A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

A Daily Dose of History (01 Apr 2025) Today's historical events: According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Seventeen Provinces, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic. In New York City, the United States House of Representatives achieves its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first Speaker. The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin. American Civil War: Union troops led by Philip Sheridan decisively defeat Confederate troops led by George Pickett, cutting the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line. Singapore becomes a British crown colony. The White Star steamer SS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547 in one of the worst marine disasters of the 19th century. The Territorial Force (renamed Territorial Army in 1920) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army. The Royal Air Force is created by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service. Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years imprisonment for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch" but spends only nine months in jail. The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (31 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Queen Isabella of Castile issues the Alhambra Decree, ordering her 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion. Ferdinand Magellan and fifty of his men came ashore to present-day Limasawa to participate in the first Catholic mass in the Philippines. The Long Parliament presents the Humble Petition and Advice offering Oliver Cromwell the British throne, which he eventually declines. A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, preached in the presence of King George I of Great Britain, provokes the Bangorian Controversy. The 1761 Lisbon earthquake strikes off the Iberian Peninsula with an estimated magnitude of 8.5, six years after another quake destroyed the city. American Revolution: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed pursuant to the Boston Port Act. The Sixth Coalition occupies Paris after Napoleon's Grande Armée capitulates. Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Tokugawa Shogunate, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade. The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The Eiffel Tower is officially opened. Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (30 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro-Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague. The people of Sicily rebel against the Angevin king Charles I, in what becomes known as the Sicilian Vespers. Edward I sacks Berwick-upon-Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England. Guru Gobind Singh establishes the Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab. Joachim Murat issues the Rimini Proclamation which would later inspire Italian unification. Physicist Augustin Fresnel reads a memoir on optical rotation to the French Academy of Sciences, reporting that when polarized light is "depolarized" by a Fresnel rhomb, its properties are preserved in any subsequent passage through an optically-rotating crystal or liquid. The Florida Territory is created in the United States. The National Bank of Greece is founded in Athens. Ether anesthesia is used for the first time, in an operation by the American surgeon Dr. Crawford Long. One of the most important battles of the Dominican War of Independence from Haiti takes place near the city of Santiago de los Caballeros. Origins of the American Civil War: "Border Ruffians" from Missouri invade Kansas and force election of a pro-slavery legislature. The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War. Discovery of the chemical elements: Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium. Danish prince Wilhelm Georg is chosen as King George of Greece. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving. The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice. Battle of Towton: Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England, bringing a temporary stop to the Wars of the Roses. Cesare Borgia is given the title of Captain General and Gonfalonier by his father Rodrigo Borgia after returning from his conquests in the Romagna. The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, is founded. Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629. King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera 13 days earlier. He is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf. Construction is authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway. King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniaks rebel against Turkey. Mexican-American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege. The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab. Sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Regiment, Bengal Native Infantry mutinies against the East India Company's rule in India and inspires the protracted Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. American Civil War: Federal forces under Major General Philip Sheridan move to flank Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee as the Appomattox Campaign begins. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (28 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus. Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor. The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia. Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples. Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered. Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín. War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels. First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai. Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (27 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. Pope John XXII issues his In Agro Dominico condemning some writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical. Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León reaches the northern end of The Bahamas on his first voyage to Florida. Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as well as claiming the title King of France. The first of four destructive Calabrian earthquakes strikes southern Italy. Measuring magnitude 6.8 and assigned a Mercalli intensity of XI, it kills 10,000-30,000 people. The Second Rockingham ministry assumes office in Great Britain and begins negotiations to end the American War of Independence. The United States Government establishes a permanent navy and authorizes the building of six frigates. Peninsular War: A combined Franco-Polish force defeats the Spanish in the Battle of Ciudad Real. War of 1812: In central Alabama, U.S. forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Texas Revolution: On the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican Army massacres 342 Texian Army POWs at Goliad, Texas. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (26 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, is announced, along with the succession of his son, al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah. On the same day, al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, is arrested in Damascus and brought to Egypt. Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Saladin becomes the emir of Egypt. The Siege of Algeciras, one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder was used, comes to an end. Combat of the Thirty: Thirty Breton knights call out and defeat thirty English knights. William Caxton prints his translation of Aesop's Fables. Guru Amar Das becomes the Third Sikh guru. Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands. The Royal Academy of Turku, the first university of Finland, is founded in the city of Turku by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe. Silver-loaded Spanish ship San José is pushed south by strong winds, subsequently it wrecks in the coast of southern Chile and its surviving crew is killed by indigenous Cuncos. Safavid government troops take control of Basra. William Dampier is the first European to circumnavigate New Britain, discovering it is an island (which he names Nova Britannia) rather than part of New Guinea. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (25 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to visit Constantinople until 1967. Theodosius III resigns the throne to the Byzantine Empire to enter the clergy. Romanos Lekapenos seizes the Boukoleon Palace in Constantinople and becomes regent of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah assassinates the eunuch chief minister Barjawan and assumes control of the government. Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scots (Scotland). The Council of Pisa convenes, in an attempt to heal the Western Schism. Hernando Cortes, entering province of Tabasco, defeats Tabascan Indians. Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens. A French fleet anchors nears Fife Ness as part of the planned French invasion of Britain. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (24 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. Turco-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.[full citation needed] James VI of Scotland is proclaimed King James I of England and Ireland, upon the death of Elizabeth I. Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei, and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, Japan. The Province of Carolina is granted by charter to eight Lords Proprietor in reward for their assistance in restoring Charles II of England to the throne. Count Frederick of Hesse-Kassel is elected King of Sweden by the Riksdag of the Estates, after his consort Ulrika Eleonora abdicated the throne on 29 February. Johann Sebastian Bach dedicated six concertos to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt, now commonly called the Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051. Great Britain passes the Quartering Act, which requires the Thirteen Colonies to house British troops. In Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announces a general uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia, and assumes the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces. The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, allowing Catholics to serve in Parliament. In Hiram, Ohio, a group of men beat and tar and feather Mormon leader Joseph Smith. President José Gregorio Monagas abolishes slavery in Venezuela. Sakuradamon Incident: Japanese Chief Minister (Tairō) Ii Naosuke is assassinated by rōnin samurai outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (23 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last religious community to be closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Peace of Longjumeau is signed, ending the second phase of the French Wars of Religion. American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech – "Give me liberty, or give me death!" – at St. John's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Virginia. Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death inside his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle. After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their arduous journey home. Greek War of Independence: Battle and fall of city of Kalamata. A massive earthquake destroys the former capital Inwa of the Konbaung dynasty, present-day Myanmar. The ship John Wickliffe arrives at Port Chalmers carrying the first Scottish settlers for Dunedin, New Zealand. Otago province is founded. Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City. American Civil War: The First Battle of Kernstown, Virginia, marks the start of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Although a Confederate defeat, the engagement distracts Federal efforts to capture Richmond. The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law. War of the Pacific: The Battle of Topáter, the first battle of the war is fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru. Sino-French War: Chinese victory in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao near Hưng Hóa, northern Vietnam. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (22 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. Æthelred of Wessex is defeated by a Danish invasion army at the Battle of Marton. Battle of Yashima: the Japanese forces of the Taira clan are defeated by the Minamoto clan. Vox in excelso: Pope Clement V dissolves the Order of the Knights Templar. Ferdinand II of Aragon commissions Amerigo Vespucci chief navigator of the Spanish Empire. The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags. Jamestown massacre: Algonquians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia, a third of the colony's population, during the Second Anglo-Powhatan War. The Massachusetts Bay Colony outlaws the possession of cards, dice, and gaming tables. Anne Hutchinson is expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious dissent. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (21 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius. Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. On the day of his execution in Oxford, former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer deviates from the scripted sermon by renouncing the recantations he has made and adds, "And as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and Antichrist with all his false doctrine." A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins. With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché. The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis near Alexandria in Egypt. Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law. Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube. The Baháʼí calendar begins. This is the first day of the first year of the Baháʼí calendar. It is annually celebrated by members of the Baháʼí Faith as the Baháʼí New Year or Náw-Rúz. Alexander Stephens gives the Cornerstone Speech. Otto von Bismarck is appointed as the first Chancellor of the German Empire. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (20 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Maximinus Thrax is proclaimed Roman emperor. Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka. The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish noblemen are publicly beheaded in the aftermath of the War against Sigismund (1598-1599). The Dutch East India Company is established. Sir Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London after 13 years of imprisonment. After escaping from Elba, Napoleon enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his "Hundred Days" rule. German revolutions of 1848-49: King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is published. The Republican Party of the United States is organized in Ripon, Wisconsin, US. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (19 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: The Byzantine-Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen ends the Song dynasty in China. The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporates the Principality of Wales into England. Frederick III of Habsburg is the last Holy Roman Emperor crowned by medieval tradition in Rome by Pope Nicholas V The Edict of Amboise is signed, ending the first phase of the French Wars of Religion and granting certain freedoms to the Huguenots. The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring it "useless and dangerous to the people of England". Explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle, searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River, is murdered by his own men. Charles IV, king of Spain, abdicates after riots and a popular revolt at the winter palace Aranjuez. His son, Ferdinand VII, takes the throne. The Cortes of Cádiz promulgates the Spanish Constitution of 1812. First documented bank heist in U.S. history, when burglars stole $245,000 (1831 values) from the City Bank (now Citibank) on Wall Street. Most of the money was recovered. The Taiping reform movement occupies and makes Nanjing its capital until 1864. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (18 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (aka Caligula = Little Boots) emperor. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade. First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city. Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake. Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of the Romans. Valletta is made the capital city of Malta. Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia. New York governor George Clarke's complex at Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741. American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act. The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann. Flanders Campaign of the French Revolution, Battle of Neerwinden. Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle, Dorset, England are sentenced to be transported to Australia for forming a trade union. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (17 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eighteen, following the death of his father, Marcus Aurelius. Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire; he forces Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of his predecessor, Valentinian III, to marry him. Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. Turko-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. American Revolution: The British Army evacuates Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King of Italy. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty is signed in London, dividing the Malay archipelago. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch. The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand Wars. The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. The first railway line of Finland between cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, called Päärata, is officially opened. SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board. The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (16 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset." The Long Parliament of England is dissolved so as to prepare for the new Convention Parliament. The Army Corps of Engineers is established to found and operate the United States Military Academy at West Point. Prince Willem proclaims himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the first constitutional monarch in the Netherlands. The Wanderers F.C. win the first FA Cup, the oldest football competition in the world, beating Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1-0 at The Oval in Kennington, London. In Melbourne, the representatives of five colonies adopt a constitution, which would become the basis of the Commonwealth of Australia.[page needed] The 7th and 10th US cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the US-Mexico border to join the hunt for Pancho Villa. Finnish Civil War: Battle of Länkipohja is infamous for its bloody aftermath as the Whites execute 70-100 capitulated Reds. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (15 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Odoacer, the first barbarian King of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, is slain by Theoderic the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, while the two kings were feasting together. Michael III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire, overthrows the regency of his mother, empress Theodora (wife of Theophilos) with support of the Byzantine nobility. Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya enters Sa'dah and founds the Zaydi Imamate of Yemen. After a ten-year truce, German King Henry the Fowler defeats a Hungarian army at the Battle of Riade near the Unstrut river. Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V, Count of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens, a Crusader state in Greece. Mughal Emperor Akbar abolishes the jizya tax on non-Muslim subjects. King Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, granting limited religious freedom to all Christians. In an emotional speech in Newburgh, New York, George Washington asks his officers not to support the Newburgh Conspiracy. The plea is successful and the threatened coup d'état never takes place. A revolution breaks out in Hungary, and the Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the reform party. France and Vietnam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina. Archbishop of New York John McCloskey is named the first cardinal in the United States. First ever official cricket test match is played: Australia vs England at the MCG Stadium, in Melbourne, Australia. Start of the Anglo-Tibetan War of 1888. The first parliamentary elections of Finland (at the time the Grand Duchy of Finland) are held. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (14 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots defeat the forces of the Catholic League under Charles, Duke of Mayenne, during the French Wars of Religion. Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm. According to his own account, Otto von Guericke completes his book Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio, detailing his experiments on vacuum and his discovery of electrostatic repulsion. The Third Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of Ronas Voe results in the Dutch East India Company ship Wapen van Rotterdam being captured with a death toll of up to 300 Dutch crew and soldiers. Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard HMS Monarch for breach of the Articles of War. American Revolutionary War: Spanish forces capture Fort Charlotte in Mobile, Alabama, the last British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans. Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin. The Mikado, a light opera by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, receives its first public performance at the Savoy Theatre in London. Utah governor Heber Manning Wells vetoes a bill that would have eased restriction on polygamy. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, the first national wildlife refuge in the US, is established by President Theodore Roosevelt. In the second of the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites, about 80% of the population in Zone II votes to remain part of Weimar Germany. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (13 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one. Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard. Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins. William Herschel discovers Uranus. Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809. A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars. Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry. Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. The German revolutions of 1848-1849 begin in Vienna. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (12 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Catholic Church. He is best known for initiating the Crusades. German city Munich (München) is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I. Start of the Siege of Maastricht, part of the Eighty Years' War. Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Society of Jesus, are canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. James II of England landed at Kinsale, starting the Williamite War in Ireland. Peninsular War: A day after a successful rearguard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delays the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha. The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) are founded in the United States. The future capital of Australia is officially named Canberra. Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for most of the period since 1713. The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin. In California, the St. Francis Dam fails; the resulting floods kill 431 people. Mahatma Gandhi begins the Salt March, a 200-mile march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt in India. Great Depression: Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This is also the first of his "fireside chats". Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (11 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire. Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona. Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina. The Frondeurs and the French sign the Peace of Rueil. The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper, is published for the first time. Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation. The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end. The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory. Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand. Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (10 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: The Later Han is founded by Liu Zhiyuan. He declares himself emperor. After establishing the city of Santo Domingo, Christopher Columbus departs for Spain, leaving his brother in command. Spaniard Fray Tomás de Berlanga, the fourth Bishop of Panama, discovers the Galápagos Islands by chance on his way to Peru. Susenyos I defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia. Charles I dissolves the Parliament of England, beginning the eleven-year period known as the Personal Rule. French "Sun King" Louis XIV begins his personal rule of France after the death of his premier, the Cardinal Mazarin. An agreement between Nader Shah and Russia is signed near Ganja, Azerbaijan and Russian troops are withdrawn from occupied territories. French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform. Emperor Napoleon I is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France. The French Foreign Legion is created by Louis Philippe, the King of France, from the foreign regiments of the Kingdom of France. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (09 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. Khwarazmian sultan Jalal ad-Din conquers the Georgian capital of Tbilisi. Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus in the Battle of Klokotnitsa. The fleet of Pedro Álvares Cabral leaves Lisbon for the Indies. The fleet will discover Brazil which lies within boundaries granted to Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Safavid troops retreat from Basra, ending a three-year occupation. After a campaign by the writer Voltaire, judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son may have actually died by suicide. The Wealth of Nations by Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith is published. Paraguayan forces defeat Manuel Belgrano at the Battle of Tacuarí. Francis Ronalds describes the first battery-operated clock in the Philosophical Magazine. The U.S. Supreme Court rules in the United States v. The Amistad case that captive Africans who had seized control of the ship carrying them had been taken into slavery illegally. Giuseppe Verdi's third opera, Nabucco, receives its première performance in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera composers. The first documented discovery of gold in California occurs at Rancho San Francisco, six years before the California Gold Rush. Mexican-American War: The first large-scale amphibious assault in U.S. history is launched in the Siege of Veracruz. American Civil War: USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (rebuilt from the engines and lower hull of the USS Merrimack) fight to a draw in the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first battle between two ironclad warships. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (08 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Ferdowsi completes his epic poem Shahnameh. Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. Battle of Hausbergen between bourgeois militias and the army of the bishop of Strasbourg. The city of Pori (Swedish: Björneborg) was founded by Duke John on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia. Treaty of Roskilde: After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655-1661), Frederick III, the King of Denmark-Norway is forced to give up nearly half his territory to Sweden. Queen Anne, the younger sister of Mary II, becomes Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Safavid Empire of Iran is defeated by an army from Afghanistan at the Battle of Gulnabad. Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran. An anonymous writer, thought by some to be Thomas Paine, publishes "African Slavery in America", the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery. Gnadenhutten massacre: Ninety-six Native Americans in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, who had converted to Christianity, are killed by Pennsylvania militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indian tribes. War of the Second Coalition: At the Battle of Abukir, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby lands in Egypt with the aim of ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. King Oscar I ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway. The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, was reopened after 45 years of closure. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (07 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Coblenz in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin. The University of Paris issues the last in a series of condemnations of various philosophical and theological theses. A peace treaty is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, ending the Ottoman-Venetian War and leaving Cyprus in Ottoman hands. Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives. Emperor Napoleon I of France wins the Battle of Craonne. Brazilian marines unsuccessfully attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina. Shrigley abduction: Ellen Turner is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a future politician in colonial New Zealand. Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war. American Civil War: Union forces engage Confederate troops at the Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas. Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the "telephone". The German liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to send wireless signals to shore. Second Boer War: Boers, led by Koos de la Rey, inflict the biggest defeat upon the British since the beginning of the war, at Tweebosch. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (06 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete. The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus. Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed. Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights. Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam. The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal. The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement. The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free. York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto. Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured. The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7-2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people. Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (05 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern journey which he will later describe in his book Safarnama. The Livonian Order is defeated in the Battle of Aizkraukle by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. King Henry VII of England issues letters patent to John Cabot and his sons, authorising them to explore unknown lands. Nicolaus Copernicus's book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is added to the Index of Forbidden Books 73 years after it was first published. Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans. Boston Massacre: Five Americans, including Crispus Attucks, are fatally shot by British troops in an event that would contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (also known as the American War of Independence) five years later. Peninsular War: A French force under the command of Marshal Victor is routed while trying to prevent an Anglo-Spanish-Portuguese army from lifting the Siege of Cádiz in the Battle of Barrosa. First Anglo-Burmese War: The British officially declare war on Burma. Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful Caribbean pirates, is defeated in combat and captured by authorities. Samuel Colt patents the first production-model revolver, the .34-caliber. The Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales is opened. Parma, Tuscany, Modena and Romagna vote in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. Mefistofele, an opera by Arrigo Boito, receives its premiere performance at La Scala. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (04 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title princeps iuventutis (head of the youth). Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a statute, a document with the first known written mention of the Croats name in Croatian sources. Translation of the relics of martyr Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, Prince of the Czechs. Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of Germany. The Battle of the Sit River is fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Rus'. Ramathibodi becomes King of Siam. Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) is crowned King of Poland. Wars of the Roses in England: Lancastrian King Henry VI is deposed by his House of York cousin, who then becomes King Edward IV. Explorer Christopher Columbus arrives back in Lisbon, Portugal, aboard his ship Niña from his voyage to what are now The Bahamas and other islands in the Caribbean. Hernán Cortés arrives in Mexico in search of the Aztec civilization and its wealth. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (03 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. Mughal Emperor Akbar defeats Sultan of Bengal Daud Khan Karrani's army at the Battle of Tukaroi. The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza. American Revolutionary War: The first amphibious landing of the United States Marine Corps begins the Battle of Nassau. American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army is routed at the Battle of Brier Creek near Savannah, Georgia. The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison. The U.S. Congress passes the Missouri Compromise. Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. The Territory of Minnesota is created. The two-day Great Slave Auction, the largest such auction in United States history, concludes. Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing serfs. Censorship in the United States: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene literature and articles of immoral use" through the mail. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (02 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his bucellarii are almost cut off. Louis V becomes the last Carolingian king of West Francia after the death of his father, Lothaire. Skanderbeg organizes a group of Albanian nobles to form the League of Lezhë. George of Poděbrady is chosen as the king of Bohemia. Burgundian Wars: The Old Swiss Confederacy hands Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a major defeat in the Battle of Grandson in Canton of Neuchâtel. The College of Arms is formally incorporated by Royal Charter signed by King Richard III of England. Vasco da Gama's fleet visits the Island of Mozambique. The Great Fire of Meireki begins in Edo (now Tokyo), Japan, causing more than 100,000 deaths before it exhausts itself three days later. American Revolutionary War: Patriot militia units attempt to prevent capture of supply ships in and around the Savannah River by a small fleet of the Royal Navy in the Battle of the Rice Boats. Claude Chappe demonstrates the first semaphore line near Paris. The Bank of England issues the first one-pound and two-pound banknotes. The U.S. Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, disallowing the importation of new slaves into the country. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (01 Mar 2025) Today's historical events: Vetranio proclaims himself Caesar after being encouraged to do so by Constantina, sister of Constantius II. Emperor Louis the Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. Forces of the Catholic Monarchs engage the combined Portuguese-Castilian armies of Afonso V and Prince John at the Battle of Toro. Sixty-three Huguenots are massacred in Wassy, France, marking the start of the French Wars of Religion. Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu. Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and Tituba are brought before local magistrates in Salem Village, Massachusetts, beginning what would become known as the Salem witch trials. The Articles of Confederation goes into effect in the United States. The first United States census is authorized. The Dutch East India Company is nationalized by the Batavian Republic. Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted at the end of his impeachment trial by the U.S. Senate. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (28 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes. Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on the order of conquistador Hernán Cortés. The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh. Elias Lönnrot signed and dated the first version of the Kalevala, the so-called foreword to the Old Kalevala. The United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence. The Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America. February 28 Incident: In Taiwan, civil disorder is put down with the loss of an estimated 30,000 civilians. Christiansborg Cross-Roads shooting in the Gold Coast, when a British police officer opens fire on a march of ex-servicemen, killing three of them and sparking major riots and looting in Accra. A school bus in Floyd County, Kentucky hits a wrecker truck and plunges down an embankment into the rain-swollen Levisa Fork river. The driver and 26 children die in what remains one of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history. Discoverer 1, an American spy satellite that is the first object intended to achieve a polar orbit, is launched but fails to achieve orbit. A NASA T-38 Talon crashes into the McDonnell Aircraft factory while attempting a poor-visibility landing at Lambert Field, St. Louis, killing astronauts Elliot See and Charles Bassett. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (27 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. The University of Constantinople is founded by Emperor Theodosius II at the urging of his wife Aelia Eudocia. The Treaty of Berwick is signed by England and the Lords of the Congregation of Scotland, establishing the terms under which English armed forces were to be permitted in Scotland in order to expel occupying French troops. Henry IV is crowned King of France. Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia sign the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War and shutting Russia out of the Baltic Sea. Yuan Chonghuan is appointed Governor of Liaodong, after leading the Chinese into a great victory against the Manchurians under Nurhaci. American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in North Carolina breaks up a Loyalist militia. American Revolutionary War: The House of Commons of Great Britain votes against further war in America. Pursuant to the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Washington, D.C. is placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. Action of 27 February 1809: Captain Bernard Dubourdieu captures HMS Proserpine. Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina in the city of Rosario for the first time. Poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire. The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (26 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Valentinian I is proclaimed Roman emperor. Battle of Benevento: An army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by Manfred, King of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples. The Janszoon voyage of 1605-06 becomes the first European expedition to set foot on Australia, although it is mistaken as a part of New Guinea. Galileo Galilei is formally banned by the Roman Catholic Church from teaching or defending the view that the earth orbits the sun. The British East India Company factory on Balambangan Island is destroyed by Moro pirates. The first Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen burns down. Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from exile on the island of Elba. The Beach Pneumatic Transit in New York City, intending as a demonstration for a subway line opens. Japan and Korea sign the Treaty of Kangwha, which grants Japanese citizens extraterritoriality rights in Korea, opens three Korean ports to Japanese trade, and ends Korea's status as a tributary state of Qing dynasty China. Kinemacolor, the first successful color motion picture process, is first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre in London. HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. President Calvin Coolidge signs legislation establishing the 96,000 acres (390 km2) Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (25 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights. Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm. Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet Affair (1843). Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress. In the Battle of Verdun, a German unit captures Fort Douaumont, keystone of the French defences, without a fight. German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia. Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (24 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. King Charles III of Naples and Hungary is assassinated at Buda. A Spanish-Austrian army defeats a French army at the Battle of Pavia. Coronation of Ferdinand I as the king of Bohemia in Prague. Treaty of Nagyvárad between Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and King John Zápolya of Hungary and Croatia. With the papal bull Inter gravissimas, Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar. The last battle of the Cudgel War was fought on the Santavuori Hill in Ilmajoki, Ostrobothnia. L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, one of the first works recognized as an opera, receives its première performance. Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, is premièred. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (23 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. Khosrow II, last Sasanian shah of Iran, is overthrown. Empress Wu Zetian abdicates the throne, restoring the Tang dynasty. Traditionally the date of publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed with movable type. Berbice slave uprising in Guyana: The first major slave revolt in South America. American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to help to train the Continental Army. Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed and the conspirators arrested. Texas Revolution: The Siege of the Alamo (prelude to the Battle of the Alamo) begins in San Antonio, Texas. Mexican-American War: Battle of Buena Vista: In Mexico, American troops under future president General Zachary Taylor defeat Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna. The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared. President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland. Reconstruction Era: Post-U.S. Civil War military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (22 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14-20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdinand of Majorca and the forces of Matilda of Hainaut, ends in victory for Ferdinand. Robert II becomes King of Scotland, beginning the Stuart dynasty. King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne. Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, the dedicatee, receives the first printed copy of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . War of the Austrian Succession: The Battle of Toulon causes several Royal Navy captains to be court-martialed, and the Articles of War to be amended. The last Invasion of Britain begins near Fishguard, Wales. By the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars. Mexican-American War: The Battle of Buena Vista: Five thousand American troops defeat 15,000 Mexican troops. The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins. The United States Republican Party opens its first national convention in Pittsburgh.[citation needed] Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (21 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. The Prussian Confederation is formed. Mikhail I is unanimously elected Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia. A force of 1,400 French soldiers invaded Britain at Fishguard in support of the Society of United Irishmen. They were defeated by 500 British reservists. The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Wales. Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish War, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country (i.e. Finland) to Russia. Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix is the first periodical to use the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah. John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto. American Civil War: Battle of Valverde is fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory. Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the first American woman to graduate from dental school. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (20 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland in lieu of a dowry for Margaret of Denmark. Juan Ponce de León sets out from Spain for Florida with about 200 prospective colonists. Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. René-Robert Cavelier establishes Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay thus forming the basis for France's claim to Texas. The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by United States President George Washington. Louis-Alexandre Berthier removes Pope Pius VI from power. Manuel Belgrano defeats the royalist army of Pío de Tristán during the Battle of Salta. Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville premieres at the Teatro Argentina in Rome. The 1835 Concepción earthquake destroys Concepción, Chile. Polish insurgents lead an uprising in Kraków to incite a fight for national independence. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (19 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan idols in the Roman Empire. Having already been elected to the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, Sigismund III of the House of Vasa is crowned King of Sweden, having succeeded his father John III of Sweden in 1592. The Peruvian stratovolcano Huaynaputina explodes in the most violent eruption in the recorded history of South America. The Second Battle of Guararapes takes place, effectively ending Dutch colonization efforts in Brazil. England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England. Great Northern War: The battle of Napue between Sweden and Russia is fought in Isokyrö, Ostrobothnia. The Supreme Privy Council is established in Russia. Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested for treason in Wakefield, Alabama and confined to Fort Stoddert. British explorer William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands and claims them in the name of King George III. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (18 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. The Battle of Wesenberg is fought between the Livonian Order and Dovmont of Pskov. Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces. George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London. Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them. The ballad opera called Flora, or Hob in the Well went down in history as the first opera of any kind to be produced in North America (Charleston, S.C.) Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana). Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state. French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad. Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau. In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America. With Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy. Bulgarian revolutionary leader Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities. John Tunstall is murdered by outlaw Jesse Evans, sparking the Lincoln County War in Lincoln County, New Mexico. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (17 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of Bayezid I, becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire with the support of Mircea I of Wallachia. Duke Friedrich and Duke Johann attempt to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, Denmark, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt. On his way to be burned at the stake for heresy, at Campo de' Fiori in Rome, the philosopher Giordano Bruno has a wooden vise put on his tongue to prevent him continuing to speak. Myles Standish is appointed as first military commander of the English Plymouth Colony in North America. Sixteen men of Pascual de Iriate's expedition are lost at Evangelistas Islets at the western end of the Strait of Magellan. The Battle of Vasai commences as the Marathas move to invade Portuguese-occupied territory. In Sweden February 17 is followed by March 1 as the country moves from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. 1800 United States presidential election: An tie in the Electoral College between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives. War of the Sixth Coalition: The Battle of Mormant. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (16 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. Dutch forces led by Hendrick Lonck capture Olinda in what was to become part of Dutch Brazil. Battle of Torrington, Devon: The last major battle of the first English Civil War. First Leopoldine Diploma is issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, recognizing the Greek Catholic clergy enjoyed the same privileges as Roman Catholic priests in the Principality of Transylvania. Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes British Prime Minister. Colombo in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) falls to the British, completing their invasion of Ceylon. First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia. American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant captures Fort Donelson, Tennessee. Spencer Compton Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington becomes British Secretary of State for War. The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated by Act of Parliament at Ottawa (44th Vic., c.1). Iceland's first football club, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, is founded. The Council of Lithuania unanimously adopts the Act of Independence, declaring Lithuania an independent state. Howard Carter unseals the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (15 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberios III publicly executed in the Hippodrome of Constantinople. At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles, Arduin of Ivrea is restored to his domains and crowned King of Italy. Pope Paschal II issues Pie Postulatio Voluntatis, recognizing the Order of Hospitallers. During the Anglo-French War (1213-1214), an English invasion force led by John, King of England, lands at La Rochelle in France. While on board the Niña, Christopher Columbus writes an open letter (widely distributed upon his return to Portugal) describing his discoveries and the unexpected items he came across in the New World. Constantin Cantemir, Prince of Moldavia, and the Holy Roman Empire sign a secret treaty in Sibiu, stipulating that Moldavia would support the actions led by the House of Habsburg against the Ottoman Empire. The city of St. Louis is established in Spanish Louisiana (now in Missouri, USA). The Roman Republic is proclaimed after Louis-Alexandre Berthier, a general of Napoleon, had invaded the city of Rome five days earlier. Serbia's Sretenje Constitution briefly comes into effect. American Civil War: Confederates commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd attack General Ulysses S. Grant's Union forces besieging Fort Donelson in Tennessee. Unable to break the fort's encirclement, the Confederates surrender the following day. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (14 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages. Pope Benedict VIII crowns Henry of Bavaria, King of Germany and of Italy, as Holy Roman Emperor. The troubled 1130 papal election exposes a rift within the College of Cardinals. Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remaining Jews are forcibly removed from Strasbourg. Spanish conquistadores, led by Nuño de Guzmán, overthrow and execute Tangaxuan II, the last independent monarch of the Tarascan state in present-day central Mexico. Having been declared a heretic and laicized by Pope Paul IV on 4 December 1555, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer is publicly defrocked at Christ Church Cathedral. Coronation of Akbar as ruler of the Mughal Empire. The Mapuches launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile beginning the Mapuche uprising of 1655. The United States flag is formally recognized by a foreign naval vessel for the first time, when French Admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte renders a nine gun salute to USS Ranger, commanded by John Paul Jones. American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Kettle Creek is fought in Georgia. James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians near Kealakekua on the Island of Hawaii. French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent: John Jervis, (later 1st Earl of St Vincent) and Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson) lead the British Royal Navy to victory over a Spanish fleet in action near Gibraltar. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (13 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, recognizing John as ruler of Rome. The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. The Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles. Challenge of Barletta: Tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta. Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery. Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. The Clergy Act becomes law, excluding bishops of the Church of England from serving in the House of Lords. With the accession of young Charles XI of Sweden, his regents begin negotiations to end the Second Northern War. William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England. Massacre of Glencoe: Almost 80 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange. Parliament of Negrete between Mapuche and Spanish authorities in Chile bring an end to the Mapuche uprising of 1723-26. Treaty of Giyanti signed by VOC, Pakubuwono III and Prince Mangkubumi. The treaty divides the Javanese kingdom of Mataram into two: Sunanate of Surakarta and Sultanate of Yogyakarta. The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Șaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized. Italian unification: The Siege of Gaeta ends with the capitulation of the defending fortress, effectively bringing an end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (12 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen-Geist Spital in Vienna. English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. Vasco da Gama with 15 ships and 800 men sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India. Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (11 Feb 2025) Today's historical events: Guo Wei, a court official, leads a military coup and declares himself emperor of the new Later Zhou. Henry VIII of England is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England. A naval expedition led by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds Nombre de Jesús, the first of two short-lived Spanish settlements in the Strait of Magellan. Sir Francis Drake with an English force captures and occupies the Spanish colonial port of Cartagena de Indias for two months, obtaining a ransom and booty. The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses. First session of United States Senate opens to the public. Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry is accused of "gerrymandering" for the first time. Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta. University College London is founded as University of London. Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment receives its first performance in Paris, France. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices