bothered with liberal arts subjects? They're not gonna generate any productivity which I think it's a bit… to me obviously I am in arts, I was in applied linguistics and you can… I kind of bridged both of those, I've studied language and you know, I have degrees on language and I have degrees on engineering.Yes, we all know you have a wide range, different disciplines, so you are basically STEAM.At least the EYeah, but so this whole STEAM, I think it's just obviously like you said, it's to trying to bring it back, but this arts is not really like arts, as we would understand, like 文科. It's not history, politics, it is not this type of arts. It’s more like the design elements. For example, if you're talking about designing something even industrial design or if it's designing something with computer programs, you still want to have that the ability to make it aesthetically pleasing, you have a beautiful design, that sort of idea.In this part, yeah, the STEAM wants people to be able to do the design process, you know, not only just do the… they want to have a whole design process where they're doing problem solving and not just doing problem solving, but focusing on like incorporating teamwork, discussion, creative thinking, all of these things because when you just focus on robotics and programming, then that kind of takes like center stage.And they don't want just robotics and programming to be the center stage of STEM. So they want to have more of like a big thing.And so sometimes some of the STEAM materials just completely move out the robotics aspect. You still might design something and build something to fulfill a task, but you may do it with other materials.The whole idea, I think it's for like a well-rounded education and learning, especially in primary or secondary education these stages. You don't want to limit students’ options. RightYou don't want to, say, okay, you wanna do math, just do math, don't do anything arts related, or vice versa.In the US we never really kind of had a separation between those things. When you went to high school, you did have to study art. Like you had to take art classes, you had to take math classes, you had to take math up to a certain level. So you had to take at least like I think it was 2 or 3 years of math. You had to take 2 or 3 years of science. You had to take history, but if you wanted to, you could take like Advanced Placement history.And so you didn't have to take the basic subject. You could get college credit level.Yeah, so that's AP, that is helping you explore your interest. If you're interested in history can do AP history. If you're interested in math, you can do AP math. That's the idea.Yeah, we have all these subjects, but we didn't really have a bridge between them.....欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~

【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. And welcome back to Geek Time.欢迎回来, 【Geek时间】. Hi, Brad. Hello, Lulu. So what are we gonna talk about today? Today I think we'll talk about STEM. STEM. S-T-E-M. I know that. It's science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Right. OK. So you are in STEM. Yeah, I studied engineering. And shall we talk about STEM as in part of the education? That's primarily what STEM is set up to be. It's focused to be not just people working in these fields as STEM fields, but also as an idea of a way to teach young people.Okay. So first of all, for example, in United States, when did STEM education start? It's something that kind of started in like the last decade or so. It's probably like in more smaller pockets, maybe the decade before that. But really it's been something that's been pushed over the last decade.But I'm not talking about STEM as a concept. Let's just say for people who are receiving education, when does it start? It starts usually in elementary school.Elementary school. And is it as actual subjects or as what kind of subjects like math or…It's…the primary focus of this is to kind of merge the subjects together, rather than kind of like sectioning off all the subjects as kind of like separate ideas, we want to merge them together. I see. When students learn math, they go through, they learn all the tables and all these things. They learn the formulas, but they don't really connect that to other subjects. And so what this is trying to do is trying to merge the subjects together. So that way, you're not just seeing it one by one. I see.Would you say, in general, I know that you have lived in Asia for ages that you haven't really been back to the States, but what would you say in general, do you think in America, schools or general education sector pays a lot of attention to STEM especially primary education and secondary education?Nowadays, yes. But definitely when I was a kid, not very much. Ok. Why is that? It's been just because there's a lot of young people who shy away from these fields. They see it and they see it as something that's really difficult. They want to avoid taking the classes that are like math. Math is really difficult. When you take a class like history, you give an answer, you kind of get partial credit for if you're partially right. Whereas you take a math class, if you're wrong you’re wrong. if it's 5.0 but it's actually like 5.1, you're wrong. Kids kind of like… math was really scary for a lot of people, because you can't fake it. Right. And I guess that's why a lot of the STEM people who work in STEM in the United States they are actually immigrants and from other countries.There's not a lot of people who go into STEM fields in the US these days. It's changing of the last like 10 years there's been a big movement back into STEM fields, but for the decades before that, we had to kind of import a lot of experts in the field because there just wasn't enough young people in the US who were studying in those fields. I see. So now it's a shift back. I think it's also because the internet has just enjoyed exponential growth. So with all the IT companies would require a lot more people.Definitely, like, I think another thing that kind of scared people away was the Dot-com Bubble. There's a lot of young people who were kind of getting into IT. I myself was getting into IT just before the Dot-com Bubble burst.It's like this, this is it, no more IT.

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~"

"英文小酒馆致力于打造沉浸式英语学习社群，无论是微信社群、有声节目、线上活动和课程，我们都全心全意为爱好英语的你带去一份专属于英语的快乐。公号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目文稿，了解广阔的世界。跟随我们的脚步，体会英语的温度。" Hello, everyone and welcome to America Under the Microscope advanced episode. Hi, Lulu. Hi, James. Let's continue with our talk about American game shows. Alrighty. Let's talk about household names, specifically the host of the three shows we talked about in the basic level, Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy and The Price Is Right.I would imagine with those big three being so popular and then they've been on air for so many years. So the hosts of these game shows they would be, like you said, household names, everyone at least recognize those names even if they don't watch it.For Wheel of Fortune, the hosts are Pat Sajak and Vanna White. These two people are household names, everyone in the country knows them.And how long have they been the hosts?30+ years. And that they never changed hosts?No, I don't think they want to quit because they get paid really well to do this. Multi-million dollar contracts to make the show and…It's not that difficult, is it?It's not like acting. They don't have to remember scripts or anything like that. And so they get paid a lot, and same with Jeopardy's host, Alex Trebek.I've heard that name before, Alex Trebek.Suddenly, his name would show up in the news a lot more now because he has cancer. So Jeopardy is going to have to find a new host in the very near future.And he is still hosting?Yes. He still is, but that's going to come to an end soon…And then… For The Price Is Right, you have the old host Bob Barker which everyone knows, but he retired several years ago. And now is Drew Carey who's a famous comedian and he had it on his own TV shows in the past. Everyone knows these people. Apart from these household names. Are there any references? I would imagine there's some references in terms of the phrases they use on the show, because in China, this was the case. Yeah, that's true, too. So like from Wheel of Fortune, people might use the phrase and conversations like I’d like to buy a vowel when they want to like get clues…and stuff.Get hints. I’d like to buy a vowel. Because vowels are… they are more useful than consonants, aren't they?And like lots of them from The Price Is Right like Come on down or How much do you bid? And all these catch phrases, people will use them for playing other games or they'll… like English teachers use these all the time in class to make classroom games.And is one of those things, if you say to an American, especially in that voice, they would immediately recognize. And you also see parodies of these games.A lot of comedy shows will do parodies of them, and they'll do be parodies of them on sitcoms, and they are that big.I have to say that I'm perhaps more familiar with some of the British game shows because of the summer I stayed England for 2 months. I did watch quite a bit of game shows. A lot of those game shows in the UK, they would have celebrity special, so they would invite famous people or minor celebrities to be the contestants.Oh, we do that too and they play for charity.So that's the same. So they play and the money because they already quite rich, they don't really need the money. They play for exposure and then for charity. Yeah, and those episodes are never serious, like they have Celebrity Jeopardy episodes and they never asked them that hard because...that… doesn't look good, and the celebrities don't take it seriously because no matter what they do, they get money for their charity whether they win or lose.Yeah, in the UK, the only the winner would get money for their charity.American TV shows like You lost. That's okay. We'll still give $10,000 to your charity.

"英文小酒馆致力于打造沉浸式英语学习社群，无论是微信社群、有声节目、线上活动和课程，我们都全心全意为爱好英语的你带去一份专属于英语的快乐。公号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目文稿，了解广阔的世界。跟随我们的脚步，体会英语的温度。" Hello again and welcome back to America Under the Microscope. 欢迎你又回到【闲话美国】. Hello, James. Hi, Lulu. So what are we going to talk about today? I wanna ask you a question, what's on TV at 7:00 pm every night in China? That would be 【新闻联播】, that would be the news. That's not very exciting. In the United States, usually around this time, we would be basically our Game Show hour where there will be two of the biggest Game Shows. Game Show, this is usually with contestants and people competing for a prize. Correct. So these are shows where the contestants are regular people like you or me and they are playing for prizes usually money. 就是这种综艺答题型的节目或者竞技型的节目Game Shows. There're some really long lived Game Shows in America, right? Yeah, we're gonna talk about three of them today. We're gonna talk about these because these are household names in America. They are known by everyone in the country. So even if you don't watch it, you've heard of it. And they are constant references of these Game Shows in American TV shows or movies. Yeah, they'll show up everywhere. 大家看美剧或者说美国电影的时候, 经常就会听见有人提, 其实是一个文化梗。I bet one of them is Wheel of Fortune. It is. The first one we were gonna talk about is Wheel of Fortune. Ok, let's talk about the big three. Yes, so let's start off with Wheel of Fortune (Since 1983). So Wheel of Fortune is basically Hangman game…Guessing Words. It is. Hangman是一个猜单词的双人游戏。由一个玩家想出一个单词或短语，另一个玩家猜出其中的每一个字母。出题玩家一般会画一个绞刑架，当猜词的玩家猜出了短语中存在的一个字母时，出题的玩家就将这个字母存在的所有位置都填上。如果玩家猜的字母不在单词或短语中，那么出题的玩家就给绞刑架上小人添上一笔，直到7笔过后，小人被吊死，游戏结束。So you have three contestants, and then there's a big wheel, like a really big wheel. On each turn one of the contestants will spin the wheel. It will land on a money amounts like $100 $200 $500, something like that. And then they guess letters to try to guess… to put into the phrase and they try to guess the phrase. So if they guess a letter correctly, they can spin again to get a higher amount, then guess another letter and so on and so on.And if they guessed it wrong, then it’s someone else’s …Then it goes to the next player. If they spin the wheel and lose a turn, it goes to the next player. If they guess wrong like they try to guess the phrase like maybe the phrase is like they should guess like the end of the movie and they say it's the end of the book. Wrong guess, it goes to the next player.Okay, so whoever has the correct guess, how much money is this person collecting? However much they spun and guessed correctly. So it accumulates, so they guessed two letters and each letter was 500, they now get $1,000. Okay. I'm getting a bit confused. Yeah, but don't you get an extra point for guessing the entire sentence? You get to keep the money. Everyone else who didn't guess it loses the money from that round. Okay. So how many rounds are there? I mean, how many phrases are there? Usually there's four or so, because it doesn't take that long to guess the phrase and whoever has the most money at the end will do the final phrase all by themselves. And they'll win a grand prize, usually something like $25,000. So it's not a huge amount of money. Do they do this every day?Yes, Monday through Friday.

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is Foreclosure. 在网上查Foreclosure就经常看见它的翻译是“法拍房”, 也就是法院拍卖房. This is a topic that has suddenly gained in popularity in the past few years in China. 在中国也就是近几年这个话题突然变得很火. So in today's buzzword, let us get into the basics of Foreclosure. First of all, foreclosure is a legal term. 首先它是一个法律上的术语, 把foreclosure翻译成“法拍房”其实是不严谨的, 虽然它跟法拍房有关, 但是foreclosure是一个法律过程.It is a legal process in which a lender attempts to recover the balance of a loan from a borrower who has stopped making payments to the lender. 简单说来, 就是在借贷关系里, borrower找别人借钱的这个人, 因为各种原因停止偿还贷款. 那么这个时候债权人也就是lender, 他来强行收回剩余贷款的这样的一个过程. And how do they do it? They do it by taking ownership of the mortgaged property and selling it. 这就需要债权人强行收回房产等抵押物, 并进行拍卖, 然后以此收回贷款, 这样的一个过程被叫做foreclosure. 而这个里面因为要涉及到强行拍卖房产, 所以常常被人简单地理解为“法拍房”.Since foreclosure is a legal process, of course we have to talk about its legal basis. Why is it okay to do that? The foreclosure process derives its legal basis from a mortgage. 说到foreclosure的法律依据就要提到mortgage这个概念, 有的时候去查mortgage会被翻译成“房贷”, 但其实它是抵押贷款的意思, 只不过因为一般人接触到的抵押贷款多半是房贷, 所以才在很多时候被翻译成房贷。The whole idea of mortgage is that it gives the lender the right to use a property as collateral, in case the borrower fails to uphold the terms of the mortgage document. 所谓的抵押贷款就是指当borrower找别人借钱的这个人, 无法按时按期偿还贷款的时候, 这个债权人lender可以收回这个被当做collateral抵押物的房产。 Now we just talked about a borrower fails to uphold the terms of the mortgage document. 刚才说到的borrower没有办法履约, 这个行为就被叫做default违约. Typically, default is triggered when a borrower misses a specific number of monthly payments. But it can also happen when a borrower fails to meet other terms in the mortgage documents. 比如几个月都无法按时偿还月供, 就可能会被认定为default违约.

酒馆音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. And welcome back to the Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver.Hello again.This is our Part Two of Hamilton. The musical that you guys have been requested. Although for both me and Oliver, we have to admit that I wouldn't say this is my favorite.I do have to agree it's not my favorite, but it's still very good.Yes, the music is very good I give you that. And last time when we were talking about the storyline, and then Oliver you mentioned that although you loved the music, but the story you're not very familiar with, but that's history, right？And you are history buff. When you didn't learn that part of the history, I mean in school in the UK you guys don't learn that part of the history?We do learn it, but not in the same way as American students would learn it. It is the founding of their nation. They would learn it. I imagine they would learn it (in depth) in detail and in depth. Yes, they'd know lots of different people who did this and why, and in the UK we have much more of a broad view of history, and we look at big time periods. So studying the American War of Independence or the American Revolution, whichever you want to call it, we would study 100 years and a lot happens in 100 years.So we can't take too much time to focus on specific people. We would look at the events caused it, what happened afterwards, but we wouldn't study, for example, Alexander Hamilton, he would not be in a UK school because, I don't want to say not important to the UK, but he's not a specific character in UK history.Yeah. Honestly, I think there's patriotism. There's also that sense of national pride. I mean like, we said last time, every country has that type of works of art. If they put up a movie out or musical whatever you have it and then they focus on their own national history, and especially the founding of a nation, especially perhaps a very specific period in their national history. And it's not just to tell a story but also to evoke in their audience, in the audience in that nation to evoke a feeling of pride. That is your route.Yeah, definitely so. Definitely something that people, American people and people in the US should be proud of. It's the founding of their nation, you should be proud of those things. Yeah, it's just not the entire world doesn't learn it in their schools. So there are going to be gaps in knowledge for people from different countries. It's the same with Chinese history for me. I like Chinese history but we don't learn it in UK schools though.Exactly. I mean the other thing that I’ve noticed is that although a lot of these main characters, historically they're supposed to be white, but on stage they were played by clearly not white actors. That is intentional, right？It's not just because they just happened to have this actor or these actors.No, it was definitely an intentional move, yes.Historically, the founding fathers were all middle to upper class white men, but because of the way this show wants to become more modern, it wants to show modern America whilst telling a story of the founding of America intentionally chooses non-white actors to be these leading historical characters. And I think it's fantastic. I think it's great because that with the music shows that it's the history of a country, it's not the history of an ethnic group. It doesn't matter where your family is from, or where your history and your roots is, because this is a shared history from all American people. And I think that's fantastic. I think it's brilliant how it brings Americans together.Yeah, at least this is what they are aiming for. I mean whether it is idealistic or not. But they were making a conscious effort of trying to show cultural diversity, amalgamation of cultures, and styles as well.

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Lovely, and I am really curious because ice cream business sounds so sweet and exciting. And when you're testing the market, for example, if you want to promote a new flavor, do you actually have focus group and invite people to taste it and see how they feel about it?First of all, Dlight is a company which is now nearly 17 years old. We have I would say very dedicate palate like for example my Chinese partner Queency Wang has a very, very delicate palate. She will be one of the persons will definitely decide if an ice cream is good or not. So basically, the first thing we will do is that we will make sure that the ice cream that we want to create is to the level of quality we are looking for. Dlight as a true identity, we are not trying to copy what the others are doing. We are basically very little interested. Why? Because we want to give an experience to our customer. This experience we wanted to be absolutely unique. So to give something unique to the customer, you need to give something you believe in, we believe into absolute quality into what we are doing in terms of ice cream.And also because we are working with the B2B market, we have the chance through our professional customers to test the market. What is working, what is not working. And we can also add the feedback of the best chef on the market because we are working with more than 500 five-star hotels today, so which means that we have a lot of feedback from those professionals who are actually extremely sensitive about quality. And so basically, we are constantly adjusting in order to reach perfection.So you mentioned that your brand Dlight has been mostly focusing on B2B, so Business To Business that you're targeting the high end hotels directly tapping into the food and beverage experts of these hotels. Yes.But I know that now you're also switching to B2C. I just want to ask like why did you choose B2B, and how do you think B2B and B2C are different in the ice cream industry?When you speak about B2B, effectively, we're speaking about Horeca, food and beverage professional market, Horeca means hotel, restaurant, and cafe. Basically Dlight is specialized for the past 17 years into this market, but it's not only the hotel five stars. We are basically working with hotel five stars, chain of restaurants, chain of output, chain of social buffet. We are working with airlines; we are working with a multiple segmentation of the market.Why we mentioned about international five-star hotel is because we basically do not want to make a low grade quality. So basically our ice cream level is for what we call the first-tier market. That means the highest ranked hotel restaurant cafe and high-end market.Why did we choose B2B 12 years ago? Basically when I became a partner, it was basically because China market is a very big market. By the way it's not one market, it's a multiple dimensional market.So basically you need to have, it's my belief, you need to have a huge financial capacities to be able to enter B2C market, into the consumer market.To advertise, you need to have the financial sufficiency to be able to, I would say for a long period of time to be able to demonstrate that your product is a right product. To market it.

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is the GOAT or G.O.A.T. Now if someone calls you the GOAT on social media, you shouldn't feel offended, you should feel flattered. 如果你上国外的社交媒体, 就很可能看到过the GOAT或者G.O.A.T. So when we call someone the GOAT, what do we actually mean? The original word refers to an animal, but like goat这个词有山羊的意思, 所以有的时候你也会在社交媒体上看到这样一个山羊的emoticon表情符。But now on social media, it is actually an acronym. 但是现在的社交媒体上, 它其实是一个首字母的缩写. G.O.A.T. refers to the Greatest of All Time. 是不是正好对应我们的YYDS-永远的神。Nowadays you see many people using the GOAT or G.O.A.T. to talk about some famous athletes or sports legend. However, back in the days, the worst thing in the world of sports was being a GOAT.现在我们经常看见,有人用G.O.A.T.来形容某一个体坛的巨星或者传奇人物, 但其实往回倒几十年, 在体育界如果被人称为GOAT, 其实是很糟糕的一件事儿。Back then, the word goat derived from the word scapegoat. 因为在那个时候, goat这个词是从scapegoat替罪羊过来的。And back then, the word GOAT used to refer to the guy who blew the game. 而当时那种因为自己的发挥失常, 而致使自己的球队输掉整场比赛的人就被叫做the GOAT.言下之意就是说不是替罪羊, 因为本来就是他的失误。So when did the word GOAT change its meaning? Well, many people would attribute this to Muhammad Ali, the legendary boxer.这就要说到当年的拳王阿里。Muhammad Ali was a very, very confident person, even arrogant. And he always called himself the greatest of all time. 当年的拳王阿里一直都是自信满满, 认为自己是the greatest of all time. 而后来他妻子成立了公司的名字也叫做G.O.A.T. And fast forward to 2000, a popular rapper LL Cool J helped to popularize the word as a definition for greatest when he released an album titled G.O.A.T. - greatest of all time. 到了千禧年, 这股风潮就刮到了乐坛, 当时很火的一个叫做LL Cool J 的rapper推出了一张专辑就叫做G.O.A.T. Since then, rappers and professional athletes have used the acronym for themselves just as often as their fans crowned them with the title.至此之后, G.O.A.T. - the GOAT这种说法就在乐坛和体坛流行开来。And the term has broadened its meaning, for example, in 2004, Urban Dictionary entry defined GOAT as “exceptional”.而它的意思也从最开始的字面意思,扩展到非常出色、非常出众, 就相当于我们的YYDS. Now the term GOAT or G.O.A.T. is often used with reference to sports legends like Serena Williams, LeBron James, and Lionel Messi. And it has also started to branch out of the sports and music world and pop out into the broader culture - on social media, for example. 除了用来形容体坛和乐坛的传奇人物, 其实它也更多的被广泛的流行文化所接受. So much so that it was included in major dictionaries, becoming part of the general vocabulary. 因为太火, 所以直接收录到一些主流的词典, 比如Merriam Webster, 正儿八经地成为了英语的一部分.Now let's move on to sample sentence. The acronym G.O.A.T. is often used to praise exceptional athletes, musicians, and other public figures. 你听懂了吗？关注公众号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】,来获取更多拓展内容.如果你喜欢新词特饮这个节目, 不要忘记关注主播来听听我们其他的精彩专辑。So who do you think is the GOAT? 期待你的分享, 我们下期见.

酒馆音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. And welcome back to The Sound of Musicals.欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver.Hello.So actually I was gonna say, can I propose a musical that we're gonna talk about today? Of course. Yeah.It's actually a very new one. It's Hamilton. It has been requested a few times by our listeners. Have you watched or listened to the soundtracks in Hamilton?I have never seen the show, but after it was requested a lot by your audience, I did find the soundtrack online and listen to it, and I can see what’s requested. I did really enjoy the music from it, it was fantastic, it was really good. It's very different, isn't it. Very different from the other things we have talked about, yes, it's a much more modern show with an old topic. The storyline and the plots is historical, a few100 years old, but it's got a very modern take to it with modern music, and a modern cast, and for a modern audience. You say it's a historical musical, it's about the story of Alexander Hamilton，right? What Americans see as one of their founding fathers就是美国人都会视为是开国元勋之一的这个Alexander Hamilton. Yes, so the whole story the whole show is about the life of Alexander Hamilton, who is or was one of the founding fathers of the US, yes, he had a very interesting life. As people know, I like history and this was quite an interesting little section of history to look at, because I don't know much about it before this. Because it is American history, it's very America centric, this whole musical.Yeah, the musical is Americentric because it's the story of one of the people who created the country, it has significance to people in America. And one of the things I didn't understand all of the story that was put forward because a lot of it depends on this background knowledge and just cultural knowledge from living in and growing up in the US and being American which I don't have. But aside from that, it was still very interesting. There are a lot of cultural references in this.

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~ Hi, everyone. Welcome back to your favorite segment Global Village. We have in our studio today, a new guest. 他就是来自料理级法式冰淇淋品牌【简法】Dlight 的Vincent. He'll be sharing with us his life stories and love of ice cream. Welcome to the show, Vincent. (French) I will translate and I will say simply I’m very happy to be with you. Okay, good. So first of all, could you give us a very brief self-introduction？Yes, my name is Vincent Giuge. I am French. I was born in Nice in 1971. And I arrived in Asia about 22 years ago. Wow. Yes. That's already quite a long time, 10 years in Vietnam and 12 years in China. I am now very happily married to a Chinese lady with whom I have a baby – Yangyang. I am expecting another kid, actually.Congratulations. Thank you very much. And basically I'm working for Dlight for the past 12 years since I arrived in China, because I became an investor of the company and I am basically in charge of the business development for 简法 for Dlight for the past 12 years. Ah, I see. So basically throughout the 12 years in China, you have been devoting yourself in developing Dlight and being involved in the ice cream business. But how did you get into the ice cream business? Have you ever had any experience in the industry before?Ah, it's an interesting question. Yes, I had a kind of experience, but it was a very long time ago. At that time, it was about 20 years before, when I was a very young man just after finishing my studies, I have been hired into the most famous ice cream parlor in Nice, which name is Fenocchio. And this was a very, very famous ice cream parlor, in which even all the tourists - Italian tourists were going to eat ice cream. And it has been I would say my first contact with what we called very high-quality ice cream, because this parlor was constantly full, and I had the chance to taste excellent ice cream at that time. Apart from that, what brought me to the ice cream business in *** experience. Basically, after 10 years of developing business for various company in Vietnam, I decided to become my own entrepreneur. A friend of mine was one of the partners of Dlight in China. He proposed me - at that time I was looking for investment, I was looking to be partner into a business. And then he proposed me to analyze the business situation. This is what I did, and I decided to change my life and to jump into this new experience because I was believing that their product was absolutely excellent. Yeah, if there's anything that you wanna try to jump into, ice cream has got to be one of the sweetest industries to jump into. Mentioning that, I've noticed that your brand Dlight is advertised as authentic French ice cream. So, I just want to ask what is authentic French ice cream. How is that different from, let's say, other types of ice cream?

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" Hi everyone, and welcome back to Buzzword Mix. 欢迎回到我们的迷你双语板块【新词特饮】，短短几分钟让不同段位的你掌握最新、最地道的英文谈资。In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is Microaggression. 我们知道凡是有Micro的，一般被翻译成“微什么什么”，所以Microaggression就是微歧视。This is a term used for commonplace, daily, verbal, behavioral, or environmental slights. 所谓的”微歧视”就是指我们日常生活中言行方面的对于某一个群体或者某一些人的轻视和偏见。The microaggression whether intentional or unintentional, communicate, hostile, derogatory or negative attitudes toward stigmatized or culturally marginalized groups. 不管是无心还是有意，这种微歧视，它实际上都在传达着一种贬低的负面态度，而它针对的对象就是stigmatized or marginalized groups，也就是在社会或者文化中通常会被污名化或者边缘化的群体。Sounds too theoretical? How about some real-life examples based on my experience? So someone said to me, Lulu, you work in a university, that's a great job for a woman. 有人就跟我说，诶，女生在大学当老师好呀！Or when I lived in other countries, someone said to me, Lulu, you are so liberal-minded, I don't think of you as Chinese. 或者比如说在国外的时候，有人就说，璐璐我觉得你的思维特别开放，我都不把你当成中国人。On the surface, these sound like compliment, but they actually contain microaggression. That's because they are still based on some core prejudice and stereotypes. 是因为他们的根基依然是对于某一个群体的刻板印象和偏见。 We can trace the term “microaggression” back to 1970. The term was coined by Harvard University psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce to describe insults and dismissals, which he regularly witnessed non-black Americans inflicting on African Americans.1970年，由哈佛大学的心理学家创造出来的这个词，最初是用来形容其他族裔对于非裔美国人，也就是美国黑人的歧视。By the early 21st century, use of the term was applied to the casual degradation of any socially marginalized group. 而到了21世纪早期，microaggression就延展到对所有边缘化群体日常的这种轻视和贬低。除了少数族裔，还可以针对 ***性少数人群，people living in poverty贫困人口, and people with disabilities以及残障人士。Psychologists Derald Wing Sue defines microaggressions as brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership. 心理学家Derald Wing Sue就把这种微歧视定义为在日常的交流里，对于某一个特定群体的人，发出的这种贬损贬低的信息。I know a lot of people would ask, all these microaggressions that you have been describing, targeting a specific marginalized group. It just sounds like racism, sexism, and homophobia.可能有人就会说，刚才提到的这些微歧视的定义，和我们平时说的racism种族歧视，sexism性别歧视，还有homophobia恐同，到底有什么不同呢？ There is a difference, otherwise, they won't be called microaggressions.Although microaggressions and these common discrimination, they are based on some of the same core ideas. But microaggressions are a little different from overtly racist, sexist, or homophobic acts or comments because they typically don't have any negative intent or hostility behind them. 这是因为比起那些overtly racist, sexist, homophobic acts or comments，明显的、公然的性别歧视，种族歧视等等, Microaggressions它通常的出发点并不是完全恶意和负面的;and also people who engage in microaggressions are ordinary people who generally see themselves as good moral, decent individuals, and microaggressions occur because they are outside the level of conscious awareness of the perpetrator. 而且这些发起微歧视的人，他们通常都是有正常三观的普通人。之所以会有microaggression，往往是因为在某一方面，他完全没有意识到已经对他人造成了冒犯。But that is not to say microaggressions are not harmful. Microaggressions, although they're seemingly small and sometimes innocent offenses can take a real psychological toll on the mental health of their recipients. 不过虽然叫做微歧视，看起来似乎没有什么大不了的，但它也依然会给接受者造成不小的负面心理影响。

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~ Hello, everyone. And welcome back to America Under the Microscope, advanced episode. Hi, Lulu. Hi, James.In our basic episode, we were talking about the generalities of political correctness. For this advanced episode, I want to get into the more nitty gritty of PC language, specifically how it's almost impossible to know what is PC now.Yeah. Has it been taken too far?I, me personally, I think some people do take it a bit too far. You can see this by how the standard just keeps changing. And there is no set standard of what is or is not PC, but it seems like people keep moving the goal post. It's like… it's like you can say this but not that. Now you can't say that either you have to say this, now you can't say this, you have to say those. It's like… what is right?Yeah. And who's to decide what's right?That's the other key, it’s like who gets to make the decision, because if it's say, if we're going to talk about like the common one that shows up a lot, let's say just simply, should you say black or should you say African American?OK. So who is the one who decides which is politically correct? If you're talking about the community that you're directly referring to, they don't… themselves have a consensus of what is or is not PC. So if you have the group, you're trying to avoid offending, who can't decide whether it is or is not offensive, then you're at a loss.The other thing is, you were talking about language being ever changing, especially this whole PC language. You know that the whole idea of reclaiming certain words.For example, that's just again use this idea of black. So white is okay but black is not, it's been for a period of time people thought that was not PC, you have to say African American, what not. And then there are people saying, no, why shouldn't we say black? We should reclaim that word and then just use it in a positive sense. You see, in a lot of aspects, language has been reclaimed to mean something positive because why should you think black is an offensive term if it's just a word?So, as… there's no good answer to that and I… sociologists and other much more educated people than us debate this all the time and they don't get anywhere with it.No, it's almost like debating for debating’s sake.I think that's what they get paid to do. They're talking heads. Yeah. The other thing that's very big, that's also relevant to PC language is the idea of cancel culture.Yes, cancel culture. This is a big one right now. And you see this a lot, like this is something big, you'll see in a lot of college campuses in America right now, is students trying to stop speakers from coming to the school to give presentations, because some of the students don't agree with the views or the things that speaker says, even though the university invited them to introduce different views and different opinions.And right now, cancel culture, I personally think cancel culture is extremely dangerous, just because somebody doesn't like something is not a reason that you should stop them from speaking. Because if you use like in a classroom, like I spend time in the classroom, we have questions and discussions, and students get to share their opinions. I don't always agree with my students’ opinions, but I'm not going to prevent them from sharing their views in class. And I'm also not going to let my students argue or insult students for sharing opposing views.

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~ Hi, everyone. And welcome back to America Under the Microscope. 欢迎回来. 闲话美国. Hi, James. Hi, Lulu. Hi everyone. So what are we gonna talk about today? Right. So I have a question for you. And it is have you ever noticed how some Americans are always very careful about how they address or refer to other people? What do you mean? Let me give me an example. So a lot of students, when they learn English, they learn words like businessman, but we don't use that word anymore. It's now business person. Oh, ok. So you don't say businessman, you say business person. I know what you're talking about, are you talking about political correctness? PC.Yes, PC, political correctness is the topic of the day. PC直译的话就叫政治正确. I think if you watch a lot of American TV shows or talk shows, you definitely, definitely have heard of this expression, but I think many of our listeners probably don't really know the ins and outs of it. So first of all, James, give us a definition, what exactly is political correctness. Okay. So in simple terms, think of it as a way of using English that tries its best to avoid offending other people. 就是尽量不要冒犯别人的这种用词. So the original goal of this is try to be polite, not to offend. Right? It's kind of a combination of that. So it's about things like to avoid generalization or grouping people together or assuming things about others. It's even if it's talking about positive stereotypes. So if we take like a very common positive stereotype, like Asians are good at math that is not technically politically correct. Because it's a stereotype. That's a stereotype and a generalization, even though it's considered a positive stereotype, it's still not politically correct. It's about avoiding implying anything based on somebody's gender, race, nationality and so on. I see. When did this whole PC trend start? That's really kind of difficult to point down, but generally it got kind of big in the late 80s and 90s, and it's really big now. Yeah, and it's just constantly evolving as well. I think is it fair to say even for native speakers, even for Americans, not everyone's fully aware of all the PC terms that you should be using. This is quite complex, partially because the PC terms do change from time to time. I mean it's hard to keep up with what is or is not. Okay. Also, there is no agreement completely of what is or is not okay, because it's about not offending others. If you think about it, is it ever really possible to avoid not offending everybody? 搜索【璐璐的英文小酒馆】查看全文稿和其他精彩内容哦~

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi everyone. Today we are going to continue our talk on Prosecco and we have in our studio to more guest speakers, Joey and Daniele from the restaurant industry. Welcome to the show guys. Hello everybody. Good afternoon.First of all, I will actually give the floor to you guys to tell us a little bit about your restaurant experience. Let's start with Daniele. Hello. I’m Daniele Salvo from Italy, exactly from Napoli (Naples那不勒斯). And we are located in Beijing with Bottega. We arrived here for consulting. One enterprise approached my family for restaurant consulting and we arrived here 11 years ago exactly.I have to admit Bottega is actually one of my favorite pizza restaurants in Beijing. Thank you.And actually I’ve heard that you guys won the Best Pizza in Asia Award, right?Exactly. We take this massive award from 50 Top Pizza, which is a world guide of best pizzeria in the world.That’s impressive.And with them, we are working that in future as so in China there will be a real ranking of best pizzeria, not just in Asia.You basically have been around this industry, especially pizza since…basically since childhood, right?My father was a pizza chef, all these brothers are pizza chef, my grandfather is pizza chef. We grew up in a pizza environment.Sounds amazing.So what about you, Joey? Your restaurant is in fusion food, is fusion cuisine, right?Yes, that's right. My name is Joey. I’m from Singapore. I’ve been in Shanghai since 1995 and I used to work as a corporate guy in advertising. Restaurant was something that I started in 2015. My last restaurant was called UMAAMI Global Kitchen and Bar. What we do is basically Singapore style fusion food to get with a bar. Yes.I’m gonna ask both of you a basic question, what is it like to work in a restaurant or have a restaurant in Beijing and in Shanghai? What is unique about this experience? I mean, especially Daniele, you were always in food and beverage, how is it different?Totally different, for me it was a unique experience. First of all, the impact with this big city, Beijing 25 million people, we don't have this big city in South Italy. Also the communication was a big step for us, a big world. And the search of the ingredients, at beginning it was quite hard to find the right ingredients. Even simple basis was not easy to find.But over the years, I mean in the past 5 years or so, it's getting easier, I would assume? Definitely, with more importing company, I’m importing like made in Italy food like mozzarella, tomato, basil sauce, now it’s getting quite easier now to find products.Sounds amazing. And what about you Joey, in Shanghai, I mean obviously people have a much more open attitude and perhaps products are just easier to source.《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~

《曲外之音》-百老汇最“下流”的上流音乐剧Hi, everyone. And welcome back to the Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver. Hello, again. This is Part Two of our discussion on the Book of Mormon.Yeah, a great musical. Albeit controversial, because on the surface it looks like it’s anti-religion, it’s saying that religions are stupid, but it's not necessarily so, is it？No, it does look like that at first glance, but it's not being offensive towards religions. I don't think so. If you look below the surface of it, it is just kind of making a commentary on people's beliefs, not necessarily religion, but any people's beliefs; and it's not offensive to them, it's just using comedy as a way to discuss them. I think it's not sort of criticizing religion as a concept, as a source of faith, source of hope, source of salvation. But it's more satirizing some of the very rigid rituals certain religions have, or all religions have, and saying that we shouldn't be focusing on all of these minute details of a religion, but we should focus on why people have religion or have religious belief to start with. It is really to have that hope. Yes, I agree. I think it is just making a comment on how people's beliefs might be a little bit unusual sometimes and may seem silly to others, but the outcome is that people have hope, they have belief. This lets them get through terrible situations, whatever their hope is, whatever their belief is. It's a coping mechanism in many ways. And that is something that everybody needs, no matter how you find it. Especially like the beginning and the end they use the same piece of music. Beginning it was saying the Book of Mormon, towards the end, it says the Book of Arnold, it doesn't matter whether it’s Book of Mormon or Book of Arnold. The idea is the same. It brings people hope. Yeah, the fact the music is the same. It shows that religions whilst they may seem different and have different names, they have the same goal in a way, which is this hope that people have. Yeah, and even for people who are self-claimed believers, and sometimes it's very difficult to say what they actually believe in. Is it the actual details about a certain god or certain deity, or is it more about the idea of religion？For example, the villagers in Uganda, when Arnold Cunningham, one of the Mormon boys, when he was preaching, he added in a lot of nonsense, he added in a lot of Sci-Fi films and fantasy films. However, these people just believed him. So eventually they were trying to say to the villagers Look, I'm so sorry that was not real. A lot of those things we said was nonsense. And then the villagers were saying you know what, we didn't take it literally. We took it metaphorically, we never thought those were the absolute truth what you were saying, but we just took it as part of the belief system and that's just metaphorical. I think obviously we don't want to go into specific religions in the world now, but if you think about it, every religion has those stories. If you ask believers, do they truly believe in all of those stories that actually happened？Maybe not, but the messages these stories sent, they're very meaningful.Yeah. They're very meaningful. I am not religious myself, but I like the messages that they bring the faith and the hope that they give to people. But talking about that, actually a little bit about the music. One of the…perhaps can be construed as most offensive piece of music in this, is called Hasa Diga Eebowai. Yeah, we were just talking about nice messages of hope. This is a message of hope. This is a coping mechanism. It fits perfectly into what we were talking about even if the language is appalling for some people. Yeah.

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. Welcome back to the show.If I ask you to imagine Italy, what pops up in your mind first, grand architecture, breathtaking landscape, gorgeous people, or exquisite cuisine?And now imagine you're appreciating the ancient architecture, chatting with people, and enjoying the food, still something is missing, it is that special bubbly drink that is quintessentially Italian, Prosecco.In this four-episode series, financed by the Prosecco DOC Consortium, according to EU regulation, we are going to embark on a fascinating journey into the world of Prosecco.跟着酒馆一起来趟意大利文化之旅, 打开意大利国民起泡酒Prosecco的世界.So first things first, what is Prosecco to Italians？-To me, Prosecco is all about music, parties, and friends. -Prosecco symbolize joy, victory, and celebration.-For me, Prosecco means weekends and holidays. -Prosecco is a relaxing moment in my garden at the end of the day.To understand this bestselling sparkling wine in the world, we’re honored to have a special guest in our studio today. Miss Tanya Barattin from the Prosecco DOC Consortium to share with us all about this beautiful and quintessentially Italian wine Prosecco. Welcome to the show, Tanya.Hello, thank you so much. I'm so excited to be here with you today. Great.I know that you work with Prosecco from an expert’s point of view, but for our listeners a lot of them probably don't really know that much about Proseccos, some of them probably have never heard of Prosecco, so first things first, what is Prosecco？Yeah, we can say that Prosecco is the worldwide leading Italian sparkling wine, a representation of Italian excellence, coming from a specific territory located in Northeast side of Italy, switching between two beautiful regions which are Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia.Italians had a long history of making Prosecco.Yes.So when was Prosecco first made going back in history?If we look to the nowadays areas of production which is represented by these nine provinces between these two beautiful regions in Northeast of Italy, we found first wine production since the Roman Empire, so very long time ago.Wow.But the first, we can say oral mention about wine sounding Prosecco goes back to the 1382, and were in the most Northeast side of the region in Trieste province. That time some historical people, wine studying, Plinio, a Naturalis historia study of Plinio il Vecchio found this wine called ‘Pucino’, and they think that was the ancient name of Prosecco. (Prosecco Wine: History, Information, Interesting Facts - WebFoodCulture)That was the original.Yes. First we can say oral mention, because for the first written mention, we have to go back to the 1745, and we moved to the most West side of the area of production near Vicenza;and there was a poet, Aureliano Acanti wrote about Prosecco in a very shining way in the poem “Il Roccolo”.There are many vineyards in that region, right？Many people are actually involved in the Prosecco…Yes, exactly, especially in Treviso province because if we talk about when we started to produce Prosecco in a sparkling version, like we know it nowadays, we have to go back to the 1850, in Treviso, in the beautiful Conegliano, where was found the most historical Italian oenology school, it was the 1876 more or less, for the first time was applied to second fermentation, so the bubbling process to Glera grapes in order to make Prosecco. I see. But if we look to nowadays, Prosecco is made by a very big family because especially the DOC is represented by more than 12,000 grape lords, so the one that the cultivated grapes; 1,200 wine makers, the one that takes care to the base wine, production; and 360 sparkling houses, so the one that takes care of the bubbling, so the second fermentation and bottling.

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~Hi everyone, and welcome back to Britain Under the Microscope. Hi, 安澜.Hi, Lulu. Hi everyone.So what are we gonna talk about today？I really don't know. It's just too hot to think about anything. I know what you're talking about. I mean we have been experiencing heat waves in Beijing. It starts very very early in the morning, but also Europe is going through serious heat wave.Yeah, Britain, at the moment, this week is bracing for a heat wave.What is heat wave for Britain？I mean I used to live in London and the highest temperature I remember was barely 30.This heat wave is particularly unique because it looks like the temperatures are gonna go up to 40℃.In London?In the southeast of England. 40℃？Wow!The thing is it’s not so much the sun, it's more that certain times of the year we get the really hot winds coming from the Sahara in Africa.And it was never this bad.This is the first time in England at least that the temperature alert has ever reached red. It's always been amber, but for the first time in history is now red and the government have actually declared a national emergency.You know I guess for people in lots of parts of China, we would think isn't that exaggerating a little bit, and 40℃ is not really like that serious.It is a bit different in the UK.I don't think you guys have air conditioning.Office buildings like cinemas and other big public buildings have air conditioning. Homes generally don't.Most of British people don't even have fans.They do now.But that's the hot item now.But houses in the UK they're not built for heat, they actually built for cold and damp weather. So they’re designed to keep heat in, they're not designed to let it out.So that's why I felt… you answered the question that I always had in my head, like why are some of the, even expensive houses or properties in the UK, they don't seem to be very airy.No, because particularly the older houses like the Victorian houses and houses built in the early 20th century, they were built for cold and damp weather.So for example, the house where I grew up that was built in the 1920s, 1930s, and my room, even though it never got as hot as the day when I was a child, my room used to go up to about 35℃ if it was maybe 30℃ outside.So the temperature actually is much higher inside.Yes. It's kind of like living in the oven type of situation.It is. It’s absolutely horrible. That's one great thing about living in Beijing is that you can have the air con on.Yeah, but I guess it's also because before this whole maybe global warming extreme weather, people in Britain never really needed air conditioner. You wouldn't buy air conditioning just to use it once a year.Not even once a year, maybe once every 5 years in the past. But now as you say, temperatures are increasing, the global climate is changing. And one of the things most noticeable, particularly London, is London underground.We talked about that when we were talking about the tube, 伦敦的那个地铁, suffocatingly hot. During the summer it’s actually quite dangerous. And when it reaches maybe 28, 30 ℃ they would actually start putting on posters saying if you use London underground…Stay hydrated.Stay hydrated, take water. So when I used to work in central London, and during the summer, I would always make sure I had a bottle of water because I've seen too many times on the underground people fainting because of the heat.You can actually faint, and for people who had never been to London, if you are thinking about the sort of modern subway system in Beijing or Shanghai or in some other major cities in China, you think about the very very air conditioned carriages.Yeah.London underground does not have air conditioning, doesn't even have fans. No.

酒馆全新音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~工忠号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~{合并} Musical-Book of Mormon-1_mixdown.mp3Hi, everyone. And welcome back to the Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver. Hello again. Now this time again, I am going to propose a musical, one of my favorites, one of my old time favorites. What exactly are we going to talk about today? Which one is your favorite?I think we talked about this before and this is absolutely one of the perhaps more controversial ones. This is the Book of Mormon. I've heard of it. Yes. 中文翻译叫《摩门之书》或者《摩门经》. I'm sure some of our audience have heard of it and some of you probably have even watched it. I mean, I have watched it in the West End. I actually have seen it live. Nice. It was one of the best theatre experiences I ever had.西区 The West End of London 是19世纪的英国人用来指代伦敦查令十字以西的商业和剧院聚集区的名词。在西区中心盘踞着大大小小40个剧院，伦敦人直白的称呼这篇区域为TheatrelandFantastic. I do really want to. I haven't seen it myself, but I have listened to some of the songs and I really want to go and see this one. This is a good one. But before we get into it, remember, I said it's hugely controversial for many reasons and you will get to know as we start talking about it. But first of all, a reminder, this is not for the faint-hearted. If you are very uptight, if you get easily offended, perhaps stop listening to this. Yeah, this one… it's very easy to get offended by if you have certain views. So listen with caution. Let's jump right into it. Since I proposed it, so I'm gonna just very quickly gave a background. So the Book of Mormon, you know that this musical is actually created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the brilliant minds behind South Park. South Park, yes. Again, another controversial thing. It seems to be there their cornerstone. South Park《南方公园》是1997年由特雷帕克和马特斯通制作的动画，至今已经有25季。《南方公园》虽然是一个卡通片，但它是拍给成年人看的，反过来又用了孩子作为主角，经常通过嫉妒夸张的模仿与巨大的脑洞，来讽刺、映射美国文化和社会问题。Do you like South Park? I do. I like the controversy but more so I like the fairness. People get offended by South Park because of what it talks about. But I think it's completely fair because it makes fun of everything. Everyone. Nothing, nothing is off limits, no one is out of bounds. And I think that just makes it a good comedy because you know what you're going to get and everybody gets the same. The Book of Mormon它是由写南方公园的这两个人写的, Trey Parker and Matt Stone. So I always tell people if you want to know if you would like the Book of Mormon, watch South Park first. South Park has a lot of music bits as well. It does. If you can get on board with those then you definitely have no problem with the Book of Mormon, you would be able to appreciate it. If you find those really offensive, really dirty, then don't go and see the Book of Mormon because you are going to be in for a shock. It is really out there, both of them, the show South Park and the musical the Book of Mormon are really out there in the comedy and the sense of humor that they have and show. So first things first, why is it called the Book of Mormon? There is actually a thing, the Book of Mormon is a real thing, it's also obviously the name of this musical, it’s about Mormons or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 摩门教可能有很多人听说过. By the way, Oliver, have you ever heard of the Mormon Church? I have, yes. I've met a few of them once before, very polite people, the group I met anyway, the family I met were very polite. But we don't have, there's not a huge following of the Mormon Church or the Latter-day Saints in the UK. It’s much more centered in the US. Yeah, but even in the US they're not like… they’re minority, anyway. No, they are in minority, but they do have a larger presence in the US than in the UK. It's a very small group in the UK. On the surface, it looks like this musical is making fun of the Mormon Church, because it's centered around these characters they’re all Mormons.

【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Welcome back to Geek Time. This is Geek time Advanced. We were talking about cosplay, LuLu, and you mentioned that you've cosplayed before, any chances you're going to tell us what you did before?Are we still on that? OK. I’m not going to be very specific because I actually did multiple characters. Maybe in the future, as I’m doing more videos now, maybe in the future I will do more, but usually it's this kind of really dark femme fatale characters and with some animalistic elements, but that's all I’m going to say now. Just wait for my future videos. Alright, look forward to that.So anyhow, let's get into more cosplay talk. Mhm. In the basic episode, we talked more about the costumes; but it's not just the costume, it’s a lot of props like weapons, other items like accessories...all of these.For sure. Especially nowadays with like some people are getting into like old style blacksmithing and everything like that. They're like building like realistic versions of weapons.But a lot of times people just use foam and plastic and things like that to make their weapons look realistic. People are adding like LED lights to make their weapons light up and things like that.Yeah. There's a lot of different variation people are using like realistic weapons and some of them…Actually, I don't know about YouTube, but on Bilibili, recently, there are few people who are just like you said there. I’m not sure if they're blacksmith, but they are these craftsmen. They're really into this and they are trying to make these very realistic looking like katanas or like sword from specific anime. And some of them not just light up, they can, for example, they can when you pull it out, it has it like there's fire coming out. It's really cool.I’ve seen something like that. There's a particular YouTuber that does a lot of videos like that. He's made an actual version of Mjolnir which is Thor's Hammer. He put a magnet on it, and so if he puts the hammer down on something metallic, it will magnetize to it and people won't be able to lift it. But he's got a special ring that when he puts his hand on, Mjolnir, disengage the magnet and he can lift it up.So people are really like what's going on? Wow. That is really smart. I love that, it is really smart. And also the light saber is one of those that has been made over and over again.Yeah, they haven't like done like the actual representation of like the ones we see in the movies. But they've done ones with like battery packs that you get kind of like in the extended Star Wars universe. But they have like all these things. There's an anime called Attack on Titan. And they have these swords that the blades can come off, because the blades often get stuck in things. And so you have like a pack of like seven different swords, but you have to use the same handle over and over again. And someone made like swords that can do that. And so if you carry like a pack of these sword blades. You can just cut something and then retract the handle and get a new blade.I see. I mean there's so much creativity and so much like craftsmanship in this. I’m thoroughly amazed, but that brings actually one question.Remember last time we said a lot of people would dress up and the whole gear and they would go to like a Comic-con, wouldn't that be really dangerous if everyone's like wielding real sword and katana?Some people do bring real weapons and it depends on the policy of the location that they’re holding the convention in, but they often do something called peace bonding and that means you like put something on the sword. ..【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi again and welcome back.So what's the weather like in your city？Has it been raining, very humid, or just suffocatingly hot? Right now we are experiencing the height of summer.And if I ask you on a typical summer day like this, what is that one treat you absolutely crave? Something you fell in love with when you were a child; something cold, sweet, creamy and just tastes like a little piece of heaven.I'm sure for a lot of you, the answer will be ice cream. In English there's a popular line of lyrics says I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream, which pretty much shows that love of ice cream is shared across the globe.But do you actually know your ice cream？In today's episode, we're going to explore the world of ice cream and all the other relevant summer treats. We're gonna take a look at different types of ice cream or frozen desserts, how to order ice cream and many interesting expressions and facts you probably didn't know before.So if you have a sweet tooth, this episode is definitely for you.今天的酒馆里璐璐给大家奉上满满的冰品冰饮,一起体验炎炎夏日的冰凉甜蜜.If you go into any supermarket or convenience store,there are so many choices when it comes to frozen desserts.But if you ask someone to use English to describe it, most people only know the word ice cream. However, ice cream just doesn't really cover the wide variety of all these frozen treats.First of all, let's take a look at some of the most popular types of frozen desserts and I put them into two categories.The first category is those with more cream. If you like a creamier taste, this category is more for you. So we start with the basics in this category, ice cream bar. 这就是我们传统意义上说的雪糕.Frozen dessert on a stick, usually with chocolate coating. So the ice cream is wrapped within a thin layer of chocolate, it's to prevent the ice cream from melting.One typical example that comes to mind is Magnum 梦龙, by the way, they are now getting really expensive. If ice cream bar is not enough for you, why not try ice cream sandwich？As the name suggests, this is a dessert that sandwich has a layer of ice cream between two cookies or two thin cake-like layers, 冰淇淋三明治.I see it quite often in the UK, somehow in Beijing they are not as popular. And for a special occasion many people would also order ice cream cake. They are great but they don't really keep that well.Going into a restaurant, cafe or just a fast food joint, many people would order sundae,喜欢吃冰激凌的小伙伴肯定都吃过圣代Sundae. It's a direct translation.

【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. And welcome back to Geek Time. Hi, Brad. Hey, Lulu.Usually I would ask what are we gonna talk about today, Brad. But I thought you have been coming up with very technical topics. So today let me propose one that is not so much geeky but nerdy, cosplay. All right, sounds good. I like cosplay.I mean you're into comic books, you're into all of these and animation, so I thought this would be a topic for you as well. Yeah, I'm definitely into comic books, animate all that so I'm definitely into the cosplay.OK, so let's start with the definition. What is cosplay? If you just look at like the basic definition as nowadays people often see it as dressing up as a character from anime or comic books, but it doesn't have to be just limited to that. It could be just about any fictional character out there. Actually cosplay this word as we know it is from Japanese and I know, Brad, you're in Japan right now. How would you pronounce it in Japanese? コスプレ/ kosupure. It's from two words costume and play. Well, it can't make this clearer, it’s just you dress up in costume and you play.Yeah. But like you said it's basically now it can be any type of fictional characters right like movie, for example, now they're showing drastic world three so technically I can dress up as a dinosaur and call that cosplay. You definitely could, that would be a very difficult costume to put together but could definitely you go for it. And although some people are doing it professionally, they’re probably get paid for it or they can sell the end products like a finished film or finished photos, but most people do it for fun. Yeah. Like nowadays especially I would say the vast majority of people are doing it just for fun. There's a very small group of people that do it professionally and get paid to go to conventions. But the vast majority of people are just creating costumes and doing it for themselves. Let’s do a very simple step by step Guide how to do it say if you don’t have anything, don’t have any experience how to start cosplay. Well, if you don't have any experience making a costume, one of the things you can do is just go online and buy a costume. They're usually pretty cheap and depending upon where you buy them, the quality can be decent. There are a lot of cheaper costumes, so you have to watch out because some of them might fall apart after like a use or two. But you can definitely buy them online or you can make them yourself.The really shoddy ones. But you gotta have tailoring skills, that’s not something that everyone can do really to make your own costume, especially considering some of the costumes are hugely elaborate, usually complex. Yeah, people usually when they first start out, they'll choose a costume that's much easier to make where they can like maybe buy a shirt and then just make some modifications to the shirt to look like that anime character. Like if you look at Charlie Brown, for example, he's got a yellow shirt with a black stripe on it and some people will just buy yellow T-shirt and then use a marker or paint dye or something to put that diagonal on it, yeah. I'm just thinking who's gonna cosplay Charlie Brown. I brought up Charlie Brown because I've seen Charlie Brown cosplay before. Wow, that is strange. Anyhow but I mean in China it has been getting bigger this whole trend this cosplay trend. So you see some professional quite professional studios on for example Taobao. So you can send them pictures or tell them which character you want and for quite relatively high price they can make it as close to the original costume as possible. So it's kind of like customized or even bespoke costume.For sure. 【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~

关注【璐璐的英文小酒馆】获取全文稿哦~Another thing that is quite important about reading literature is to really train your critical thinking skills. Because in these stories, nothing is just black or white. You don't have one person who is definitely the villain, or one person who's definitely the hero. These stories, these books, they represent the complexities of human life. 对, 人性很复杂的, 其实有时候我觉得挺遗憾的就是 Now you see sometimes the stories are so simplified. It's like when you look at one character and you say he's a bad person, so everything about him is bad. Literature should not be like that. Every character, good characters, good books should really be round, they should have different aspects about them. 就是说经典的文学里面, 所有的角色应该是比较复杂的, 全面的这样有血有肉的角色, 而不只是一个扁平化的脸谱型的角色。Hm.So now you might ask there are actually many of these courses, like reading courses, 其实市面上还有很多这种什么名著, 包括某一本书这样的课程. Why is our course a bit different？I would say first of all, we don't just have the regular classics like Jane Eyre, Pride and Prejudice, which I'm sure you've all read, and they are all great books. Don't get me wrong. 就是我们选书的时候首先没有选那种就是说在中国读者这边就已经被说烂了的, 比如说什么 Jane Eyre, I’ve actually never read Jane Eyre. Neither do I.And personally, I’m not that crazy about Jane Austen or about Bronte Sisters because they've just been talked about so much. So what we want to do with this course is we want to introduce some books, they're pretty much known by everyone in the English speaking world, even if they’ve not read them, but they're known about, but they're not necessarily the most famous books here in China. 我们最开始在选择【英文名著扫盲班】第一季这10本书的书单的时候, 我跟安澜讨论了很久, 就找了一些这种在中国并不是大红大紫的, 或者被讨论了很多年的这种书, 但是这10本书又确实是在所有的英语世界的榜单里面都是在很前面的。 Usually top 10, top 20. Yep, and also our rule of thumb is if they are constantly referenced or parodied in TV shows or movies, then they're on the list. 还有一个就是经常会在英语国家的电视电影, 包括动画作品里面, 如果你经常能听到 cultural reference对它们的一些玩梗, 包括reference and parody恶搞, then they are on the list, because they are that popular. But we’ve also chosen stories and books that are quite varied in their themes or styles or genres. Because people are very different, right？One person might like reading this type of stories, another person might prefer something completely different. Yep. I have to admit there's one or two books on our list that probably not my favorites.We have our differences.Exactly. But we talk about books like To Kill a Mocking Bird, and we discuss racism and the background of the Civil Rights Movement; we also talk about Catcher in the Rye, and books that have been banned in schools. 《麦田里的守望者》就是禁书的榜首这样的书, 还有刚才安澜说了To Kill a Mocking Bird,《杀死一只知更鸟》会谈到种族冲突和平权的运动. And also 安澜has chosen personally Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. Yes, that's actually one of my favorite books, but again very well known, it was originally a radio show, that has been made into a TV show and it's been made into a film as well. It has been parodied a lot, and you do see it as pop cultural references. It is science fiction. And it's totally absurd. It's essentially as a comedy. And also that, we know a lot of our listeners are students, you might be university students or even high school students. So you're just transitioning into your adulthood, you're becoming an adult. So we've also chosen a couple of the coming of age stories like Lord of the Flies, Little Women.And Treasure Island. 比如说我们还专门找了几本这种成长型的coming of age stories, 比如说《蝇王》或者说《小妇人》, 包括安澜说的《金银岛》, they are all touching upon the coming of age theme.

关注***【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获得全文稿哦。Hi everyone. Great news, we have a new course for you. Yeah. 我们的新课程【英文名著扫盲班】上线了, 璐璐和安澜陪你读英语国家家喻户晓的10本经典，带你走进10个风格迥异, 但都精彩非常的故事。So安澜, the English name for this course is called Bluffer's Guide to Literature, why Bluffer’s Guide? We chose the name Bluff’s Guide because we understand that you might be a bit busy, or you might not have the time, or you might not even be able to find the book. So instead of actually having to read the entire book, well we hope you do read the book, we hope that this course will give you enough knowledge to bluff other people. So if someone asks you or makes a reference about these books, you know enough about the book to carry on the conversation. 其实就是下回别人再谈起来, 或者说提到这些经典里面的桥段, 你至少可以装一下。Yes. We're not just excited because we have this new course, but also because this new course is something that ,安澜 and I, we've been trying to do for ages. We both love literature, we both love reading, we love books, everything to do with books. Or basically big book nerds or book warms. We are pretty nerdy when it comes to books. 我跟安澜都是那种书虫属性的。 So I thought in this intro for our new course, you can talk a little bit about our experiences with books, and why literature matters. Lulu, tell me why do you like book so much？Why do you like reading so much. All right, this goes back to when I was really little. You know how parents would tell little kids bed time stories, 家长都会给小孩讲那种***故事, but when I was a little, I wouldn't fall asleep listening to those stories, I get even more excited. So I'd be like, my mom was falling asleep, then I said, mom wake up what happen next?And then eventually I just lost the patience and I taught myself how to read so that I can read stories, I would say that was the beginning of my very long romance with books, and then I started reading books and I never stopped.What type of books?For me, really my primary interest, I know this doesn't sound like very in-depth or intellectual, I love mystery, suspense, crime, detective sort of books.Ah yes, Agatha Christie, Sherlock Holmes…Hm, the classics, but also lots of other styles. I have never been interested in romance. What about you？I'm not very interested in romance, but I was saying my situation is probably quite similar. My stories are quite similar to yours. I love Eden. When I was younger, my dad would tell me stories from history, the Greek myth, for example. So I was constantly hearing all of these stories. And when I was younger, it actually took me a little bit longer to learn how to speak than other kids. And my parents actually say that I learned how to read before I learned how to speak. Maybe you just didn't want to speak because books are so fascinating. They are friends. Pretty much. I was always in the library, I was always taking out books, and I was always getting into trouble for library fines because I would like the book so much that I wouldn't want to give it back. You’d just keep the books. I would just keep the books, and every so often I’d to go to my mom to beg her to pay off the library fine.I see. But what about your first experience reading any books in another language, I mean, for me, it's obviously English, but for you it's, I don't know, German?Yes, I would say the first books I read in a foreign language were in German. So I read some of the German classics, like 20th century literature; and I also used to read German newspapers and magazines, I can't do that now, my German is terrible. But then I went on to Latin and Greek, because I studied that at university; and then finally to Chinese. 安澜的外文阅读就听起来都很高大上, 什么德文经典, 拉丁文的经典。

微信公众号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 Hi, everyone. Welcome back to Britain Under the Microscope. 欢迎回来【闲话英伦】. Hi, 安澜. Hi. Lulu. Hi, everyone. So in the previous episode we were focusing on nature documentaries, especially those made by BBC. In this episode, let's move on to history documentaries which I know you love.I love history documentaries. I just love absolutely everything about history. In this we’re so different because history has got to be one of my biggest headaches when I was in school. I think the reason why I didn't like history is because I thought it was so boring. It was mostly about memorizing dates and names and facts. Yeah, I know that a lot of people they learn history that way, but when I was at school and also outside of school as well, I learned history by the stories and that's the thing that I found really fun is that there's so many stories, it’s not just names of kings or queens or emperors. They are actual people, they’re the stories behind all of these grand events in history. This is what I said about, I've recently started to get into documentaries because some of these great documentaries they really bring history to life. I know we're gonna be talking about BBC documentaries, but I can even see that now in China there's some really great history documentaries that do bring history to life. Yeah, it's not just this really like very rigid structure and almost like textbook materials. This is the thing, they start to do things like docudrama or like reenactment就是那种场景再现. Docudrama就是documentary和drama拼在一起的. So they would hire actual actors to act as these famous historical figures. That is also very popular in the UK. Very very popular. One of the…ones I liked the most is a bit old now is called Days that Shook the World. Yes I love that. Days that Shook the World, when I was watching it, I did not even think I was watching documentary.Yep. Because it's just a very simple premise. Basically it's one day that's really meant to us in history and they go through it step by step, so minute by minute. And they get actors and actresses to act as these people. It's really gripping. Yes, it is. And it's different from a drama because as you say it's a docudrama, so it's really authentic, it's very close to the original. This is one trend of trying to make it into a docudrama. The other trend I don't know if you would agree with me is that you see a lot of scholars but they are not your conventional scholars or just like being very serious and giving you all these theories. Yeah. In the UK, I would say one of the most famous scholars who appears in these history documentaries is Mary Beard. (温妮弗莱德·玛丽·比尔德爵士（Dame Winifred Mary Beard）英国著名古典学家，剑桥大学古典学教授。)Mary beard. Is she the one who's doing like ancient Rome? Yes, she's a professor of classics at Cambridge University. But she's not the typical Cambridge don and she's not dry or boring. She's actually really passionate about her subject. ( don, see also donnish, a teacher at a university, especially Oxford or Cambridge （尤指牛津大学和剑桥大学的）大学教师)Honestly, my stereotype of an Oxford or Cambridge academic is someone who's very elitist, speak with a posh accent, and just like, basically saying ‘I'm gonna teach you this, and I know you wouldn't understand.’Yeah, pretty much, that's one thing I really like about this particular presenter is that she makes it really engaging. She brings ancient history down to earth. So she talks about things like graffiti. She talks about how Romans go to the toilet. Yeah, I remember watching bits of it when she was going around all these ruins in Rome and introducing the artifacts. And I think you could really see passion in her eyes. But she really isn't a TV figure. I don't like judging people's appearance but I'm not even talking about appearance but more like she doesn't really do like all these makeup or grooming and all that, she's got hair all over the place. 关注【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，查询全文文稿。

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" Today's Buzzword is going to be very special. It is not an expression that we would use on a daily basis, but it is one of the hottest discussion topics in the past few days. 相信很多人都知道几天之前美国发生了一件大事儿, 这件事情不仅让英文的媒体炸开了锅, 在中文的媒体和社交平台上也受到了广泛的关注. 而这条新闻有一个核心的概念, 也就是我们今天的Buzzword, 那就是Roe v. Wade. 中文的翻译比较拗口, 叫做“罗诉韦德案”. So in today's Buzzword, we're gonna get into the basics of Roe v. Wade and why it is such a big deal？The actual Roe v. Wade is a legal case. 如果你看过美剧里的庭审的场景, 肯定会对这个表达不陌生. 这种X v. Y的表达一般作为某一个诉讼的简称, X v. Y就是 “X 诉Y”, 这也是为什么在中文里我们把它翻译成 “罗诉韦德案”. So who is Roe and who is Wade？For this we need to go back in time. In 1969, Norma McCorvey, a Texas woman in her early 20s, sought to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. 话说在1969年, 美国德州有一位叫Norma McCorvey的二十几岁的女性, 她意外怀孕了, 然后想要堕胎.McCorvey, who had grown up in difficult, impoverished circumstances, previously had given birth twice and given up both children for adoption. 她的经济条件很差, 之前生过两个孩子都因为无力抚养, 只能把孩子送给别人领养.At the time of McCorvey’s pregnancy in 1969, abortion was legal in Texas, but only for the purpose of saving a woman's life. 当时她所住的德克萨斯州对于堕胎的法律是: 除非是危及到孕妇生命的情况, 不然堕胎一律不合法. So in that kind of situations, American women with the money, they could get abortion by traveling to other countries or pay a large fee to a US doctor willing to secretly perform an abortion. 对于当时的美国女性来讲, 如果你有足够的经济条件, 你可以到堕胎合法的其他国家去进行手术, 或者是在美国本地找一个愿意秘密违法进行堕胎的医生. 但对于McCorvey这样经济条件的人来说, 她并没有办法在经济上承担这样的选择. So after trying unsuccessfully to get an illegal abortion, McCorvey was referred to Texas attorneys Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, who were interested in challenging anti-abortion laws.这个时候就有人给她介绍了两位律师愿意帮她打这个官司, 针对德州反堕胎的法律提出质疑. 在法庭的记录里, 给McCorvey的化名就是Jane Roe, 这就是“罗诉韦德”里的“罗”.So in 1970, the attorneys filed a lawsuit on behalf of McCorvey against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County where McCorvey lived. 所以1970年这两位律师就提起诉讼状告当时McCorvey所居住的德州达拉斯的地区检察官Henry Wade, 认为德州禁止堕胎的法律, violated McCorvey’s constitutional right to privacy, 侵犯到了美国宪法赋予McCorvey的隐私权. 这里的Henry Wade也就是“罗素韦德案”里的“韦德”.The case eventually reached the US Supreme Court, and Supreme Court made a ruling in a 7-2 decision, struck down the Texas law banning abortion. 这个诉讼案最终是到达了美国的联邦最高法院. 在1973年联邦高院的9位大法官以7:2的多数裁定判定McCorvey, 也就是“罗”胜诉.To be more specific, the court divided pregnancy into three trimesters.更具体的来讲, 法院裁定把整个的pregnancy分成三个孕期, three trimesters, 每个孕期大概三个月; And declared that the choice to end a pregnancy in the first trimester was solely up to the woman. 前三个月, 也就是第一个孕期, 完全由怀孕的女性自身决定是否进行人工流产;In the second trimester, the government would regulate abortion, although not ban it, in order to protect the mother’s health.第二个孕期为了保护孕妇本人的健康. 政府可以对堕胎进行一定的管控, 但是也不会完全禁止.In the third trimester, the state could prohibit abortion to protect a fetus that could survive on its own outside the womb, except when a woman’s health was in danger.到了第三个孕期, 由于这个时候的胎儿如果脱离母体, 已经可以独立存活. 为了保证他们的生命权, 政府才会禁止堕胎. 除非有特殊情况证明, 如果不终止妊娠会危及到孕妇的生命. So that was the legacy of Roe v. Wade. "欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~"

公号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目文稿，了解广阔的世界。跟随我们的脚步，体会英语的温度。Hi, everyone. Welcome back to Britain Under the Microscope. 欢迎回来【闲话英伦】. 嗨，安澜. Hi, Lulu. Hi, everyone.You know, in the beginning of the segment, I always asked you what we gonna talk about today, but how about I propose a topic? Oh, brilliant. Finally, the pressure is off me. And you're definitely gonna love this topic. Woo! So let me ask you a question first. When it comes to TV and film, what is your favorite genre? I would say documentaries. Yes, let's talk about documentaries. Ok, it’s brilliant. Particularly BBC documentaries. I know BBC has made a lot of documentaries. Yes. And you pretty much watched all of them. Pretty much. I do love documentaries. I only started to get into documentaries in recent years. Before I thought them as a bit boring, they're just not as exciting as your fictional stories. But how can you say that. Real life is just so much more fascinating than anything in the TV drama or TV series. There's so many amazing things in the world. And there's so much history, nature, and all those stories behind those as well. I guess that's what they say, real life is often stranger than fiction. Pretty much. Is that why you like documentaries? You mentioned nature and history. YES.Those are pretty common themes for documentaries. Those are the ones I really like. So for nature, it's the amazing wildlife, it's the calm but also exciting parts as well. For example, you see lions in Africa, you see birds in Antarctica, etc, etc, it’s just amazing to see all of these different forms of wildlife around some of the most beautiful scenery in the world. BBC documentaries, especially nature documentaries, got amazing filming, absolutely stunning imageries. And history, I remember talking to you about this before, I guess that's also the reason why I started to get into documentary, it’s when real life kind of gets really stressful and you feel like you're stuck and you watch some of the history documentaries, and you think human beings, each one of us is just so unimportant when you think about it in historical terms. The thing about history is that pretty much anything that has happened or will happen has happened maybe thousands of years ago.And again and againAnd again and again. That's, I would say, that's one of the great things, but also one of the bad things about humans is that we're always constantly repeating our triumphs, but we also repeat our mistakes as well. ....关注【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，查看更多精彩内容。

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~In the beginning of the show, she's constantly shooting videos about her experience in the Jurassic Park. And then you have Yasmina or Yas who is a teen athlete, extremely fit, she's been training for years and she always shines when there's a need for speed and agility. The last one is Sammy, Sammy is full of energy, is one of those people that has such a bubbly personality that she's always able to cheer everyone up. So these are the characters, pretty stereotypical, right？The story line is very simple. These six teenagers, the original plan was they would go to this camp at the Jurassic Park. And they would enjoy a fascinating camp experience, seeing all the dinosaurs doing all the activities. But then you know as with any of the Jurassic movies, things go horribly wrong. And these teenagers were left on the island, having to survive and defending themselves, and trying to eventually get off the island. So that's pretty much the background of the story. And of course the biggest story line is about dinosaurs. So let's take a look at dinosaurs. The word dinosaur was coined by sir Richard Owen in 1841 to describe the fossils of these reptiles. So he came up with the word dinosaur combining the Greek words “deinos”, which means terrible, and “sauros”, which means lizard, terrible lizards, 恐怖的蜥蜴, and there you have dinosaur.The study of dinosaurs belongs to the field of Paleontology. If you watch Friends you’d know that, that's Ross’ field. The dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic era, Mesozoic era中生代被称为the age of dinosaurs, because dinosaurs were the dominant species of the age, that was about 252 to 66 million years ago. Mesozoic era included three consecutive geological time periods. 中生代又分为三个季Triassic period 三叠纪, Jurassic period 侏罗纪, and Cretaceous period白垩纪, whenever we watch any movies within the Jurassic franchise, what most of us are interested in are dinosaurs themselves. What types of dinosaurs are we seeing？There are many ways to categorize dinosaurs, the basic ones by what they eat, like other species, we can categorize dinosaurs as carnivore, the meat eaters, 肉食; Herbivore, the plant eaters, 植食; and Omnivore, the everything eater, 杂食.Dinosaurs who eat other animals can be called predators, 掠食者. And if no one can eat them or hunt them in the food chain then they are Apex predator, 顶级掠食者.Any animals they hunt are called prey. But then obviously there are more complex ways to categorize dinosaurs. So the two major categories that most dinosaurs seem to fall into are Saurischians, meaning lizard hipped, and Ornithischian or bird hipped. 按照更专业的分类, 恐龙主要的两大类分别是Saurischians 蜥臀目也叫龙盘目, and Ornithischian鸟豚木, 或者叫鸟盘木. Let's start with Saurischians . Under Saurischians, there are two major sub categories. The first category is called Theropods beast-footed. 在龙盘目或者蜥臀目下面有两个主要的亚目, 第一个是Theropods 兽脚亚目, they tend to be meat eaters, they have powerful legs and short arms. Any particular dinosaur comes to mind. Yes, the tyrannosaurus暴龙.Let’s face it, it simply wouldn't be a good dinosaur movie if it doesn't have tyrannosaurus in it. But it's not just a tyrannosaurus, pretty much all these fake scary creatures that appear in the Jurassic franchise and also more specifically in this TV series, belong to the Theropods category. 可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~

欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is Upcycling. Just by hearing this word, you might be able to guess that upcycling has something to do with recycling, upcycling also known as creative reuse. By definition, upcycle means to recycle or reuse something in a way that increases the original object’s value. Upcycling中文翻译成“升级再造”, 也就是把已经用旧了或者不能用的东西加入一点想象力和创造力, 把它升级再造成一个新的东西, 以实现物品材料循环再利用的目的. In short, upcycling is taking something old and creating something new. Now you might be asking since there is upcycling, is there downcycling？Of course, the best way to understand upcycling is actually to compare it to downcycling. Both are types of recycling. Downcycling is the kind of recycling we usually think of. 其实说到downcycling有的时候被翻译成降级再造, 也就是我们传统上理解的这种循环回收, 再利用Recycling. This is, for example, recycling paper or plastic, these materials are broken down and reused to create a product that is considered less valuable than the original. 在这种传统的降级再利用里, 一般就是把材料回收之后, 通过再次的加工生产出一个价值较低的产品. For example, most recycled paper like old newspapers is considered to be lower grade paper. 比如说回收的旧报纸之类的纸类就会被recycle或者downcycle成一些品质要求较低的纸制品. And by contrast, upcycling is the same process of free using old materials, but it creates something more valuable or of a higher quality. For example, it might include using materials from plastic bottles to make new shoes or reclaimed wood to make quality furniture. 而对比之下, upcycling升级再造就指的是在循环再造的过程中, 会通过创意和设计让被回收的旧物或者旧材料拥有更高的价值. 比如说用回收的塑料瓶做成鞋子, 或者把回收的木材做成高品质的家具. Essentially the difference between downcycling and upcycling is that downcycling creates a lower grade version of the same thing; and upcycling transforms old materials into a new different high quality item. Another reason why upcycling is pretty popular is because it supports a circular economy.Upcycling升级再造这个风潮之所以会火起来, 还有一个原因是因为它有利于circular economy, 循环经济. This is a system in which goods are used and reused multiple times rather than getting discarded or thrown away after one use. This system is more sustainable because it relies on using what we already have rather than constantly creating new products out of new materials. 这种循环经济就跟我们现在都在关心的sustainability, sustainable living, 可持续的生活方式息息相关. The idea of upcycling started in mid 90s, and there are some clear benefits of it. The first one is upcycling minimizes the extraction of natural resources. 首先升级再造upcycling可以最大程度地减少对于自然资源的使用.When you upcycle something, you reduce the need to extract raw materials or create synthetic materials because you already have what you need.因为upcycle用的都是现成就已经有的回收再利用的东西, 所以既不需要使用更多的原材料, 也不需要去生产更多的合成材料. Think about how many trees we can save if all our furniture is made with pre-used wood. The second benefit upcycling can bring is that it reduces landfill waste. Upcycling的第二个好处是可以减少垃圾填埋. It saves your original product from a fate in the landfill. Even if the original product is recyclable, plastic can only be downcycled once or twice before the product breaks down. And eventually these recyclables still end up in landfill which can be harmful, especially if they aren't biodegradable. 虽然我们平时扔垃圾的时候会注意可回收和不可回收, 可是那种downcycling的回收通常都有一个限度, 比如塑料制品一般来说downcycle一两次最后还是要被丢到垃圾填埋区, 就会造成很大的污染. But with upcycling, you don't actually throw things away or break them down. You are turning them into something that can be used and can last much longer. And a third benefit is less manufacturing, less carbon emission. 关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~

《知乎哲也》板块，由受到大家喜爱的哲学小哥TJ和主播璐璐一起探讨哲学那些事儿~ 公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以搜索英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. And welcome back to 【Let's Philosophize】.欢迎回来《知乎哲也》.Hi, TJ. Hey, Lulu. Good to see you again. Good to see you. TJ, I know that every time you ask me a question to start our discussion, can I ask you a question this time? Yeah, of course, go ahead. Have you been following up on one of the top trending news on Chinese social media about what happened in Tangshan? Yeah, I’ve seen the video, and I’ve read a few different opinions online, a lot of people have been talking about it. One topic that has come up is the topic of self-defense, should we do it, how should we do it, and how much should we do it? So I thought we can talk about self-defense from a philosophical point of view. Yeah, of course. It's good to look at these real life situations in philosophy because I know sometimes it's very abstract. And self-defense is a situation that we have to face on our own. The police, they can't be everywhere all the time, and I don't think we would want the police to be everywhere all the time either, that would make us uncomfortable. So it means there's always that chance that we meet these situations where we have to defend ourselves. And of course, there's the practical side of that, the martial arts and all different kinds of strategies that we can use to defend ourselves. But there's also the question of what should we do? You know, how should we treat people? Exactly. So when we talk about self-defense, it's always good to look at this from a moral point of view, in terms of what should we do if we want to be good people. And the first thing we can look at is the deservingness of the person. So should this person be harmed? We might say yes, sometimes we might say no. So if we use a simple example of hitting somebody, so I’m a reasonably healthy man, if a child hits me, most people would say that child does not deserve to be hit by me, right, that I can't just hit the child.Okay. Deservingness就是正当性. Should they be harmed? So you just give the example of a child, maybe also people who have mental illness? Right, mental illness or maybe even if they're very drunk, we changed the rules for people if they're drunk too. I’m not sure I agree with the drunk thing because that was actually one of the big issue here. Some people were mentioning in this incident that happened in China saying all these people were drunk, you know how drunk people are. But being drunk, if you are mentally all right, like if you're not mentally ill, then being drunk really shouldn't be your get out of jail free card. It shouldn't be your excuse. Exactly. I think there's different levels of drunkenness as well, just like mental health, if you feel a little bit down one day, that doesn't mean that you can do anything you want. And the same thing with drunkenness, I remember my sister punched me in the face when she was very, very drunk, but she also couldn't stand up at that point, she couldn't stand up straight, she didn't know where she was. So I think that these… in this case, I don't think we can say that these men were so drunk that they didn't know what they were doing, right? Yeah.I don't think they have that kind of excuse. They don't look mentally unhealthy to me. It seems like that they are normal adults, right, that we would expect them to behave better than what they did. 《知乎哲也》板块，由受到大家喜爱的哲学小哥TJ和主播璐璐一起探讨哲学那些事儿~ 公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以搜索英语全文稿哦~

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~Hello everyone, and welcome back to America Under the Microscope, advanced episode. Hi Lulu.Hi, James.Let's continue our talk about text books and curriculum, and let's get into the more controversial issues related to textbooks in America.Oh, yes. I've heard about some of the issues. Yeah. So let's go and talk about some of that textbook content that people find to be questionable. As we talked about in the last episode, so the states choose the standards and the textbooks that can be used. But this also leads to political influence because different states have like different views of what should or should not be taught.Different political leanings.And this can reflect into the textbooks for use and what get taught. Good example of this in America would be the American Civil War.Oh, American Civil War, I thought now is pretty much settled like people have a generalized leaning on this, or people still disagree on which side should be supported?Well, in general you're not going to find people arguing that because slavery was bad. It's more of like in some states, more commonly in the Southeast will still frame it as like a war against Northern aggression.I see.Instead of a war about… Abandoning…abolishing slavery.So, I mean, they still talk about the abolishing slavery, but they also talk about some of the atrocities that the Northern armies did, and they focus more on that. They're not teaching incorrect information, but they're just skewing it and putting a kind of a spin on it.I think it was history textbooks, it’s always… perhaps it attracts more debates because history is one of those, the facts might be the same, but how you spin it, how you interpret it will directly affect people you are teaching.And the other subject that this is really noticeable in are biology and English.Biology and English? Yes. Biology, the big one in biology is evolution.Oh, yes, because there are people who don't believe in evolution.There are quite a few Americans, due to their religious beliefs, don't believe in evolution and don't want evolution to be taught in schools. Or if it is taught in schools, it needs to be taught alongside something called intelligent design.Intelligent design?Yeah, it's a religious idea. I don't quite understand it. But it is…Is it just creationism?Yean, it is, under a new term.Can I just clarify this? It is against law to teach students, directly teach students religion in public school, right?Yes, separation of church and states. So the schools cannot do any kind of religious activity or religious indoctrination in schools. What they can do is they can teach about the religions as in this is a religion, this is what people believe, this is where it is practiced as an you know just general cultural knowledge. But you cannot tell a student that is like there is one god, that you will get you fired.But now it sounds like you're saying people who are religious are saying if you teach, if you teach evolution, if you teach that human came from monkeys, then you must teach religion as well.In some states, yes, not in all states. I was lucky in my state that did not happen. My state is like you learned evolution, that was what you learned. Yeah. The other thing I would imagine is sex education.That's another big one. But mostly it’s just whether it is taught, how much it's taught, or is it not taught. So some places they just don't teach it.At all?At all. Some places teach it really well. So it depends. And I suppose when.Yeah, also when they teach it too.And you also mentioned English language, what's that aboutHa, a big part of the issue and English is like the novels you read.Oh, the book list. So a lot of parents don't want their kids read certain novels because they contain themes they don't like, or language they don't like.可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is Threequel. 相信很多人都和璐璐一样, 已经看过新上的《侏罗纪世界3》了，所以今天的Buzzword里，我们就来聊聊和电影有关的这个词Threequel.The term Threequel is a blend of the words “three” and “sequel”, 这个新词是由“three”和“sequel”两个部分组成的.The word “sequel” originates from the Latin sequella, meaning “follow”.When we are talking about movies, “sequel” simply means the second movie following the original story. 说电影的时候“sequel”指的就是续集/续章.And Threequel means the movie that is following the sequel. 而所谓的Threequel就是指续集后面的续集, 比如说三部曲里的第三部。In the Hollywood film industry, three usually is thought of as the magic number. That's why there are lots of trilogies. 在电影史上你就能看到很多的trilogy, 三部曲. This is usually the original movie followed by sequel, and then followed by a threequel, the third movie in the series. Now there are many examples of high profile threequels, for example, The Godfather Part III, 影史上有很多有名的电影系列都出到了第三部, 比如说《教父3》.And the latest threequel in the Jurassic Franchise – Jurassic World Dominion.刚刚上映的《侏罗纪世界》第三部也是一部threequel.Many threequels have enjoyed box office success, especially those ones that are based on stories originally conceived as trilogies, such as The Lord of the Rings.很多系列里的第三部票房成绩都还算不错, 特别是像《指环王》这样本来就计划做三部曲的电影系列. However, despite the box office success they may enjoy, threequels are often seen as disappointing. 虽然票房不错, 但是也有很多人都觉得凡是三部曲里的最后一部多半都是烂片. Some people even talk about the curse of the threequels, 甚至有人把它叫做threequel的诅咒. And it's not just the terrible ones, some of the most critically acclaimed trilogies also suffer from the threequel curse.即使那些很有名的电影系列, 很多时候也逃不过第三部烂尾的诅咒. So it got us wondering, what's really happening here. Why are threequels almost always the worst ones？There are two factors that come into play here: formula and necessity.The reason why film trilogies have been around for so long is that they're a really great structure to tell a long story, with each film serving as a beginning, a middle, and an end. This also means that each film should serve a very specific purpose.为什么三部曲一直很火？主要就是因为如果要把一个很长的故事讲完整, 三部曲的分工正好是beginning, middle, and an end, 各占其位, 各司其职.No matter the genre, the first film always serves as an origin story that introduces us to our heroes and the world they live in. 第一部, 通常是介绍整个故事的大背景以及主人公.The sequels always tend to enjoy more freedom, since their characters and worlds are already established for them. For this reason, the second film is all about heroes facing the greatest challenge they've faced yet.然后到了sequel续集的时候, 因为前面已经打好了框架, 就可以专注来讲主人公面临的某一个巨大的挑战或者一个大反派.This is where the problem with threequels comes in. There isn't really a formula for a successful threequel, at least not yet.关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~"

公号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目文稿，了解广阔的世界。跟随我们的脚步，体会英语的温度。Hi, everyone. And welcome back to America Under the Microscope. 欢迎回来《闲话美国》。Hi, James. Hi, Lulu, hi everyone. Every time I'll start the episode by asking you what we're gonna talk about today, but instead of doing that, I would like to propose a specific topic. I see. Go ahead. Have you been following the latest heated discussion about textbooks? The problem with Chinese text books on social media. Ah, I have seen posts about it, but I haven't really been following that news. So a lot of people are getting really angry about the problems with these text books. I thought it would be quite interesting to talk about text books that you guys use in United States. That's a very good topic. Let's do it. First things first, in China, our textbooks, especially for K12, so for primary education and secondary education, they are generally approved by the Ministry of Education, 是由教育部这边要审核和认可的。 And then how the curriculum as well, 整个课程计划, what about in the States? I'm guessing, from based on what we were talking about before in other episodes, each State will have their own rules. That is a very good guess and you are correct, in America, it’s a lot more complicated than here in China. Don't you have Department of Education? Don't they have a say like more of a generalized control over this? OK, so we do have a Department of Education at the Federal level, but in America, the Department of Education does not set curriculum and does not choose or write the text books that the schools use. The Department of Education sets the education policy, such as who can go to school like don't discriminate against your students, things like this; and making sure that the schools are credited, and are safe and suitable for students. But the material, the curriculum is all done at the local State level. I see, so Department of Education is very much about macro policy, 更多是宏观的一些政策, very vague, very general. That's right. And then what does State do?The State Departments of Education, they are the ones who really control what is taught in the classroom. So the State Education Departments, they're the ones that set such curriculum and choose the standards which the teachers need to be teaching in the classroom. Additionally, they also approve the text books that are to be used in school. Okay, you know in China, we would say at this grade you should be, for example, you should recognize, let's say 3,000 Chinese characters at this age or at this grade, you should be able to do geometry, so that sort of thing is set by the States. Yeah, governments uhhhThose are what we'd call the standards. I see. I have a question though, because each State will have this much power over how kids are taught, what kind of contents are taught in school, then the difference between states can be significant, right, technically some states can set a very low standard for the students for the kids?Now there are some nationwide standards that the States can choose to use. Some people may be familiar with the term Common Core. What is Common Core?This is a standard for English Language Arts and Math that has been adopted in many States across the country as part of their school standards; and Common Core states things like by this Grade students will be able to analyze text and write a descriptive essay, by this Grade, they can know this kind of math formula and things like that it's a standard, but States can choose their own. Common Core听起来有点像我们统一的教学大纲。But you also said they're about English Language Arts and Math. 公号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目文稿，了解广阔的世界。跟随我们的脚步，体会英语的温度。

酒馆音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~Hi, everyone. And welcome back to Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】。In the previous episode, we talked to Oliver about West Side Story, and today we're gonna continue that talk about its conflicts and the music. Hi, Oliver. Hello. Welcome back to the show. Thank you. It's good. I remember talking to you when we're not recording and then you mentioned that you play the character in West Side Story. However, this is not one of your favorite musicals. No, that's true. I was in this show, and there are definitely some good aspects of it. But it doesn't sit perfectly with me. There are lots of things which I think could have been done better, or changed, or it’s just not my style. It’s not as hopeless as Les Mis (Les Miserables 悲惨世界). Yes, that's true. Les Mis is on the other end of the musical chart in terms of hopelessness and sadness really. But I think some aspects in this, yeah, they could have certainly been a bit more serious, a bit more heart-hitting than they were. Yes. When I was watching it, at bits I also felt like it is still about gang violence or maybe they were just using this as a backdrop, but certainly at place it felt like they were kind of playing light of this theme which should be a lot darker, a lot heavier. It should, yeah. And most times people do make gang violence, gang warfare to be very dark because that is more towards the truth of gang violence. West Side Story takes it in a very different direction by having these serious gangs who fight and kill. They do elaborate dances to happy music while they click their fingers, it doesn't feel quite like I should take them seriously. It's hard to be, it does feel like that. It's like pretend gangsters but actual musical actors. Yes, it does feel like that. We are supposed to believe these guys fight and they're angry and they do lots of bad things, but you can't really believe it sometimes when you see them. That's one of the things that I think could have been changed a little bit. But I do know that lots of people like that side of it. It’s embracing this gang culture, this gang idea but not in a serious heavy sad way. Yeah, I mean you can't imagine turning Godfather trilogy into musicals, it just doesn't work. Don Corleone (唐·柯里昂, 《教父》系列的Godfather) clicking his fingers and spinning doesn't really go very well with that movie. No, no. And I think a lot of people do love the idea of gangsters. Actually, I think in many cultures, there has been a period… different historical periods of people would into that sort of film, TV, it's also about this youth related adrenaline rush, like you're fighting for whatever you think it's the right reason to fight. And you can use violence to correct the wrongs or to deal with everything. That idea I think you can obviously see in the gang members. Yes, definitely. Both of the gangs have very different ideas of … in terms of how they should be seen by other people and how they should be treated and their positions within the neighborhood. Both of them are using violence to try to become the top gang to have everybody listen to them, so they are respected. What that actually means for the neighborhood? I'm not entirely sure, because would they do if they are number one? But that's not talked about within the musical. I don't think they just want to be the best. So… No. But the other thing I noticed about the two gangs it's not just normal two nameless gangs. It's more like, there’s the racial element. There's definitely the racial element. It's the whites, the local gangs. I don't know if they're Italian because Tony sounds very Italian, then some of the other names sounds a bit Italian. And then you have this other newer immigrants, the Puerto Rican gang. So the racial element that you do see. ...公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is Side Hustle. If you have been following English language media in the past few years, you have definitely seen this expression. So Side Hustle, “Side” means on the side; “Hustle” here simply means work or a job. So simply put a Side Hustle is work you do on the side of your regular job to make additional income. 说白了, 在你主业工作之外所有你做的这些搞钱的副业, 都可以叫做Side Hustle. Some people might say, isn't that just a part time job？ It is and it isn't. The way people define Side Hustle tends to vary, but to most, it involves some type of self-employment as opposed to a traditional second job.Side Hustle和普通的***还是有点不一样的, 它通常更倾向于是self-employment, you are your own boss, such as freelance gigs. 比如说自由职业的一些工作, or an entrepreneurial endeavor或者干脆是自主创业. One great thing about Side Hustles is that they often serve as an opportunity for people to pursue something they’re interested in or passionate about. But perhaps the greatest reason more and more people are starting a Side Hustle comes down to the financial security it can provide.Although this word has been very popular in the past few years, the expression Side Hustle was actually first used in 1950. 其实从50年代就开始出现的这个Side Hustle并不是一个新词, but the term became popular during and after the last recession when traditional jobs disappeared and enterprising people had to make ends meet. 但是它的爆火则是因为上一次经济萧条期, 传统的工作机会越来越少, 所以很多人都不得不开始研究副业搞钱这条路. So what are some of the typical examples of Side Hustles？For example, you can set up a store and start selling clothes and other things online; you can launch your own social media account for profit on YouTube or on Bilibili, TikTok; you can make and sell handicrafts; you can teach online courses, offer photography services; or you might be doing some freelance creative work including writing, illustration, graphic design.常见的Side Hustle包括开网店/做自媒体/售卖自己做的手工艺品/教授网上课程/做写手插画师…等等自由职业. The reason why so many people are engaged in Side Hustles is because there are obvious benefits. A Side Hustle can offer you the opportunity to explore your passions or pursue your dream job without sacrificing the steady pay check of a day job. 一个好的副业可以让你既不牺牲平时工作的稳定, 又能去追求自己的梦想. Not only does a Side Hustle provide an injection of extra cash flow to your bank account, it can also help to boost overall life satisfaction.而且用副业就能搞到钱补贴家用, 也会提升你的生活质量. Another benefit of having a Side Hustle is that they allow for flexibility in workplace and work hours. Often Side Hustles are solopreneurial or entrepreneurial endeavors. 很多人喜欢副业其实是因为它的flexibility, 灵活性, 因为很多人在副业里自己不是个entrepreneur创业者, 就是solopreneur单打独斗的创业者. And when you're the boss, you get to decide everything, call the shots-including when and for how long you’ll work. This can be really appealing to those who feel trapped by a traditional 9-to-5 job.仅凭这一点Side Hustle就能吸引很多已经过惯了朝九晚五的人. On Top of that, Side Hustle typically does not require a large financial investment upfront. 它的另外一个好处就是和真正抛家舍业的创业不一样, Side Hustle通常不需要a large financial investment upfront一开始就投入一大笔资金.It can be as simple as you create something and you try to sell it online. If you're good enough, you can easily sell ideas and knowledge you already have. While there are plenty of pros to having a Side Hustle, that's not to say there aren't a lot of things to consider before diving in. 说了这么多好处Side Hustle可不是人人都能一闭眼就开干的. There are many things to consider, one major consideration before taking on a Side Hustle is the potential conflict with your day job, some companies have policies that prohibit moonlighting.... 关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~

酒馆音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~Hi everyone, and welcome back to the Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi Oliver.Hello.So what are we gonna talk about today? In the very first interview I had with you, you talked about your theater groups have put on quite a few musicals, and you mentioned Les Misérables, but what else?One of my earliest musicals that I had a speaking part in, not a lead role, but I was on stage a lot, I was talking. It was West Side Story. Okay, based on our conversations before, you don't really strike me as someone who would be in West Side Story, like essentially a gangster story, right？It is basically, yes, it's a story about two gangs in New York fighting for control of their neighborhood who is the top gang.West Side Story is one of those things I'm not sure if it's very popular among Chinese audience, but if people in English speaking countries, if they know anything about musical theater, they have at least heard of it.Yes, I'm not sure how many people would say it's their favorite, but most people have heard of it, yes, either the musical or the two movies that were made of it.The latest movie version of West Side Story was released only last year 2021 by Spielberg.Yes, it came out last year. I haven't seen it but the reviews are quite positive. Online reviews seem to like the movie.I checked on Rotten Tomatoes, they’re getting as high as 93% which is amazing.That is quite good.I have to admit I only watched some of it, but the whole cinematography how they shot it looked amazing, definitely have to find a time to watch the entire thing, little bit about the background. So it debuted in the 1950s, right？Yes, in 1957 is when it opened, and it did quite well, lots of people did enjoy it. They went to see it and they had about 1,000 shows within 3 years, so it did very well for itself.And I think one of the things that made Wide Side Story really popular or special is not just the gang stories, but it's also that is based on a Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet.Yes, so the background and sort of the under story, the story itself really is based on Romeo and Juliet this idea of two gangs fighting in a city; and then a boy from one gang, a girl from the other fall in love, and everything that happens between them. It's basically modern-day Romeo and Juliet set in New York.Yes, that is exactly it is, it's modern setting for Romeo and Juliet. And there are different take in some areas, some things are a little different, but overall the story is quite similar I think to Romeo and Juliet.It's just instead of rival families, these are rival gangs, but I suppose it's the equivalent of rival families.It is yes, when Romeo and Juliet was set, it was family gangs but not everybody in the family was actually related. You could be in somebody's family but not their brother, their cousin, anything like that. They could be your friend. The Clan, like the clan culture, like a family clan.Yes, exactly. So you could be friends of the family fighting with them, but not actually in the family.All right. So, let me give you that impossible task again of giving us a very, very brief summary of the plot. ...公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~

【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi everyone, and welcome back to Geek Time. This is Brad. Hey, Lulu, how are you going?Actually, it’s Geek Time advanced.Geek Time advanced, that’s right.Hey, Brad. So last time we were talking about NFT.Yeah, so we're gonna kind of talk a little bit about the speculative nature of the NFT as an asset, like the stock market.Speculative, basically, means you're taking a lot of risks.NFT just sounds like all speculation to me because it doesn't have any real, in a traditional sense, any like real sort of value.Right. In some cases, it does have value because it can give you like a commercial right to use something. But when it comes to, some of it is just you buy a piece of art and you're hoping that maybe someone will want to buy that from you later at a higher price.But it's still different though. If I buy an actual painting, I can hang it up in my room for people to see. And later on I can sell that actually that very tangible piece of painting to other people. But NFT, I can't hold in my hand.And if I lose the file, I lose all of my money, right?If you lose the file, you lose everything. Like it's connected to like when you look at it, it doesn't have any value unless you have a buyer. That's the one thing like that one makes it quite speculative, right? You can't sell it unless you have a buyer; when it comes to the stock market or something like that, you buy a stock, there's a value that's inherent in the company. But when you have like a piece of art, may not have anyone that wants to buy that at any point ever.So it doesn't have any intrinsic value in that way. Because I know you, I know you invest in stock market and even in crypto-currency, what about NFT, would you in the future ever consider investing in NFT market?I don't think I would ever actually buy any NFTs, unless that NFT carried some sort of licensable rights that I could use.Okay.Like if it was just… maybe like a song, if I can…the NFT gave me the right to use a song or something like that.But you will only buy it if you can profit from it, not just because you really like this artist that you would buy an NFT.Probably not. I'll buy the T-shirt from someone.All right, probably much cheaper. When did it all start?This started about 2011, as when they think the first NFT was actually made, could have been before that. But this was like the first time that anyone has like recorded knowledge of an NFT that I've seen. Someone made an art piece of art at GPEG, basically. I don't know if that was the actual file, but it was a graphic piece of art that they sold as an NFT; and then after that, there wasn't really a whole lot. But in 2015, Ethereum started selling like hexagon tiles to their world. They sold all the hexagon tiles for something like $1.4 million. Not a piece, but the total.But still, I mean that is a very very new concept. Why do you think NFT, since it was pretty much created, the whole concept was created 5 or even 10 years ago, why do you think was all the buzz about NFT now like in the past year or so?....欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is That Girl.You heard it right, it's super simple. Today's buzzword only consists of two of the most simple words in English vocabulary, that girl.However, “that girl” is a viral phenomenon that's been going around on TikTok since last year, and its popular has also split over onto other platforms including YouTube. 今天的buzzword我们就来聊聊从去年开始火遍社交媒体的这个标签 “that girl-那个女孩”. First things first, who is that girl？ Well, of course “that girl” is not any girl in particular. It is, however, essentially a viral wellness trend. 所谓的那个女孩指的不是特定的某个女生, 而是去年开始火遍社交媒体的一种wellness trend. Wellness这个词蛮难翻译的, a combination of your physical, mental, and spiritual health, 基本可以把它理解为你的身心灵都全面健康.People who want to be “that girl, they are embracing the best version of themselves or showing the best version of themselves, and trying to level up their life. 所以”那个女孩”指的也就是社交媒体上永远都自律阳光正能量的完美女神. The “that girl” trend first rose in popularity on TikTok in April last year, videos with the #thatgirl had billions of views, many of these encouraged the viewer to become that girl. “那个女孩”的风潮去年在 TikTok上走红, 很快就达到了过亿的播放，一时有无数的人开始发短视频, 争当”那个女孩”.So how do you become that girl？Let me walk you through her routine. So that girl wakes up really early in the morning. She cooks and eats a plant-based breakfast. “那个女孩”早上总是很早起床, 然后下厨给自己做一份健康又美丽的素食早餐. And then she journals her thoughts in a neatly section day planner. 她会在自己的每日计划文里工工整整的写下今天要做的事项以及她的心得体会. She chants affirmations, perhaps saying to herself in the mirror you are the best. 她随时随地都在对自己进行自我肯定的暗示. She works out in cute coordinated outfits. 她健身的时候永远穿着超高颜值的成套的健身服. After working out she gulps some green juices which is really good for your system. 健完身再来一大杯绿色的果蔬汁. She is productive, professionally successful, and somehow still finds time for skin care, meditation, and all the time taking perfect photos of all of the evolve for social media. 她不仅效率惊人, 事业有成, 永远的保持着最佳状态; 同时护肤冥想一样也没落下, 还有时间把自己所有的这些完美瞬间都拍成照片或者视频分享在社交媒体上. So this is a typical “that girl”.This all sounds a little bit exhausting to me, but there are many people who enjoyed the “that girl” trend, especially young women. For example Hollie, an 18-year-old lifestyle YouTuber based in the UK, feels like the trend is about finding joy within the small moments找到生活的小确幸; whilst also establishing daily habits and routines that allow you to be healthy mentally, physically, and spiritually.她就认为that girl的风潮确实可以激励你去追求身、心、灵的全面健康.She said “I think if you focus on the feelings you get from following this trend, and how engaging in these habits can improve your overall well-being, then it can actually be very helpful and motivating”.Another young video creator who also became “that girl” last year, she calls the trend more of a “highlight reel” .另外一位也跟风拍了视频的女孩就认为that girl的这种视频其实更像一个highlight reel, 高光时刻的集锦. ...关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~"

【Geek Time】-“极客”时间，和“科技宅”Brad一起聊神秘有趣的“黑科技”“高科技”“硬科技”。欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~Hi everyone. And welcome back to Geek Time.欢迎回来【极客时间】。Hi, Brad.Hello.I know that I always ask you what we're gonna talk about, but can I propose a topic today?Right, what do you have in mind?NFT.OK.Something I see everywhere now, but I just don't understand. Would you say NFT is a big topic in English speaking world as well?I would say it's really big, it's all over in the news these days. You see it just about anywhere, on Facebook, on YouTube, you'll see just tons and tons of videos and news stories about people buying NFTs.But please tell me that people in English speaking world also don't understand, most of them…Most of them really have no idea what it is, like a lot of them like the boomers are just like what is this NFT stuff.Boomers are old. Ok, first things first, NFT in Chinese is called非同质化代币。同质就是同样的 I don't know, maybe同样的性质的代币it still sounds very technical, in English, it's… Non-Fungible Token. Fungible means…?Not replaceable.Not replaceable token, token is almost like a little coin, right, that you use; and they are art pieces, could you give us a, like a very general, description of what is a Non-Fungible Token? Non-Fungible Tokens can really be any type of file format. They could be like jpeg art, they could be movie files, they could be music files, they could be 3D printable files, just about anything, but it ends kind of like involves just a bunch of data that you can sell.But it's not replaceable because you have one file, and this file can only be used by like one person at a time. Ok, so let me put it in an even simpler way, if you Brad were an artist, you made a digital creation, like a painting, digital painting. I wanna buy that painting, like I wanna buy the NFT of that painting, basically I buy something digital and then there's a file that shows I own the digital version of that painting or that digital painting. Right, you would own like a license afore, right, so you wouldn’t own like the copyright to it.Like original owner, the original creator of that, they would own the copyright to that idea, but like you could own depending upon like the base kind of, like the contractual agreement with the NFT, you could either just own it and have it for your own use or maybe even use it for like a license to be able to sell things containing that graphic or art.所以就是原著者/原创者还是有著作权，还是有版权 copyright.But I have, depending on how much I pay, depending on the contract, I will have some form of ownership either I can just have it to myself or I can use it for commercial use to make money.Yeah.And usually you said only one copy, but it's not just one copy, is it?You can own one copy, you could own 10 copies of it, basically like the person who makes the art or whoever makes the NFT can make as many copies as they want, and so like the value of that can be really based on the number of copies, maybe there's only one copy of it or maybe…And that is very, very expensive, if they're like millions of copies, then it's really cheap. Exactly.I see.So say I pay you the money, I got the copy. What do I get? I don't just get the picture, I get a file?It's a file, it's like a block chain file, so you get something that's like the art, but also it comes with like a block chain that shows like your ownership of it.Block Chain就是区块链。Another topic that we can really go into, but essentially I just get like a digital file that proves the ownership, ok.

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~【America Under the Microscope】Advanced Keywords• Late night wars （Previous generation of famous comics）Fight for viewersControversy over who takes over the show• Outdated formatYouTube and subscription-based TVNo need to stay up late to watchLack of originality • Modern hostsMuch more friendly rivalryHello everyone, and welcome back to America Under the Microscope, advanced episode. Hi, Lulu. Hi, James.So we're gonna continue our talk about late night talk shows, and I want to know what talk shows do you like?I've been watching the Daily Show.I've watched a lot of Daily Show, but not so much with the new host.Trevor Noah?Yeah.I mean, I like Trevor Noah. But I started watching the Daily Show when John Stewart was still the host.I remember watching the Daily Show when I was still in university, a long time ago. What attracts you to… for example the Daily Show.What I liked about the Daily Show is because it was different than other late night talk shows, yet and also, Stephen Colbert’s previous show, The Colbert Report. Oh, I love Colbert Report. Because they were literally fake news. So it was kind of poking fun of like the Cable News programs. So they were just doing things very differently; and also their interviews that they did. They interviewed people that you wouldn't see on the regular talk shows because they interviewed like scientists, writers that you would not normally think of…One thing that always shocks me about the Daily Shows is like some of the interviews these people they look legit, you think are they just playing alone with this whole comic act? I think sometimes they were. Or do they actually think this is a serious interview?Most of them are aware that it's a comic act, but the hosts were pretty good at like jesting based on the guest that they had there. So they know some can be more playful or others play a more straight.Yeah, but I mean, I'm not saying it's scripted, but they've definitely talked to these people before. It's not like live interview. One thing that always gets to me is that sometimes people get really offended by like the Daily Show. And then they're like this is just fake. This is not true.Well, dah, this is like we're comedians. It's not a news program.I think this is very important to see things like the Daily Show as just satirical comedy. There's satirical about absolutely everything, to not take it seriously. This is one thing I think that… personally I think it's the ability to take a joke, you don't have to agree with them, right? And that's the thing. What I like about some of these shows especially like the Daily Show is that I like the sort of the comedy timing, a lot of the hosts and also the co-hosts on this show they've got perfect comedy timing, and their own different style.They're all comedians and they're all have practicing it for years and getting on the Daily Show like if you're a comedian and get on the daily shows. You're really an upcoming comic.I do watch things like Fallon and Kimmel sometimes, but honestly for me personally that is a little bit too family friendly for my taste.Yeah, they're… the big ones like Fallon and Kimmel, they're trying mass appeal, they're trying to reach out to be… the general public. I mean Colbert is a little bit different. He does bit more satire, so it kind of misses with some of the population.He's actually involved in politics, right? Colbert?Partially. I mean, he's jokingly run things, um, but he is known to be a bit more political than the other hosts. 可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is the Goblin Mode. Now if you have been following TikTok, Instagram, and Twitter lately, chances are you have seen this new trend？今天的buzzword里，咱们就来聊聊最近在国外的社交媒体很火的一个词, the Goblin Mode--哥布林模式.To understand what that is, we need to understand the original meaning of the word “goblin”.In European folklore, goblin is a general name for evil and malicious spirits, usually small and grotesque in appearance. 在欧洲的民间传说里就提到这样一种长相怪异丑陋的像精灵一样的类人生物, 他们被叫做Goblin哥布林; 如果你喜欢奇幻题材的影视游戏, 肯定也见过goblin这样的存在. Now in many of the stories, they are described as a subterranean species, so they live underground. They don't really socialize with humans apart from causing them trouble, and they pay zero attention to how they look. 关于哥布林的形象怎么说, 就是颜值一言难尽的那种. 他们很多时候生活在地下, 和人也没有什么良性的互动. Now you might be asking, but how is goblin related to us？ Picture this: it’s Saturday afternoon, and you have hundreds of things to do, but instead of doing them, you're in your pajamas, you make yourself a comforting bowl of instant noodles and devour them, splashing soup over your chin and your bed sheets while your dog looks at you in disgust. 比如你可以想象在某一个宅家的周末, 你穿着睡衣, 刚狼吞虎咽下一包泡面, 泡面的汤汁滴的你睡衣还有床上到处都是, 连你们家狗子都在一边嫌弃你. You've just binged an entire web series and are preparing to start another. 你刚 “肝”完了一部狗血的网剧, 马上连“肝”下一部.You feel a bit like a slob. Look at yourself in a mirror, you're just in “Goblin mode”.那么恭喜你, 完美达成了你的 “哥布林模式”. So this Goblin Mode, which is taking the current pandemic-ridden world by storm, is a state of being that is defined by behaviors people got used to during deep lockdown days.所谓的“哥布林模式” 就是因为这几年断断续续长期的疫情宅家, 我们已经很习惯的那种居家生活, 躺平摆烂的状态. ... 字数有限，全文文稿请关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~"

搜公号: 【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目文稿，了解广阔的世界。跟随我们的脚步，体会英语的温度。KEY WORDS• Late night talk show Basic• Video clips of Jimmy Fallon/Kimmel and Stephen Colbert are popular on Chinese social media• What is Late night talk shows? History• Started late 40s early 50s• Evolved from variety shows• Created the format • Monologue • Comedy• Celebrity interviews• A house band• Musical performances• Format hasn’t changed Now the big three popular talk shows? • The Late Show• The Tonight Show• Jimmy Kimmel Live• Evolution Late night comedy news The daily Show Hi everyone, and welcome back to America Under the Microscope. 欢迎回来【 闲话美国】.Hi James.Hi Lulu, hi everyone. So what's our topic today? Well, I've been noticing on Chinese social media a lot right now, clips from comedians like Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel and Stephen Colbert seem to be really popular here. Are we going to about talk shows?We're going to talk about talk shows, specifically kind of like the American style of talk shows. First of all, what is the idea of talk show? In Chinese, we translated it directly into脱口秀, but is it just like a one host and then guest speakers so… like what we're doing now? A little bit like what we're doing now, so talk show, you have the host.Uh.And usually, the host is a comedian because they’re also gonna, you know, spend part of the time just talking by themselves and tell jokes, but then they interview usually celebrities, but it could be things like musicians, comedians, actors, famous authors, and even sometimes politicians, too. But the whole undertone of it is comic? Yes. The undertone of these shows is comic and entertaining. So the interviews usually are not serious, it 's not a news interview or anything like that. So they are no serious talk shows? Like a serious dialogue asking, for example, politicians about the policies they want to make?In those kind of things, we would consider that more of a news talk show, and those do exist. But usually that's not going to be hosted by a comedian that's going to be hosted by a journalist. Oh, so when people about talk shows in America, most people would think it's more like a comic.More light hearted. We do have kind of like daytime talk shows which tend to be more… not serious but not quite comedic. That's another thing. When it comes to脱口秀, you have the idea of daytime就是日间的脱口秀and late night深夜脱口秀. 去【璐璐的英文小酒馆】 查音频节目全文逐字文稿~

《知乎哲也》板块，由受到大家喜爱的哲学小哥TJ和主播璐璐一起探讨哲学那些事儿~ 公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以搜索英语全文稿哦~Welcome back to 【Let's Philosophize】. 欢迎回来《知乎哲也》。In the previous episode, we were talking to TJ about “doubting and knowing”, let’s continue with that topic.Yeah. Depends on the context, depending on what you represent, depending on the historical limitations, geographical limitations, cultural limitations, political limitations, you see, kind of like a relative fact or relative truth. So this is the argument of whether there is ultimate truth in the world. Yes, exactly. And how do we find that truth if things are quite relative？So… this already sounds quite difficult and it's… but there's three more to go. The next one is criticism of any theory like Descartes. He's very critical…Foundationalism. Yeah, it's a very big challenge because if you have a foundation, then you have to prove that foundation. Exactly. Actually this was what I wanted to ask you when you mentioned Descartes’ foundationalism. 刚才TJ讲笛卡尔的基础主义的时候, 我就特别想问, 就是说If you assume, for example, the foundation of all the other things, of your entire belief system, for example, is “he loves me, we have a good relationship” , if this is your foundation, then all of your subsequent thinking is built on thinking he definitely loves me, this is the truth. But what if that is not the truth. Then your entire belief system collapses, right？Right.So, isn't that the problem with foundationalism？How can you make sure that foundation is solid？ Exactly. Exactly. And this is the problem with all of philosophy really is that we just keep doubting. You try to find some foundation, but then you have to doubt the foundation. And you need more proof.It's difficult being a philosopher, isn't it？Yeah. Yeah. It's quite difficult. So far, we’ve talked about the dissent among experts, 专家之间的异议; Number two, we talked about relativism, 相对主义, so people are restricted by different context, their background; Number three is foundationalism, 基础主义, so you have to doubt the foundation. There’re two more. I think the next one to talk about is infinite regress. This is just what happens if we don't have a foundation. If we can't have a foundation, then you just keep asking why. Infinite regress是无限后退. Does that mean, for example, you say, fundamental belief he loves me. How can you be sure he loves you？Then you doubt that. And then you just keep going down that rabbit hole. Keep asking yeah, but how can you prove that？But how can you prove that？But how can you prove that？Exactly.That's the infinite regress. Yeah, the best way of thinking about the infinite regress, I think is children, because children are often the infinite regress, you say Go to bed and they say Why.They ask difficult questions.Right. Go to bed. Why？Because you need to sleep. Why do I need to sleep? To be healthy. Why do I need to be healthy? Otherwise you get sick. Why will I get sick？Right...You can see that this will go on for a very long time until like Descartes, you eventually say because I told you so, right? Or for Descartes because God told you so, you need…Exactly.You need some authority. This does sound like a rabbit hole that you just fall into. Yeah, so we have one more.Right. And the last one is usually called coherentism. 融贯论. What is coherentism？

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