This Week in Virology

On this episode, broadening of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccine booster to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, five-fold underestimation of the number of cases in the US during the first six months of the pandemic, and a monoclonal antibody that broadly neutralizes many different sarbecoviruses. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Immune responses after heterologous COVID-19 vaccine boost (Nat Med) Undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections in US (Sci Transl Med) Broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus antibody (Nature) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

The Team with Invincible Values discusses whether dogs or cats passively carry SARS-CoV-2 on hair and foot pads, maternal to fetal transfer of antibodies in infected or vaccinated pregnant women, and evidence that retroviruses infected cetaceans before and after they moved into the oceans. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode SARS-CoV-2 on dogs and cats (Viruses) Maternal to neonatal transfer of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (J Clin Investîmes) Retroviral evolution in cetaceans and their ancestors (Plos Path( Letters read on TWiV 781 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Current Map | U.S. Drought Monitor Brianne – A comic strip about immune responses Alan – Superliminal game Vincent – Birds are dying in NJ Listener Picks 2listening1 – Renewal Em – Cognitive Surplus Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #71, Daniel Griffin reviews updated school and child care guidance from CDC, transmission in schools, accuracy of lateral flow assays, update to J&J/Janssen vaccine EUA to include GBS, interim immunogenicity of Ad.26.CoV2.s, effectiveness of mRNA vaccines to prevent hospitalization, Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab for mild or moderate disease, and a meta-analysis of ivermectin results. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode School and child care guidance (CDC) Transmission in schools (CDC) Accuracy of lateral flow diagnostics (Lancet) GBS with Ad.26.CoV2.s vaccine (FDA) Ad.26.CoV2.s interim immunogenicity (NEJM) mRNA vaccine effectiveness to prevent hospitalization (medRxiv) Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab (NEJM) Meta-analysis of ivermectin studies (Clin Inf Dis) Letters read on TWiV 780 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccination of both uninfected and previously infected persons elicits cross-variant neutralizing antibodies, and directed evolution of a bacterial protein to form a virus-like capsid that specifically packages its encoding mRNA. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode mRNA vaccine boosts cross-variant neutralizing Ab (Science) mRNA vaccine boosts variant B and T cell responses (Science) Directed evolution of virus-like nucleocapsid (Science) Letters read on TWiV 779 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – The Science of Chocolate Chip Cookies Alan – Keeping Black students in STEM Vincent – Antiviral Program for Pandemics Listener Pick Mark – Curator on the Loose, Classic Airliners and Vintage Pop Culture, Flying Men, Flying Machines, Thai Flying Club Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #70, Daniel Griffin discusses efficacy of portable air cleaners, vaccine induced serum neutralizing antibodies against variants, prevention and attenuation of disease with mRNA vaccines, ivermectin to prevent hospitalization, IL-6 antagonists and mortality, and impact of vaccination on long COVID. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Efficacy of portable air cleaners (MMWR) Ad26.COV2.S elicited neutralization of variants (bioRxiv) Prevention of COVID-19 with mRNA vaccines (NEJM) Ivermectin to prevent hospitalization (BMC Inf Dis) IL-6 antagonists and mortality (JAMA) Impact of vaccination on long COVID (Lancet) Letters read on TWiV 778 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Ron Fouchier explains why increased transmission of SARS-CoV-2-variants has not been demonstrated, and their ability to displace ancestral variants is due to greater fitness, much like influenza virus antigenic variation leads to better fitness and replacement of previously circulating variants. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Ron Fouchier Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Ron Fouchier on TWiV 177, 291, 557 Mutations driving H5N1 airborne transmission in ferrets (Cell) SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 transmission among ferrets (Nat Comm) Avian influenza virus transmission among seals (Cell Host Micr) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – The Science News Cycle Kathy – mRNA Day Kariko & Weissman lectures and Q&A Vincent – Just Planes Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews an analysis of animal sales from Wuhan wet markets before the COVID-19 pandemic, control of dengue by release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, and fatal dengue acquired in Florida. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Animal sales from Wuhan markets before COVID-19 (Sci Rep) Dengue control by Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes (NEJM) Fatal dengue in Florida (NEJM) Letters read on TWiV 776 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – You Know You've Worked Too Long in a Lab When… Alan – Massachusetts vaccine lottery Vincent – Coonhound paralysis Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #69, Daniel Griffin covers effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against the delta variant, depression among public health workers, correlates of protection against asymptomatic and symptomatic infection, BNT162b2 in ChAdOx-1-S primed individuals, prior infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after vaccination, effect of vaccination on household transmission, germinal responses induced by mRNA vaccines, phase 3 results of Novavax vaccine, and long COVID as our next national health disaster. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Worry about human behavior, not variants (NY Times) Moderna and Pfizer vaccines vs delta variant Depression among public health workers (MMWR) Correlates of protection (medRxiv) mRNA vaccine in AZ recipients (Lancet) Prior infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants (Science) Effect of vaccination on household transmission (NEJM) mRNA vaccines induce germinal responses (Nature) Novavax vaccine phase 3 results (NEJM) EUA for tocilizumab (FDA) Long COVID, next national health disaster (NEJM) Letters read on TWiV 775 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Kristian Andersen and Robert Garry join TWiV to discuss recovery of deleted deep sequencing data from early in the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, and whether they shed light on the early phase of the outbreak. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guests: Kristian Andersen and Robert Garry Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Andersen laboratory Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data (bioRxiv) Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets (Sci Rep) Danielle Anderson on Wuhan Lab (Bloomberg) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – STEVE over Copper Harbor, MI Vincent – Human Behavior During the Pandemic Is More Important Than Any Covid Variant Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Laurie Garrett, author of The Coming Plague, joins TWiV for a wide-ranging discussion of infectious disease and public health, including emerging infections, the role of wildlife markets in spillovers, and missteps in handling the COVID-19 pandemic. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Laurie Garrett Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Lauriegarrett.com The Coming Plague Betrayal of Trust Trump sabotaged coronavirus response (Foreign Policy) ASV Vaccine Town Hall Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – A Pivotal Mosquito Experiment Could Not Have Gone Better Kathy – Microbiology at the Movies Vincent – When a Good Scientist Is the Wrong Source Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #68, Daniel Griffin discusses children acquiring infection at birthday parties, immunogenicity of vaccines in solid organ transplant patients, reinfection rates in recovered patients, lack of efficacy of azithromycin, bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients, effect of monoclonal antibody treatment on clinical outcomes of ambulatory patients, and reduction in mortality of hospitalized patients treated with remedesivir. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 and birthday parties (JAMA) Vaccines in transplant patients (Ann Int Med) Reinfection of recovered patients (Clin Inf Dis) Azithromycin lack of efficacy (Rev Med Virol) Bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients (Op For Inf Dis) mAb treatment of ambulatory patients (Op For Inf Dis) Remdesivir reduction of mortality (Gilead) Letters read on TWiV 772 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

A TWiV trio reveals the 100 million year old history of bornavirus infections hidden as EVEs in vertebrate genomes, and identification of novel bat coronaviruses that provide evolutionary insight into the origins of SARS-CoV-2. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV Vaccine Town Hall 2:05 100 million year old bornavirus infections (PNAS) Bornaviruses across geological timescales (PNAS) Bornaviruses previously on TWiV 303, 347, 548 Novel bat SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses (Cell) Letters read on TWiV 771 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Amy – A relic from the Jurassic era Alan – World of Wonders, by Aimee Nezhukumatathil Vincent – Tom Buck's YouTube Channel Listener Pick Victor – Vaccines: A measured response Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #67, Daniel Griffin reviews antibodies to the virus early in the US, serology testing of blood donations, MIS-C in children under 21, myocarditis in competitive athletes, ER visits for suspected suicide attempts, delta variant in Scotland, Novavax vaccine phase 3 results, vaccine coverage in pregnant women, early monoclonal administration reduces hospitalization and mortality, casirivimab and imdevimab recovery trial results, and CDC guidance on postacute sequelae. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Antiviral antibodies early in US outbreak (CID) Serologic testing of US blood donations (CID) The virus, what went wrong (PBS) MIS-C in children (JAMA) Myocarditis in competitive athletes (JAMA) ER visits for suspected suicide (MMWR) Delta variant in Scotland (Lancet) Novavax phase 3 results (Novavax) Vaccine coverage in pregnant women (MMWR) Early mAb reduces hospitalization and mortality (CID) Regen-Cov trial results (Regeneron) Guidance on postacute sequelae (CDC) Letters read on TWiV 770 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

On this episode of TWiV, Novavax COVID-19 vaccine demonstrates 90% overall efficacy, preventing an antigenically disruptive change during growth of influenza virus vaccine in chicken eggs, and MIS-C is driven by loss of the gut mucosal barrier. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Click arrow to play Download TWiV 769 (68 MB .mp3, 114 min) Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV Vaccine Town Hall 2:05 Novavax vaccine efficacy reported (Novavax) H3N2 glycosylation in eggs (TWiV 480) Preventing antigenically disruptive HA change in eggs (Cell Host Micr) MIS-C due to leaky gut (J Clin Invest) Letters read on TWiV 769 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Pandemics for Babies, Germ Theory for Babies, and Vaccines for Babies Kathy – Playing with Time Vincent – A Top Virologist in China, at Center of a Pandemic Storm, Speaks Out Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV describes how human behavior, not increased transmissibility, led to increased spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant throughout Europe in summer 2020, and nanobodies from camelid mice and llamas that efficiently neutralize variants of concern. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV Vaccine Town Hall Spread of SARS-CoV-2 variant in summer 2020 (Nature) Nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 768 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Hotel Magdalena Brianne – Antibody Song by Raven the Science Maven Alan – How to play Magic: the Gathering Vincent – Steve Gibson's rant on Security Now Listener Pick David – Coronavirus set to mu Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #66, Daniel Griffin covers treatment guidelines from IDSA, hospitalization of adolescents, estimating epidemiological dynamics from viral load distributions, incidence of infection according to baseline antibody status, assessment of reinfection in Italy, need for vaccination in previously infected individuals, assessment of protection against reinfection, antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients, effect of single dose ivermectin, and a trial of aspirin in hospitalized patients. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 treatment guidelines (IDSA) Hospitalization of adolescents (MMWR) Estimating dynamics from viral load (Science) Incidence according to antibody status (Lancet) Reinfections in Italy (JAMA) Need for vaccination in previously infected (medRxiv) Assessment of protection against reinfection (ACC) Antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients (Lancet) Effect of single dose ivermectin (Viruses) Aspirin in hospitalized patients (medRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 767 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

David joins TWiV to relate how his near-death experience with Castleman's disease motivated him to found the Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory and the CORONA project to identify and track all treatments reported for COVID-19 in an open-source data repository. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: David Fajgenbaum Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode CORONA project Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory Castleman Disease Collaborative Network Chasing My Cure Letters read on TWiV 766 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – How Giraffes Beat High Blood Pressure Kathy – Orangutan optical illusion Vincent – Two quotes from Chasing My Cure by David Fajgenbaum John Paul II: Dear young people, whether you are believers or not, accept the call to be virtuous. This means being strong within, having a big heart, being rich in the highest sentiments, bold in the truth, courageous in freedom, constant in responsibility, generous in love, invincible in hope. David: Never stop questioning and always follow the data. Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews the new nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 variants, effectiveness of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine against variants, modified Moderna vaccine against variants, impact of COVID-19 interventions on influenza in China and the US, and binding of RaTG13 spike protein to ACE2 of multiple species. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Updated nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 variants (WHO) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine effective against alpha variants (Lancet) Novavax vaccine effective against beta variants (NEJM) Moderna updated vaccine against beta and gamma variants (medRxiv) Impact of COVID-19 interventions against influenza (Nat Comm) RaTG13 spike binding to various ACE2 proteins (Cell) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – NASA's Juno to Get a Close Look at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede Brianne – Send in the Bugs. The Michelangelos Need Cleaning. Rich – All landers and rovers on Mars animated in video with human scale Alan – Weird case cluster reported in MMWR 40 years ago; update on disease Vincent – Virus isolates, strains, variants – what are they? Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #65, Daniel Griffin summarizes effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions, updated summer camp guidance from CDC, serology testing not recommended by FDA, antigen tests during a music event, inhibition of vaccine immunogenicity by methotrexate, phase 3 trial results for colchicine, and small airway disease as a post-acute sequelae. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Effects of vaccines and NPIs (JAMA) Guidance on summer camps (CDC) Antibody testing not recommended (FDA) Antigen testing at a music event (Lancet) Methotrexate and vaccine immunogenicity (Ann Rheum Dis) Colchicine phase 3 results (Lancet Resp Med) Small airway disease a post-acute sequelae (medRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 764 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV explains how cap-snatching, the priming of viral mRNA synthesis with fragments of host mRNAs, can lead to the synthesis of novel viral proteins. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Cap-snatching makes new ORFs (Cell) Cap-snatching leads to novel proteins (Cell) Letters read on TWiV 763 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – Flat pasta that turns into shapes here and here Rich – Ad Fontes Media Bias Chart (wiki) Vincent – Martin Beck police mysteries Listener Picks Greg – Stewart Lee on Loch Ness monster Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Robert Garry joins TWiV to explain how the molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 shows that it came from Nature and not a lab, including the receptor binding domain, the furin cleavage site, and the two lineages circulating in Wuhan wildlife markets. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guest: Robert Garry Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 (Nature) Two early genome lineages in Wuhan markets (virological.org) Insights from spike proteins of bat sarbecoviruses (virological.org) Letters read on TWiV 762 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – 143 Optical Illusions and Visual Phenomena Brianne – The Arcane Research that Prepared Us for COVID-19 Rich – Hidden Brain podcast Alan – A scientific theory of gist communication Vincent – Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers Listener Picks Jon – Moderna Science Day Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #64, Daniel Griffin covers new guidance from NY on day camps, mitigation and infection rates in schools, testing to sustain in person instruction, Moderna mRNA vaccine highly effective in adolescents, longer storage of Pfizer vaccine, FDA EUA for sotrovimab, and persistent illness in UK children. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Guidance on child camps and day care (NY State) Mitigation and schools (medRxiv) Masks in elementary schools (MMWR) Testing to sustain in person instruction (MMWR) TeenCOVE results (Moderna) Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine handling and storage (CDC) EUA for sotrovimab (FDA) Illness duration in UK schoolchildren (medRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 761 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, and Marion Koopmans, members of the WHO team investigating the origins of SARS-CoV-2 join TWiV to explain the work done by the committee during phase one, their conclusions, and the extent of work that remains to be done in phase two. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guests: Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, and Marion Koopmans Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Peter on TWiV 615, 623 Thea on TWiV 576 Marion on TWiV 413, 548 WHO report on origins of SARS-CoV-2 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – My Octopus Teacher Rich – John Wyndam classic Sci Fi: The Chrysalids, The Day of the Triffids Vincent – SARS-CoV-2 Phylogeny and Spatiotemporal Spread (paper) Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV examines spillovers of porcine and canine coronaviruses into humans in Haiti and Malaysia, and how antigenic evolution of measles virus is constrained by multiple co-dominant epitopes on the viral glycoproteins. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV vaccine town halls 15:10 Porcine deltacoronavirus in Haitian children (medRxiv) Canine coronavirus from Malaysian pneumonia patient (Clin Inf Dis) No shift, measles (TWiV 340) The Cancer Thief (TWiV Letters read on TWiV 759 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Ants: workers of the world Amy – Let The Record Show by Sarah Schulman Rich – QAnon resembles the games I design Alan – Librivox Vincent – Stratechery Listener Picks Fernando – The 60-year old scientific screwup that helped COVID kill Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #63, Daniel Griffin reviews cases at child care facilities, estimates of mRNA vaccine effectiveness, risk of reinfection in university students, enhanced antibody generation with extended interval of mRNA vaccination, no benefit of convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients, and risk of clinical sequelae after acute infection. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 in child care facilities (MMWR) mRNA vaccine effectiveness (MMWR) Excelsior pass (NYS) Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in university students (CID) Enhanced antibody production with longer mRNA vaccine interval (medRxiv) Convalescent plasma trial in hospitalized patients (Lancet) Phase 3 data on REGEN-COV (PR Newswire) Clinical sequelae after acute COVID-19 (BMJ) Letters read on TWiV 758 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reveals that 2% of SARS-CoV-2−positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in a college campus, and a nanoparticle vaccine that induces cross-reactive immunity against multiple pandemic and pre-emergent coronaviruses. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV vaccine town halls 2% of SARS-CoV-2 positives carry most viral RNA (PNAS) Pan-coronavirus nanoparticle vaccine (Nature) Why HIV-1 particles have few spikes (PLoS Path) Letters read on TWiV 757 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Darwin's Arch Collapses Kathy – The woman who discovered the first coronavirus Rich – "Richard Feynman: The pleasure of finding things out" Vincent – CORONA Project Listener Picks JH – Fungus kills cicadas Alan – Liftoff by Eric Berger Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV returns to the 2012 brouhaha over transmission experiments with avian H5N1 influenza virus, re-examines the claim of SARS-CoV-2 RNA integration into human DNA, and reviews the engineering and testing of a genetically stable version of the attenuated type 2 Sabin poliovirus vaccine. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV vaccine town halls 3:16 First smallpox vaccine day Revised masking and distancing (CDC) Science vs Spin (Sandman) Artifactual SARS-CoV-2 integration (PNAS) SARS-CoV-2 integration is artifactual (J Virol) Engineering new OPV2 (Cell Host Micr) Safety and immunogenicity of nOPV2 (Lancet) Poliopolis (Lancet) Letters read on TWiV 756 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Five Deeps Amy – Premonition by Michael Lewis Alan – The Secret Life of Groceries by Benjamin Lorr Rich – The Way Ferrofluid Floats Above a Superconductor Is Unreal Vincent – Threading the NEIDL Listener Picks Iradis – SN15 Launch and Landing Blue Pilgrim – Howland Garden Tools Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #62, Daniel Griffin covers outdoor transmission of the virus, safe use of NSAIDS, expansion of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine to include 12-15 year olds, post-disease Mucormycosis, and hydroxychloroquine treatment associated with increased mortality. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Moderna vaccine safe, effective in teens (AAP news) Review of outdoor transmission (JID) Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine EUA 12-15 year olds (FDA) NSAIDS safe in COVID-19 (Lancet Rheum) Post-COVID black fungus (Laryngol Otol) HCQ and increased mortality (Nat Comm) Letters read on TWiV 755 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV discusses the finding that the envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is sensed by toll-like receptor 2 on cells, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines that cause damage to cells and tissues in COVID-19. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV vaccine town halls Michelson Prizes FDA authorizes Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine for adolescents (FDA) TLR2 senses SARS-CoV-2 E protein (Nat Imm) Review on CoV E protein (Virology J) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Lab.Hacks Lab Assistant App Rich – Weird viral DNA spills secrets to biologists; COVAX Kathy – Planet Earth Now Vincent – Variants at ViralZone Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV revisits Brazil's rejection of Sputnik vaccine, examines influenza transmission via the air from the nasal epithelium of ferrets, and a history of accidental releases of polioviruses and their relevance for eradication of poliomyelitis. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV vaccine town halls Sputnik Light Ferret airborne transmission of influenza virus (Nat Comm) Facility releases of poliovirus (Emerg Inf Dis) Polio eradication progress (Polio Erad Init) Letters read on TWiV 753 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Exotic mantis Brianne – Types of Scientific Paper Alan – Rusty Lake Games / Cube Escape Collection Rich – The Departed Could Soon Become Compost in Colorado; Recompose (wiki) Vincent – Public Health Image Library Listener Pick Ivan – Apollo 11: As They Shot It Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #61, Daniel Griffin reviews a modeling of future hospitalizations and deaths by vaccination rates and non pharmaceutical intervention scenarios, performance evaluation of rapid antigen tests, children making up a growing share of new cases, antibody response to mRNA vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients, and outcomes in hospitalized patients treated with tocilizumab. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Modeling future COVID-19 cases (MMWR) Performance of rapid antigen tests (Ann Int Med) Children are growing share of infections (AAP News) Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients (Lancet) Letters read on TWiV 752 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV examines the claim by Brazil's ANVISA that the Sputnik vaccine contains replication-competent adenovirus, and a role for the furin cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike for efficient reproduction in the respiratory tract, evasion of antiviral IFITM proteins, and transmission in ferrets. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV vaccine town halls Brazil rejects Gamaleya vaccine (Sci Transl Med) Russian vaccine behavior (Sci Transl Med) Is Gamaleya vaccine safe? (Science) Furin cleavage site in replication and transmission (Nat Micro) Furin site loss attenuates pathogenesis (Nature) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Rich – The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes; Dunn Lab Wild Sourdough Project Kathy – ISS, Crew Dragon, and the sun Doubly warped world of binary black holes Vincent – Mr. Labman Listener Picks Joy – Abandoned America: Matthew Christopher's Autopsy of the American Dream Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

The TWiVmeisters discuss how copy-back defective viral genomes might modulate the clinical outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection, and detection of antibodies to henipa- and filo-like viruses in Trinidad bats. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine education town halls (ASV) RSV cpDVG may influence clinical outcome (Nat Micro) Henipa- and filo-like viruses in Trinidad bats (J Inf Dis) Nice image of cpDVG generation Letters read on TWiV 750 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Olympus Image of the Year Award Alan – We need to improve the welfare of life science trainees Rich – Sheldrick Wildlife Trust; The Reteti Elephant Sanctuary Kathy – Aria Code Nessun dorma podcast Vincent – Covariants Listener Picks Justin – How Pfizer Makes Its Covid-19 Vaccine Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #60, Daniel Griffin summarizes CDC guidance for summer camps, how to protect yourself when fully vaccinated, updated recommendation for J&J vaccine, declining global case fatality rate, and characterization of post-acute sequelae. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Summer camp guidance (CDC) Protect yourself when fully vaccinated (CDC) Updated recommendation on J&J vaccine (MMWR) NY variant B1.526 (one, two) Declining global CFR (AJTMH) Protease inhibitor in phase I (Pfizer) Molnupiravir advances (Merck) Post acute sequelae (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 749 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

A TWiV trio explains a method for sequencing single genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and its use to explore in-host evolution drive by antibody responses, and incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode In-host SARS-CoV-2 evolution drive by antibody (PLoS Path) COVID-19 and CVT (OSF) CoronaVac underperforms (Economist) Precision Vaccines Program postdoc position Letters read on TWiV 748 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Show Your Immune System Some Love Alan – Cyborg sea turtle Vincent – Thomas Brock dies Listener Picks April – The High Line Michel – Why you can't compare Covid-19 vaccines Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Daniel Griffin discusses a front-line health care worker survey, pre-exposure seropositivity and subsequent infection in healthy young adults, fitted filtration efficiency of double masking, BinaxNow rapid in-home antigen test, postvaccination infections in a nursing facility, safety of mRNA vaccine in pregnant women, case control study of Bamlanivimab, no evidence for brain infection in patients with neurolgical symptoms, and mortality among US patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Healthcare worker survey (KFF) Seropositivity and infection risk in young adults (Lancet) Efficiency of double masking (JAMA) BinaxNow antigen test (Abbott) mRNA vaccine safety in pregnant persons (NEJM) Bamlanivimab case control study (CID) COVID-19 neuropathology (Brain) Mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (JAMA) Letters read on TWiV 747 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Team TWiV explains how alphaviruses like Western equine encephalitis virus cross into the brain from capillaries by caveolin-mediated transcytosis, and reveal scientists' incentives and attitudes towards public communication. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Viral brain entry by transcytosis across endothelial cells (mBio) Scientists attitudes towards public communication (PNAS) Letters read on TWiV 746 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – NASA ingenuity helicopter ride Brianne – Vaccine Efficacy Animation Kathy – Airglow over the Azores Vincent – Gisaid Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Nadine Lamberski joins TWiV to discuss an outbreak of COVID-19 among gorillas at the San Diego Zoo, and the use of a spike protein-based vaccine to immunize the animals. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Nadine Lamberski Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Gorillas receive COVID-19 vaccine (Nat Geo) COVID-19 vaccine for great apes and mink (Zoetis) Letters read on TWiV 745 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – The Dream Vaccine Alan – Taking vaccines to Smith Island Kathy – Daily Overviews Subscribe Tulips Vincent – Nextstrain Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #58, Daniel Griffin provides the latest update on the J&J vaccine pause, healthcare worker deaths, children and COVID, physical inactivity associated with higher risk, using monoclonal antibodies for prophylaxis, and shows us how to properly wear a face mask. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Healthcare worker deaths (Guardian) Children and adolescent disease severity (JAMA) Physical inactivity and increased disease risk (BMJ) Expansion of Pfizer/BioNTech EUA (pdf) Thrombosis after ChAdOX1 vaccine (NEJM) Your guide to masks (CDC) Phase 3 mAb prevention trial (Regeneron) Letters read on TWiV 744 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

The TWiVsters explain how the shape of pleomorphic virus particles – spherical or filamentous – determines the probability of virus attachment and fusion, and resistance to selective pressure such as antibodies that block cell entry. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Pleomorphic virus particles and cell entry (Nat Micro) Letters read on TWiV 743 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – A tiny particle's wobble could upend the laws of physics Rich – COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2: Viruses, Vaccines & Variants Made Easy Amy – Vaccine Anthems Vincent – DarkNet Diaries Ep. 86 Listener Picks Steve – Cover Your Freakin' Face Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews a drug screen for inhibitors of syncytium formation, the fusing of cells caused by SARS-CoV-2, which reveals that the process is regulated by a calcium-activated ion channel and scramblase that is inhibited by the anti-parasite drug Niclosamide. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode TMEM16 inhibitors block SARS-CoV-2 driven syncytium formation (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 742 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – COVID-19: a disaster five years in the making Alan – The Tyranny of Merit Rich – Racism Makes Me Question Everything. I Got the Vaccine Anyway Kathy – The Transcontinental Burrito Tunnel Vincent – Trudy Rey's YouTube Channel Listener Picks Jeff – Rebecca Lee Smith on Left Right and Center Ryan – Perfect Strangers (clip) Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #57, Daniel Griffin covers children and MIS-C, school opening plans, transmission event with masks, fomite transmission, diagnostic test performance, AZ vaccine and blood clots, and long COVID and the effect of vaccines. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Children with MIS-C (JAMA) Transmission with masks (Op For Inf Dis) Accuracy of diagnostic tests (J Clin Micro) Long COVID in hospitalized patients (BMJ) Neurological and psychiatric outcomes of COVID-19 (medRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 741 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

The Guardians of the TWiV-o-verse discuss the process of codon deoptimization for the production of experimental infectious attenuated viral vaccines, and how a respiratory syncytial virus with 619 base changes was rescued by genomes with very large internal deletions. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode NIDO 2021 Symposium ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here) Research position in Spindler laboratory Attenuation of poliovirus by codon deoptimization (Science) Rescue of codon-deoptimized RSV by large deletions (PNAS) Letters read on TWiV 740 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Let us now praise tiny ants Brianne – Small-school science Rich – Smallpox 'virus squads' and the mandatory vaccinations upheld by the Supreme Court Kathy – The Transcontinental Burrito Tunnel Vincent – Glass music by Robert Tiso Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Arturo Casadevall joins TWiV to discuss the use of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19, including a history of the process, how plasma is prepared and tested, why it is difficult to conduct randomized clinical trials, how this treatment has fared and his hopes for the future. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guest: Arturo Casadevall Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Victory for Scientific Pragmatism (New Atlantis) Convalescent plasma levels and risk of COVID-19 death (NEJM) COVID-19 convalescent plasma safety indicators (JCI) COVID-19 convalescent plasma reduces mortality (medRxiv) Pfizer mRNA vaccine in 12-15 year olds (Pfizer) NIDO 2021 Symposium ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here) Letters read on TWiV 739 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – The Ocean's Youngest Monsters Are Ready for Glamour Shots Alan – 7 Billion Humans Rich – 15 Fascinating Animal X-Rays From the Oregon Zoo Vincent – Respiratory pathogen trends Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #56, Daniel Griffin note increasing hospitalization in children and young adults, Pfizer vaccine efficacy results in 12-15 year olds, rapid self administered nucleic acid and antigen tests, mRNA vaccine efficacy in real world conditions, and improvement of long COVID after vaccination. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Pfizer mRNA vaccine is 100% effective in 12-15 year olds (Pfizer) Cue at-home PCR test receives FDA EUA (Cue) DxTerity COVID-19 saliva nucleic acid at-home test (Amazon) T-Detect T cell test (T-Detect) GSK submits EUA for VIR-7831 (GSK) Letters read on TWiV 738 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

John, Monica, and Davida join TWiV to discuss development of a method to detect SARS-CoV-2 in raw sewage from all 14 of New York City's treatment plants, and its use to determine the presence of the genome throughout the pandemic and detection of genome mutations from variants of concern. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: John Dennehy, Davida Smyth, and Monica Trujillo Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Protocol for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater (medRxiv) Mutations from VOC in NYC wastewater (medRxiv) WHO report on COVID-19 origins (pdf) Effectiveness of mRNA vaccines at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (MMWR) Prothrombic thrombocytopenic disorder after AZ vaccine (Res Square) NIDO 2021 Symposium 1:12:02 Postdoctoral position at Towson University 1:15:08 ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – 250,000 Dominoes Brianne – Using RT-PCR in COVID-19 Testing Rich – Beaded Lacewings Can Take Down Six Termites With A Single Fart Kathy – Tracking the COVID code Vincent – Administering vaccines to adults Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Alessandro Sette joins TWiV to discuss the role of T cells in COVID-19, the finding that amino acid changes in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have a negligible impact on T cell reactivity in convalescent patients and vaccinees, and whether a next generation vaccine should include more viral proteins than spike. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Alessandro Sette Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Little impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on T cell reactivity (bioRxiv) NIDO 2021 Symposium Postdoctoral position at Towson University ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here) Letters read on TWiV 736 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Alan – The Disinformation Dozen report Rich – No needle, but the damage was done Kathy – Zinn art David Zinn Vincent – Clueless Wall Street Journal Op-Ed Endorses PACE as "Prevailing View" Among Docs Listener Picks Justin – Finnish astrophotographer spends 12 years creating a Milky Way mosaic Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #55, Daniel Griffin reviews recommendations for keeping transmission low in school settings, optimal testing strategies for schools and businesses, impact of vaccines on asymptomatic infections, vaccine safety in PASC patients, and early use of aspirin associated with decreased mortality. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 in primary and secondary schools (MMWR) Low transmission in elementary schools (MMWR) COVID-19 testing guidance (CDC) COVID-19 vaccines and asymptomatic infections (Clin Inf Dis) Vaccine safety in long COVID (medRxiv) Phase 3 results of antibody cocktail (Regeneron) Aspirin associated with decreased mortality (Anesth Analg) Post-acute long COVID-19 syndrome (Nat Med) Timing, duration, health impact of PASC (medRxiv) Persistent neurologic and cognitive dysfunction in PASC (Ann Clin Trans Neurol) Letters read on TWiV 735 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Susan Weiss returns to TWiV to discuss coronavirus entry into cells and the role of spike protein cleavage by proteases, why lab escaped hypotheses for SARS-CoV-2 are unlikely, and modulation of innate immune responses during infection. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Alan Dove, Brianne Barker, and Amy Rosenfeld Guest: Susan Weiss Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode CoV pathogenesis in CNS (J Neuro Pharm) SARS-CoV-2 induces dsRNA-mediated innate responses (bioRxiv) Screen of FDA-approved drugs (J Viral) Letters read on TWiV 735 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Tiktok of How mRNA Vaccines Work Alan – Dark Rich – Unmixing Color Machine (Ultra Laminar Reversible Flow) – Smarter Every Day 217 Amy – MOMA Calder exhibit, reviewed in NYTimes Vincent – Ripple Training (free YouTube channel) Listener Picks Ruth – 100 million year old seafloor bacteria resuscitated Iradis – Linda Zall, CIA spy for science Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #54, Daniel Griffin covers effectiveness of 3 vs 6 ft physical distancing, effectiveness of masks, physical distancing, and eye shields, second vaccine dose completion, alleviation of COVID-19 symptoms after vaccination, vaccine trials in children, and IDSA approval of a mAb cocktail. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Effectiveness of 3 ft vs 6 ft (CID) Effect of physical distancing, masks, eye protection (Lancet) Vaccine second dose completion (MMWR) IDSA mAb recommendations (IDSA) Letters read on TWiV 733 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]