HVAC School - For Techs, By Techs

In this live conversation, we discuss some real-life situations with difficult customers. We also cover some helpful tips we learned along the way. When Bryan started Kalos, there was one situation where a customer blamed him for lying about a customer diagnosis. So, that was how Bryan fired his first customer. However, many of us want to fire several customers, and that's when we have to look in the mirror and evaluate ourselves. When the problem truly isn't with us, we have to make a choice to say, "Sorry you feel that way," and walk away after we've tried our best. Sometimes, customers will demand that certain procedures are done or certain systems installed. Even if we were to give in to their demands, difficult customers would still be inclined to blame us, so it's up to us to assert our boundaries and do the job correctly. We also need to stop saying that our work is "easy." When we say that work is "easy," it appears to cheapen our work in the customer's eyes. We may encounter customers who are a bit neurotic or who want to take advantage of us. In those situations, the best thing we can do is take the customer seriously and take full responsibility for our work: carry out tests, answer questions, and solve the issue. The manufacturer may do very little to help a situation, so we must be prepared and knowledgeable. We also discuss: Bryan's Christmas pool heater meltdown Commercial HVAC/R finger-pointing Being "good with money" and how that translates to doing good business Valuing our work Working for family members and charging them A ductless disaster with a nervous customer "Calm down" Listening productively Setting expectations Pricing and making a profit Moving on from failing customer relationships Buyer's remorse Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this podcast episode, Henry Papa from Sporlan joins us in person to talk about refrigeration case controllers on systems with common compressors. We focus on the Sporlan S3C case controller, but some of the information applies to other case controllers. Case controllers control the conditions at each separate evaporator and are responsible for controlling defrost, discharge air temperature, and superheat. They can also monitor conditions at the evaporator, especially discharge air. In grocery, we tend to look at discharge air temperature instead of box temperature. Traditionally, we use EPRs to control a fixed evaporator pressure to control the discharge air temperature. With the S3C refrigeration case controllers, we can assess the discharge air temperature directly. The greatest advantage of the S3C controller is that it is NOT a single centralized control. Those standalone case controllers communicate with each other but work independently. So, if one rack goes down, the rest can keep running. On traditional controls, all of the racks could go down if one goes down. The S3C controller is also quite serviceable and connects to Bluetooth. So, you can sync the case controller display's data to your mobile device for convenient viewing. You can also control a few different functions from your device. However, you must take some time to understand the parameters, inputs, and outputs, as with any other controller. The goal is to read the manual and get comfortable with the details before working with the controllers. Henry and Bryan also discuss: Sporlan's podcast and training resources Parker-Sporlan relationship Demand defrost Alarm systems on refrigeration case controllers Dual-temp control Electronic EPRs vs. traditional EPRs Becoming "masters of the obvious" Check out Sporlan's Chill Skills online training HERE. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about brazing and soldering. He also weighs in on patching and if it is an allowable repair. Brazing is when you use a dissimilar metal to join metals at a temperature above 842°F, and soldering occurs at temperatures below that. (Welding occurs when you use the same metal as a joining metal.) In our trade, we generally use soldering on copper plumbing and brazing on line sets. We also often call brazing alloys "solders," such as silver solder. When making a joint, you want to have a sufficient (but not oversized) gap between the male and female surfaces of the joint. That's because the joint needs a large surface area where the solder or alloy can flow in via capillary action. Temperature is critical, as it needs to be high enough to draw the alloy into the joint, but it can't be too high. Patching is a controversial practice, but you CAN do it. If you are going to patch a system, it's best to do it on the low side of the system at a low temperature and with minimal vibration to minimize the risk of damage. Unlike traditional brazing, patching is when you use an alloy to seal up a small crack or leak; you don't want to draw the alloy into the joint. If you decide to patch, one of the best alloys you can use is 15% silver solder. You also risk blocking the tube. If you can cut the leaking section out and patch it with a coupling, that's an even better practice. We DON'T recommend patching on the discharge line at all. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

n this live podcast episode, we have a fun conversation talking with Nathan Orr and Kevin Compass about grocery refrigeration. The most common types of calls are those where the machine is "not making temp." Usually, the cases can't maintain temperature due to frozen evaporator coils or backed-up drains. On low-temperature/freezer applications, we must rely on electrical or hot gas defrost to mitigate frozen coils. Hot gas defrost is a complicated but quintessential part of low-temperature grocery refrigeration because the coils easily freeze. The discharge gas has to go to the evaporator coil and merge back into the liquid line; that gas CANNOT make its way to the suction line without causing damage, so the liquid line pressure needs to remain lower than the discharge line pressure. Kevin sometimes recommends running the fans all the time in open cases because the fans aid in the defrosting process, especially when it comes to warming the drain pan. Another common issue that refrigeration techs encounter is starved coils. Clogged TXV screens often cause starved coils, but we don't usually replace the entire TXV in grocery refrigeration. Instead, we only replace the part that needs replacing (the screen). The same practice applies to other TXV components; we replace only the powerhead if the powerhead has an issue. Most grocery refrigeration systems use refrigerants that are quite different from residential HVAC refrigerants. Some of the most common refrigerants are propane and carbon dioxide. However, propane is flammable, and CO2 doesn't work very well in hot climates. Nathan, Kevin, and Bryan also discuss: Electric vs. hot gas defrost Walk-in boxes Bunker cases/coffin cases Hoarfrost Water heaters Defrost termination Offsets and thermistors Underground line sets Charging refrigeration systems for a wide range of ambient conditions Ammonia refrigerant Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Nathan Rothenberg and Ed Janowiak join Bryan to talk about the good, the bad, and the uncomfortable of ACCA Manual J, D, and S. Manual J load calculations exist to make the BTU inputs and outputs predictable. Then, Manual S comes in to assist with equipment selection to meet the load calculations and the customer's comfort needs. Manual D is a collection of mathematical formulas that exist to help you calculate your friction rate, which is important for comfort in terms of noise in the ducts (from excessive air velocity). Ed believes that the best way to learn Manual J is from the physical manual; several instructors will teach the calculations straight out of the book, not on computer software. The difficulty of learning Manual J is one of the manual's shortcomings. Also, while Manual D is often required by code, Manual J is not often required, meaning that technicians can get away with poor designs. A common argument against Manual J is that comfort needs also tend to vary with each customer; therefore, standardized calculations and targets may not help individual customers meet their preferences. The typical temperature and humidity targets are 75°F at 50% relative humidity. Under those conditions, the dew point is 55°F (meeting the 20°F delta T rule of thumb), meaning that the air should remain well above the dew point. When the air remains above the dew point, the risk of a moisture problem greatly decreases, even at the expense of comfort. Nathan, Ed, and Bryan also discuss: Bad square-footage rules of thumb ACCA Manual T (register placement) Temperature and humidity effects on comfort Oversizing equipment Single-stage vs. two-stage equipment Ductwork in unconditioned spaces Check out the ACCA website at acca.org. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan compares under load vs. bench capacitor testing to find out which testing method is better. When we test the system while the motor is running, we call that testing under load. Testing under load is fairly easy; you take the voltage across the capacitor (V), amperage off the capacitor's start winding (A), and then you use the following math problem: (A x 2652) / V (You can also punch those numbers into the calculator on the HVAC School app.) While you can test under load on an off system, the test will provide a more accurate picture of the operating capacitance if you perform the test while the system is running. On a bench test, you disconnect the leads, discharge the capacitor, and test it with a capacitor tester. The tester will charge and discharge the capacitor; then, it will measure the amount of current going into and leaving the capacitor. The voltage will be lower than on a test under load. If either of those tests yields vastly different results, then it's likely that one of your readings is incorrect; it's unlikely that the performance differs that much under load or on the bench. For example, some ammeters can read higher or lower than the true amperage value, which affects the total capacitance in the math equation. Capacitors merely have foil plating and oil to make them work. The attraction between those forces creates a charge. Normally, these shouldn't "overheat." The plate-to-plate surface area can break down over time, leading to poor capacitance. Capacitor testing gives us a picture of the capacitance, and the state of the compressor materials could provide an explanation for the test results. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Eric Kaiser joins the podcast again, and this time, we are talking ECM motors. We discuss types, history, diagnosis, and failure prevention. An ECM motor has a permanent magnet rotor, which means that the magnetism never deactivates. The variable frequency-driven motor is typically an induction motor, and the rotor only becomes magnetized by the stator's field. Eric describes ECM motors as three-phase AC motors, but we can control the AC pulses, resulting in oddly shaped sine waves. Those motors essentially convert the AC power to DC power and then to controlled AC power with the help of a microprocessor that measures back EMF. ECM motors have been in the industry since the 1980s. General Electric designed them to put out a constant volume of air against a wide range of static pressures. As time has gone by, manufacturers have developed those motors to overcome a wider range of duct challenges. and to communicate with controls and display components. One of the most significant developments in ECM motor manufacturing was the constant torque motor, also known as the X13 motor. There are also constant speed and constant airflow ECM motors. When diagnosing ECM motors, you will want to be aware of the signals. The 24v signals work similarly on constant speed and constant torque motors but differently on constant airflow motors. Sometimes, only the module has an issue, which can be separated from the motor and individually replaced quite easily. Eric and Bryan also discuss: Modified or pulsed sine waves RPM as feedback PSC vs. ECM motor efficiency Temperature's effect on a motor's lifespan Achieving rated static pressure How moisture can impact motors Overvoltage events and motor failure Programmable speed taps Informational resources on ECM motors Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this lively discussion, representatives from Chemours and Bluon Energy join the podcast. They talk about retrofit refrigerants and what to look for in a good retrofit. The R22 phaseout has been on the agenda for a long time due to its ozone-depleting potential. However, R-410A is also due for a phase-down in the future due to its global warming potential. While neither refrigerant will be outright banned, we will have to consider alternative retrofit refrigerants in the future, especially if reclamation rates stay low. Almost all of the replacement options are refrigerant blends. When we deal with refrigerant blends, we have to think about temperature glide and oil return. Many of the R22 retrofit replacements are compatible with mineral oil, and that's because manufacturers add hydrocarbons, which are chemically similar to mineral oil. We try to avoid toxic (B) and flammable (2-3) refrigerants on the ASHRAE classification system, but the hydrocarbons add just a little bit of flammability to the blends (2L). Retrofit refrigerants also behave differently in the way that they transfer heat, as refrigerants with glide may be colder in the evaporator. They may run with exceptionally cold evaporator coils, which could be an issue in climates with a high latent load. At that rate, some airflow reduction may be necessary to prevent the coil from freezing. The Chemours and Bluon representatives, Eric Kaiser, and Bryan also discuss: Net refrigeration effect (NRE) Offsetting hydrocarbons Mineral oil return and velocity issues POE oil as a lubricant Latent heat of vaporization Retrofit refrigerants' heat transfer in the evaporator coil R22 pricing expectations post-phaseout Education and training for flammable refrigerants and blends Benchmarking equipment Manufacturing R22 replacements Off-grid refrigeration Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan discusses the importance of the trap and vent in condensate drains. He also describes some trapping and venting best practices. Anytime you have long runs of horizontal drains, you run the risk of having a double-trap. A double-trap creates a water seal, which traps air between the two traps and prevents a system from draining properly. To avoid the complications of double-traps, you can create a proper trap at the air handler. When making a P-trap, make sure the outlet is lower than the inlet; traps need some fall. Then, you would vent it. When creating a vent, make sure it has enough height to be higher than the pan. That way, it should take longer for the drain to overflow if it backs up. If the system has a float switch, that should be tripped before condensate can overflow from the vent. On RTUs, the cleanout is close to the unit, and the vent will go after that; RTU units can have shorter vents. Do NOT cap the vents. Some best practices to avoid double-traps include strapping the drain properly. PVC can be especially challenging because it tends to bow and bend over time. Location can also present challenges, as we run drains underground due to the building structures and geology in Florida, which can cause backups. However, in the end, the main goal is to create a drain line that prevents air from blocking up the drain and doesn't cause property damage when it backs up. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this live podcast episode, Bryan talks through real home IAQ solutions with Jim Bergmann and others. They also answer audience questions. Indoor air quality is a place where the HVAC and building science industries intersect, so it is an important topic for occupant health and comfort. Home IAQ is much more holistic than UV lighting or ionization solutions. For example, duct leakage is one of the fundamental challenges of indoor air quality in the vein of controlled ventilation. However, some more advanced IAQ devices include particulate counters, which focus on tracking pollutants in the air and understanding how those pollutants work with relative humidity. Some common pollutants include pollen, dust, VOCs, dander, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. While most of those are bothersome and may cause comfort or minor health issues, carbon monoxide is potentially deadly. Homes that use gas appliances must have appropriate venting (and proper combustion) to keep CO out of the home. VOCs and carbon dioxide are two IAQ villains that require ventilation to dilute them. When lots of occupants are in a space, the carbon dioxide load can get very high, and furniture, paints, and other household objects can off-gas VOCs. Ventilation also helps us control energy usage in a home. Relative humidity is another important IAQ factor, especially when it comes to sealing ducts and controlling ventilation. Sweating is undesirable in the home, and we don't want to drive indoor temperatures below the outdoor dew point. Bryan and Jim also discuss: MeasureQuick duct leakage test Return vs. supply leaks Aeroseal CO poisoning and testing Building pressurization and balanced ventilation How to use mechanical ventilation properly CO2 sensors Determining practical and impractical IAQ practices Carrier Infinity controls Reheat electricity and dehumidification Ozone Oversized air filters Discussing IAQ product maintenance costs with customers If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Craig of AC Service Tech on YouTube joins Bryan on the podcast to explain how to charge an A/C unit. He also discusses his excellent new book. Before you start charging a unit, you must know about superheat, subcooling, and other means of determining how much charge is already in the system. You must also know how the refrigeration cycle works so that you can tell if the system is operating properly. Other must-understand concepts are saturation and the pressure-temperature relationship. To start off, you'll want to pull the disconnect on the outdoor unit. Then, get information from the homeowner and check the airflow; check the filter and examine the ductwork before turning the equipment on and using an anemometer to check airflow. When you actually begin to charge the equipment, you want to screw on your hoses clockwise and read your pressures. After you read the pressures, push the disconnect back in. Monitor the low-side gauge and keep the saturated temperature in mind. Verify the metering device and refrigerant type. Your metering device will determine the charging method; you would use the total superheat method on fixed-orifice systems and the subcooling method on TXV systems. You use those values and compare them to the target values to determine if you are low on refrigerant or overcharged. Then, you add or remove the refrigerant accordingly to reach those targets. Craig and Bryan also discuss: Well-roundedness Sliding calculators Saturated temperature Service valves Superheat vs. total superheat Frozen evaporator coils Adding refrigerant at different points of the system Line set length Breaking the vacuum with refrigerant Refrigerant Charging and Service Procedures Check out Craig's YouTube channel HERE. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short and nerdy science podcast, Bryan discusses how electromagnetism impacts every part of our lives. Electromagnetism refers to the movement of electrically charged particles. From transformers to the visible light that helps us see, the movement of electrons is a critical part of our lives. For example, light is an electromagnetic wave within the visible part of the spectrum. On the more complicated side, AC motors generate a rotating magnetic field, which generates electricity. Transformers can also step down or step up voltage via two electrical coils that transfer energy via magnetism; electricity moves on the other side. Electromagnetism deals in waves. The distance between these waves varies, and the space between each wave is called the frequency. Many radio stations nowadays rely on frequency for listeners to tune in, and you can fir several stations just between the values 88 and 108. With TV, you wouldn't even get a single channel in that range (88-108 is somewhere between channels 6 and 7 on the old VHF analog system). Frequency rates also dictate many properties of a wave. Radio waves and microwaves are on the low-frequency side of the electromagnetic spectrum, whereas ultraviolet and gamma rays are on the high-frequency side of the spectrum. Visible light is right in the middle, and frequency helps us determine which color we see. Waves move through a vacuum and can self-propagate, but old scientists believed that waves moved through a substance called the aether. Bryan also discusses: Hertz scale Electromagnetic vs. sound waves Electrons in chemistry and physics Atomic structure Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this first live podcast episode, Bryan responds to audience questions and discusses moisture and humidity issues in HVAC. Moisture leads to other problems, including fungal growth. We often see moisture problems where the surface temperature meets the air dew point, not where hot meets cold. When the customer drives the temperature down too low, many surfaces in the home can meet the dew point and begin sweating, especially ductwork in unconditioned spaces and air handlers. When you increase airflow, you derate the HVAC system's dehumidification. That's because the evaporator coil can't get cold enough for moisture to condensate on top of it, meaning that the moisture stays in the air. If there isn't enough dehumidification, we may end up seeing a moisture problem. These problems are especially prominent on wood and finished surfaces and can damage those severely. When assessing a home, you also have to think about internal moisture gains, including from cooking, showering, and doing laundry. However, external moisture gains are a major concern from infiltration. Drawing poor-quality, unconditioned air from attics and the outdoors through cracks will increase those gains. You must also keep in mind that the dew point can be different throughout the house. Dew point will also be different on the ceiling compared to the floor. Some stratification occurs with height, so that can complicate matters and must be accounted for. Bryan also covers: Multi-stage compressors Dew point vs. relative humidity Infiltration, leakiness, and negative pressure The problem with bath fans Water in slab structures Boot sweating R-value and insulation in the attic Commercial buildings with fresh air requirements Condensate blowoff in horizontal installations Dealing with wet insulation Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Eric Mele and Joe Shearer join Bryan to discuss the challenging issue of diagnosing and rectifying non-condensibles in the circuit. Non-condensibles are gases that don't condense, including nitrogen. These are NOT moisture or contaminants, and they can be tricky to diagnose; the pressure readings will likely be normal, but the charge will actually be quite low (around 60-75% of the usual charge). These gases also don't just enter the system suddenly in significant amounts; non-condensibles typically enter the system when lots of technicians work on it, or the gases have been there all along. One of the most telling symptoms of non-condensibles in the system is elevated head pressure and subcooling WITH flashing. (You can usually hear the flashing at the metering device if you listen.) Otherwise, the symptoms often mimic those of a metering device restriction, which is a much more common issue. The only real way to tell if you have non-condensibles is to weigh out the charge; you may recover the charge or pump down the system. When you come across a system with non-condensibles, the customer may merely notice decreased cooling performance for an extended period. However, when a system is allowed to run with non-condensibles for a long time, there will likely be some long-term effects on your system. For example, these gases can erode the needle on a TXV. Eric, Joe, and Bryan also discuss: Common misdiagnoses Metering device restrictions How metering device type affects non-condensible symptoms Liquid seals Pinching off the discharge line Copper plating on compressors Pumping down scroll compressors (and general pump down) Training other technicians to diagnose non-condensibles Liquid line and filter drier restrictions Long line sets and accessories Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan quickly covers defrost termination and failsafe. He also explains what they mean in refrigeration systems. We need to defrost evaporator coils anytime they drop below freezing (32°F, o°C). When evaporator coils have a coat of ice over them, they cannot transfer heat from the box to the refrigerant; the ice blocks the coil from the air in the box. In defrost, we add heat to the evaporator coil. We can add heat in the form of electric heat or hot gas (discharge gas); either of these can damage product if they run too long. A simple off-cycle defrost may also work on properly sized coolers and medium-temperature equipment. We can control defrost by fixing the cycle onto a timed schedule. Unless we can use a complicated algorithm with a series of sensors, we almost never initiate defrost based on temperature. Instead, we initiate defrost based on a timed cycle. The defrost termination relies on a thermostat or control to stop the defrost, so a defrost will end early based on a temperature reading (since it will be well above freezing). After the defrost ends, there may also be a dwell time where the coil can drain its moisture before the refrigerator starts cooling again; that way, the moisture won't freeze back onto the coil when the system starts operating again. If the defrost termination fails to kick in, we need to set a defrost end time to take the system out of defrost. We call that end time the failsafe. It is not a good idea to use the failsafe to predict the defrost cycles; it should only work in the case of emergencies. So, to sum things up, defrost termination relies on temperature, but failsafe relies on time. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

John Pastorello from Refrigeration Technologies joins us to talk about testing oil and refrigerant for contamination. He also explains what each test is good for. John developed the Checkmate testing kit when he recognized a need to test reclaimed and recycled R-12 for acid and moisture. The Checkmate method removed a small amount of refrigerant from the system for testing. The Checkmate apparatus hooks up to a refrigeration system to test the oil. You insert a tube with a rubber stopper, and you can draw refrigerant from the system when the tool pierces the rubber stopper; the method is similar to drawing blood. The kit then assesses the acid content in the refrigerant and creates a colored stain that indicates the acid content. You can use an included color chart to interpret the stain color. Checkmate also assesses oil based on its dielectric strength; contaminants can give oil conductive properties, which the test picks up on. Unfortunately, oil breakdown can happen even when technicians use best practices, and it's commonplace on aging systems. Some tests only pick up on acid, not moisture. However, Checkmate picks up on the moisture content as well, which can be an indicator of future acid problems. Many technicians don't perform oil testing frequently enough; if they test the refrigerant or oil at all, it's only infrequently, such as during PMs. More frequent testing could occur with easier testing methods, such as by using the Checkmate kit, and it could save HVAC system owners lots of money in the long run. John and Bryan also discuss: Diagnosing compressor burnout Conductive oil Gradual oil breakdown Schrader core testing devices PVE oil Air and moisture skewing other test methods Vapor testing Venting exemptions for acid/moisture testing (de minimis) Checkmate tube shelf life Suction driers Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains what to do when you get water in your tools. (Hint: the answer is NOT to panic!) Some technicians try not to get water in their tools at all. Depending on the climate and line of work, that may be an impossible task. In humid or coastal climates, you may deal with a lot of rain and moisture. If you work on cooling towers and boilers, you will be working with systems that rely on heat transfer through water, so you WILL encounter water. When your tools get wet, you can't just stick them back in your toolbag and pretend that nothing happened; the tools' performance WILL suffer if you don't address the issue. If your tools get water on them, they won't dry on their own; they will corrode. At Kalos, we use microfiber cloths to clean our hand tools after they get wet. In the case of battery-powered tools, make sure you remove the battery and dry it off as best as you can. Sometimes, you can use WD-40 to help displace water. You can also look into using degassing chambers to remove moisture from battery-free tools. These chambers look like crockpots and make it easy to pull a deep vacuum (below 500 microns) to remove moisture. (Don't put batteries or devices with refrigerant in the degassing chambers! Cell phones fall into this category, too!) Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Mike Hardy from SpeedClean joins us to talk about how SpeedClean got started. He also explains why all contractors should consider engineered solutions. SpeedClean emerged from the need to make coil-cleaning a better experience. Mike's philosophy is to look at the "pain points" of common tasks so that his company can develop engineered solutions to reduce the issues of those "pain points." The goal of companies like SpeedClean is to make an HVAC job more efficient to boost technician productivity and provide good value. However, Mike also believes in consumer education to promote user adoption, and he wants to make sure he conveys the benefits of SpeedClean equipment. In the past, pressure washers were some of the only technologies available to clean coils well enough, but they often damaged the fins and led to unhappy customers. There also weren't many pump sprayers, and hoses weren't always long enough to reach the equipment. So, the CoilJet came into existence in 2007 and had a mostly positive reception on the US West Coast. Customer feedback helped Mike improve his product, and he continues to accept and integrate user feedback today. As mini-split systems began to emerge, a need to revolutionize indoor cleaning emerged. So, SpeedClean released the Mini-Split Bib Kit to make indoor ductless cleaning easy and mess-free. SpeedClean makes all of its products in the USA, and its company culture places a high amount of value on the employees and respects their life outside of work. There is an assembly-line-type methodology in place, and the company consistently meets demand. Mike and Bryan also discuss: Battery issues with the CoilJet Negotiating labor and product costs CoilShot evolution User adoption and "laggards" Systems thinking Cleaning efficiency best practices Learn more about SpeedClean HERE. You can check out the HVAC School and SpeedClean mini-split cleaning guide HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Eric and Bryan talk through some non-standard ways of thinking about filter drier usage. They also discuss how to install these non-conventional filter drier ideas. The humble filter drier helps us prevent gunk from moving throughout the refrigeration circuit with the refrigerant. That way, you protect the compressor and metering devices. Ideally, Eric would install his liquid line filter driers right before the metering device, but that's not always practical. When you put a suction drier into a commercial refrigeration application, most people will want techs to remove it. Suction driers can drive up the compression ratio by creating a pressure drop, which is undesirable. However, Eric likes to leave the drier in the system if it won't impact the system efficiency too negatively. Replacing the suction drier is especially important in the case of compressor burnout or acid in the system. If you have an accumulator, it is best to replace it in the case of burnout; you will also want to install the suction drier near the compressor, which will help prevent or reduce accumulator damage in the case of burnout. Above all, when you add driers to the system, you want to put them in sensibly. Their goal is to protect the system, and their sizing and placement should help them do their job. Also, DO NOT put filter driers in the discharge line! (Yes, it happens.) Eric and Bryan also discuss: Lennox liquid line drier placement Factory driers Replaceable core driers Flares, ball valves, and bypasses Using check valves on heat pump systems Testing oil for acid and burnout Undersized filter driers Factoring material pricing into proposals and quotes Discharge mufflers vs. filter driers Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast, Bryan discusses the recent ads and news articles claiming that homeowners are in trouble and that R22 is becoming illegal. The R22 phaseout has been on the agenda for a long time and will finally come into effect in 2020. HCFCs have ozone-depleting potential, and it is time to look at more eco-friendly alternatives, such as R410A and R407A. The phaseout has affected prices and will cease virgin refrigerant production. However, after the phaseout period begins, R22 will NOT become illegal; you will still be able to find it in supply houses for a while. Nevertheless, you will only have access to recovered stock, and the costs may go up as the supply depletes. It is also NOT illegal to recharge systems with R22 as long as the refrigerant charge is under 50 pounds. You also still cannot vent or import R22. Overall, the AHJ may make different rules, but the EPA is not making the refrigerant illegal. Customers need not worry about replacing their air conditioner. There may be benefits to replacing an air conditioner, such as efficiency gains. However, there is no legal reason for customers to worry about replacing their systems. As HVAC technicians, we should focus on repairing leaks on R22 systems for customers who do not want to replace their systems. The most important thing to do is be honest with the customer; you can ease their worries about the legality of their system. However, you can still be honest about the environmental impact if the customer expresses concern about that. Check out The Engineering Mindset's YouTube channel HERE. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

My buddy Eric Kaiser from the ETS Group comes on to discuss a common problem we see in both students and techs as they study. We talk about issues with how they think about the trade and how to progress in it. Eric noticed that people who take classes or plan to get certified tend to study just for the end test. The tests may be industry-standard, but the students and technicians don't learn to apply their knowledge; they merely learn with the goal of passing the test. Many technicians look for courses to complete. Instead of absorbing information from articles and videos, people want their knowledge to be verified. As a society, we put so much value on completing academic programs. The truth is that learning is continuous; you don't suddenly need to stop learning once you complete a course, obtain certification, or pass a test. For schooling and study practices to be truly effective, the student or technician needs to have a mindset focused on applicable skills. In hiring, we should focus on the applicability of an applicant's skills. Instead of using a written test or relying on a resume, a physical assessment would be a much more useful hiring tool for HVAC/R job interviews. HVAC/R jobs have significantly more difficult physical "tests" than a mere certification exam: work ethic, working under pressure, solving problems, and applying best practices. Studying for an institutional test won't help technicians or students who want to get into the field. Eric and Bryan also discuss: Eating healthy on the job Certification tests Interest-driven homeschooling vs. test-driven public schooling Test-taking talent vs. applicable skills Communication and customer service skills Purging hoses and other best practices Society's overemphasis on degrees and certificates Benefits of traditional testing Willingness to learn Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Balancing complaints are common in the HVAC industry. In this short podcast, Bryan explains how diagnostic duct design solves those issues. "Diagnostic duct design" refers to using the duct system to locate and solve a customer's comfort problems. If a couple of rooms have problems with humidity control, then the duct system could be a culprit. However, before we even touch the ducts, we should look at the space to determine if we have issues. For example, radiant gains from a window could be contributing to comfort problems, not the duct system. Airflow may also not be an issue if comfort at night is an issue. That's a matter of the equipment cycling less often at night, and we can solve that by reducing the setpoint at night. When we look for duct issues, we want to assess the pressure. You can do very simple tests with a manometer (or a qualitative test with tissue paper under a door crack) to look for pressure imbalances, which can cause discomfort in rooms where the door is closed very often. Flow hoods are good for assessing airflow, but you can also get an airflow approximation by measuring air velocity. Make sure you're hitting your targets; then, you can check your static pressure. Since distributed airflow is a major comfort factor, you can take the total CFM and divide it by the square footage (factoring in each room's square footage) to determine the airflow distribution. Remember: Perimeters require more airflow than the centers of rooms, and rooms with more windows will have greater radiant gains to account for. When you can't redesign the entire duct system, use balancing dampers in oversized ducts to help balance the airflow. (Make sure the register isn't oversized, though! Try to keep the static pressure down, too.) Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Eric really likes ceiling cassette air handlers, so much so that he put them in his own home. We discuss ceiling cassettes vs. highwall and other ductless-related topics. A cassette air handler looks like a concentric fitting, and they are generally installed in acoustic or drop ceilings. Eric likes the comfort and easy installation. However, people who have low ceilings or dislike exposed equipment may not like ceiling cassettes as much as Eric does. Both cassettes and highwall ductless units work well in sunrooms or lanais, but Bryan has noticed that cassettes seem to provide fewer problems than highwall ductless systems in that market. Eric has noticed substantial differences in the cleanliness of cassettes and highwall systems. He noticed that the cassettes don't get nearly as dirty as most highwalls, and highwall systems are difficult to clean. However, some of those cleanliness issues may have something to do with VOCs, pollutants, and climate. Highwall ductless units require separate condensate pumps that require a lot of maintenance and a gravity drain. Ceiling cassettes have condensate pumps that may either run continuously or on-demand. Cassettes' condensate pumps are also easy to access for cleaning, and they are a lot quieter than the pumps on ductless units. The drain pan is also easy to pull down, though Eric has yet to need to clean his cassette's drain pan. Although ceiling cassettes appear to have several advantages, price is not one of them; they are typically more expensive than highwall ductless units. Eric and Bryan also discuss: Blower wheel cleanliness issues in highwall systems VOCs and air pollutants Drain pitch and insulation Gravity drains Eric's cassette installation New Carrier and Mitsubishi products Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan breaks down the most common defense for bad practices: time in the industry. He also explains how to STOP USING IT as an excuse. When technicians communicate with each other, especially online, they tend to justify their practices with the phrase, "I've been doing this 30 years!" What they don't realize is that their old training (and habits) don't reflect the current state of the industry and the current standards of best practices. When technicians spend so many years in the field, they may justify bad practices by saying that they've always done a task a certain way. However, as practices evolve in the industry, time becomes less relevant as former practices fall out of favor. For example, beer-can cold is no longer an acceptable means of determining the suction line temperature. While former practices may have helped technicians get an A/C unit to blow cold air, those practices hardly optimized performance. The goal of training nowadays is to teach technicians the best practices to optimize their customers' systems. IAQ and customer service are also much more important in our industry today. The HVAC industry has also evolved a lot in terms of equipment, refrigerant, and oil. In the past, refrigeration systems didn't have to worry about oil conversions because we used different oils and refrigerants. Practices that we used 30 years ago are no longer applicable; technology has passed those practices by. Nowadays, we would be best off if we paid attention to new training and best practices. We must admit what we don't know and be willing to learn more about the technology our industry relies on today. Listening to others is how we will improve, not stubbornly defending our bad practices by saying how long we've worked in the industry. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Devin Skipper comes on the podcast to give you an introduction to make-up air systems and explain their purpose. This time, we pull out all of the initials: MAU, MUA, DOAS, and MHGRV. Make-up air is outdoor air that we bring in to replace exhausted indoor air, usually in commercial systems. We use dedicated systems to bring in humidity-controlled air to rebalance the building to a positive pressure; hotels, restaurants, and medical facilities with significant exhaust need fresh air to compensate for that exhaust and negative pressure. Unsurprisingly, design is critical for these systems, especially in humid climates. For example, in a restaurant, fresh air must come in from an area where it can add positive pressure without too much humidity. So, exhaust devices AND make-up air units will be on the roof. Undesirable infiltration occurs through cracks and under doors and usually isn't enough to make a satisfactory difference in the building pressure. In commercial facilities, excess negative pressure can make it difficult for people to open doors, which could present a safety hazard for building occupants. MHGRVs (modulating hot gas reheat valves) modulate discharge gas through a reheat coil. These components allow a system to keep running and maximize dehumidification without overcooling the space. When a reheat valve opens, the condenser valve closes and redirects discharge gas to the reheat coil, but they are NOT the same parts that facilitate hot gas defrost. These also keep systems from tripping on high head pressure. Devin and Bryan also discuss: High-latent markets and design conditions Measuring pressure (in wc) Excess positive pressure complications Floor drains and negative pressure Reheat strategies MUA fans vs. units MUA controls Learn about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers multi-stage or variable-speed compressors. He also explains the impacts of staged compression. Multi-stage (or variable-capacity) compressors can come in many different forms, but they all have one thing in common: they can adjust their capacities. We typically rate equipment for its maximum capacity. However, when you vary the capacity, you get turn-up or turn-down; the refrigerant mass flow rate increases or decreases. When a unit turns down the capacity, the output decreases; the blower should also reduce its CFM output accordingly. While the compressor staging can vary, the coils and metering device stay the same, so the system must handle staged compression. We sometimes have to pay extra attention to the metering device to make sure the system operates as it should. When we decrease the compressor capacity, the suction pressure goes up while the head pressure goes down; the pressure differential depends on the refrigerant flow. You'll also run a lower condensing temperature and higher evaporating temperature. However, if the blower adjusts its CFM output with the turn-down, these effects will be less significant. With a higher evaporator temperature, we can expect a warmer evaporator coil, which will decrease dehumidification. Since our compression ratio will be lower, you can expect some efficiency gains during a turn-down. You can also expect lower amp draws. We can control capacity and reduce it without having to worry about short cycling. When you turn up a compressor, as you can on some ductless systems, you can expect the opposite effects of a turn-down: higher head pressure and lower suction pressure. Bryan also discusses: Variable-capacity compression in ductless systems Approach temperature Turn-down rate on equipment Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Jim Bergmann is back on the podcast to talk about the effects of dew point on coil TD. He also gives us a full rundown on recent MeasureQuick updates and what to expect in the future. When you see flags in MeasureQuick, those indicate symptoms of specific problems. MeasureQuick cannot outright diagnose equipment; it can only offer variables and educate the user based on the symptoms it notices. Red flags are major faults, and yellow flags are minor faults or functions of the installation (such as long line sets), but Jim wanted to make the flags communicate information more effectively. While Jim Bergmann worked on the sensible and latent targets, he learned more about the relationship between the dew point and coil TD. In high-humidity conditions, dropping the airflow and dew point temperature can overload the coil with humidity enough to affect the DTD by a few degrees. So, Jim had to tweak the MeasureQuick algorithm to account for those conditions. When water is on the coil, a lot of heat transfer occurs because water has such a high specific heat value. The compressor can't keep up, and you can experience high suction pressure and high discharge pressure in high-latent conditions. The increase in suction pressure drives up the TD. MeasureQuick has recently focused on defining targets, making the app work with new probes, and working on a cloud service that allows the user to store information, share data, and benchmark systems. Jim and Bryan also discuss: MeasureQuick feedback Sensible and latent removal targets Relative humidity and dew point Diagnostic algorithms and variables Communicating information through a rapidly developing app MeasureQuick cloud service Monetization High airflow and duct leakage scenario Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Bryan talks about EPR and CDS valves. We consider both to be evaporator pressure regulators, but they really function quite differently. CDS are Sporlan components that appear to be quite similar to evaporator pressure regulators (EPRs). EPRs go in the suction line and control the evaporator pressure. The pressure and temperature relate to each other, so the goal is to keep the evaporator from freezing by controlling the pressure. However, EPRs rely on a pressure drop across them to be able to do their job, so compression ratios will increase, impacting power consumption. We primarily see EPR valves in supermarket refrigeration on rack systems. Electronic EPRS (EEPRS) include the Sporlan CDS valve. However, EEPRs do NOT actually measure the pressure in the evaporator coil in the same way that a standard EPR does. (However, they are evaporator flow regulators.) The pressure of an EPR is fixed via mechanical parts, but the CDS valve relies on a signal from the controller to set targets depending on the air temperature. The CDS valve can modulate via a stepper motor to maintain a certain target. Sporlan CDS valves have a lot of benefits. For example, you can reset or adjust the CDS valve without manually adjusting it; you can easily adjust the controls. CDS valves also don't require a pressure drop because they do not rely on a mechanical process to work. If you encounter modulation issues with your CDS valves, you can power cycle them. Sporlan SORIT valves have a separate solenoid, but the stepper motor allows the CDS valves to close fully. Overall, CDS setups can save a lot of energy and are quite easy to use because of their integration with controls. Unfortunately, they are prone to failure from power surges. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Jim talks about dew point, bubble point, and midpoint in refrigerant blends. He also covers the purpose of each and why MeasureQuick displays midpoint on the gauges. We've formerly used mostly pure refrigerants. However, as new refrigerant blends come on the scene, we have to deal with glide, which indicates that we have a range of boiling temperatures instead of a fixed boiling point. We have bubble point and dew point, which are when the refrigerant starts to boil and finishes boiling, respectively; you generally use dew point to determine the superheat and bubble point to determine the subcooling. Zeotropic refrigerants have larger glides than near-azeotropic refrigerant blends; azeotropes have no glide at all. The midpoint is the halfway point between the bubble point and dew point in refrigerant blends. Coil temperature typically corresponds with the midpoint. To find the midpoint of refrigerant in the condenser coil, add the dew and bubble points and divide the sum by two. The process is a bit trickier on evaporator coils. In the evaporator, you run refrigerant through the metering device and get some flash gas; when the refrigerant undergoes that change, the bubble and dew points change. As a result, the midpoint becomes a bit more weighted towards the dew point (60%). In MeasureQuick, the temperature-pressure charts go a step above and beyond to give you the superheat, subcooling, and midpoint. The midpoint is the effective temperature of the evaporator coil, which is a critical piece of information in refrigeration systems where food products are at stake. You can also use the midpoint for coil DTD and TD. Jim and Bryan also discuss: R-410A and near-azeotropic refrigerants Metering devices as reactive components Coil temperature misconceptions and uncertainty Pressure differentials and drops in the system Maintaining food quality in refrigeration MeasureQuick mathematical models and formulas Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast, Bryan discusses the ever-controversial topic of indoor temperature in the summer. The old "20-degree rule" has come up many times, and it's time to put it to rest. Not to be confused with the 20-degree delta T rule, the 20-degree rule basically states that the home A/C system can only maintain temperatures up to 20 degrees below the outdoor temperature. For example, if the ambient temperature is 95°F, the indoor temperature should be able to stay around 75°F. However, that differential is not a fixed value. For example, if the outdoor temperature were to reach 105°F when the unit has 95° design conditions, the system capacity would decrease. The unit will not perform as expected, putting out fewer BTUs than it would under design conditions. Design conditions also account for latent load; that is why A/C systems in the arid Southwest USA can keep up with much hotter ambient temperatures than those in humid Florida. In Florida, we design for a higher latent load and must avoid oversizing; these conditions take away from designed equipment's sensible capacity. Correct sizing prevents short cycles and keeps humidity at bay. As it gets colder outside, an HVAC system will also have a lower heating capacity. Heat is a function of the temperature differential; heat may enter or leave the home via conduction (through walls) or radiation (through windows), and it will attempt to reach equilibrium. The only way to get around these heat gains and losses is to check the expanded performance data and perform load calculations (Manual J) to design the ideal system. You must design the equipment to maintain a specific differential under a standard set of conditions. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Nathan Orr is back. In this podcast, we discuss suction pressure in market refrigeration and how rack techs think about it differently than HVAC. On parallel rack systems, suction temperature helps technicians determine the cooling load and how to get that to temperature. You run your discharge air temperature a bit lower than the product temperature. Your suction pressure also lets you know if your coil is reaching the correct temperature. Coil temp, also called suction saturation temperature (SST), is a vital metric for rack system operation. Lower suction pressure indicates a lower coil temperature or SST. The evaporator pressure regulating valves help control the evaporator pressure to manipulate the evaporator temperature. Compressors also help drive suction pressure, which is critical because racks may have several of them. When you walk into a rack room, you may see around five compressors. All suction lines tie into a single suction header (same goes for discharge and liquid lines and headers). Typically, the rack is constructed to maintain the SST even if a compressor goes down. When the SST no longer maintains, there will be a "rack down" call. If a case is not keeping temperature without an apparent rack issue, you want to take your superheat at the case to get an idea of the suction. The superheat, SST, and suction pressure will be your key indicators of problems, including defrost issues, clogged TXV strainers, and airflow problems. Overall, rack refrigeration systems work best with high suction pressure and low liquid pressure. Nathan and Bryan also discuss: TD in rack refrigeration Setting EPR valves Rack sizing "Rack down" calls Troubleshooting produce cases Holdback valves Frozen cases Using dry steam Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains why low static pressure may be bad. He also discusses the other indicators of airflow. When you look at fan charts, you'll notice that there will be an available static value. When you measure static pressure, you're looking for the pressure applied against the sides of the duct, not forward through the duct (velocity). Low static pressure is generally desirable because it indicates that the fan motor isn't working as hard to move the appropriate amount of air. In that same vein, slightly oversized ducts may be okay for these uses as well. However, low static is not always a good thing; you can only use it as an indicator for performance in standard operation. If the system is moving less air, then the static definitely WILL be lower. In normal operation, that may not be the case. You may also not be moving enough air, which can indicate an issue with the blower. In other words, you must be sure that the airflow is correct through other means than static pressure readings. Airflow has so many indicators, and using just one won't suffice. You'll also have to use your senses to listen for issues and familiarize yourself with the system operation; determining system airflow requires a multi-pronged approach. Bryan also discusses: Duct vs. face velocity Variable-speed equipment Thermostat calls and their effect on the blower Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Nathan and Bryan have a rollicking conversation about Nathan's transition from residential HVAC to market refrigeration. Nathan also covers what he has learned along the way. Hopefully, his experiences can help you decide if moving to market refrigeration may work for you. Before Nathan went into market refrigeration, he handled problem customers and repeat issues on the residential HVAC side. He worked on zoning systems and mini-splits quite often. Even in that time, he did minor work on supermarket projects if the team needed an extra person. Market refrigeration projects require full scopes of work and time constraints, complicate the transition from residential HVAC work. Market refrigeration primarily deals with rack systems. Rack refrigeration systems are different from residential HVAC systems because they require less of an understanding of heat transfer; refrigeration techs need more mechanical knowledge and may rely on many rules of thumb. Tactile skills are essential for refrigeration, but an understanding of the scientific fundamentals is less important. Although there are plenty of opportunities for increased profits in market refrigeration, the losses are also fast and harsh. The customer relationship is also perhaps even more important in market refrigeration because the service (and customer) options tend to be more limited. You may also expect to sacrifice more time due to the urgency of supermarket work. While you don't have to work yourself to death, you should definitely expect to have less time and to reschedule plans quite often if you make the transition to market refrigeration. Nathan and Bryan also discuss: Sight glasses vs. subcooling Cost of mistakes Acceptable vs. unacceptable outcomes for customers Overhiring vs. underhiring Rack replacement Difference in standards Replacing TXV parts Motors in refrigeration Hands-on skills and relevant professions Good and bad practices in refrigeration Working hours Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers pricing for HVAC/R parts and services; he explains how to come up with a fair price. To be able to price fairly, we need to understand what value and sacrifice look like. In the HVAC industry, we value hard work and growth in a way that some other people don't. We provide parts and labor and sell those in the free market, so we can control how much we charge for those. The price of a part means NOTHING in the industry. Instead, we primarily set prices based on labor, which is much more value-based. The customer has the right to accept or decline the service based on the price, and some customers WILL decline the service based on price. In the end, the customers can choose to agree or disagree with your opinion of value. Some people will object to the idea that customers know what a price is truly worth. However, Bryan is of the school of thought that almost no price is "unfair." As long as the customers have different companies to choose from, they have the right to shop around and pick a price that works for them. It is not the responsibility of the company to reduce its prices to attract customers. Remember, you need to think about pricing in terms of value and honesty; customers who also value your work will pay for it. If your services are superior, there is nothing wrong with keeping your prices high to reflect the value of your work. Bryan also covers: Learning about economics Supply and demand vs. price gouging Reinvesting in the business Sales vs. technical excellence Markup vs. gross margin Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

We talk with chemical and cleaning expert Ray Field on Legionnaires' disease. We discuss what it is, its history, and what we can do to prevent it proactively. Cooling towers host all kinds of microorganisms, including harmful bacteria like Legionella. Legionella is a natural bacteria that you can find in bodies of freshwater, including lakes, but it was discovered relatively recently, in the 1970s. We become susceptible to Legionnaires' disease when we inhale droplets that contain Legionella. Legionnaires' disease causes pneumonia-like symptoms and is potentially fatal. Cooling towers, unfortunately, provide perfect conditions for Legionella to survive and aerosolize. Decorative fountains and evaporative coolers also provide ideal conditions for Legionella to grow and thrive. Unsurprisingly, cleaning with special attention to microbe control helps mitigate Legionella bacteria growth. Bleach and anti-microbial peroxide help keep the water clean, but the bulk water is just one part of the system. When Legionella-filled water sprays beyond the tower, slime and water accumulations may also harbor Legionella. Inspecting and cleaning towers monthly are the best practices. Vacuum the basin and descale the tower each time you clean the tower; when you clean slime, deposits, and scale, you give Legionella fewer places to hide. You can also disinfect the tower exterior. Pressure-washing works well as a starting point and can be followed up with chemical technology. Overall, the key to preventing Legionnaires' disease is proactivity; safety begins with a regular maintenance regimen, use of proper PPE, and thorough training for cleaning procedures. Ray and Bryan also discuss: Legionella growth assistance History of Legionnaires' disease Ideal Legionella growth conditions ASHRAE Standard 188P Fill deposits Goodway products to combat Legionella Legionella testing and CDC guidelines Learn more about Goodway HERE. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers ductless or mini-split cleaning. He collaborated with SpeedClean to map out this procedure and write a guide, which you can read HERE. Cleaning is ultimately a maintenance procedure, so one of the main goals is to keep energy efficiency high (watts per BTU). You can test energy efficiency by using two psychrometers: one up top and one going into the vanes. You can check the delta T and fan charts to determine the performance. Overall, you clean ductless units to improve system performance, equipment longevity, and indoor air quality. Be clean; wear shoe covers and put down drop cloths in the customer's home. First, you confirm the system operation and do a visual/auditory inspection. Then, make sure you have all of the PPE you need, especially goggles and gloves. Usually, you will clean the evaporator, blower wheel, air filters, and condenser coil. Pay attention to the drain and condensate pump as well; they can clog and negatively affect your system. We often use the bib kit indoors. When you use one of those bib kits, you can clean the evaporator (and sometimes the blower wheel) in place. The bib goes over the ductless unit, so cleaning is seamless and shouldn't make a mess as it runs off into a bucket. We recommend using a pump sprayer like the SpeedClean CoilJet; bringing a hose in can cause a mess and is impractical. When you've finished cleaning, make sure you let everything dry completely. We like to keep plenty of rags on us so that we can wipe everything down. After you think everything has dried, you can test the system. (It's a good idea to keep the bib on at first to prevent the unit from splashing liquid everywhere.) Learn more about SpeedClean HERE. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Andrew Greaves comes on the podcast to give us a sneak peek into the life of a tool manufacturer. Andrew has worked in the field for a long time and has recently begun working for NAVAC. He currently works as a regional manager who oversees operations in 24 states; his main task is to establish a nationwide distribution network for NAVAC products. Andrew recognizes the need for communication between wholesalers/manufacturers and technicians, especially in the areas of education and product demand. To bridge that gap, the sales representatives act as middlemen between manufacturers and consumers. Representatives must know what the consumer demand looks like so that they can effectively sell products that technicians want to buy. Effective representatives must also understand their market and have a grasp on the training necessary to use the products they sell. The ultimate way to connect the manufacturer to the user is through training. Andrew working for NAVAC is a promising move for the industry; he knows how techs use tools in the field and what they need to succeed in their work. When people bring field experience to the manufacturing world, they can meet technicians' on-the-job needs while keeping their businesses afloat. When these businesses stay in the game, they can continue to provide quality tools that truly help technicians. Andrew and Bryan also discuss: Taking a technical background to sales Misunderstandings between wholesalers and technicians Stigmas against sales reps Production of good tools Analyzing the market Combatting the "BS" sales response Commitment and sacrifice in the HVAC industry Viable career paths beyond the field Putting out online training and content to make a name for yourself Check out NAVAC at navacglobal.com. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers the bypass factor in airflow and psychrometrics. He also explains why it matters to techs. The bypass factor is a ratio: you take the difference between the evaporator coil temperature and outlet air temperature as compared to the inlet. In other words, you find the difference between your TD and delta T. When air moves over the coil, only some of it contacts the coil's surface. Therefore, only some molecules will become the same temperature as the coil. Other air molecules will bypass the coil, which typically happens when coils have a lower surface area. Evaporators have fins to increase the coil surface area, which helps those air molecules bump into the coil and transfer their heat. Without those fins, your performance will suffer; the saturated suction temperature will drop, and your temperature split will be lower, indicating a higher bypass factor. We want that air to have MORE contact time with the coil; therefore, we want a LOWER bypass factor. However, when we account for total enthalpy change across the evaporator coil, we also have to look at the latent content; that topic can get complicated and theoretical very quickly, so we avoid that discussion for the sake of simplicity. The bypass factor also accounts for contact time, which is the amount of time needed for the air molecules to transfer their heat to the refrigerant. You can reduce air velocity to increase the contact time, which is the inverse of the bypass factor. Bryan also covers: Coil types and impacts on bypass Impacts of coil size on dehumidification CFM adjustments with varied coil sizes Sensible heat ratios (SHR) and installation considerations Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Colleen Keyworth from Women in HVAC/R comes on the podcast to talk about the importance of getting women excited about our trade. While many women take up administrative roles in HVAC/R companies, very few women work in the field. Schools don't tend to market trade schools to women (or in general), so we can attribute part of the gender gap to how high schools present career options to people. Women in HVAC/R as an organization helps educate young women about career options in the trades. Colleen also has a very positive view of the industry and the values that contractors tend to promote. In general, women just want to be treated the same as men; women who go for HVAC careers want to be part of the rule, not seen as the exception. Colleen believes that female techs don't require any special considerations as long as the company culture is already intact. To get women interested in the field and set them up for success, we just need to be clear about expectations and what the job entails; the heavy lifting is only a small part of the job, and the physical disadvantage sometimes gets overblown. The pillars of Women in HVAC/R are membership, sponsorship, mentorship, ambassador programs, and networking. Memberships are for all people who have a common goal of promoting a greater female presence in the HVAC/R industry, regardless of gender. The ambassador program is what really focuses on reaching out to young women in high schools. Colleen and Bryan also discuss: Women's success in sales How women overcome the physical strength gap Support of men in the HVAC industry Non-inclusive environments in the past Generational differences Learn more about Women in HVAC/R and consider becoming a member at womeninhvacr.org/. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains the ins and outs of vacuum pump maintenance, a critical component of evacuation. The most basic part of vacuum pump maintenance is changing out your vacuum pump oil. This practice should happen very often. At a minimum, you should replace your vacuum pump oil weekly; in very wet or contaminated systems, you may need to replace it multiple times during the same job! When moisture gets into the vacuum pump oil, it can wear out your vacuum pump well before its time should be up. So, most of the maintenance practices exist to reduce the risk of moisture damage. Good-quality pumps can last for several years with the proper attention to oil management. If you can cap the outlet of the pump, then that's a good idea to prevent moisture from getting to the oil. You'll also benefit from leaving your gas ballast open until you get down to the 500-micron range. You'll want to keep your vacuum pump in a place where it won't be jostled or thrown around. It's an expensive piece of machinery that shouldn't take too much abuse. Store your pump in an accessible but secure location. When it comes to evacuation, be sure to use dedicated hoses. Dedicated hoses don't hold moisture because they are vinyl; you can make them even safer by keeping your hoses capped off. All pump ports should also be capped when they are not directly in use. Test the pump periodically; it should pull down to under 50 microns. If not, the pump will have a hard time evacuating adequately. If you want to test your micron gauge on the pump, keep in mind that the micron gauge will leak. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

David Holt from NCI comes on the podcast to talk about airflow testing and its importance as a customer service tool for the HVAC trade. Charging and airflow are closely linked. Even though the charge may be correct, the system can't operate correctly if the airflow is off. For example, we can only get the most latent heat removal in humid climates if we run lower fan speeds. To get the right balance, we need contractors and technicians to be educated on airflow so that they can make the correct adjustments. (Remember your ABCs: Airflow Before Charging.) Testing airflow may require you to make adjustments to the system, such as installing test ports. You need to be able to measure static pressure in your system, and you can tell if previous contractors have done it or not by the presence (or absence) of test ports. On the customer service side, pointing out the lack of test ports or other testing evidence allows the customer to discredit the previous contractor; you don't have to be negative about someone else to get customers to trust your company over the others. Testing also keeps your installers honest; almost everybody will realize that their company has made mistakes after they test the system airflow. One of the best ways to educate customers is to speak in terms they understand. For example, David compares static pressure to blood pressure in our bodies. In that same vein, we'd be committing malpractice if we refused to test airflow or disclose our test results. David and Bryan also discuss: Qualitative vs. quantitative data Low-bid contractors System airflow impacts on combustion How to measure static pressure Pressure drops across coils and filters Variable speed motors Sales vs. technical excellence Premium pricing and earning what you're worth Check out NCI at hvactoday.com. Also, check out the AirMaxx Lite app. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers the basics of sunk costs. He explains what they are and what they mean for you and HVAC businesses. Sunk costs are costs to decisions that have been made in the past. You've "sunken" money, time, or effort into a decision. Let's say you invest in tools; after you make that purchase, the cost of the tools will become a sunk cost. The cost merely occurred in the past. It is a good idea to reflect on these costs as something that is already over; you can reflect on these costs as a lesson for how you invest money in the future. It is not particularly helpful to view sunk costs as a past cost that keeps you down. The same mindset applies to employment. Someone may hire you, and you may realize that the job is exactly what you thought it was; other times, the job may be a poor fit. If you can look back and say, "If I could redo the choice to take this job with what I now know about it, I wouldn't take it," then you may want to consider finding another job. In other words, sunk costs allow you to reflect; they aren't a specific category of costs like overhead. Very few situations require us to take pause and reject attachment to sunk costs. In short, viewing past decisions in terms of sunk costs can help us make logical decisions about buying tools, hiring employees, and accepting employment offers. Sunk costs factor your experiences into decision-making, but we have the choice to cling to those costs or detach ourselves from them. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Steve Rogers from the Energy Conservatory comes on the podcast to talk about residential air balancing and flow hood accuracy. Residential air balancing is important because it contributes to comfort in the home. To achieve the most comfort possible, we need to know where the air is going inside the home. For example, some rooms may be more conditioned than others, even if they may need less conditioning than the under-conditioned rooms. A flow hood can give us some data about the airflow in the ductwork; there are cases where dampers may be closed, which blocks airflow and contributes to customer discomfort. Load calculations can only help so much. Systems require flexibility because air distribution can vary across seasons or throughout the day. HVAC systems won't always perform under design conditions, so it's a good idea to think about customer comfort above Manual J or Manual D calculations. Flow hoods are some of the best tools for residential air balancing; they can tell you where there is flow and where there is not. However, flow hoods are expensive and may not be completely accurate if they haven't been calibrated correctly. Many manufacturers use a single supply register configuration or wind tunnel for calibration. Many flow hoods use a pitot array, which is a grid that attaches to a manometer. Others use the RPM of an impeller to measure the flow; they also compensate for resistance. Some hoods also use vane anemometer technology. You can typically determine the insertion losses by looking at the hole size. Steve and Bryan also discuss: Pressure vs. velocity Air handler location Load calculation (Manual J) Balancing dampers Anemometers vs. flow hoods Insertion loss Flow conditioning Building envelope construction TrueFlow Grid Accuracy questions about flow hoods Check out THIS webinar with Steve and Bill Spohn. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers the unique practices of brazing steel. He also explains how it differs from brazing copper. Brazing steel appears to be a rather uncommon practice in the HVAC industry. However, we actually do braze steel when we braze in compressors. Many compressors have copper-plated steel stubs; only the outer coating is copper, and if you burn through it, you'll reach the steel. However, steel requires a different fluxing agent than copper-to-copper or copper-to-brass brazing; you can't use a 15% silver-phosphorus rod because phosphorus doesn't react well with steel. Instead, you will need a high-silver rod WITHOUT phosphorus when brazing steel to steel, copper, or brass. We recommend using a separate fluxing agent or flux-coated rods. However, high-silver rods are expensive and REQUIRE flux. When working with a compressor with copper-plated steel stubs, try to get all the solder off with heat. When working with steel, you must keep in mind that it has a higher melting temperature and lower thermal conductivity. In other words, you can apply more heat to steel without it melting, but the heat doesn't transfer to steel as easily as it does to copper. You'll want to move your torch around more and pay more attention to the tip you use. Even though the thermal properties differ from copper, you're still aiming to get the steel to a dark cherry red color, about 1200 degrees Fahrenheit. Remember, you also want to protect any other components that will come into contact with the heat. You can use a wet rag or Refrigeration Technologies WetRag, which works great as a heat-blocking putty. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

John Pastorello from Refrigeration Technologies is back on the podcast to talk about leak detection procedures from start to finish. Big Blu was what started the Refrigeration Technologies empire. John developed Big Blu to create a bubble leak detector with a higher sensitivity to leaks than any other bubble test solution on the market. Big Blu differs from other leak detection solutions because it detects gas leakage down to 0.65 ounces per year, putting it on the same level as some of the best electronic leak detectors. One of the most common misconceptions in our industry is that systems don't leak at all. That is simply not true; all systems leak to some extent. When we check for leaks, we want to check for unacceptable leak rates; detectors will normally reveal when a leak occurs at an unacceptable rate. Most of the leaks we check for are standing leaks, which we pinpoint when the system is off. We also have pressure-dependent leaks, temperature-dependent leaks, and vibration-dependent leaks. Those leaks vary with system operation, and you may even hear the leaks when the system is under a certain set of conditions. Overall, you want to use your senses to look for oil spots, listen for hisses, and feel for oil residue before using an electronic leak detector. If you get a hit, pull out the Big Blu. When using soap bubbles, also be sure to use a mirror and light source to look all the way around a joint. John and Bryan also discuss: Pressure distribution in the compressor Leak rate and molecule size Leaky valves and mechanical issues Cumulative micro-leaks Losing refrigerant from hooking up gauges repeatedly Leak detector sensitivity and calibration Efficiency during leak detection Oil spotting Evolution of leak detectors Checking for leaks on furnaces Testing leak detectors Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. You can also find their FREE Leak Detection Manual HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE

In this short podcast, Bryan dives into enthalpy. He explains what it is and how we see it at work in the HVAC/R systems we service daily. Enthalpy is a fancy word for the total heat energy within a substance. Don't confuse it with entropy, which is the disorganization of energy in a system. We measure enthalpy in energy per mass unit, such as BTUs per pound. Enthalpy combines both the sensible and latent heat capacity; for example, it may represent the energy that it takes to evaporate the water contained in the air. (Water vapor is always present in the air, not just at boiling. Evaporation also occurs at many temperatures below the boiling point.) So, the more water vapor in the air, the more enthalpy there is. Believe it or not, water vapor is less dense than dry air. So, we can't equate thermal mass to density. Air with a heavy concentration of water vapor has lots of latent heat trapped inside the water vapor. However, we won't recognize that heat until that water vapor condenses to a liquid at the dew point, such as on a cold evaporator coil. Relative humidity measures the moisture in the air as a ratio. An RH value of 100% indicates that the air is at saturation. That is also the point when the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures will be the same. Overall, we don't care very much about enthalpy values on their own; in HVAC work, we want to calculate changes in enthalpy across parts of the system. We care about changes over the coil, such as drops over the cooling coil. Psychrometers come in handy when you are trying to look for trends in the enthalpy content of the system. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE

Jim Devlin from Weil-McLain joins us to talk about high-efficiency and cast-iron boilers. He also explains how to use them together in a "hybrid" configuration to serve your customers. Cast-iron boilers are standard-efficiency boilers. These boilers are "standard-efficiency" because they have higher return water temperatures; you typically measure about 330 degrees in the flue. Conversely, high-efficiency boilers have much lower return water temperatures, only around 180-190 degrees in the flue. The goal of a high-efficiency boiler is to get more BTUs out of the fuel, so your flue gases will be cooler. However, the standard boiler can be better for thermal transfer and gives us more leeway for our flue temperatures. Hybrid boiler plants aim to eliminate inefficiencies by using cast-iron and high-efficiency boilers together. These hybrid configurations usually exist in older constructions, but you also see them in new constructions with dual-fuel burner systems or where high-efficiency boilers won't have a good value on their own. You will often see a greater ROI on systems that use cast-iron and high-efficiency boilers together than on systems with multiple high-efficiency boilers. Hybrid configurations usually set up dissimilar boilers in series with a primary-secondary loop. The controls usually use sensors and 1-10v DC output signals, so these controls can modulate the burners. Many people make mistakes when piping these boilers; they don't understand the parallel positioning of the tees. When installers make these mistakes, the boilers lose efficiency. Jim recommends drawing out the piping to avoid making those errors. Jim and Bryan also discuss: Sulfuric acid and condensate Boiler metals Dual-fuel burner systems Boiler controls Hybrid vs. Combi-boilers Comparing utility reports and checking ROI Energy savings on cast-iron boilers Heat exchangers Future geothermal and solar hybrid systems Visit weil-mclain.com to learn more. Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

Do you need different gauges for each refrigerant? In today's short podcast, we discuss the answer to this common HVAC question. When we first started using R-410A, many people warned us that we'd have to use a separate set of gauges when working on R-410A systems. That's because R-410A systems use POE oils, not mineral oil, and they are not compatible. While it is true that R-22 and R-410A systems use different oils, there is no need to worry about using separate gauges for each type of system. Actually, some manufacturers recommend using a little bit of POE oil in mineral oil systems. What you cannot do, however, is mix the refrigerants themselves. Many of the gauge hoses have quick disconnects, which cause some confusion regarding the de minimis rule. (The de minimis rule permits tiny refrigerant losses from regular servicing, and de minimis DOES protect us.) However, we aim to keep our hoses clear anyway. We do that by bleeding liquid refrigerant back into the suction line after servicing. So, the real concern doesn't lie in which refrigerant we use with our gauges. The real issue is about taking steps to avoid contamination of the entire system and stay in compliance with EPA standards. Mixing POE and mineral oil does not negatively affect a refrigeration system; however, moisture does pose a threat to POE oil. Again, the core issue deals with best practices: flushing and purging hoses, minimizing the risk of hydrostatic pressure, avoiding venting, and avoiding mixing refrigerants. Of course, you don't have to worry about any of these problems and practices if you check the charge without gauges. Using probes is an easy way to get good measurements without worrying about contamination Learn more about Refrigeration Technologies HERE. If you have an iPhone, subscribe to the podcast HERE, and if you have an Android phone, subscribe HERE.

In this two-part interview, Moe Hirsch goes deep and wide on buffer tanks and strategies for "parking" BTUs in hydronic systems. Systems with a high domestic hot water load can also benefit from a buffer tank. You can pipe the domestic hot water tank as its own zone and step down the rest of the structure. However, there will be some standby losses for a tradeoff greater capacity. You also cannot use the buffer tank as an air eliminator or separator; they work only for BTU parking. Contrary to popular belief, buffer tanks do NOT prevent flue gas condensation. If the buffer tank reaches 120-130 degrees, then it may prevent flue gas condensation via the flywheel effect. Flue gas condensation on boiler systems has to do with excess air, combustion, and run cycle length. Moe and Bryan also discuss: Water storage temperature Using a biomass boiler as a backup Stratification: tall tanks vs. wide tanks Cycle times and mathematical formulas Outdoor reset targets Boiler startup conditions Manual reset high limit

In this two-part interview, Moe Hirsch goes deep and wide on buffer tanks and strategies for "parking" BTUs in hydronic systems. When we use boilers, we want to use a heat sink to "park" BTUs in a buffer tank so that we can temporarily store extra heat and avoid short cycling through load matching. However, few boilers have an actual buffer tank; many systems have a means of creating a buffer, though. Buffer tanks are good for parking BTUs in systems with zones and microzones that require varied heating needs. The amount of BTUs you store depends on the temperature difference between the beginning and end of the tank and the water quantity. Moe and Bryan also discuss: Pressure tanks Variable frequency drives Getting extra BTUs Snowmelt systems and Combi-boilers Two-pipe and four-pipe configurations Creating and positioning buffer tanks Hydraulic and air separation Reverse indirect water heaters Parking BTUs in concrete Dirt and magnetic separation