This Week in Virology

Vincent and Brianne review the need to better understand T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection to better inform public health decisions, and how IL-1 and IL-1ra are important regulators of the inflammatory response to RNA vaccines. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Understanding T cell responses during COVID-19 (Science Immunol) IL-1 and IL-1ra are keys to inflammation after RNA vaccination (Nature Immunol) Letters read on TWiV 882 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Covid restrictions prevented dengue in hundreds of thousands of people in 2020 Vincent – Scotch Dual Lock 250 Reclosable Fastener Listener Picks Erin –JWT Preparation and Xploration Outer Space Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV describes the identification of a monoclonal antibody that provides broad protection against a variety of hantaviruses, and development of an oral remdesivir-like antiviral that ameliorates viral disease in mice. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Monoclonal antibody provides broad hantavirus protection (Sci Transl Med) Prometheus Project (TWiV 578) Oral antiviral related to Remdesivir (Sci Transl Med) Letters read on TWiV 881 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – World's tallest wooden building Amy – Virus hunter in the Wuhan market Rich – WorldPop (example) Vincent – Karst Stone Paper Listener Picks Neva – Can we vaccinate against EBV? and Paul Sutter reading a science paper Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #107, Daniel Griffin discusses Moderna vaccine results in children, hospitalization by ethnicity, BA.2 severity in children, placentitis and thrombohematoma during pregnancy, predictive value of symptoms for diagnosis, Evusheld activity against BA.1 and BA.2, Remdesivir resistance, Ivermectin with and without strongyloidiasis, inhaled ciclesonide, home telemonitoring, pulse oximetry for remote monitoring, effectiveness of anti-platelet therapy, and deaths in Zambia. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Moderna vaccine results in children (Moderna) Delta/Omicron hospitalization by ethnicity (MMWR) Intrinsic BA.2 severity in unvaccinated children (Lancet) Children and COVID state-level data (AAP) Placentitis and thrombohematoma during pregnancy (JAMA) Predictive value of symptoms for diagnosis (Clin Inf Dis) FDA to discuss booster strategy (FDA) Evusheld activity against BA.1 and BA.2 (AstraZeneca and bioRxiv) Remdesivir resistance in immunocompromised patient (Nature Comm) Ivermectin for COVID with and without strongyloidiasis (JAMA) Inhaled ciclesonide for outpatient treatment (Clin Micro Inf) Home telemonitoring for infection (J Telemed Telecare) Effectiveness of pulse oximetry in remote monitoring (Lancet) Effects of anti-platelet therapy (JAMA) COVID deaths in Zambia (medRxiv) Contribute to ASTMH fundraiser at PWB Letters read on TWiV 880 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews the emergence of remdesivir-resistant SARS-CoV-2 during treatment of a persistently infected immunocompromised patient, and how altered TMPRSS2 utilization by the Omicron variant influences infectivity and fusion. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV 2022 Emergence of remdesivir resistance (Nature Comm) How to stall a copy machine (TWiV 819) Omicron altered TMPRSS2 usage (Nature) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – NSURP 2022 Kathy – Virology Jobs Rich – 10 Steps from Seed to Cup (Graphic) Alan – Fathoms: The World in The Whale, by Rebecca Giggs Vincent – Worldwaterday.org Listener Picks Jeremy – Archaeology of Light Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV revisits chronic wasting disease of cervids and the ability of the prions to infect meadow voles and raccoons, and the suggestion that stochastic assembly of influenza virus particles may play a role in phenotypic diversity. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode CWD in meadow voles and raccoons (Emerg Inf Dis) Unusual infectious agents (Virology Live) Low fidelity influenza virus assembly (Cell) Shape-shifting viruses (TWiV 743) From variolous effluvia to VLPs (TWiV 170) A pox on your horse (TWiV 478) Letters read on TWiV 878 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – James Webb Space Telescope and Nature Conservancy Photo Contest Amy – A new strategy for staying one step ahead of the virus Rich – Searching for the origin of the smallpox vaccine: Edward Jenner and his little-known horsepox hypothesis Vincent – Blacktail Studio Listener Picks Richard – Water Structure and Science Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #106, Daniel Griffin covers failure of ivermectin to improve hospitalization, increased hospitalization of children with Omicron, seroconversion of children versus adults, effectiveness of Pfizer mRNA vaccine in children, high vaccine effectiveness in Finland against Omicron, distinct long COVID clinical phenotypes, and estimating worldwide excess mortality. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Ivermectin did not reduce hospitalizations (Wall St J) Increased hospitalization of children with Omicron (MMWR) Seroconversion of children vs adults (JAMA) Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in children (MMWR) High vaccine effectiveness in Finland (medRxiv) Distinct long COVID clinical phenotypes (Open Forum Inf Dis) Estimating excess mortality (Lancet) Contribute to ASTMH fundraiser at PWB Letters read on TWiV 877 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Michael Worobey joins TWiV to explain evidence that SARS-CoV-2 emerged via the wildlife trade and that the Huanan market was the unambiguous epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Michael Worobey Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan (TWiV 833) Huanan market was epicenter of COVID-19 (Zenodo) Two spillover events launched COVID-19 pandemic (Zenodo) Robert Malone and Peter McCullough: A litany of untruths (Decoding the Gurus) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Kartchner Caverns (info from Wikipedia here) Kathy – Laminar flow and turbulent flow Rich – Wikipedia Vincent – The Human Lake by Carl Zimmer Listener Picks Brad – NASASpaceflight Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV discusses the virome of game animals in China, and the finding that binding of sarbecoviruses to ACE2 is an ancestral and evolvable trait. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode WHO declaration of COVID-19 pandemic Virome of China game animals (Cell) ACE2 binding is ancestral and evolvable (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 875 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Ship found at the bottom of the sea Amy – Vaccinating kids has never been easy Vincent – State data and CDC data on children and COVID-19 Listener Picks Andrew – Books by Randall Munroe Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #105, Daniel Griffin discusses changes in brain structure after infection, dementia in patients with pneumonia, Paxlovid in children, mask effectiveness in schools, host factors and severe disease, post-acute symptoms, and the mission of CEPI. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Infection and changes in brain structure (Nature) Dementia among pneumonia survivors (Open Forum Inf Dis) Narrative dynamics around COVID-19 vaccines (FSI) Children and COVID (AAP) Paxlovid in pediatric patients (Pfizer) Mask effectiveness in schools (MMWR) Host factors and severe disease (Nature) Antiviral efficacy against BA.2 (NEJM) Post-acute symptoms, Denmark (medRxiv) Risk of sequelae after infection (BMJ) CEPI (TWiV 612) Contribute to ASTMH fundraiser at PWB Letters read on TWiV 874 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews the six known coronaviruses that infect pigs and what can be learned about human infections, and how the giant Mimivirus DNA genome is organized into a nucleocapsid. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Click arrow to play Download TWiV 873 (128 MB .mp3, 107 min) Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ABRCMS ePoster Spring Symposium for Emerging Scientists Porcine coronaviruses (Virol Sin) Mimivirus nucleocapsid (bioRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 873 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – The Dinosaur Age May Have Ended in Springtime Alan – The Track of the Typhoon, and me reading it. Rich – 12 Monkeys Vincent – Anna Mason's Art Channel Listener Picks Richard – SARS-CoV-2 in animals: Situation report #9 Jason – Counting App and CountThings from Photos Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #104, Daniel Griffin reviews effectiveness of mRNA vaccines among children, number of children affected by disease, accuracy of rapid antigen tests, CDC guidance for prevention strategies, monoclonal antibody effectiveness, predicting progression to severe respiratory failure from pneumonia, risk of long COVID after two vaccine doses, and peripheral neuropathy in long COVID. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine effectiveness 5-11 year olds (medRxiv) Vaccine effectiveness vs ED and UCE 5-12 year olds (medRxiv) Children affected by COVID (Lancet) Accuracy of rapid antigen tests (medRxiv) COVID community levels (CDC) Therapeutics guidelines (WHO) Mortality among SOT (Clin Inf Dis) Long COVID after two vaccine doses (medRxiv) Peripheral neuropathy in COVID patients (Neurology) Letters read on TWiV 872 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV discusses whether or not Omicron should be designated a new serotype of SARS-CoV-2, and the finding that amino acid changes that adapt SARS-CoV-2 to mink or ferret do not increase fitness in the human airway. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ABRCMS ePoster Spring Symposium for Emerging Scientists ASV Annual Meeting Registration (ASV) Microbiology & Immunology at LSU Health Is Omicron a new serotype? (Nat Rev Micr) Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to mink/ferret (Cell Rep) Letters read on TWiV 871 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Alan – Which Immune Cell Are You? and Michaeleen Doucleff's article Rich – Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases by Paul A. Offit Vincent – Ebola on Canvas Listener Picks Les – Ologies podcast Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #102, Daniel Griffin covers immunocompromised people, hospitalization of children, vaccine usage update, Omicron and cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, reinfection prevents disease in hamsters, repeated infections with endemic coronaviruses, global burden of antimicrobial resistance, ivermectin not protective in hamsters, and Omicron evades therapeutic monoclonals. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode What does society owe immunocompromised people (Atlantic) Prevalence of immunosuppression in US (JAME) Hospitalizations of children (MMWR) Clinical considerations for vaccines (CDC) Sanofi seeks vaccine approval (Sanofi) Omicron triggers cross-reactive neutralization (medRxiv) Reinfection prevents disease in hamsters (Cell) Repeated infections with endemic CoV (J Inf Dis) Global burden of antimicrobial resistance (Lancet) Ivermectin not protective in hamsters (bioRxiv) Omicron evades therapeutic monoclonals (bioRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 870 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews epidemiological and experimental evidence that infection with Epstein-Barr virus leads to the production of antibodies against a viral protein that cross-react with a human protein, leading to multiple sclerosis. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ABRCMS ePoster Spring Symposium for Emerging Scientists ASV Annual Meeting Registration (ASV) Microbiology & Immunology at LSU Health Viremia in human poliomyelitis (J Exp Med) EBV associated with MS (Science) MS antibodies Bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 869 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020–2021 Brianne – Which Immune Cell Are You? Rich – Nikola Tesla – 3D Anamorphosis Vincent – Paul's Uncle Doesn't Want to Get Vaccinated Listener Picks Bob – The 1969 Apollo Guidance Computer Anne – Decoding the Gurus with Dan Wilson Beth – FrenchGuyCooking Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #102, Daniel Griffin reviews children and COVID, effectiveness of maternal vaccination, vaccines for immunocompromised, primary care physicians and vaccination rates, booster safety among adults, placentitis, azithromycin, oral Nirmatrelvir, Omicron antibody evasion, EUA for bebtelovimab, IL-1 blocking agents, thromboprophylaxis, effectiveness of vaccines against long COVID, and risks of mental health outcomes. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Children and COVID state data (AAP) Effectiveness of maternal vaccination (MMWR) Vaccines for immunocompromised (CDC) PCP and vaccination rates (JAMA) Booster safety among adults (MMWR) Placental tissue destruction and placentitis (Arch Path Lab Med) Azithromycin meta-analysis (J Antimicrob Chemo) Oral Nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults (NEJM) Omicron antibody evasion (bioRxiv) EUA for bebtelovimab (FDA) IL-1 blocking agents (Cochrane) Thromboprophylaxis (Chest) Effectiveness of vaccines against long COVID (UK Health) COVID complications in Australia (Lancet) Risks of mental health outcomes (BMJ) Letters read on TWiV 868 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews an experimental, intranasally administered SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that utilizes adenovirus vectors to deliver three viral proteins and induces immunity to ancestral and variant isolates. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Dorothy Horstmann (Wikipedia) Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 experimental vaccine (Cell) t-SNE (Wikipedia) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – 477-mile-long megaflash lightning in Seattle Times (originally Washington Post) and extra info from Rich World Meteorological Org Rich – NIAID Global Research (Mali) Alan – New method for recycling electric car batteries Vincent – Q&A with A&V Listener Picks Addie – Vaccine Podcast Jennie – Dr. Katelyn Jetelina, aka Your Local Epidemiologist Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Amy returns to TWiV to discuss her work on the identification of cross-reactive antibody responses among diverse enteroviruses, and the implications for our understanding of viral pathogenesis and seroprevalence studies. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit Brianne Barker, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ABRCMS ePoster Spring Symposium for Emerging Scientists Cross-reactive enterovirus antibodies (mBio) Poliovirus receptor transgenic mice (virology blog) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – European scientists set new record in production of nuclear fusion energy Amy – Alfredo's Magic Wand Brianne – What Happened After the Chicken-Pox Vaccine? Rich – Year Three of COVID-19: Harsh Truths, Realities, and Glimmers of Hope Vincent – Economists Are Fueling the War Against Public Health Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #101, Daniel Griffin discusses children and COVID, human challenge study results, effectiveness of mask use, Omicron boost in macaques, mucosal vaccine candidate, long-term cardiovascular outcomes, and global vaccine perceptions. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Children and COVID state data (AAP) Human challenge study (Res Sq) Effectiveness of mask use (MMWR) Omicron boost in macaques (bioRxiv) Mucosal vaccine candidate (Cell) Long-term cardiovascular outcomes (Nat Med) Global vaccine perceptions (PLoSNTD) Letters read on TWiV 865 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Monica, John, David, and Marc join TWiV to discuss their work on identifying cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages in New York City wastewater, and understanding whether they were shed from humans or other animals. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guests: John Dennehy, Marc Johnson, Davida Smyth, and Monica Trujillo Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode SARS-CoV-2 in NYC wastewater (TWiV 737) Cryptic SARS-CoV-2 in NYC wastewater (Nat Comm) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – When scientific conferences went online, diversity and inclusion soared Rich – Traffic flow measured on 30 different 4-way junctions Vincent – A Slot Machine, a Broken Test Tube by S.E. Luria Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews the results of a study in which 36 volunteers were infected with SARS-CoV-2, and what was learned about the kinetics of virus reproduction in the nose and throat, development of symptoms, and reliability of lateral flow antigen assays. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine Town Hall (ASV) Columbia University BSL-3 Manager position 3:27 UK SARS-CoV-2 challenge study (Res Sq) U of Pennsylvania smell test (Wikipedia) Letters read on TWiV 863 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Webb team begins aligning telescope Brianne – Our Solar System in True Color Is Really Something Else Rich – When the International Space Station retires, it will plunge into the ocean to die Vincent – Gateway Program and What One Really Expensive Means to US Train Travel Listener Picks Jack – Dr. Becky and Pasta or composer Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #100, Daniel Griffin, from Accra, Ghana, reviews the challenges in evaluating Omicron severity, over 800 deaths in children, Pfizer vaccine EUA application for under 5 year olds, false positives from soft drinks, Novavax vaccine EUA application, childhood experiences and vaccine hesitancy, fourth vaccine dose in Israel, effects of antivirals and monoclonals against Omicron, and multiple factors associated with PASC. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Omicron severity challenges (NEJM) Children and COVID data (AAP) Vaccine EUA for under 5 year olds (Pfizer) B cell boot camp (Immune 52) Soft drink and LFA false positives (medRxiv) EUA application for Novavax vaccine (Novavax) Childhood experiences and vaccine hesitancy (BMJ Open) Fourth vaccine dose in Israel (medRxiv) Antibodies and antivirals vs Omicron (NEJM) Paxlovid and Omicron (Pfizer) Multiple factors and PASC (Cell) Internship at Parasites Without Borders (pdf) 28:47 Letters read on TWiV 862 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Nels joins TWiV to discuss hypotheses for the origins of Omicron, including that it came from mice or arose during chronic infection of an immunocompromised patient. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Nels Elde Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine Town Hall (ASV) Columbia University BSL-3 Manager position Did Omicron come from mice? (J Genet Genomics) Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection (SSRN) Letters read on TWiV 861 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Groundhogs Emerge From the Scientific Shadows Kathy – Zig-zag Coast Guard search pattern Rich – Moon Phases 2022 (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) Vincent – Kevin Cowtan's Book of Fourier and Live Fourier Transformation Nels – Biology versus bias Listener Picks Dusty – Fighting bias in space Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews a seminal paper showing that chemically modified bases in RNAs suppress recognition by Toll-like receptors, a finding that that was essential for the development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine Town Hall (ASV) Columbia University BSL-3 Manager position RNA modifications suppress innate recognition (Immunity) Critical contribution of pseudouridine (Front Cell Dev Biol) Rich Condit reminisces (YouTube) Letters read on TWiV 860 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson - NASA Research Launches a New Generation of Indoor Farming Kathy -How Pfizer scientists transformed an old drug lead into a COVID-19 antiviral Rich - Fermi paradox Vincent - Racism not Race by Joe Graves Listener Picks Jay – Restoration of Ave Maria John – Pandemic humor Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #99, Daniel Griffin discusses Omicron disease severity, neurologic manifestations in children, testing outcomes during multiple infections, boosters improve VE and VD, booster efficacy for ED and UC encounters, vaccines induce cross-protective T cell memory, and indications for monoclonal antibody therapy.C Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Omicron disease severity (MMWR) Neurologic manifestations in children (Pediatric Neurol) Respiratory virus interference (Emerg Inf Dis) Hospitalization by vaccination status (CDC) Third vaccine dose VE (MMWR) Vaccination induces cross-reactive T cells (Cell) Limitations for monoclonal antibody use for Omicron (FDA) Internship at Parasites Without Borders (pdf) 42:40 Letters read on TWiV 859 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

John Mascola joins TWiV to discuss the history and mission of the NIH Vaccine Research Center, how it prepared for devising pandemic vaccines, and development of the COVID-19 vaccines. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guest: John Mascola Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development (Immunity) Letters read on TWiV 858 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – How Sesame Street is Handling the Pandemic Rich – Zamboni: How it works Alan – How lightning starts Vincent – Buon-A-Petitti Listener Picks Meika –Wordle Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

Jon Yewdell returns to TWiV to discuss how antibodies are made, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, antigenic variation of the virus, booster shots, and more. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guest: Jon Yewdell Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Jon Yewdell on TWiV 208, 467, 597, 620 Letters read on TWiV 857 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Jon – The Premonition by Michael Lewis Dickson – Nature photographer of the year 2021 Brianne – Should BioBank Volunteers Be Warned About Mutations? Rich – Czech singer Hanka Horká dies after intentionally getting infected by the coronavirusand Dena Dietrich Dies at 91 Vincent – Cuore di Cioccolato Listener Picks Bronwen – Schools must stay open John – Pandemic humor Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #98, Daniel Griffin reviews COVID-19 in South Africa, recognition of Omicron by ancestral T cells, booster effectiveness against disease, infection and vaccination in pregnant women, early Remdesivir to prevent progression to severe disease, management of hospitalized adults, Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients, vaccination and long COVID, and the true toll of the pandemic. Click arrow to play Download TWiV 853 (58 MB .mp3, 48 min) Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 in South Africa (pdf) Ancestral T cells recognize Omicron (Nat Med) Booster effectiveness against COVID-19, England (Nat Med) Cases and hospitalization by vaccination status (MMWR) Infection and vaccination in pregnant women, Scotland (Nat Med) Early Remdesivir to prevent progression to severe disease (NEJM) Management of hospitalized adults (NIH) Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients (Resp Care) Vaccination and long COVID in Israel (medRxiv) Pandemic true death toll (Nature) Internship at Parasites Without Borders (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 856 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Alessandro Sette returns to TWiV to discuss the observation that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces T cells that are able to cross-recognize variants Alpha to Omicron. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Alessandro Sette Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Travel Award Applications (ASV) 3:20 Impact of variants on T cells (Cell Rep Med) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Letters read on TWiV 855 Weekly Picks Brianne – 75 years of research on human diseases in 1 minute Kathy – 10 second video of COVID-19 spread Rich – Diffraction spike Vincent – John's Furniture Repair and Transcend Furniture Gallery Listener Picks Alison – FDA drug shortages Ingrid – One woman's mission to get vaccines to her rural Alabama town Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews findings that increased fitness of the Omicron variant is due to immune evasion, not an increase in intrinsic transmissibility, and determination of infectious viral load in patients infected with wild type, Delta and Omicron viruses reveals lack of correlation with RNA loads determined by RT-PCR, similar levels of shedding among Delta and Omicron, and greatly reduced shedding in vaccinated people. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Travel Award Applications (ASV) 2:11 Omicron transmission in Danish households (medRxiv) Infectious viral load in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients (medRxiv) Fred Murphy on TWiV 625 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Favorite Science Photos of 2021 Brianne – Viruses, Vaccines, and COVID-19 videos from American Museum of Natural History Kathy – Klompas et al. "Current insights into respiratory virus transmission…" Rich – Leviathan Falls by James S.A. Corey Vincent – Ebola (1996) by David Molesky at The Incubator Listener Picks Randall – Robert Malone & Peter McCullough: A litany of untruths Suellen – Omicron and the case of the hidden evolution – Understanding Evolution Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #97, Daniel Griffin covers immunity after infection recognized by CDC, outcomes before and after Omicron, infectious viral load in Delta vs Omicron, PCR vs rapid antigen tests, booster interval shortened to 5 months, risk factors for severe outcomes in vaccinated, cross-reactive memory T cells, vaccine effectiveness vs MIS-C, and Rivaroxiban for thromboprophylaxis. Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Quarantine and isolation (CDC) Outcomes before and after Omicron (medRxiv) Infectious viral load in Delta vs Omicron infections (medRxiv) PCR vs rapid antigen test (medRxiv) Booster interval to 5 months (FDA) Cross-reactive memory T cells (Nat Comm) Risk factors for severe outcomes in vaccinated (MMWR) Vaccine effectiveness vs MIS-C (MMWR) Cross-reactive T cells to Omicron from vaccines (medRxiv) Rivaroxiban for thromboprophylaxis (Lancet) Letters read on TWiV 853 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

A TWiV threesome explains the observation that humans with inherited T cell CD28 deficiency are susceptible to severe warts driven by human papilloma virus infection, but are otherwise healthy. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine Town Hall (ASV) Travel Award Applications (ASV) CD28 deficiency and severe warts (Cell) Vincent interviews Harald zur Hausen (virology blog) Letters read on TWiV 853 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Every Pore on Your Face Is a Walled Garden Rich – "On Warts" by Lewis Thomas (Pdf) Vincent – Cells at Work Code Black 1 Listener Picks Chris – Ria Lina on the Guilty Feminist podcast Duncan – Meet the green kleptos of the animal kingdom Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

The TWiV team reviews the observation that infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant causes reduced reproduction and pathogenesis in mice and hamsters. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, Brianne Barker, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine Town Hall (ASV) Travel Award Applications (ASV) Omicron infection in mice and hamsters (Res Square) Letters read on TWiV 851 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Engineering the James Webb Space Telescope Amy – T cells might be our bodies' best shot against Omicron Brianne – Where is Webb? Rich – First U.S. vaccine mandate in 1809 launched 200 years of court battles Vincent – The Secret of Life by Howard Markel Listener Picks Jen – Antidote David – Rosie Revere, Engineer Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #96, Daniel Griffin reviews Omicron in South Africa, rapid antigen tests, viral coinfections, isolation and quarantine, saliva preferred for Omicron, risk factors for severe disease in vaccinated, Paxlovid dosing, and long COVID. Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Variant proportions (CDC) Omicron in South Africa (JAMA) Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (Ann Int Med) Diagnostics for COVID-19 (Lancet) Comparison of rapid antigen tests (J Clin Med) Rapid antigen tests to reduce isolation (medRxiv) Frequency of viral confections (MMWR) Isolation and quarantine (CDC) Saliva preferred for Omicron (medRxiv) Risk factors for severe COVID in vaccinated (MMWR) Paxlovid dosing (Pfizer) Fatigue and cognitive impairment (Brain, Behavior, Immune) Letters read on TWiV 850 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV kicks off 2022 with a review of the virology highlights of 2021, from three virologists, one immunologist, a science writer, and a partridge in a pear tree. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID vaccines: TWiV 708, 715, 718, 844 Non-CoV papers: TWiV 763, 784, 819, 822, 740, 848 Immune correlates of protection: TWiV 791, 799, 835, 832, 841, 789 Fitness: TWiV 705, 836, 768, 757 Guests off beaten track: 723, 726, 732, 838, 773, 745 Lab leak nonsense: TWiV 762, 774 One Health/Viruses in Wildlife: TWiV 799, 722, 771, 809, 798, 759, 791, 847, 750, 821, 824, 804 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Don't Look Up Kathy – spaceweather.com Rich – Video of a Green Flash (wiki) Alan – Fungally-modified violins Vincent – This Old Tony especially this segment Listener Picks Paul – Deep Mind and AlphaFold Grant – SARS-CoV-2 reproduction cycle Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

For the final episode of 2021, TWiV reviews an experimental infectious attenuated Lassa fever vaccine based on a codon-deoptimized glycoprotein gene, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of free-ranging white-tailed deer. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Codon-deoptimized Lassa fever vaccine (mBio) Attenuation of dengue virus by codon deoptimization (TWiV 351) Codon deoptimization of poliovirus and RS virus (TWiV 740) Codon deoptimization of DNA viruses (TWiV 362 letters) CEPI on TWiV 612 SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 847 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – EO Wilson (Ants and The Conversation) Brianne – The Best Fun Science Stories of 2021 Kathy – Using sound for data analysis; chemotactic bacteria and Moo loo story Alan – Owls of the Easern Ice, by Jonathan Slaght Vincent – TWiV 9: Fever! The discovery of Lassa virus and TWiV 548: Mice, shrews, and caterpillars Listener Picks Larry – Immunity Jeff – Daily Hospital Surveillance Report Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #95, Daniel Griffin discusses new CDC guidelines for isolation and quarantine, EUA for Molnupiravir, children and COVID, vaccine safety in 5-11 year olds, Omicron outbreaks in Nebraska and Denmark, Baylor's COVID vaccine, and COVID-OUT for ivermectin. Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Isolation and quarantine guidance (CDC) EUA for Molnupiravir (FDA) Children and COVID state data (AAP) Vaccine safety in 5-11 year olds (MMWR) Omicron and antigen tests (FDA) Omicron in Nebraska (MMWR) Omicron in Danish households (medRxiv) Baylor COVID vaccine (TCH) COVID-OUT for ivermectin (U Minn) Letters read on TWiV 848 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV explores the impact of the intestinal virome on seroconversion after rotavirus vaccination, and implications of the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant to infect wild-type laboratory mice. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Impact of enteric virome on rotavirus vaccine (Cell Host Micr) Beta variant infects wild type mice (Sig Transd Targ Ther) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – XKCD on Immune Responses and Immunity Kathy – UVA Rotunda astrophotograph with Heart and Soul Nebulae by Brennan Gilmore Rich – James Webb Space Telescope Videos: 29 Days On The Edge; Launch And Deployment Alan – Sokobond puzzle game Vincent – International Space Station shines in gorgeous fly-around photos by Crew Dragon astronauts Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #94, Daniel Griffin reviews the FDA EUA for Paxlovid, test to stay in school, immunity after infection, variants and therapeutics, quarantine and isolation guidelines, Molnupiravir in non-hospitalized patients, and convalescent serum in outpatients. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode FDA EUA for Paxlovid (pdf) Children and COVID-19 (pdf) Evaluation of test to stay in school, IL (MMWR) Evaluation of test to stay in school, LA (MMWR) Update on mRNA vaccine in under 5 yo (Pfizer) CDC endorses preference for mRNA vaccines (CDC) Natural immunity and protection against delta (Clin Inf Dis) Cross-neutralization post-vaccination infection (JAMA) Variants and therapeutics (NIH) Quarantine and isolation (CDC) Molnupiravir in non-hospitalized patients (NEJM) Convalescent serum for outpatients (medRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 845 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkee Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

Paul Offit returns to TWiV to discuss new CDC guidance on J&J vaccine, why children should be immunized against COVID-19, and whether or not booster doses are scientifically justified. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Brianne Barker Guest: Paul Offit Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Paul Offit on TWiV 720 Are COVID-19 vaccine boosters needed? (virology blog) Letters read on TWiV 844 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne - Virus snowflakes Dickson - The Year in Pictures 2021 Vincent - Our Life is Plasticized Listener Picks Gerry - Dan Barouch: COVID-19 Vaccine Development Louise - Pandora's Lab by Paul Offit Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #93, Dr. Griffin summarizes Omicron fitness, S-gene target failure, monoclonal efficacy against Omicron, vaccination, monoclonals, and disease in children, persistence of memory B cells in the elderly, infection and vaccine induced immunity, protection against severe illness and death by a third mRNA vaccine dose, high flow oxygen versus intubation, and therapeutic anticoagulation. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Variant updates (CDC) List of diagnostic kits (Global Fund, pdf) B1.1.529 escapes most antibodies (bioRxiv) mRNA vaccine third dose and Omicron (medRxiv) Outpatient strategies children and adolescents (AAP) Memory B cells persist in elderly (J Clin Invest) mRNA booster effect against Delta (Clin Inf Dis) Azithromycin meta-analysis (J Antimicrob Chemo) High-flow oxygen vs intubation (JAMA) Therapeutic anticoagulation (Ann Int Med) Africa cases surge (CIDRAP) Letters read on TWiV 843 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews the results of serum neutralization assays which show that a third vaccine dose restores neutralization of the Omicron variant, and interaction of platelet factor 4 with the adenovirus capsid, suggesting a mechanism for thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Third vaccine dose improves Omicron neutralization (medRxiv) ChAdOX1 interacts with PF4 (Sci Adv) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Vaccine Scientists: Time's 2021 Heroes of the Year Kathy – Snake dietary diversity Vincent – Alfred Wegener Institute on Instagram Listener Picks Niclas – Once upon a time… Life Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV provides an update on immunity to Omicron, results of a randomized controlled trial of face masks, and a study of correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract of nonhuman primates. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Omicron escape from serum antibodies (pdf) Pfizer/BioNTech update on Omicron (Pfizer) Randomized trial of masking for COVID-19 (Science) Upper and lower respiratory tract correlates of protection for RS virus (Cell Host Micr) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Cities at Night Amy – I'm an E.R. Doctor in Michigan, Where Unvaccinated People Are Filling Hospital Beds Rich – International Dark Sky Association Vincent – SARS-CoV-2 variants Listener Picks Keith – Ventusky Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #92, Dr. Griffin reviews emerging data on the Omicron variant, much information about monoclonal antibody treatment, including expansion of EUA for Lilly's cocktail, FDA EUA for pre-exposure prophylaxis, outcomes after treatment, and investigation of subcutaneous or intramuscular administration; effect of adding immunomodulatory agents to usual care on thromboembolic events, and long COVID following infection in previously vaccinated individuals. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Risk associated with Omicron (medRxiv) Expansion of monoclonal EUA (FDA) Neutralization of Omicron by sera (medRxiv) Third dose sera neutralize Omicron (Pfizer) Monoclonals authorized for PreP (FDA) Patient outcomes after monoclonals (Open Forum Inf Dis) Subcutaneous or intramuscular monoclonals (medRxiv) WHO does not recommend convalescent serum (WHO) Immunomodulation and thromboembolic risk (J Clin Med) Long COVID after infection of vaccinated (medRxiv) Letters read on TWiV 840 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews the impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2, the latest information on Omicron, West Nile virus transmission by organ transplantation, and why a 16 week interval between doses of BNT162b2 vaccine is better than a shorter interval. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Coronavirus in the US (NY Times) Omicron variant (NY Times) West Nile virus transmission by organ transplantation (Emerg Inf Dis) Stronger antibody response after 16 week mRNA dose (Cell Host Micr) Higher antibody response with 7 week dosing (Clin Inf Dis) Immune response after recovery and 1 vaccine dose (Sci Transl Med) Booster guidance in Canada (pdf) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – CDC U-M flu report (lay version, MMWR) Rich – Thagomizer Alan – Descent into Darkness by Edward Raymer Vincent – Funding: Blinding peer review Listener Picks Lynne – ACE2 in chewing gum Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

The New York City Virus Hunters join TWiV to reveal how local students engage in safe virus surveillance and conduct science research right in their neighborhoods, followed by an update on variant of concern Omicron. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guests: Teresa Bautista, Isabel Francisco, Jesus Gonzales, Joel Gonzalez, Florian Krammer, and Christine Marizzi, Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Biobus Wild Bird Fund FluLab B1.1.529 (COVID-19-lineages) Report on Omicron spike changes (virological) Omicron (Wikipedia) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Plant Habitat-04 Brianne – The Coronavirus in a Tiny Drop Rich – Prophet in Purgatory by Jon Cohen Vincent – " '—All You Zombies—' " by Robert A. Heinlein (pdf) Listener Picks Mike – The Coronavirus in a Tiny Drop Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #91, Dr. Griffin discusses final results of molnupiravir trial, Omicron variant of concern, outcomes in B-cell depleted patients, recovery in T-cell depleted macaques, peptide for induction of T cell immunity, high respiratory viral RNA loads in infants, IgA and T cells transferred to breast milk after vaccination, sensitivity and specificity of ID NOW, post-acute sequelae at 12 months, disease in low and middle income countries. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Update on Molnupiravir results (Merck) Omicron (Wikipedia) P681H and IFN resistance (bioRxiv) Synthetic DMARDS and disease severity (Ann Rheum Dis) Recovery in T cell depleted macaques (mBio) T-cell inducing peptide (Nature) Respiratory viral RNA load in infants (J Inf Dis) IgA and T cells in breast milk (Cell Rep) ID NOW specificity and sensitivity (J Clinical Viral) Risk prediction algorithm (Thorax) PASC in adults at 12 months (Front Med) Letters read on TWiV 837 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reveals all that we know so far about the variant of concern B.1.1.529, also called Omicron, and describes a study on the ability of the alpha, beta, and delta variants to reproduce in cells in culture and induce membrane fusion. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Omicron genome changes (Covariants) Omicron shared changes with other variants (Covariants) Update on Omicron (WHO) Spike polymutant PMS20 (bioRxiv) Syncytium formation of variants of concern (EMBO J) Variants as super cell fusers (EMBO J) Letters read on TWiV 836 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Immune Kathy – Elizabeth Lee Hazen and Rachel Fuller Brown, discoverers of nystatin oneand two Alan – Four Lost Cities by Analee Newitz Vincent – Deadly Choices by Paul Offit Listener Picks Ryan – Ronny Jackson (one and two) Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

TWiV reviews why children should be vaccinated against COVID-19, increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to Alpha variant in vaccinated but not recovered individuals, and immune correlates of protection from the mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 vaccines for children (Science) Risk of infection with variants (medRxiv) Immune correlates of mRNA-1273 (Science) Letters read on TWiV 835 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Pee Wee Herman aka Paul Rubens Brianne – APOD: Pleiades Vincent – A History of Poliomyelitis by JR Paul Listener Picks Richard – Let's talk about a familiar problem and a new tactic…. Sherri – Have the New Jab Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]

In COVID-19 clinical update #90, Dr. Griffin covers FDA expansion for booster doses, 3 more at home antigen tests approved by FDA, immune correlates analysis of mRNA-1273 vaccine, risk for stillbirth, PROVENT prophylaxis trial results, fluvoxamine recommendations, advice on molnupiravir, automated text messaging service for monitoring illness, and long COVID-19 after vaccination and infection. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Expanded eligibility for booster doses (FDA) More rapid antigen tests approved (FDA) Immune correlates for mRNA-1273 (Science) Risk for still birth with and without COVID-19 (MMWR) PROVENT phase III prophylaxis trial (AstraZenica) Fluvoxamine guidelines (IDSA) COVID-OUT trial (Univ Minnesota) Monoclonal antibody treatment in vaccinated infected (J Inf Dis) Steroid use in non-oxygen requiring patients (QJM) Doxycycline trial (Lancet) Efficacy of inhaled ciclesonide (JAMA) Advise on use of molnupiravir (EMA) Text messaging for monitoring disease (Ann Int Med) Long COVID after vaccination and infection (Res Square) Ivermectin for West Nile virus (Medpage Today) Letters read on TWiV 834 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to [email protected]

TWiV reviews Michael Worobey's dissection of the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, and the discovery that herpesviruses assimilate cellular kinesin to produce motorized virus particles. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan (Science) Herpesviruses assimilate kinesin (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 833 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – Power of poop Alan – Under the Sky We Make, by Kimberly Nicholas Vincent – Enzymatic amplification of beta-globing sequences Listener Picks Paula – Reasons to be Cheerful and The Night Witches by Bruce Myles Grant – George Carlin – Germs, Immune System Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to [email protected]