What's That Rash?

A post from Queensland Health has been ridiculed after for urging people not to kiss their pets or let them sleep in the same bed.So how do the risks of pet ownership stack up to the presumed benefits of having a furry (feathery or scaly) friend?Norman and Tegan take a look at the evidence – and some of its flaws – and reignite the age-old cat vs dog debate.References:If you have a pet as a kid, does this lower your risk of asthma and eczema? | WEHIZoonotic diseases and pets | American Veterinary Medical Association Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors | PNASPet Ownership and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review of the LiteratureIs Dog Ownership Associated with Mental Health? A Population Study of 68,362 Adults Living in EnglandNo beneficial associations between living with a pet and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large UK longitudinal sample - ScienceDirectPet ownership, loneliness, and social isolation: a systematic review | Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric EpidemiologyThe Relationship Between Attachment to Pets and Mental Health and Wellbeing: A Systematic Review Pet ownership and maintenance of cognitive function in community-residing older adults: evidence from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) | Scientific ReportsDog owners are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than people without a dog: An investigation of the association between dog ownership and physical activity levels in a UK community | Scientific Reports A modest protective association between pet ownership and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS OneDog, cat, bird, fish, and other pet ownership and mortality: Evidence from the HILDA cohortLong-term stress levels are synchronized in dogs and their owners | Scientific ReportsIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!How worried should you be about microplastics?Is daylight saving time bad for us?MSG's messy myths and racist tropesYou can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

It’s hay fever season, and as you sniffle away next to an air purifier, you might be wondering why we haven’t cured such a common allergy.Allergic rhinitis, as it’s scientifically known, has plagued people for generations. It's thought up to 24 per cent of Australians suffer from it.Norman and Tegan run through what hay fever is, how we identified it and what can be done to treat it. This episode first aired on October 23, 2024. References:Allergic Rhinitis: A ReviewO Rose thou art sick… history of allergic rhinitisI’m considering allergen immunotherapy for my hay fever. What do I need to know?Ingestion of honey improves the symptoms of allergic rhinitis: evidence from a randomized placebo-controlled trialThe Potential use of Honey as a Remedy for Allergic Diseases: A Mini ReviewCan you adapt to allergies or does the dog have to go?You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

It’s a tale as old as air travel … you’re off on a whirlwind holiday but spend the first week suffering from fatigue.If you ask anyone about jet lag they’ll have their own tips, but what are some evidence-based ways to reset your body clock?Norman and Tegan talk through some of the ways you can adjust to a totally different timezone.References:Time-zone effects on the long-distance air traveler - 1969Jet lag syndrome: circadian organization, pathophysiology, and management strategiesAn Abrupt Shift in the Day/Night Cycle Causes Desynchrony in the Mammalian Circadian CenterThe genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and diseaseHow To Travel the World Without Jet LagEastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball AssociationManaging Travel Fatigue and Jet Lag in Athletes: A Review and Consensus StatementMelatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag | Cochrane ReviewIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Chronotypes: Early birds vs night owlsIs daylight saving time bad for us?What is the perfect nap duration?

If you haven’t heard of the Don’t Die movement or Bryan Johnson’s Blueprint Protocol, then buckle in.Johnson is a millionaire who is pouring his money into a massive effort to stay as young as possible, for as long as possible.Norman and Tegan unpack the basics of his routine, and some of his whackier attempts to turn back the biological clock.References:DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of agingHow old are you really? Are the latest ‘biological age’ tests all they’re cracked up to be?Plasma-Based Strategies for Therapeutic Modulation of Brain AgingInfusion of young donor plasma components in older patients modifies the immune and inflammatory response to surgical tissue injury: a randomized clinical trial | Journal of Translational MedicineOld plasma dilution reduces human biological age: a clinical studyMetformin as Anti-Aging Therapy: Is It for Everyone?Targeting ageing with rapamycin and its derivatives in humans: a systematic review - The Lancet Healthy LongevityA Phase 1/2a Follistatin Gene Therapy Trial for Becker Muscular DystrophyFollistatin Gene Therapy Improves Ambulation in Becker Muscular DystrophyIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Is it safe to dose yourself with pre-workout?Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple?Can you train yourself to sleep less?

You go to make a sandwich and notice mould on the corner of a single slice of bread — we've all been there. So what do you do? Chop off the affected corner? Ditch the single slice and choose bread from further down in the bag? Or chuck the entire bag?Norman and Tegan take on this controversial topic at the World Science Festival in Brisbane. References:Mycotoxin contamination in moldy slices of bread is mostly limited to the immediate vicinity of the visible infestationAflatoxins - National Cancer InstituteErgot poisoning: Symptoms, treatment, and historyThe expert verdict on whether it's ever OK to cut off the mould on food and eat the rest - ABC NewsDisgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviourYucky! How Do Toddlers Learn About Disgust?If you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Why the carnivore diet is so riskyCracking your knuckles: good, bad or just annoying?

It might be the last thing on your mind when you’re congested and miserable, but we swear it’s a genuine question we get asked.When you’ve got exercise baked into your routine, do you have to take a break when you’re unwell?Norman and Tegan unpack the nuance of exercising when you’re sick – when you can, and when you can’t.References:The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense systemModerate exercise induces trained immunity in macrophages | American Journal of Physiology-Cell PhysiologyHigher risk of upper respiratory tract infection post marathon running: when physical exercise becomes a threat to the immune systemSport and exercise during viral acute respiratory illness—Time to revisitExercise effect on symptom severity, morbidity and mortality in viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysisEffects of 60-day bed rest with and without exercise on cellular and humoral immunological parameters | Cellular & Molecular ImmunologyThe effect of exercise training on the severity and duration of a viral upper respiratory illnessOrthostatic reactions and blood volumes after moderate physical activation during acute febrile infectionsExercising while sick won’t help you get over a cold faster – but it may prevent your next oneIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Can you train yourself to pee less?Why is everyone suddenly talking about seed oils?Is sitting the new smoking?

It has become pretty common to send off a saliva sample or a cheek swab to find out more about yourself.At-home DNA testing kits offer insights into ancestry, but also claim to be able to tell you your risk of certain diseases, or even give you unique diet advice.Norman and Tegan explore the limits of these kits, and some things you should consider before potentially buying one.References:Understanding Human Genetic VariationWhat Can At-Home Genetic Tests Tell Me About My Health? - PMCThe sense and nonsense of direct-to-consumer genetic testing for cardiovascular diseaseFirst, do no harm: direct-to-consumer genetic testingDo at-home genetic tests work? - MD AndersonGenetic testing | Cancer Council Direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests providing health risk information: A systematic review of consequences for consumers and health servicesAustralians’ perspectives on support around use of personal genomic testing: Findings from the Genioz studyUnderstanding Direct-to-Consumer genetic DNA testing | NHMRCWhat people really change after genetic testing (GT) performed in private labs: results from an Italian studyDirect‐to‐consumer genetic tests providing health risk information: A systematic review of consequences for consumers and health servicesIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Should you base your diet on your blood type?Why is the internet telling me to lower my cortisol?What on earth is grounding?!

Australians have a long and complicated history with the emu – and the tale continues in the murky wellness space.There are a handful of emu farms still operating locally to harvest meat, oil, eggs and feathers from the flightless birds.Norman and Tegan discuss the growing demand for emu oil, and what it’s claimed to do.References:The Emu: More-Than-Human and More-Than-Animal GeographiesChemical Characterization and In Vivo Toxicological Safety Evaluation of Emu Oil - PMC Review on emu products for use as complementary and alternative medicine - ScienceDirect Anti-inflammatory activity of emu oils in rats | InflammopharmacologyEmu Oil Combined with Lyprinol™ Reduces Small Intestinal Damage in a Rat Model of Chemotherapy-Induced MucositisEmu oil expedites small intestinal repair following 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in ratsVitamins and fatty acids against chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositisEmu Oil and zinc monoglycerolate independently reduce disease severity in a rat model of ulcerative colitisOrally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitisEmu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitisEmu oil enhances cutaneous wound healing by modulating inflammation through promoting macrophage M2 polarization via MAPK signaling pathwayEffects of Topical Emu Oil on Burn Wounds in the Skin of Balb/c MicePreparation and evaluation of minoxidil foamable emu oil emulsionComparative effects of emu and olive oil on aortic early atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in hypercholesterolemic hamstersEmu oil decreases atherogenic plaque formation in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats If you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Should we all be vegetarian?Infrared, ultraviolet and LED therapy – can lights cure us?Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple?

Not everyone is a morning person, and not everyone can stay up past midnight. How hard-wired are our internal schedules?It’s long been suspected there was an evolutionary advantage to humans falling asleep and waking up at different times.Norman and Tegan unpack what are called chronotypes, and whether you can shift yours to better fit your lifestyle.References:Early bird trait might run in families - the Health ReportGenetic Basis of Chronotype in Humans: Insights From Three Landmark GWASA Length Polymorphism in the Circadian Clock Gene Per3 is Linked to Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome and Extreme Diurnal PreferenceChronotype variation drives night-time sentinel-like behaviour in hunter–gatherers | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological SciencesMindful larks and lonely owls: The relationship between chronotype, mental health, sleep quality, and social support in young adultsA systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity DisordersHow to Become a Morning Person - Sleep FoundationResetting the late timing of ‘night owls’ has a positive impact on mental health and performanceChronotype changes with age; seven-year follow-up from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety cohortFrom early birds to night owls: a longitudinal study of actigraphy-assessed sleep trajectories during the transition from pre- to early adolescenceThe morality of larks and owls: unethical behavior depends on chronotype as well as time of dayCheck out our other sleep episodes!What is the perfect nap duration?Rapid-fire round: Answering your sleep questionsCan you train yourself to sleep less?Is melatonin the answer to a good night's sleep?

In a video that went viral, Robert F. Kennedy Jr was seen on a plane dropping a cobalt blue liquid into his drink.People quickly started to assume it was methylene blue, a substance that in some corners is being heralded for apparent anti-ageing properties.Norman and Tegan look at the research that has been done so far … and some of the risks of dosing yourself with unproven medications.References:Efficacy and safety of methylene blue in the treatment of malaria: a systematic reviewMethylene blue as antidote for cyanide poisoning - JAMACellular and Molecular Actions of Methylene Blue in the Nervous SystemMethylene Blue: The Little-Known DisinfectantThe Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging Drug - PMCIs methylene blue really a brain booster? A pharmacologist explains the scienceFrom Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection—an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue | Molecular NeurobiologyAnti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue for Human Skin Longevity | Scientific ReportsWhat to know about methylene blue - Harvard Health Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of methylene blue trihydrate (Cas No. 7220-79-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 miceChromoendoscopy with methylene blue and associated DNA damage in Barrett's oesophagus - The LancetGeneration of oxidant stress in cultured endothelial cells by methylene blue: protective effects of glucose and ascorbic acid - ScienceDirectThe photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizerIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!How worried should you be about microplastics?Is NAD+ a miracle anti-ageing supplement?

You might've been advertised lymphatic massage treatments promising to boost your energy and leave you looking snatched.The lymphatic system is great at clearing out gunk and checking our bodies for potential nasties like bacteria and viruses.Norman and Tegan discuss whether it's possible to have a 'sluggish' lymphatic system in need of help, without having a diagnosable condition.References: Manual lymphatic drainage treatment for lymphedema: a systematic review of the literatureComparative Effects of Facial Roller and Gua Sha Massage on Facial Contour, Muscle Tone, and Skin Elasticity: Randomized Controlled TrialComparison of the Immediate Effect of Petrissage Massage and Manual Lymph Drainage Following Exercise on Biomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rectus Femoris Muscle in WomenThe Effects of Kinect-Enhanced Lymphatic Exercise Intervention on Lymphatic Pain, Swelling, and Lymph Fluid LevelExercise and the lymphatic system | MD Anderson Cancer Center If you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple?Which hair loss treatments actually work?

Some people might be naturally blessed with pearly whites, but many people aren’t happy with the shade of their teeth.There’s nothing inherently unhealthy about yellower teeth, and staining happens throughout our lives.Norman and Tegan unpack the long history of teeth whitening (with everything from urine to nitric acid) and discuss where there’s potential for harm.References: From Gunpowder to Teeth Whitener: The Science Behind Historic Uses of UrineShades of white: what you should know about teeth whitening - The University of SydneyWhite wine can stain teeth - NatureDo different bleaching protocols affect the enamel microhardness? - PMC Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of conventional and whitening kinds of toothpaste on oral mucosa cells: Acta Odontologica ScandinavicaAccidental ingestion of 35% hydrogen peroxide - PMCIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!How risky is sharing a toothbrush?Why are people taping their mouths?

Coffee has been an important part of human cultures for centuries, and it has a long history of being both heralded and demonised.But the more we learn about coffee – even independent from caffeine – the more that comes to light about its potential benefits.Norman and Tegan drink in the evidence so far, which gets down to the nitty gritty of brewing techniques and milk additions. References:Coffee - The Nutrition Source - Harvard School of Public HealthCoffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: Findings from a large up-to-date meta-analysisCaffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysisCoffee consumption and risk of stroke in womenCaffeine, Mental Health, and Psychiatric DisordersAssociation of Coffee Drinking With Mortality by Genetic Variation in Caffeine Metabolism: Findings From the UK BiobankPhysical characteristics of the paper filter and low cafestol content filter coffee brews - ScienceDirect Coffee consumption and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality: Does the brewing method matter? | European Journal of Preventive CardiologyPhenolic Acid–Amino Acid Adducts Exert Distinct Immunomodulatory Effects in Macrophages Compared to Parent Phenolic Acids | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry The deep, rich and problematic history of coffee in Australia and worldwide - ABC NewsIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Am I addicted to caffeine?Can consuming dairy really give you acne?A single glass of red wine for your health, yeah or nah?

There tend to be more bugs around in winter making everyone snotty and uncomfortable.But does this mean that cold weather causes colds? Well no, viruses cause the common cold.But, as Norman and Tegan explain, winter does set the stage for those viruses to have more moments in the spotlight.References:Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza - PMCCold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections - ScienceDirect Immune system of cold-exposed and cold-adapted humans | European Journal of Applied PhysiologyImmune changes in humans during cold exposure: effects of prior heating and exerciseCold exposure impairs extracellular vesicle swarm–mediated nasal antiviral immunity - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Airborne transmission efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters is not influenced by environmental conditions | npj VirusesIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Norman tried an ice bath so you don't have toIs NAD+ a miracle anti-ageing supplement?

Organic fruits and vegetables are one thing, but the label is popping up on packaged foods too.Are they healthier for us because they’re certified organic? How much harm are pesticides doing to our health?Norman and Tegan dig into organic farming to find out whether they’re worth the extra price. References:Organic Certification ExplainedPesticides | Food Standards Australia New Zealand Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures - ScienceDirectGlobal analysis shows how pesticides leach into the environment - The University of SydneyEcological impacts and management strategies of pesticide pollution on aquatic life and human beings - ScienceDirectA Systematic Review of Organic Versus Conventional Food Consumption: Is There a Measurable Benefit on Human Health?Cellulose Surface Nanoengineering for Visualizing Food SafetyComparison of Different Home/Commercial Washing Strategies for Ten Typical Pesticide Residue Removal Effects in Kumquat, Spinach and CucumberIf you enjoyed this episode, check these out!Should we all be vegetarian?Can you adapt to allergies or does the dog have to go?

What is silence, anyway? Well if you’ve got tinnitus silence can feel like a distant dream.There are many causes of the ringing or buzzing that many people hear despite there being no external sound.Norman and Tegan discuss some of the treatments – current and in the works – that could one day bring some peace and quiet.References:Intrinsic network activity in tinnitus investigated using functional MRIAuditory Resting-State Network Connectivity in Tinnitus: A Functional MRI Study | PLOS OneTargeting the Limbic System: Insights into Its Involvement in Tinnitus - PMC Chronic tinnitus and the limbic system: Reappraising brain structural effects of distress and affective symptoms - PMC Gray matter declines with age and hearing loss, but is partially maintained in tinnitus | Scientific Reports Therapy and Treatment Options | American Tinnitus AssociationEffects of tinnitus retraining therapy on patients with tinnitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials | European Archives of Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyEffect of Tinnitus Retraining Therapy vs Standard of Care on Tinnitus-Related Quality of Life: A Randomized Clinical Trial | Otolaryngology Neuromodulation for Treatment of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis - Wiley Online Library

If you're a keen gym-goer you might've heard conflicting advice about optimising your workout.Some people claim that doing both cardio (getting your heart pumping) and strength (getting those muscles pumping) on the same day might cancel out the benefits.Norman and Tegan unpack what concurrent training is, and what the evidence tells us about its effects.ReferencesA Brief Review on Concurrent Training: From Laboratory to the Field - PMCConcurrent Training: A Meta-Analysis Examining Interference of Aerobic and Resistance ExercisesCompatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Sports MedicineConcurrent Strength and Endurance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Sex and Training Status | Sports MedicineConcurrent training in team sports: A systematic reviewSpecific Training Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Exercises Depend on Recovery DurationConcurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in paediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysisThe Effects of 12 Weeks of Concurrent and Combined Training on Inflammatory Markers, Muscular Performance, and Body Composition in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Males

Are you constantly getting scolded for pressing your cold feet against your partner in bed? Or told your hands are icy cold?It’s well known that some people run cold and others run hot. But why does this happen, and does it say anything about your health?Norman and Tegan unpack the physiology and get into some of the reasons we experience temperature differently.References:Individual differences in normal body temperature: longitudinal big data analysis of patient records | The BMJGender Matters! Thermal Comfort and Individual Perception of Indoor Environmental Quality: A Literature Review | SpringerLinkSex differences and aging: Is there a role of brown adipose tissue? - ScienceDirectCool Temperature Alters Human Fat and Metabolism | National Institutes of Health (NIH) A Review of Cultural Background and Thermal Perceptions in Urban EnvironmentsOutdoor thermal perception and adaptation of immigrants from cold climates to hot arid climate - ScienceDirectDrivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models - PMC

You might've heard a friend complaining about their latest break-out and swearing off dairy products as a result. Or that friend might be you.It’s a common complaint, but does it have any scientific merit?Norman and Tegan explore whether consuming dairy can cause acne, and if so, how a glass of milk might lead to pimples.References:The Influence of Genetics and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Acne: A Twin Study of Acne in WomenPatient Perceptions About Acne, Nutrition, and a Dietary Information Gap Diet and acne: A systematic reviewCan the right diet get rid of acne? - American Academy of Dermatology Association High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acneEffect of Chocolate on Acne Vulgaris - 1969Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Assessing the Effect of Chocolate Consumption in Subjects with a History of Acne Vulgaris

You might’ve been told by parents, teachers, colleagues, friends of friends to stop cracking your knuckles because it will give you arthritis.There’s a surprising amount of science going on when you crack a joint, and it suggests there’s very little risk of harming your bones.But as Norman and Tegan explain, there is one major risk – you could irritate everybody around you.References:Mathematical Model for the Sounds Produced by Knuckle Cracking | Scientific ReportsDoes knuckle cracking lead to arthritis of the fingers?The Consequences of Habitual Knuckle CrackingEffect of habitual knuckle cracking on hand functionThere might not be anything wrong with your creaky joints - the Health ReportMisophonia: When sounds really do make you "crazy" - Harvard Health

When weighing up the health risks of getting a tattoo, most people are concerned about the risk infection.But recently the ingredients in tattoo ink have come under the microscope, with some being identified as potential carcinogens.Norman and Tegan take a look at the many substances used to create permanent art, and whether they carry any real harm to humans.References:Why Tattoos Stay Put | UCSF SynapseWhat's in my ink: an analysis of commercial tattoo ink on the US market - PMCMuch ‘tattoo’ about nothing; Tattoo pigment mimicking breast microcalcifications on mammographyTattoo ink exposure is associated with lymphoma and skin cancers – a Danish study of twins | BMC Public HealthMelanoma Arising in Tattoos: A Case Series and Scoping Review of the LiteratureDoes tattoo ink give you cancer? - Cancer Council Australia2016 report from the Australian Government’s Department of Health, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme

The carnivore diet asks people to eat entirely animal-based, and the most extreme followers restrict themselves to only meat.Many carnivores claims they feel great — better than they ever have. They have more energy and lose weight.Norman and Tegan tuck into the reasons why carnivores feel better in the short-term, and the dangers they're inviting in the long-term.References: Behavioral Characteristics and Self-Reported Health Status among 2029 Adults Consuming a “Carnivore Diet” - Current Developments in NutritionLimitations of Self-reported Health Status and Metabolic Markers among Adults Consuming a “Carnivore Diet” - Current Developments in NutritionAssessing the Nutrient Composition of a Carnivore Diet: A Case Study ModelYellowish Nodules on a Man Consuming a Carnivore Diet | Lifestyle Behaviors | JAMA Cardiology

Hot flashes. Night sweats. Aching joints. Sore boobs. Welcome to your body in perimenopause!In episode one of this four-part series, Yumi Stynes speaks to women in the thick of perimenopause and battling physical symptoms. She also sits down with Dr Susan Davis, endocrinologist and world-leading expert on sex hormones and ageing to learn the best treatments for bothersome symptoms and how look after yourself in this stage of life. No sweat!Essential listening if you're going through perimenopause right now, or for those wanting to know what's over the hormonal horizon.

Do you find yourself complaining that you've got a small bladder, as you run to the toilet for the third time in an hour?There are many reasons a person might pee more than others, including some scary medical conditions. But as Norman and Tegan explain, in most cases your bladder is just deconditioned and you need to get your urinary tract into shape. References:Bladder control: Lifestyle strategies ease problemsA randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing pumpkin seed extract and soy germ extract to improve overactive bladder-related voiding dysfunction and quality of lifePumpkin Seed Oil Extracted From Cucurbita maxima Improves Urinary Disorder in Human Overactive BladderProsta Fink Forte capsules in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Multicentric surveillance study in 2245 patients

Microplastics are everywhere – they’re in the air, in the water and in our bodies.There’s plenty of evidence for that, but it’s still unclear what effects these microplastics are having on our health.Norman and Tegan unpack what we do and don’t know about these tiny specs of plastic, and what you might be able to do about them.References:Ingested microplastics: Do humans eat one credit card per week?A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammalsAssociation of mixed exposure to microplastics with sperm dysfunction: a multi-site study in China First evidence of microplastics in human ovarian follicular fluid: An emerging threat to female fertilityMicroplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events | New England Journal of MedicineBioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains | Nature MedicineChewing Gum Releases Hundreds of Microplastics In Your Mouth, Study Finds

This week parts of Australia are preparing to wind back their clocks to mark the ending of daylight saving time.For a long time the country has been divided about the positives and the negatives of changing the clocks twice a year.Norman and Tegan look into the health effects of this shift – from the impact on sleep to medical procedures and road accidents.References:Basic concepts and unique features of human circadian rhythms: implications for human health | Nutrition Reviews | Oxford AcademicAre Daylight Saving Time Changes Bad for the Brain? | Cerebrovascular Disease | JAMA NeurologyDaylight Saving Time and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-AnalysisDaylight savings time transitions and risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysisEmbryo transfers performed during daylight savings time led to reduced live birth rates in older patients | Journal of Assisted Reproduction and GeneticsDaylight saving time as a potential public health interventionDoes lowering evening rectal temperature to morning levels offset the diurnal variation in muscle force production?

If you're short-sighted or long-sighted, have astigmatism or double vision, you now live in a world where glasses can help you out.But there's a misconception hanging around that wearing spectacles weakens your eyes over time, and so some people avoid getting their vision checked.Norman and Tegan focus in on how glasses work and the long term impacts of wearing them.References:When time outside doesn't slow short-sightedness - the Health ReportThe history of spectacles - the College of OptometristsTo Correct or Not Correct? Actual Evidence, Controversy and the Questions That Remain OpenUndercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progressionInterventions to slow progression of myopia in children - Cochrane Review

We haven’t always suppressed our sweat or our natural body odour, but in many cultures now it’s expected we’ll all try to smell our best.You might be seeing more ads for ‘natural’ deodorants that promise to keep you fresh without any harmful ingredients.Norman and Tegan talk through those ingredients, and whether they carry any risks.References:The specific biochemistry of human axilla odour formation viewed in an evolutionary contextUse of Aluminium in Antiperspirants - Australian Department of HealthAntiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer - National Cancer InstituteAntiperspirants - National Kidney FoundationHow Advertisers Convinced Americans They Smelled Bad - Smithsonian Magazine

Protein is having its moment — walk any supermarket aisle and you'll find product after product boasting its protein content. Do you need to be loading up on protein through powders or processed foods, or can you meet your goals with whole foods?Norman and Tegan unpack why protein is important and how much you need each day. References:Protein - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New ZealandTips to boost protein in your diet from Dietitians AustraliaHow much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distributionAssociation between dietary protein intake and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Long-time listeners would have heard Norman decrying fine particulate air pollution and its negative effects on health.But when it’s all around us – on our worksites, in our offices and on our motorways – how are you supposed to protect yourself?Norman and Tegan explain what fine particulate air pollution is, and what it does to the body once it’s breathed in.References:Estimates of global mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5)The health effects of fine particulate air pollutionAmbient (outdoor) air pollution - World Health OrganizationParticulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) - Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and WaterAir pollution is not ‘the new smoking’: comparing the disease burden of air pollution and smoking across the globe, 1990–2017East Side Story: Historical Pollution and Persistent Neighborhood Sorting

Cramping muscles are common, whether they’re associated with exercise or not.Knowing what causes them can help people avoid them or treat them, but for many people it's not a simple story.Norman and Tegan talk through some of the theories behind this painful phenomenon, and why magnesium might not be the answer.References:Muscle cramps: A comparison of the two-leading hypothesisInfluence of Hydration and Electrolyte Supplementation on Incidence and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle CrampsMagnesium for skeletal muscle cramps - Cochrane ReviewA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study assessing the efficacy of magnesium oxide monohydrate in the treatment of nocturnal leg crampsPickle Juice Intervention for Cirrhotic Cramps Reduction: The PICCLES Randomized Controlled TrialAustralian Institute of Sport's sports supplement framework: pickle juice

Hair loss is common, but there are many different causes and potentially many different treatments.From topical ointments to light therapy, to scalp massage routines. What works to slow, or even reverse, hair loss?Norman and Tegan comb through the evidence for approved treatments and too-good-to-be-true snake oil.References: Male pattern baldness - HealthdirectMale Androgenetic Alopecia with an overview of treatments - NIHFemale pattern hair loss - HealthdirectWhat is minoxidil, the anti-balding hair growth treatment? Here's what the science says - ABC NewsLow-Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) for Treatment of Hair LossAutologous platelet-rich plasma therapy for pattern hair loss: A systematic review

What's That Rash? is returning to the World Science Festival Brisbane for another year. Norman and Tegan will be answering the health questions everyone (at WSFB) is asking, 10am on March 30 at Queensland Museum Theatre. Check out the event here and send in your questions to [email protected]

The use of mushrooms in medicine goes back centuries, but there’s still a lot to learn about the bioactive compounds in fungi.There are many claims surrounding 'functional mushrooms' – types of mushrooms thought to have medicinal properties beyond simple nutrition.These include lion’s mane, reishi, cordyceps, shiitake and turkey tail.Norman and Tegan forage through the evidence for using mushrooms against cancer, to boost the immune system and to amplify cognition.We're doing a live show! Catch What's That Rash? at the World Science Festival Brisbane on March 30th. References:Aboriginal use of fungiMedicinal Mushroom Supplements in Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical StudiesFungal beta-glucans as adjuvants for treating cancer patients – A systematic review of clinical trialsA review of the effects of mushrooms on mood and neurocognitive health across the lifespanMushrooms magnify memory by boosting nerve growth - University of Queensland

Depending on your corner of the internet, you might have seen people swearing by this new sleep hack, mouth taping.People claim they’re better rested, have better breath and stronger jawlines – all because they force themselves to breathe through their noses overnight.Norman and Tegan tackle this taping trend with an N=1 experiment, and a look at the relevant research.References:Mouth taping: a little less conversation, a little more action, please!Effect of mouth taping at night on asthma control--a randomised single-blind crossover studyThe Impact of Mouth-Taping in Mouth-Breathers with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Preliminary StudyThe Role of the Nose in Sleep-disordered BreathingAcute nasal breathing lowers diastolic blood pressure and increases parasympathetic contributions to heart rate variability in young adultsNocturnal mouth-taping and social media: A scoping review of the evidence

Unfortunately many more people have heard about brain fog because of the pandemic and long COVID.But the symptom was first mentioned centuries ago, and has been associated with dozens of conditions.Norman and Tegan try to define brain fog, and explain why it can be difficult to treat.References:What is brain fog? - BMJ neuropsychiatrySubjective brain fog: a four-dimensional characterization in 25,796 participantsComprehensive Clinical Characterisation of Brain Fog in Adults Reporting Long COVID SymptomsUnderstanding the Experience and Impacts of Brain Fog in Chronic Pain: A Scoping ReviewLow-dose naltrexone use for the management of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19‘Brain fag’: a syndrome associated with ‘overstudy’ and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain

It can be hard to keep up with food fads and diet trends (and spoiler: you don’t need to).But an intriguing assumption that has gained traction recently is that seed oils – think canola, sunflower, grapeseed – are terrible for you.Norman and Tegan unpack how that assumption has spread, and whether there’s any solid evidence to back it up.References:Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and MortalitySerum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor StudyOmega-6 fats to prevent and treat heart and circulatory diseasesPolyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, mental health, and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studiesPerspective on the health effects of unsaturated fatty acids and commonly consumed plant oils high in unsaturated fatIf you’re worried about inflammation, stop stressing about seed oils and focus on the basics

January is an especially sweaty time in Australia, so maybe park this life change until the weather cools down…But is it necessary to bathe every day?As we learn more about the microbiome on our skin, more and more people are questioning their hygiene routine.Norman and Tegan sniff out the evidence for and against regular washing. References:A natural history of hygieneThe Cutaneous Microbiome and Aspects of Skin Antimicrobial Defense System Resist Acute Treatment with Topical Skin CleansersThe Role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the Skin Microbiome: A Study Using BiodiversityHow Often People in Various Countries Shower - The AtlanticWhat Happens When You Don’t Shower For Five Years - Science Friday

You might've heard of the blood type diet popularised in the 90s off the back of a best-selling book.It’s based on the theory that blood types emerged at different times in history, when our ancestors had very different diets.So does that mean certain foods are better for an A-, an AB+ or even an O-?As Norman and Tegan explain, it’s a complicated story.References:Blood type diets lack supporting evidence: a systematic reviewBlood Type Is Not Associated with Changes in Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Response to a Plant-Based Dietary InterventionGenetically Determined ABO Blood Group and its Associations With Health and DiseaseThe Role of ABO Blood Type in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review

There are MANY books out there on habit formation. Are they all saying the same thing?Some habits are more complicated than others. Some habits require us to untangle one automatic set of behaviours and replace them with another.It can be a long process — much longer than the 21 days that's often promised. Norman and Tegan tell us how to form a new habit, in far less than 300 pages, so you can get started. ReferencesNeurobiology of habit formationHow the brain controls our habits - MITBridging the gap between striatal plasticity and learningBasal ganglia and beyond: The interplay between motor and cognitive aspects in Parkinson’s disease rehabilitationYou are what you repeatedly do: Links between personality and habitHow are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real worldHow does habit form? Guidelines for tracking real-world habit formationThe role of habit in compulsivityGoal-Directed and Habitual Control in Human Substance Use: State of the Art and Future Directions

'Tis the season to indulge. As you sit down with family and friends, an age-old debate might arise: does drinking a single glass of red wine make you healthier?In this episode first published May 1, 2024, Norman and Tegan try to find out the answer once and for all. References: The French paradox: Lessons for other countriesModerate Wine Consumption and Health: A Narrative ReviewHealth Effects of Red Wine Consumption: A Narrative Review of an Issue That Still Deserves Debate

You might have seen those robot-looking red light masks being sold for skincare purposes. You might have thought — looks technological, but does it work?It's not just red light. There are a spectrum of health claims from infrared to ultraviolet.Norman and Tegan go through the rainbow to assess where there's evidence, and where there's not. References:Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy: A Review of Recent Progress and Their Target Molecules for Cancer TherapyEffect of NASA Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Wound HealingVisible Red Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation for Skin Fibrosis: Key Molecular PathwaysUtilization of light-emitting diodes for skin therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysisPhotodynamic Therapy Using HMME for Port-Wine Stains: Clinical Effectiveness and Sonographic AppearanceEffect of Blue Light on Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic ReviewThe efficacy of violet light in the treatment of acneFeatured review: What are the benefits and risks of light therapy for treating atopic eczema?Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder

Life can be exhausting, and while a nap might be in order, it’s rare you’ve got time to take one.Caffeine can come to the rescue, but you might not be a fan of tea of coffee. Energy drinks are an alternative, but are they any good for you?Norman and Tegan explain what modern energy drinks contain, and what the ingredients do.What's That Rash? is on YouTube! Subscribe to ABC Science to watch the podcast. References:Prevalence and Amounts of Common Ingredients Found in Energy Drinks and ShotsInternational society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shotsConsumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a systematic review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudesEnergy Drinks and Their Adverse Health Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisA randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of a decaffeinated energy drink shows no significant acute effect on mental energyTaurine deficiency as a driver of agingThis scientist treated her own cancer with viruses she grew in the lab

Many people live sedentary lives, sitting in an office all day then coming home to sit on the couch all night.What are the health harms of too much sitting? And do they compare to smoking as some headlines claim?Norman and Tegan settle in to explain the risks, and what you can do to avoid them.What's That Rash? is on YouTube! Subscribe to ABC Science to watch the podcast. References:Evaluating the Evidence on Sitting, Smoking, and Health: Is Sitting Really the New Smoking?Trends in Self-Reported Sitting Time by Physical Activity Levels Among US Adults, NHANES 2007/2008–2017/2018Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature ReviewSedentary behaviour and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviewsAround 10,000 steps a day may counteract health risks of high sedentary time

We live in a world full of influencers pushing us products promising to keep us looking bouncy and youthful forever. Collagen is a hugely important protein that does play a role in plumping up our skin — as well as supporting muscles, bones and connective tissues. Norman and Tegan find out how effective collagen supplements are in skin care, and which kind you should look out for if you want to see results. What's That Rash? is on YouTube! Subscribe to ABC Science to watch the podcast. References:Decreased Collagen Production in Chronologically Aged SkinEffects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisEffects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysisOral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological ApplicationsThe impact of collagen protein ingestion on musculoskeletal connective tissue remodeling: a narrative review

These days, our mobile phones are rarely far away. Whether it’s in your hand, your pocket, or under your pillow at night.Mobiles do emit radiation in order to connect to phone towers, which enables us to stay in contact with people and the internet.But is that radiation doing us harm?Norman and Tegan talk through the facts – what we do know, don’t know and suspect about our tech companions.What's That Rash? is coming to YouTube! Keep an eye out for the video version of this episode on ABC Science. References:National Cancer Institute - Cell Phones and Cancer RiskMobile phone use and incidence of brain tumour histological types, grading or anatomical location: a population-based ecological studyHas the incidence of brain cancer risen in Australia since the introduction of mobile phones 29 years ago?5G: the new generation of the mobile phone network and health

Why are people with arthritis being told to stop eating potatoes, tomatoes and egg plants?Vegetables in the nightshade family have been under scrutiny for decades, but the fad of cutting them out of our diets has seen a recent resurgence.Norman and Tegan investigate where all this shade comes from, and whether there's any evidence to support it.References:Deadly Nightshade: A Botanical BiographyFlavonoids, alkaloids and saponins: are these plant-derived compounds an alternative to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? A literature reviewRisk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived productsα-Solanine attenuates chondrocyte pyroptosis to improve osteoarthritis via suppressing NF-κB pathwayAntioxidants in Potatoes: A Functional View on One of the Major Food Crops Worldwide

We've been searching for a fountain of youth for millennia. How can we not only live longer, but live healthier for longer?Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the latest anti-ageing candidate under the microscope.Norman and Tegan explain what it is, and whether supplements promising to boost NAD actually do what's advertised on the bottle.References:NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageingNAD+ in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative DisordersWhat is really known about the effects of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in humansDietary Supplementation With NAD+-Boosting Compounds in Humans: Current Knowledge and Future DirectionsThe use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participantsSpecific ablation of Nampt in adult neural stem cells recapitulates their functional defects during aging

Vampires and werewolves and zombies, oh my! Where did all these monsters come from?Undiagnosed medical conditions might have fuelled the mythology behind some of these creatures.Norman and Tegan delve into why vampires drink blood, why werewolves howl at the full moon and how a hex might have its intended effect.References:ABC's FrankenScience: Can Vampires Get Syphilis? and Witchcraft or Just a Placebo?All in the Mind: What's behind a paranormal experience?Porphyria and Vampirism—A Myth, SensationalizedMoon and Health: Myth or Reality?The undead in culture and scienceReversibility of apoptosis in cancer cellsMedical practice and placebo response: an inseparable bond?

It’s hay fever season, and as you sniffle away next to an air purifier, you might be wondering why we haven’t cured such a common ailment.Allergic rhinitis, as it’s scientifically known, has plagued people for generations. It's thought up to 24 per cent of Australians suffer from it.Norman and Tegan run through what hay fever is, how we identified it and what can be done to treat it. References:Allergic Rhinitis: A ReviewO Rose thou art sick… history of allergic rhinitisI’m considering allergen immunotherapy for my hay fever. What do I need to know?Ingestion of honey improves the symptoms of allergic rhinitis: evidence from a randomized placebo-controlled trialThe Potential use of Honey as a Remedy for Allergic Diseases: A Mini ReviewCan you adapt to allergies or does the dog have to go?