The Poison Lab

In this episode of The Poison Lab, host Ryan Feldman is joined by medical toxicologist Damilola Idowu‑Ellsworth for a fast-moving, case-heavy conversation packed with clinical pearls, listener participation, and classic toxicology weirdness.The show opens with listener guesses for the previously released mystery case before diving headfirst into a rapid-fire series of Stump the Toxicologist cases—questions pulled straight from the internet and real-world toxicology problem-solving. Along the way, Ryan and Dami cover everything from rodenticides and drug-testing myths to how to clean a benzodiazepine bottle, plus one of the most toxic substances you’ve probably never heard of.One lucky listener also wins a copy of Poisonous Fungus Amongus, and a shout-out to the newly released second edition featuring photography from expert mycologists.Skip the listener guesses and jump straight to the mystery toxin: 38:15Mystery toxin caseThe rest of the episode is Dr. Idowu and Ryan discuss the topics below. Looking for timestamps? Join the supporting member feed!Looking for time stamps for the rest of the show? Join as a supporting memberStump the Toxicologist – Case Discussions(Looking for timestamps? Join the supporting member feed!)Case #1 A methemoglobinemia, renal failure inducing enemaCase #2Wide-complex dysrhythmia from an over-the-counter topicalBonus - Paper from Ryan on the topical toxicity (or lack there of) of this productCase #3Black stools, seizures, high sodium and low potassium after trying to beat a drug test.Case #4GCS 15 and normal vitals… until they’re not — delayed seizures, neurologic collapse, and a toxicologic time bomb.Paper from Ryan on this tricky toxic time bombInternet & Listener QuestionsDo GLP-1 agonists release toxins from fat and how might that impact drugged driving laws with THC?Why do sedatives make you twitch?Not all benzos are XanaxWhat shape is a ketamine crystalSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Hey everybody, you’re listening to The Poison Lab—well, almost.We’ve got a new episode coming next week, but we’re running a little behind on our usual release schedule because… life happens. That said, if you’re looking for some toxicology content right now, I’ve got you covered.Recently, I had the chance to appear on two local and state radio shows talking about one of my favorite topics: mushroom poisoning 🍄—and both were an absolute blast.🌱 Garden Talk (Call-In Episode) (Ryan starts @ 1 hour and 14 min)The first appearance was on Garden Talk, a fun, live call-in show where we covered:Mushroom poisoning basicsListener questionsMy game GOTTA PICCEMThe book Poisonous Fungus Among UsIt was lively, unpredictable, and a great example of how curious people are about mushrooms once you open the door.📻 Local Health Update Radio SegmentAfter that, I joined a local radio health update to talk specifically about mushroom poisoning from a public-health perspective. It’s always interesting to hear how radio hosts approach such a niche topic—and how quickly it turns into something broadly relevant.🔬 Want a Quick Toxicology Fix?If you’re itching for some Poison Lab content while you wait for the next full episode, these two appearances are a great place to start.And don’t worry—we’ll be back next week with a full episode and answers to our mystery case.Thanks, as always, for listening.Hope to see you there.— Ryan

Do you think you know the cause of these symptoms? Send your guesses to [email protected] to take part in the next episodeSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In November 2022, hospitals across Australia began seeing patients with sudden rigidity, spasms, seizures—and in some cases cardiac arrest—after drinking homemade poppy seed tea. The source? Food-shelf poppy seeds contaminated with extraordinarily high levels of thebaine, an opioid alkaloid that acts nothing like morphine. In this Outbreak episode, host Ryan Feldman, clinical toxicologist and emergency medicine pharmacist, investigates how pharmaceutical-grade, thebaine-rich poppy seeds were mistakenly repackaged into the food supply—and how poison centers, clinicians, labs, and public health teams traced and contained the threat within days.You’ll hear firsthand from the experts who responded:Dr. Katherine Isoardi, Emergency Physician, Clinical Toxicologist, Medical Director, Queensland Poisons Information CentreDr. Amanda Holford, Clinical Toxicology Fellow & Emergency Physician, Princess Alexandra HospitalDr. Darren Roberts, Medical Director, NSW Poisons Information Centre; Nephrologist; Clinical PharmacologistTogether, they walk us through the outbreak timeline—from the first ICU cases and puzzling “strych­nine-like” neuroexcitation to the multi-state investigation, product recall, and lessons for future foodborne poisonings.Looking for timestamps?A fully timestamped version—so you can jump to any topic—is available to our supporting members.💡 Key topics:Clinical presentation of thebaine toxicity (rigidity, spasms, seizures, metabolic acidosis) and how it differs from classic opioid effectsWhy thebaine behaves like a glycine receptor antagonist (strych­nine-like) rather than a sedating mu agonistHow early-warning networks (e.g., PRISE in NSW; EDNA in QLD), poison centers, and forensic labs coordinated a rapid responsePublic health trace-back: mislabeled/repacked pharmaceutical poppy seeds entering the food supply; national recallsPractical ED management pearls (benzodiazepines, airway/ICU support; recognizing recurrent symptoms) and communication pitfalls during mass poisonings📍 Resources & Mentions:Dr. Isoardi led case series on thebaine-contaminated poppy seeds (Queensland Health, NSW Health)Dr. Roberts led kinetics study on thebainePrior Poison Lab Outbreak episode: Markham Aconite Poisoning🎧 Listen now: www.ThePoisonLab.com💬 Have thoughts or questions?Instagram @tox_talk • Twitter @LabPoison • Email [email protected]: The Poison Lab is for educational purposes only and does not provide medical advice. If you suspect a poisoning, contact your local poison center. In the U.S., call 1-800-222-1222.Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Get your copy here! https://a.co/d/8QUBmQyWant to hear it with insights from the author?:  • Poisonous Fungus Among Us | Full Children’...  Don't have time for the full thing: check the highlights: • Poisonous Fungus Amongus Highlights Reel  Want a clearer picture: Full reading large scale here: • Poisonous Fungus Amongus- Children's Book ...  From the mind of a toxicologist who treats real mushroom poisonings alongside doctors and poison centers comes Poisonous Fungus Amongus—a playful, rhyming adventure into the fascinating world of poisonous mushrooms!Inside, readers will find a colorful introduction to mushroom anatomy and ecology—learning the parts of a mushroom and discovering helpful hints for safe foraging and identifying dangerous look-alikes. Every species featured in these pages is a real poisonous mushroom, brought to life through vivid illustrations and engaging verse.This beautifully illustrated book goes beyond the basics, exploring how mushrooms grow, reproduce, and take shape in nature—from tiny spores to sprawling mycelium to the fruiting bodies we find in forests and fields.Through rhymes and clear explanations, readers learn to recognize essential mushroom features—caps, gills, pores, rings, bulbs (volvas), veils, warts, scales, spore prints, and gill types like free, adnate, and decurrent. Each detail helps distinguish the edible from the toxic—and shows how some features can fool us!The story encourages safe and curious observation: note each feature, dig gently to look for bulbs, observe nearby trees and seasons, and check for bruising or color changes. Along the way, readers also discover fungi’s hidden ecological roles, from tree-nurturing mycorrhizae to the saprotrophs that recycle the forest floor.With rhythm, rhyme, and a spark of scientific wonder, Poisonous Fungus Amongus blends accuracy with imagination—inviting kids and adults alike to explore and respect the natural world, while learning that curiosity and caution must always grow together when it comes to mushrooms.Perfect for young readers, nature lovers, teachers, and families who want to explore the mysterious and magical world of fungi!Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Show NotesIn this special live episode from the 2025 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT), Ryan takes you inside the conference to hear directly from the researchers themselves. Covering 11 abstracts that span high-stakes management decisions, surprising case reports, and challenges to toxicology dogma, this year’s highlights feature everything from amlodipine overdoses to naturopathic misadventures, metformin-associated blindness, and more. The show kicks off with a foreword from Ryan and Dr. Jon Cole (abstract co-chair for AACT) discussing some of their favorite research from the conference. If you couldn’t make it to NACCT or just want to catch up on some of the most impactful new research in our field, this episode will give you a front-row seat. Check below for links to the published abstracts, the full list of studies discussed, and timestamps for where you can hear each one.Link to published abstract manuscriptForeword with Dr. Jon Cole 10:43 #7. Is beta blocker toxicity associated with hypoglycemia?Lead author: Dr. Megan Audette, MD18:17 #237. V-A ECMO as a treatment for vasoplegic shock in amlodipine poisoning: a comparisonLead author: Dr. Daniel Tirado, MD27:59 #247. Blocked but not beaten: ECMO’s role in severe amlodipine toxicity – a poison center case seriesLead author: Dr. Carlos Saldarriaga, MD28:18 #26. Amlodipine double-dose therapeutic errors reported to Poison CentersLead author: Johanne Freeman30:38 #27. Dosing on the edge: unpacking inadvertent amlodipine ingestions reported to a single poison centerLead author: Dr. Tiana Patriarca, PharmD34:03 #292. Intravenous administration of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate resulting in deathLead author: Dr. Stephen Thornton, MD Researcher interviews44:16 – #21. Quantitative analysis of amlodipine removal by plasmapheresisGuest: Dr. Keahi Horowitz, MD – Acute and Intensive Care Research Award winner48:33– #23. Relationship between reported ingestion dose and outcome in amlodipine poisoningGuest: Dr. Colleen Cowdery, MD51:37 – #24. Management of severe amlodipine toxicity with high-dose calcium aloneGuest: Dr. Vincent Ma, MDHigh dose norepinephrine in amlodipine overdose Case report of calcium death 56:56– #70. Iatrogenic exposure to long-acting buprenorphine injectable in an opioid-naïve patientGuest: Dr. Conor Young, MD01:00:11 – #182. Left in the dark: a case of blindness in the setting of metformin toxicityGuest: Dr. Madison Bombard, MD01:12:11 – #169. Just because it’s natural doesn’t mean it’s safe: a case of pediatric toxicity from topical and herbal remediesGuest: Dr. Aria Darling, MD01:04:31 – #203. Serotonin syndrome after vaping MoocahGuest: Dr. Connor Murphy, MD01:07:06 – #307. Intravenous ozone autohemotherapy: a retrospective observational case seriesGuest: Nicole McLarty 01:11:25 – #134. Do they really need n-acetylcysteine? Exploratory analysis of outcomes in patients with elevated liver function tests but no detectable acetaminophenGuest: Dr. Seth Carroll, PharmD01:15:33 – #130. Outcomes of acute acetaminophen-poisoned patients treated with and without fomepizole: a Toxic registry studyGuest: Dr. Jordan Woollum, PharmD01:21:23 – #295. Evaluation of onset and resolution of complications after chronic methotrexate poisoningGuest: Dr. Van Quach, PharmD01:24:51 – #325. Implications of potassium in salicylate toxicity treated with urinary alkalinizationGuest: Dr. Andrew Yetka, PharmDBonus ContentStick around to the very end of the episode for a teaser of Stump the Tox and the brand-new game Tox Wavelength, recorded on the train to NACCT. The full episode is available now for supporting members.Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode of The Poison Lab, host Ryan Feldman is joined by Dr. Joe Kennedy, medical toxicologist at the University of Vermont and consultant for the Northern New England Poison Center. Together they work through real poisoning cases to sharpen toxic differentials, sum up practical resuscitation priorities, and connect first-principles pharmacology to bedside decisions. They also answer listener questions on THAM vs bicarbonate, when to dialyze even with “normal” kidneys, and why rattlesnake antivenom costs so much—plus the real-world logistics of sourcing exotic antivenoms in the U.S.Dr. Kennedy and Ryan discuss the topics below. Looking for timestamps? Join the subscribed feed!Case set #1: Shock with hyperglycemia, big pupils, and probably NOT what you think it is. Case set #2: Massive bleeding after gas-station “herbal” productsCase set #3: Refractory wide-complex rhythms in a teen overdoseCase set #4: Sudden collapse at a hog farm- (SPOLIER) Recent outbreak of deaths as related to case 4Want the cases summarized and sent to you so you can come up with your differential before the show? SIGN UP FOR THE NEWS LETTER! Listener Q&ATHAM vs bicarbonate (closed vs open buffering; “breathe for bicarb, tinkle for THAM”)Why dialyze if the kidneys work? (EXTRIP-style thinking, gradients, and properties)Snake antivenom pricing & how zoos help hospitals obtain non-U.S. antivenomsCall outs from the showNACCT Abstracts!Clover coagulopathy!THAM VS BICARB ElectrolytesPotato quality video of dialysis from RyanArticle on snake antivenom costing >200,000 for one patientArticle on exotic antivenom procurementCase report Ryan published on treating blue Indonesian pit viperSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

GOTTA PICCEM: The Poisonous Mushroom Card Game👉 Order now right here OR go to www.gottapiccem.com and click "Buy GOTTA PICCEM"Why this is awesomeWhat started as a nerdy teaching tool made to teach mushroom poisoning by folks who treat mushroom poisoning is now a full-fledged card game—equally great for Friday game night and the classroom.What’s inside the deck58 Poisonous Mushroom CardsFull-color pictures, toxin info, clinical syndromes, key anatomy, U.S. + global distribution, and spore print colors.88 Play Cards + 30 Bonus CardsCollect mushrooms, play antidotes and modifiers, stack combos, and score big.Toxin-Based ScoringPoint systems reflect real-world toxicity—every round plays differently based on your hand and bonus cards.Endless ReplayabilityRule variants at gottapiccem.com keep things fresh.Learn while you playDive into the companion blog at www.gottapiccem.com for:Deep-dive toxin explainers for each mushroomCase reports & real-world clinical notesControversies and mysteries in mushroom poisoning📖 Start here: gottapiccem.com (Companion Blog → “Learn the Mushrooms”)How to get it👉 Order now right here OR go to www.gottapiccem.com and click "Buy GOTTA PICCEM"Multiple box options (pick your fancy)Ships direct from our manufacturer in South Korea🌍 Global availability (shipping costs + tariffs may apply)P.S. We’re exploring U.S. manufacturing to lower costs and expand distribution—timeline TBD—so we made the game available now.Join the funIf you grab a copy:📸 Snap a photo of your first round✉️ Send it to [email protected] or tag @LabPoison / @tox_talkNothing would make Ryan happier than seeing the community play!

Listen here (https://www.wpr.org/shows/larry-meiller-show) to hear Ryan Live on AIR for the Larry Meiller show, Thursday July 17th 11:45AM-12:30 PM CST. Check this "Listen Live" link if your having trouble!

Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website The Poison Lab: Outbreak – Markham Aconite PoisoningOn August 29, 2022, twelve diners at a Markham, Ontario restaurant fell critically ill with vomiting, numbness, and life-threatening arrhythmias. The culprit? A deadly plant toxin: aconite.In this episode—the first of a new Poison Lab Outbreak series—we go inside the Markham mass poisoning case. Join host Ryan Feldman, clinical toxicologist and emergency medicine pharmacist, as he investigates how a rare and lethal toxin ended up in a restaurant spice jar and nearly cost lives.You’ll hear firsthand from the experts who responded to the outbreak:Dr. Jessica Kent, toxicology fellow at the time at the University of TorontoDr. Abinhay Sathya, intensivist at Markham Stouffville HospitalDr. Margaret Thompson, toxicologist and on-call consultant for the Ontario Poison CentreDr. Randy Purves, research scientist at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)Bryn Shurmer, MS- analytical chemist at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Together, they walk us through the outbreak timeline—from the first patients in VT to the public health investigation that uncovered a mislabeled spice bag full of pure aconite root.Looking for timestamps?A fully timestamped version of the episode—so you can jump to any topic—is available to our supporting members.💡 Key topics:Clinical presentation and toxic effects of aconiteChallenges in mass poisoning recognition and coordinationThe crucial role of poison centers in outbreak responsePublic health trace-back to contaminated galangal powderLessons for emergency departments and toxicologists📍 Resources & Mentions:Case series about the incident written by Dr. Kent, Sathya, and ThompsonTwitter/X post by Dr. David Juurlink that helped disseminate early infoThe Poison Lab previous aconite episode: Open and shut (Mystery Case #31)Paper written by Ryan, Dan McCabe, and Crissy Lawson🎧 Listen now at: www.ThePoisonLab.com💬 Have thoughts or questions? Connect on Instagram @tox_talk, Twitter @LabPoison, or email [email protected].

Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website If you are looking for links to Dr. Basset's initiatives check back later, they are not fully launched yet!Check it out on Dr. Hamilton's website as well Poison Mushrooms! Got’a Pic’em (GOTAAPPICEM) A mnemonic device to sort through mushroom ingestions – The Hot Stove League of EM/ToxThe GOTAA PPICCEM MnemonicLate-Onset (Severe) Toxic Mushrooms ("GOTA")These mushrooms have delayed symptoms (>6 hours) and are associated with significant toxicity:G – Gyromitrin (Gyromitra esculenta) – False morels; inhibits GABA, leading to seizures.O – Orellanine (Cortinarius spp.) – Causes renal failure; famously poisoned The Horse Whisperer author.T – Tricholoma equestre (Man on Horseback) – Leads to rhabdomyolysis.A – Amatoxin (Amanita phalloides, Galerina spp.) – Causes liver failure; the most lethal mushroom toxicity. Early Onset Nausea, Late Toxicity Mushrooms ("A²P²")A² – Allenic norleucine (Amanita smithiana) – Found in the Pacific Northwest; early GI symptoms followed by renal failure.These may present early but still cause significant toxicity.P² – Paxillus spp. – Can cause hemolytic anemia and multi-organ injury. Early-Onset Nausea Mushrooms ("PICCEM")P– Psilocybin (Psilocybe spp.) – Hallucinogenic, similar to LSD, typically low toxicity but may cause hyperthermia or seizures.Symptoms appear within 6 hours and are usually self-limited.I – Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina) – Acts like a “mushroom speedball”, causing both stimulant and sedative effects.C – Coprine (Coprinus spp., Inky Caps) – Induces disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol.E –  Emetic Mushrooms (LBMs: Little Brown Mushrooms) – Various species that cause self-limited vomiting and diarrhea.M – Muscarine (Clitocybe, Inocybe spp.) – Cholinergic crisis (SLUDGE symptoms), similar to nerve agents.Ryan's Modified Mnemonic GOTTAAA PICCEMThe GOTTA3  P2ICCEM Mnemonic (Ryan's Modification)Late-Onset (Severe) Toxic Mushrooms ("GOTTAA")These mushrooms have delayed symptoms (>6 hours) and are associated with significant toxicity:G – Gyromitrin (Gyromitra esculenta) – False morels; inhibits GABA, leading to seizures. While this is classically taught, newer data suggests its extremely rare, GI effects, with or without hepatoxicity or minor neurologic symptoms predominateO – Orellanine (Cortinarius spp.) – Causes renal failure; famously poisoned The Horse Whisperer author.T – Tricholoma equestre (Man on Horseback) – Leads to rhabdomyolysis.T- Tender nesting polypore (Hapalopilus rutilans) causes late GI effects,  altered mental status, acidosis, and purple urine!A – Amatoxin (Amanita phalloides, Galerina spp.) – Causes liver failure; the most lethal mushroom toxicity.A- Acromelic Acid is found in Clitocybe acromelalga in Japan and C amoenolens in France causes erythromelalgia. It can be treated with IV nicotinic acid!  Early Onset Nausea, Late Toxicity Mushrooms ("A²P²")A² – Allenic norleucine (Amanita smithiana) – Found in the Pacific Northwest; early GI symptoms followed by renal failure.These may present early but still cause significant toxicity.P² – Paxillus spp. – Can cause hemolytic anemia and multi-organ injury. Early-Onset Nausea Mushrooms ("PICCEM") P– Psilocybin (Psilocybe spp.) – Hallucinogenic, similar to LSD, typically low toxicity but may cause hyperthermia or seizures.Symptoms appear within 6 hours and are usually self-limited.I – Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina) – Acts like a “mushroom speedball”, causing both stimulant and sedative effects.C – Coprine (Coprinus spp., Inky Caps) – Induces disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol. Thee are actually many species that have been implciated here incuding Verpa bohemica (early morel) and Boletus luridus (luride bolete).C- Cholinergics (muscarine containing, Clitocybe, Inocybe spp.) Cholinergic crisis (SLUDGE symptoms), similar to nerve agents.E –  Emetic Mushrooms (LBMs: Little Brown Mushrooms) – Various species that cause self-limited vomiting and diarrhea.M – Morchella (morels) while an edible delicacy, they must be thoroughly cooked, recently multiple deaths have been links to eating morels, and the exact mechanism of toxicity is unclear but they result in incredibly fast GI effects. 

In this episode of The Poison Lab, host Ryan Feldman is joined by Dr. Amy Zosel, a medical toxicologist, emergency physician, and educator. Together, they use real poisoning cases to practice identifying toxins and flexing their toxic differential The conversation dives into intriguing and challenging toxicology cases, with a focus on educating listeners about real-world poisoning scenarios, myth-busting internet misinformation, and providing practical clinical insights. Mini episode with Dr. Robert Bassett on Remembering Poisonous Mushrooms Dr. Zosel and Ryan discuss:14:15 Case 1 33:04 Case 2News story37:00 Case 3 New story48:00 Case 4 News storyUS outbreak "Robocough"Study about Naloxone in Clonidine overdose++Spoiler++: Below this will be key takeaways regarding managing the poisonings discussed, it may ruin your experience if you are guessing the poisons Key Takeaways:Amatoxin Mushroom Poisoning: The classic delayed onset of severe GI symptoms, followed by a latent phase, can mask progressive liver damage. Early recognition and treatment with hydration, silibinin, and possible liver transplant are critical.Tetramine Toxicity: Known for causing refractory seizures, tetramine is a rare but serious poisoning often requiring aggressive supportive care and anticonvulsants.A Lethal mushroom hiding in edible mushrooms Mushroom foraging dangerResources Mentioned:National Poison Control Hotline: 1-800-222-1222National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-8255SAMHSA Free Helpline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)Follow The Poison Lab:Twitter: @LabPoisonInstagram: @tox_talkWebsite: www.ThePoisonLab.comSubscribe and Review:Love what you're hearing? Help us reach more toxicology enthusiasts by leaving a review on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen. Don’t forget to share this episode with your colleagues and friends!Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this special collaboration with NephMadness, we're diving into the world of nephrotoxins with an expert panel from Virginia Commonwealth University. NephMadness is an educational competition modeled after March Madness, and this year, one of the featured regions focuses on plant-based nephrotoxins. Together, with our expert panel we break down the competing nephrotoxin teams: Tubular Toxins vs. Oxalate Offenders. Joining us are Dr. Anna Vinnokova (Nephrologist), Dr. Rachel Khan PharmD (Neph pharmacist), Dr. Ethan Downes (Nephrology fellow), and the legendary nephrotoxicologist, Dr. Josh King (Board certified Nephrologist and Toxicologist). We ALMOST named this episode "Getting Downe with the Mad Neph King and the Bean Queens"... but we didn't, your welcome. After the show, go to the blog and vote for your favorite!Expect irreverent musings, deep dives into toxic plant exposures, and a mystery case reveal that will leave you questioning your diet.Topics and Timeline of Episode:IntroListener Guesses With Josh and Ryan– 8:30Listener Winner – 25:42NephMadness and Guest Introductions – 28:07Toxin Reveal – 33:41NEJM Case reportTubular Toxins – 35:46Aristolochic Acid & the Belgian Weight-Loss Clinic Outbreak – 40:30Black Licorice & Its Surprising Toxic Effects – 47:16The Oxalate Offenders Team: How Dietary Oxalates Harm the Kidneys – 52:00Historical Context: First recognized through sheep die-offs when herds grazed on Halogeton glomeratus, a high-oxalate plant, leading to fatal poisoning.Oxalate in Plants: Functions to bind excess calcium in the soil.Impact on the Body: Plants high in oxalate but low in calcium can contribute to oxalate accumulation, this leads to binding calcium in the blood, creating calcium oxalate crystals and acute renal calculi. Chronic inflammation from excess oxalate deposition leads to CKD progression.High-Oxalate Foods: Spinach, Swiss chard, rhubarb, cashews. Everything in moderation!Practical Advice for Clinicians & Patients on Herbal Medicine Use – 1:00:00Resources for identifying nephrotoxic herbal productsTalk to your patients non judgmentally, open conversations, discuss efficacy (or lack there of, see resources below) and safetyHerbal medicines are not FDA approved and may not contain what they claim toHerbals may not all be safe: Josh King Discovering Contaminants– 1:01:11Wrap up– 1:08Key Takeaways:Aristolochic acid is a direct nephrotoxin, associated with progressive kidney damage and urothelial cancers.Black licorice toxicity results from 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition, leading to excess cortisol activity, hypertension, potassium wasting, and rhabdomyolysis.Regulatory gaps in herbal supplements can lead to unexpected toxicities, making consumer awareness essential.High dietary oxalate intake increases the risk of kidney stone formation and chronic kidney disease.NephMadness is open to everyone—vote for your favorite nephrotoxin team and join the conversation!Resources Mentioned:NephMadness: Follow along and fill out your bracket!AJKD BlogNational Kidney Foundation Herbal Medicine GuideNational Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)Poison Control Center (Available 24/7 for toxicology questions): 1-800-222-1222Follow The Poison Lab:Twitter: @LabPoisonInstagram: @tox_talkWebsite: www.ThePoisonLab.comDon’t forget to rate and review the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your preferred platform. Share this episode with your fellow nephrology and toxicology enthusiasts!Thanks for tuning in, and remember: If it sounds too good to be true, it might just be nephrotoxic. Stay safe and stay curious!

Do you think you know the cause of these symptoms? Send your guesses to [email protected] to take part in the next episode Support the show!Rep the show!Show website

Finally, the journal club to rule ALL journal clubs. In this episode of The Poison Lab, we tackle one of the biggest topics in emergency medicine and toxicology: Should naloxone be given during opioid-associated cardiac arrest? With three fantastic studies published in 2024, we’re diving into the data and hearing directly from the authors themselves.Join host Ryan Feldman as he interviews Dr. Eric Quinn, Dr. Joshua Lupton, and Dr. David Dillon, some of the minds behind the latest research exploring the role of naloxone in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). With perspectives ranging from clinical outcomes to practical implementation, this episode offers a deep dive into what these studies tell us—and what remains unanswered.But that’s not all! Featuring special guests Spencer Oliver and Chris Pfingston from EMS 2020, this roundtable discussion incorporates the real-world insights of prehospital EMS professionals who face these decisions every day. Together, the panel unpacks:Conflicting evidence on naloxone’s impact on ROSC and survival.The challenges of interpreting retrospective studies in a high-stakes setting.Ethical dilemmas surrounding randomized trials for naloxone.Practical considerations for paramedics and emergency physicians in the field.Whether you’re a toxicologist, EMS professional, or just curious about the intersection of drugs, overdose, and resuscitation, this episode is packed with actionable insights, expert opinions, and engaging discussions.Tune in now to explore the science, controversy, and future directions for naloxone in cardiac arrest care!Studies discussed in the showOutcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Who Receive Naloxone in an EMS System with a High Prevalence of Opioid Overdose – Dr. Eric Quinn.Association of Early Naloxone Use with Outcomes in Nonshockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest – Dr. Joshua Lupton.Naloxone and Patient Outcomes in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Northern California – Dr. David Dillon.Studies and guidelines mentioned Editorial by Dr. Lavonas on Dr. Lupton's study AHA 2023 Guidelines for poisoning cardiac arrestAHA 2021 Position statement on opioid overdose out of hospital cardiac arrest Study of opioid overdose death after bystander naloxone training mentioned by ToxoShows mentionedChris and Spencer's excellent EMS showRyan's Interview on Poisoning Cardiac Arrest Guidelines with Dr. Eric LavonasJournal club with Ryan and Dr. Dillon Timestamps and chaptersIntroduction (0:00–12:25)Podcast IntroductionOverview of The Poison Lab and this episode’s focus.Introduction of the TopicExploring naloxone use during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).Introduction of GuestsDrs. Eric Quinn, Joshua Lupton, and David Dillon: authors of 2024 studies on naloxone in OHCA.Spencer Oliver and Chris Phingston: paramedics and co-hosts of EMS 2020.Background (12:26–26:08)Rationale for Studying Naloxone in OHCAAddressing the lack of evidence for naloxone use.High prevalence of opioid overdoses in study regions.EMS provider questions about naloxone’s role in suspected opioid-associated OHCA.Overview of Existing Guidelines and Research2021 AHA guidelines and scientific statement on opioid-associated OHCA.Challenges in Determining Opioid Overdose as the Cause of OHCADifficulties with pulse checks and drug testing limitations.Summary of the Three 2024 StudiesDr. Quinn’s study: No significant benefit of naloxone.Dr. Lupton’s study: Benefit in early naloxone use for non-shockable rhythms vs no or late naloxone.Dr. Dillon’s study: Benefits of Naloxone in OOHCA, even in presumed non-drug-related OHCA cases.Discussion (26:09–48:31)Identifying Potential Opioid OverdoseImportance of scene cues and patient history.Study Methodologies and Confounding FactorsAge as a significant confounder.Techniques used to control confounding (logistic regression, propensity score matching).Potential Benefits and Harms of Naloxone in OHCARisks of administering naloxone unnecessarily.Ethical concerns about withholding naloxone in trials.Broader physiological effects of naloxone.Challenges with current CPR ventilation techniques and naloxone’s potential role in improving respiratory drive.Review of Current GuidelinesAHA: Consider naloxone for high-risk cases.ILCOR: Does not recommend naloxone due to insufficient evidence.Future Directions and Conclusion (48:32–55:00)Need for a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)Importance of defining naloxone’s role in OHCA.Challenges in RCT design, including ethical concerns and patient selection.Final TakeawaysCautious optimism, but more research needed.Emphasis on standard ACLS protocols while awaiting further evidence.Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (

In this special holiday bonus episode, Ryan takes a look back at some of the most captivating episodes of The Poison Lab from 2022. Get ready for an ultimate test of your toxicology differential diagnosis skills as we compile all the "Stump the Toxicologist" segments into one streamlined, binge-worthy episode. Explore eight unique poisoning cases, be sure to check the show notes for a description of each case. time stamp of where it begins, and links to the original episodes, where you can dive deeper into the discussions and unravel the mysteries behind these intriguing cases! Case Teasers and Time StampsEpisode 13, March 2nd, 2022: Dr. Howard Greller0:06:19 Case 1: A 19-year-old male collapses at home and presents to the ED unresponsive, tachycardic, and hypotensive, with a wide QRS complex on EKG and a serum lactate of 20. 0:22:58 Case 2: A 16-year-old female presents to the ED 9 hours after ingesting 100 tablets of an unknown medication in a suicide attempt. She presents with vomiting, lethargy, bloody diarrhea, and a metabolic acidosis. An abdominal x-ray shows numerous radiopaque tablets in her GI tract. She is treated with a redacted antidote and whole bowel irrigation, but her condition worsens and she develops liver failure. She is transferred to a tertiary care center for a liver transplant, but recovers. On day 12, she develops a lower GI bleed and bowel perforation and dies. 0:34:42 Case 3: A seven-month-old child presents with crying, cough, vomiting, and respiratory distress. 0:37:42 Case 4: A 32-year-old male with a history of alcohol use and depression presents to the ED seven hours after ingesting two handfuls of an unknown medication and alcohol in a suicide attempt. He is initially anxious and tremulous, but has normal vital signs and labs, aside from an elevated ethanol level. He has a seizure nine hours after ingestion. His EKG shows a widened QRS, and he becomes hypotensive. He is intubated, placed on vasopressors, and undergoes extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and targeted temperature management (TTM), but dies three days later. Episode 15, July 6th, 2022: Dr. Josh Trebach0:46:11 Case 1: Two British medical students present to the ED after developing nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, myalgias, pruritus, and cold allodynia 12 hours after sharing a meal. Their neurological symptoms persisted for 4 weeks and the cold allodynia for 10 weeks.0:54:18 - 1:05:23 Case 2: A 16-year-old female presents to the ED unresponsive and cyanotic after intentionally ingesting a substance purchased online. Her oxygen saturation is in the 70s and a methemoglobin level is greater than 30%. 1:05:25 - 1:10:18 Case 3: A 48-year-old female, and co-author of the published case report, presents to the ED 10 minutes after eating a “peppery” tuna steak. She is tachycardic, hypotensive, flushed, and has conjunctival erythema. She also experiences abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and chest pain. Her EKG shows tachycardia with ST depression. She requires phenylephrine to maintain her blood pressure. She is treated with famotidine and discharged from the hospital 43 hours later. 1:10:20 – 1:13:16 Case 4: A 63-year-old female presents to the ED 12 hours after ingesting five capsules of a weight loss product. She is bradycardic and has nausea, vomiting, and hyperkalemia.Episode 17, November 9th, 2022: Dr. Emily Kieran1:16:35 Case 1: A 34-year-old female presents to a clinic in West Bengal, India, with a three-year history of skin changes. She has hypo-pigmented macules on a background of hyperpigmentation, creating a “raindrop” like appearance on her chest, hands, and soles. 1:19:17 Case 2: An 85-year-old male with a history of Alzheimer’s dementia, COPD, and depression calls 911 for symptomatic hypoglycemia and goes into cardiac arrest after EMS mistakenly administers an unknown substance instead of dextrose 10% (D10). He is asystolic upon arrival to the ED, but achieves return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after receiving sodium bicarbonate and 100 mL of 20% intralipid. He subsequently develops wide-complex tachycardia, hypertension, and hypotension, and dies 12 hours later. 1:25:05 Case 3: A 22-month-old female with no past medical history is found altered by a caretaker and brought to the ED. She is tachycardic, with a normal blood pressure and oxygen saturation. She does not respond to naloxone and a CT scan shows severe anoxic brain injury and herniation. She is treated with vasopressors and anticonvulsants, but is declared brain dead several days later. 1:29:26 Case 4: A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents to the ED with severe vomiting and diarrhea that began the morning after he ate two dozen oysters he had caught and cooked two days prior. He initially presents with tachycardia and borderline low blood pressure, but his labs are normal. He becomes increasingly confused over the next several hours and develops a tonic-clonic seizure. He has persistent neurolo

Join host Ryan Feldman in an insightful episode of "The Poison Lab" as he sits down with Dr. John Downs, Director of the Virginia Poison Center, and one of the leading experts on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as "forever chemicals." Known for their persistence in the environment and human body, PFAS have raised significant public health concerns over the past few decades. Dr. Downs shares his journey through occupational medicine, toxicology, and public health, which uniquely positioned him to provide expertise on PFAS exposure, health risks, and ongoing regulatory efforts. Together, they delve into the origins, uses, and potential health effects of these ubiquitous compounds, while examining government policies, environmental impact, and strategies to reduce exposure. A must-listen for anyone interested in the intersection of environmental health and toxicology! Episode Breakdown:2:42 – What Are Forever Chemicals?8:01 – History of PFAS and Associated Health Concerns15:41 – Government Regulation of PFAS20:42 – Shortcomings in PFAS Regulation25:20 – How Individuals Can Mitigate Risk31:15 – Testing for PFAS Levels and Exploring Treatment Options41:14 – Future Directions and Research Needs for PFAS45:29 – Conclusion and OutroKey Topics Discussed2:42 – What Are Forever Chemicals?PFAS are a large group of man-made chemicals that are persistent in the environment and human body.The podcast focuses primarily on PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctanoic sulfonic acid), as these were the first compounds identified as having very long elimination half-lives, measured in years, and not undergoing significant human metabolismThe podcast mentions that there are potentially thousands of different PFAS compounds and that more research is needed to determine if they all induce the same health effects as PFOA and PFOSCommonly used for their water- and oil-resistant properties in nonstick cookware, fast food wrappers, firefighting foams, and more.8:01 – History of PFAS and Associated Health ConcernsFirst created by Dupont chemical, used widely in 1940's in TeflonLarge contamination of water by PFAS identified in West Virginia townLed to landmark study in West Virginia (the C8 study) on epidemiological data of PFAS-related health risks.Effects noted: High cholesterol, thyroid dysfunction, ulcerative colitis, hypertension in pregnancy, decreased immune response to vaccine, and certain cancers (testicular and kidney cancer).PFAS in the EnvironmentPFAS are not easily degraded, leading to bioaccumulation in humans and animals.Non-stick cookware: Teflon, the trade name for non-stick cookware, was one of the earliest applications of PFAS, utilizing PFOA.Firefighting foam: PFAS was used in firefighting foams, particularly for aviation fuel fires. This has led to contamination of groundwater around military installations and airports.Fast food wrappers and other consumer products: PFAS are used to make products water and oil resistant, including fast food wrappers, clothing, upholstery, and popcorn bags.Biosolids: The nitrogenous waste produced after wastewater treatment, have been found to contain concentrated PFAS. These biosolids are sometimes sold to farms as fertilizer, potentially contaminating water and crops.Ski wax: Ski waxers have been found to have a high degree of PFAS exposure10.Major sources contaminated drinking water, military bases, and consumer product (Teflon, waterproof jackets, popcorn bags etc...)15:41 – Government Regulation of PFASEPA Health Advisory Limits (2009): These were the first non-enforceable limits set for PFOA and PFOS in drinking water. These limits were revised several times over the next 15 years, becoming progressively lower.EPA Enforceable Limits (2024): The EPA published its final rule for enforceable limits, known as maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), in April 2024.The goal is for PFOA and PFOS to be completely non-detectable in drinking waterRecognizing that non-detect is difficult to achieve, the EPA set an MCL of 4 parts per trillion for both PFOA and PFOS.A combined limit of 10 parts per trillion was set for four other unspecified PFAS compounds.Practical Steps for IndividualsTips for reducing personal PFAS exposure, such as using alternative cookware, avoiding certain fast-food packaging, and considering home water filtration.The Future of PFAS ManagementOngoing need for more research to fully understand PFAS health impacts and develop effective mitigation strategies.He discusses potential alternatives to PFAS and the importance of balancing industrial needs with public health concerns.Additional ResourcesBooks: Exposure by Rob Bilott (inspiration for the film Dark Waters)CDC and EPA websites for information on PFAS and water quality testingDr. Downs guidance from the American College of Medical Toxicology

Ryan on others showsRyan on "22 at the Lips"Ryan on  "Continuing Studies"Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this exciting live episode from the 2024 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT) in Denver, Ryan dives into 12 of the most impactful research abstracts presented at the conference directly with the authors themselves. Covering a wide range of toxicology topics—from the NACSTOP2 trial on acetaminophen overdose, ECG intervals, cannabis toxicity in young children, and more—each guest breaks down their study’s findings and clinical relevance. If you missed the conference or want a deeper understanding of the year's most important toxicology research, this episode is for you. Check the show notes for links to the published abstracts, the full list of studies discussed, and time stamps for where you can find those studies.  Link to published abstract manuscriptAbstracts07:48-Abstract #1. The NACSTOP2 trial: a multi-center randomized controlled trial investigating the early cessation of n-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdoseGuest- Dr. Anslem Wong, MD, PhD21:33- Abstract  #36. ECG intervals: does one size really fit all?Guest- Dr. Caitlin Roake, MD, PhD25:41- Abstract #85. Do abnormal electrocardiographic intervals predict death in poisoned patients older than 65 years?Guest- Dr. Michael Chary, MD30:06- Abstract #61. Minimum tetrahydrocannabinol dose that produces severe symptoms in children <6 years old with cannabis edible ingestionsGuest- Dr. Keahi Horowitz, MD36:25- Abstract #114. Frequency and severity of cannabis toxicity before and after legislative change to increase cannabis edible package sizeGuest- Dr. Robert Hendrickson, MD38:24- Abstract #101. Quantification of acetaminophen line-crossers in the setting o f overdose with delayed gastric absorptionGuest- Dr. Jamie Sterr, PharmD41:41- Abstract #175. Cause for pause: bradycardia induced by transdermal rivastigmine in anticholinergic deliriumGuest- Dr. Santiago Batista Minaya, MD46:21- Abstract #199. Cerebellar, hippocampal, and basal nuclei transient edema with restricted diffusion (CHANTER) Syndrome with poor neurological outcome in the setting of suspected opioid useGuest- Jack Yang and Dr. Avery Michienzi, DO49:49- 191. Severity scores for caustic injury: Zargar they even used?Guest- Dr. Amar Chakrabortya, MD53:!2- Abstract #9. Disparity in immune-mediated reactions to Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) and Crotalidae immune F(ab’)2 [equine] in alpha-gal endemic regions and alpha-gal sensitized adultsGuest- Dr. Ari Filip, MD59:10- Abstract # 26. Acute propranolol overdose and dose thresholds of severe toxicityGuest- Dr. Katherine Isoardi, MBBS1:06:05- 28. Risk of serotonin toxicity following acute lamotrigine overdoseGuest- Dr. Angela Chiew, MBBS, PhD (Introduction at 1:00:00)1:12:36- Interview with AACT President ElectGuest- Dr. Jillian Theobald, MD, PhDSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode the poison lab hosts scientific discourse . Three listeners (Dr. Michael Mullins, Dr. Donna Seger, and Dr. Leon Gussow) write in their critiques surrounding specific recommendations and language used with the AHA 2023 Management of Poisoning Cardiac Arrest or Life-Threatening Toxicity guidelines. Lead author of the guidelines Dr. Eric Lavonas then responds to and addresses their points with counterpoints or appraisals. Tune in and draw your own conclusions!Link to guidelinesLink to high yield review Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Have a burning question you have always wanted to ask a toxicologist? What are tips for managing an anticholinergic overdose? What is the deadliest poison? Why are they called lead pencils if there is no lead?! Send your questions in to [email protected] to take part in a future episode! (If you would like to be anonymous simply state it in the email)Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode Ryan is joined by two expert guests to help read listener guesses for the cause of this poisoning murder and shed light on the toxin involved in the case, which puzzled medicolegal investigators. Ryan is joined by Dr. Dan McCabe, MD (emergency medicine physician, medical toxicologist, medical director of Iowa poison center) and Dr. Crissy Lawson PharmD (emergency medicine pharmacist). SPOLIER ALERT Mystery case from the showReview Paper from Dr's  Lawson, McCabe, and Feldman (PMID: 38613376)Toxo's show note referencesTV special about Mary Yoder colchicine murderColchicine potential arrhythmic effectsGo fund me for Dr. Betty Bowman Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this bonus episode Ryan highlights some of the great episodes done in 2023 and compiles ALL of the stump the toxicologist segments from 2023 into one easy to consume episode. Test your toxicology differential skills with more than six poisoning cases. Check out the actual episodes for more information in the show notes on each of the poisonings. Frank Paloucek EpisodeAdam Blumenberg EpisodeSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Do you think you know the cause of these symptoms? Send your guesses to [email protected] to take part in the next episode Support the show!Rep the show!Show website

A quick update to share some other shows Ryan has been on in the last few weeks! Check the show notes for links to each episode!Ryan on "The Larry Meiller Show" discussing delta cannabanoidsLink to streamLink to downloadRyan on EMS2020 talking prehospital overdoseLink to episode Show homepageSupport the show!Rep the show!Show website

In this episode Ryan interviews Dr. Alex Krotulski PhD from the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. Together take a look at trends in novel opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, hallucinogens, synthetic cannabinoids, and "hemp products" that are showing up in your patients, drug products, and fatal overdoses. The conversation takes places around the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education quarterly report on Novel Psychoactive Substances found in patients and drug products. The episode starts with a discussion of the novel benzodiazepines market, highlighting bromazolam and how long it may remain in the market. Then they discuss the opioids highlighting where we are seeing carfentanil, what is happening with Para Fluorofentanyl, and other super potent opioids emergening (such as  N -pyrrolidino etonitazene). After a quick discussion of synthetic cathinone's and PCP/ketamine derivatives they jump to synthetic cannabinoids, examining the history of brodifacoum contamination and how regulation has led to market changes.  Resourceshttps://www.cfsre.org/Quarterly report  discussed on this episodeMore on Dr. KrotulskiPoster from Dr. Kortulksi on naming conventions for NPSTime stamps to jump to any portion of the episode you want to revisitIntroduction-5:00-32:5006:30-25:16- Discussion CSFRE mission, history of NPS reports, and other available reports25:14- "Miscellaneous drugs: Furanyl UF17, medetomidine"28:15- Difference between GC/MS and LCqTOFNovel Benzodiazepines- 32:50Novel Opioids-43:00Stimulants and hallucinogens- 1:01:43Synthetic cannabinoids- 1:07:40Novel psychedelics markets, hemp products, phenibut, tianeptine, and kratom-1:25:12Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Dr. Ann Arens, MD an emergency medicine physician and medical toxicologist with Oschner Medical center in New Orleans, LA joins the show to educate us on some HOT toxins, solve toxic cases, and opine on the philosophical and existential reasons drugs even exist. Tune in for a fantastic discussion with Dr. Arens and to hear the answer to our mystery case. Case report for mystery caseReview paper cited by Dr. ArensInterview with DNP user by Chubby EmuCase 1Some also contain CALCIUM NITRATE and can cause methemoglobinemiaCase 2Case 3Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Do you think you know the cause of these symptoms? Send your guesses to [email protected] to take part in episode 29Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode Ryan is joined by a guest panel (Dr. Grant Comstock MD, Dr. Joshua Trebach MD, Dr. Emily Kiernan DO, and Dr Frank Paloucek PharmD, DABAT) to review nine of the most interesting or clinically impactful research abstracts that were presented at the 2023 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT) in Montreal Canada. If you didn't get a chance to read all 363 research abstracts from some of Toxicology's best and brightest this year, tune in for a high yield review as well as clinical a break down of the studies and their relevance from the expert panel.  Check the show notes for a link to the published abstracts and the list of all studies discussed in the showAbstracts available here10:40- Abstract 1 (PDF #225) Methotrexate toxicity in the setting of therapeutic error, a multicenter retrospective reviewLead author: Andrew Chambers24:12- Abstract #2 (PDF #251) Oleander seeds in candlenut weight loss product strike againLead author: Masha Yemets31:16- Abstract #3 (PDF #2) Efficacy of sodium tetrathionate when administered intramuscularly for the treatment of acute oral cyanide toxicity in a swine model (Sus scrofa)Lead author: Brooke Lajeunesse39:45- Abstract #4 (PDF #10) Is HOUR enough after out-of hospital naloxone for opioid overdose? Prospective preliminary data from real-world implementation of the modified St. Paul’s early discharge ruleLead author: Stephen Douglas49:05- Abstract #5- Poster titles at NACCT 2013–2022: is NACCT experiencing a pun-demic?Lead author: Dayne Laskey52:40- Rivastigmine discussionLead author: none58:40- Abstract #6 (PDF #5)  Randomized controlled trial of ANEB-001 as an antidote for acute cannabinoid intoxication in healthy adultsLead author: Andrew Monte1:08:00- Abstract #7 (PDF#216) Successful use of expired physostigmine to treat anticholinergic delirium in a pediatric patientLead author: Bryan Hayes01:20:00- Abstract #8 (PDF #202) Enough negativity? Clinically significant salicylism with first detectable concentration twelve hours )post-ingestionLead author: Stacey Bangh01:25:24 - Abstract #9 (PDF #267) High sensitivity troponin is frequently elevated after carbon monoxide exposureLead author: Abdullatif AloumiSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Support the show!Rep the show!Show websiteIn this episode, Ryan dives into cutting-edge research on the treatment of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, featuring interviews with authors of several key abstracts from the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT) in Montreal Canada (Abstracts and posters available in the show notes). We get first looks insights into research evaluating the impact of fomepizole high risk acetaminophen overdose, as well as who gets fomepizole for acetaminophen overdose and dies. Then we evaluate the effectiveness of standard N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment in high risk patients and high dose NAC in high risk patients. Join us for an insightful discussion on these advancements that are reshaping the management of APAP toxicity. Guests include Dr. Masha Yemets PharmD, Dr. Molly Stott PharmD, Dr. Alexandru Ulici PharmD, and Dr. Michael Moss MD.   Link to published abstracts(First guest) Abstract #126 Characterizing fomepizole use in acetaminophen deaths reported to US poison centers- Dr. Yemets(Second guest) Abstract #125 Clinical impact of fomepizole as an adjunct therapy in massive acetaminophen overdose- Dr. Stott(Third guest) Abstract #131 Comparison of low-risk and high risk acetaminophen ingestions using the standard prescott protocol of intravenous N-acetylcysteine- Dr. Ulici(Fourth guest) Abstract #130 High-risk acetaminophen overdose outcomes after treatment with standard dose vs. increased dose N-acetylcysteine- Dr. MossOther studies discussed regarding NAC dosingATOM 2 Angela ChiewOutcomes of massive APAP treated with regular NAC (Virginia group, lead author Dr. Downes)Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode, Ryan sits down with Dr. Eric Lavonas MD, a seasoned EM resuscitation guideline writer, emergency medicine physician, medical toxicologist, and lead author of the latest update to the American Heart Association's guidelines for the management of cardiac arrest and life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning. They have an in-depth discussion as they explore the key aspects of the 2023 AHA treatment recommendations and the rationale behind each decision point. A great review to discover how to effectively apply these guidelines in real-world scenarios and find out what knowledge gaps exist in the realm of toxin resuscitation. Be sure to also check out the accompanying mini-episode for a high-yield review of the major treatment recommendations. Link to guidelinesLink to high yield review Cyanide paper mentioned in the showAdult calcium channel blocker toxicity guidelinesSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode Ryan does a high yield "just the facts" break down of the recently released "2023 American Heart Association Focused Update on the Management of Patients With Cardiac Arrest or Life-Threatening Toxicity Due to Poisoning: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Tune in to learn about the most recent treatment recommendations made by AHA via a panel of toxicology experts. This was released alongside a full interview with the lead author Dr. Eric Lavonas MD. Be sure to check out the full interview to hear it straight from the source! (link in show notes).Link to guidelinesLink to full in depth interviewSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this enlightening episode, Ryan engages in a deep conversation with Dr. Paul Hutson, PharmD, a renowned researcher in the field of psilocybin and director of the Transdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive Substances at the University of Wisconsin Madison. Dr. Hutson shares his extensive knowledge and insights into the promising role of psilocybin in the treatment of depression and substance use disorder.  Throughout the discussion, they delve into the research that supports the use of psilocybin in medical therapy, shedding light on the rigorous processes involved in conducting such studies. Dr. Hutson elucidates the efficacy and safety findings that have emerged from his and others research, offering listeners a glimpse into the potential future of psilocybin in mainstream medical practices. Listeners will gain a deeper understanding of the meticulous approach to research that ensures both safety and effectiveness. Dr. Hutson shares firsthand experiences and observations, providing a rich and detailed perspective on the current state of psilocybin research. Moreover, the conversation ventures into the practical aspects of integrating psilocybin into contemporary medical practices, discussing the potential frameworks and guidelines that would govern its use. They explore what the future might hold for patients and practitioners alike as they stand on the cusp of a revolutionary shift in mental health treatment.Whether you're a healthcare professional keen on the latest developments in medical research or someone interested in the evolving landscape of mental health treatment, this episode promises to be a rich source of information and insight. Tune in to be informed and to foster a deeper understanding of the promising horizon that psilocybin research is unveiling in the medical community.Biography for Dr. Paul Hutson PharmDTransdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive SubstancesDr Hutson's PublicationsSingle Dose Psilocybin for Major Depression- JAMA 2023Psilocybin and QTc in healthy volunteersMeta-Analysis of research supporting Psilocybin use in anxiety and depressionPharmacokinetics of PsilocybinSubjective effects of high dose PsilocybinOther referenced studiesSingle dose psilocybin for treatment resistant depression Psilocybin for alcohol use disorderPsilocybin for For tobacco cessationSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

New Art and New Tox Trinkets. If you want to share your tox joy in the real world, find some trinkets here: https://www.etsy.com/shop/thepoisonlabSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

This episode is a a high yield "just the facts" break down of the recently released "Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada Consensus Statement" from the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, Americans Poisons Centers, and the Canadian Association of Poison Centers. Listen to be informed on the most recent treatment recommendations. This was released alongside a full interview with the consensus statement corresponding author Dr. Richard Dart MD, PhD. Be sure to check out the full interview to hear it straight from the source! (link in show notes).Link to the guidelines:Full interview with consensus statement author Dr. Richard Darthttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2808062Definitions made by the guidelineAcute ingestion>7.5 g in 24 h per Rummack Matthew initial studies10 g/d or 200 mg/kg/day in <24 h also suggested Repeated Supra Therapeutic Ingestion (RSTI)Repeated dosing totaling10g or 200 mg/kg in 24 hour6g/d or 150 mg/kg/day x 48 h4g/d or 100 mg/kg/day x >48 hHigh risk ingestionReported dose >30 grams OR[APAP] 2 x Rummack-Matthew nomogram treatment lineNAC stopping criteriaAPAP<10INR<2AST/ALT Normal for patient or decreased by 25-50%Patient clinically wellNotable treatment recommendationsRSTIIf patient has history of RSTI (>6 g x 24-48 h, >4 g x >48 hours) AND signs of APAP toxicity (vomiting, RUQ abd pain, AMS)Treat if APAP >20 ug/ml OR AST/ALT elevatedAcuteNon-detectable [APAP] between 2 and 4 hours excludes ingestionGive SDAC w/in 4 hours (something I’ve been a proponent of since ATOM2)Start treatment with NAC if unable to plot on nomogram by 8 hoursNAC dose“Higher dose” NAC (undefined) for high risk ingestionMinimum NAC regimen should include 300 mg/kg orally or within 20-24 hoursCAP NAC dose at 100 kg (this was known with PO, but IV there was always some question since it delivers less overall)Unique scenariosLine crossersAPAP with anticholinergic or opioidIf 1st  concentration below treatment line repeat in 4-6 hoursAPAP Extended releaseIf 1st  concentration below treatment line @ 4-12 hours, repeat in 4-6 hoursDialysis-Dialyze If APAP >900 w/ AMS or acidosis.NAC IV rate during HD 12.5 mg/kg/hr minimum. No dose change for PO (not new but good reminders)Consult liver transplant for rapid AST/ALT inc w/ coagulopathy, AMS, or mulistytem organ failureThe addition of fomepizole to acetylcysteine in the treatment of serious acetaminophen ingestions has been proposed. The panel concluded that the data available did not support a standard recommendation. As for any complicated or serious acetaminophen poisoning, a PC or clinical toxicologist should be consulted.Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Mini episode- High-yield over view of Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada Consensus Statement In this Ryan sits down with Dr. Richard Dart MD, PhD. He is the lead author of the recently released "Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada Consensus Statement" from the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, Americans Poisons Centers, and the Canadian Association of Poison Centers. Listen to be informed on the most recent treatment recommendations.  They dive in to the definitions established by the guideline and notable treatment recommendations, dissecting the ratinonale for each desiscion point and how to apply the guidelines. A mini episode was released along side this episode that is a high yield review of major treatment recommendations and definitions estabilished by the consensus statement.  Links :Mini episode- High-yield over view of Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada Consensus Statement Guidelines https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2808062Definitions made by the guidelineAcute ingestionAny overdose taken with 24 hours periodOverdose "dose" not defined>7.5 g in 24 h was criteria for Rumack Matthew nomogramConsensus statementAdult overdose at 10g/d or 200 mg/kg/d in <24 hours= potentially toxicPediatric <6 year at 150 mg/kg/d in <24 h = potentially toxicRepeated Supra Therapeutic Ingestion (RSTI)Overdose "dose"Repeated dosing totaling6g/d or 150 mg/kg/day x 24-48 h = potential toxic4g/d or 100 mg/kg/day x >48 h = potential toxic (Recognize this means some people could be toxic at therapeutic dosing, but if they do not have symptoms not likely)High risk ingestionReported dose >30 grams OR[APAP] 2 x Rummack-Matthew nomogram treatment lineNAC stopping criteriaAPAP<10INR<2AST/ALT Normal for patient or decreased by 25-50%Patient clinically wellNotable treatment recommendationsRSTIIf patient has history of RSTI (>6 g x 24-48 h, >4 g x >48 hours) AND signs of APAP toxicity (vomiting, RUQ abd pain, AMS)Treat if APAP >20 ug/ml OR AST/ALT elevatedAcuteNon-detectable [APAP] between 2 and 4 hours excludes ingestionGive SDAC w/in 4 hours (something I’ve been a proponent of since ATOM2)TreatStart treatment with NAC if unable to plot on nomogram by 8 hoursNAC dose“Higher dose” NAC (undefined) for high risk ingestionMinimum NAC regimen should include 300 mg/kg orally or within 20-24 hoursCAP NAC dose at 100 kg (this was known with PO, but IV there was always some question since it delivers less overall)Unique scenariosLine crossersAPAP with anticholinergic or opioidIf 1st  concentration below treatment line repeat in 4-6 hoursAPAP Extended releaseIf 1st  concentration below treatment line @ 4-12 hours, repeat in 4-6 hoursDialysis-Dialyze If APAP >900 w/ AMS or acidosis.NAC IV rate during HD 12.5 mg/kg/hr minimum. No dose change for PO (not new but good reminders)Consult liver transplant for rapid AST/ALT inc w/ coagulopathy, AMS, or mulistytem organ failureThe addition of fomepizole to acetylcysteine in the treatment of serious acetaminophen ingestions has been proposed. The panel concluded that the data available did not support a standard recommendation. As for any complicated or serious acetaminophen poisoning, a PC or clinical toxicologist should be consulted.Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Dr. Frank Paloucek, PharmD, DABAT (@itsalltox) joins the show. He was one of the very first emergency medicine pharmacists and one of the original board-certified clinical toxicologists (DABAT). He is now a proudly retired professor emeritus at The Univeristy of Illinois at Chicago. In his tenure there he spent nearly 20 years as the program director for their clinical pharmacy residency, was an integral part of the Toxikon Consortium toxicology fellowship, and coauthored the text book "Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (Leiken & Paloucek's)) 4th Edition. Frank and Ryan kick off the show hearing about Frank's fledgling years working in an emergency department without EM attendings. Then they bust some toxicology myths (do you REALLY need BAL before Calcium disodium edetate in severe lead poisoning? Frank thinks no...) before jumping into solving some toxic cases. Finally, the episode ends with Frank and Ryan solving a case of poisoned AI. They ask GPT to take on the role of a poisoned patient and work together to identify the culprit. Enjoy and don't forget to leave a review. IntroductionChisolm lead 1Chisolm lead papers 2Cory-Slechta lead redistribution paperTylenol murders suspect diesFranks bookToxikon fellowshipStump the toxicologistCase 1CDC articleNEJM ArticleCase 2A review paper written by the Frank Paloucek himself on toxin #2Case 3Case reportCase where toxin was found in stomach on autopsy published by colleagues  Dr. Amy Zosel and Dr. Matt Stanton Case 4A very SIMILAR case to case 4Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

In this episode Ryan explores the concept of brain death and the implications of drug overdoses causing false positive diagnosis of brain death. He is joined by an author of the ACMT Position statement on brain death in overdose (Dr. Andrew Stolbach MD) as well as authors of two case reports (neuro critical care physician Dr. Ranier Reyes and emergency physician Dr. Doug Stranges) involving bupropion where patients had absent brain stem reflexes after overdose but made a full neurologic recovery. We delve into the criteria used to determine brain death and the challenges faced by families and healthcare professionals when dealing with this sensitive topic. 00:00-19:00 Introduction to brain death guidelines19:00-28:00 Introduction to limitations in guidelines regarding overdose28:30-38:00 Interview with ACMT Position statement author39:00- End- Interview with Bupropion brain death mimic authors and summaryLinks references in showAmerican Academy of Neurology Bran death guidanceACMT Position statement on brain death in overdoseBrain death mimics with cerebral edemaCase report of “hypoxic patient with diffuses cerebral edema” who recovered in 48 hourCarbamazepine with diffuse cerebral edema who recoveredCases taking >2 months to recover brain stem reflexeshttps://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)07577-3/fulltexthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543058/Attempts to withdraw care in as little as 48 hours Dr. Stranges case reportDr. Reyes case reportNarrative review of brain death mimicsIntroductory casesCaroline Burns- Patient who woke up on operating tablePaul Maturo- Patient woke up in a morgueSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Dr. Adam Blumenberg, MD (@ABlumenbergMD) Join's the show. He is an emergency medicine physician, medical toxicologist, and Assistant Professor at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City. He hosts his own toxicology youtube series (www.ToxicHistory.com) and has developed multiple free medical education software programs in toxicology (www.toxicrunner.net) and medical simulation (www.medsimstudio.com). Most impressively, he has produced his own free base lidocaine crystals on a stove top, if you ask nicely he might just loan you one. He joins the show to sleuth the cause of fatal poisoning cases and tackle internet questions from reddit.com/r/askdrugs Dr. Blumenberg' s projectswww.ToxicHistory.comwww.medsimstudio.com (medical vital/imaging simulator)www.toxrunner.net (toxicology question bank)Things discussed in the introMithradata Ohio vinyl chloride disasterArizona nitric acid spillOhio metal factory explosionCasesCase 1Case 1 triage guidelinesCase 1 video demonstrationCase 2Full textCase 3Review article MechanismCase 4Full textCase 5Not the actual case from the show but close enough QuestionsBHO explosionsSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Ready for a high-octane dose of knowledge? 🔥🧠 Ryan's got you covered with this electrifying mini-episode on managing a bupropion overdose! 💊💥  Beware - there are plenty of pitfalls you'll want to avoid. Check out the full episode and other mini-episodes for even more tips and tricks! 🎧👀Bupropion is the #1 antidepressant cause of major (life threatening) reported to U.S. Poison CentersIt is difficult to manage due toPotential for delayed seizuresUnique cardiogenic shock in overdosePotential wide complex arrhythmia refractory to Sodium Bicarbonate Potential interference with brain death testingTreatmentDecontaminationAggressive whole bowel irrigation or charcoal may be indicated if large ingestionSupportive careIntubation if airway compromisedBenzodiazepine for agitationBenzodiazepines and GABA-ergic AED's for status epilepticsTachycardia, tremor, and agitation are risk factor for seizuresTachycardia may be masked by alpha 2 agonist co ingestionsSeizures may occur 24 hour outSodium bicarbonate for wide QRS (it may be refractory)Inodilators and vasopressors for cardiogenic shockECMO for refractory shock or arrhythmiaAwareness that severe bupropion toxicity can mimic brain deathsend analytical confirmation of bupropion if possible to rule out confoundingEnhanced eliminationlimited options due to protein binding, not routineFocused antidoteConsider IV fat emulsion if the patient is peri arrestObservation timesTalk to a toxicolleague about observation times, decontamination, and use of invasive therapies to avoid falling into a trapSupport the show!Rep the show!Show website

What Do Bath Salts, Face-Eating Zombies, and Antidepressants Have in Common?In this episode of The Poison Lab, Ryan is joined by Dr. Filip, Dr. Olives, and Dr. Reyes to discuss a unique and heartbreaking poisoning scenario involving an antidepressant now recognized as the #1 cause of major life-threatening effects in antidepressant overdoses in the U.S. Check out the mini-episodes for more details!Key HighlightsThis Antidepressant:#1 Cause of Major (Life-Threatening) Effects in overdoses reported to U.S. Poison Centers.Difficult to manage due to:Delayed seizures.Unique cardiogenic shock in overdose.Wide complex arrhythmia refractory to sodium bicarbonate.Potential interference with brain death testing.Mechanism of ToxicityIncreases dopamine and norepinephrine.Blocks gap junctions in cardiac myocytes:Rohr 2004: Gap junction blockade causes a wide QRS.Vink 2004: Connexin 43 is critical for cardiac signal transmission.Callier 2012: Similar effects on cardiac action potential as other gap junction blockers.Burnham 2014: Bupropion's IC50 for connexin 43 is >50 µM, higher than fluoxetine and lamotrigine.Shaikh Quereshi 2014: Bupropion interferes with connexin 43 production/localization in chicken cardiac myocytes at >50 µM.Clinical EffectsSympathetic ToxidromeSeizures: Delayed, typically occurring 8–24 hours post-ingestion.Tachycardia: May precede seizures but could be masked by co-ingestions.Takeaway (TL;DR):Patients often present with neurologic symptoms and tachycardia before seizures.Do not discharge patients without consulting a toxicologist or poison center regarding observation time.Avoid dismissing tachycardia and anxiety as situational in bupropion overdose cases.Key Literature InsightsShepherd 2004: Seizures primarily associated with sustained-release products; often preceded by neuropsychiatric symptoms.Starr 2009:XL products linked to seizures.Tachycardia, tremor, and agitation are predictors.Seizures occurred as late as 24 hours; 25% occurred after 8 hours.Offerman 2020:Tachycardia >120 bpm predicts seizures.Late seizures occurred only in symptomatic patients.Prehospital seizure correlated with cardiac arrest.Rianprakaisang 2021:QTc and HR >140 bpm predict seizures.ToxIC review confirmed tachycardia as a risk factor.Treatment OverviewDecontaminationWhole bowel irrigation or activated charcoal may be needed for large ingestions.Supportive CareAirway Management: Intubate if compromised.Benzodiazepines for agitation or seizures.Use GABA-ergic AEDs for status epilepticus.Cardiogenic ShockSodium bicarbonate for wide QRS (though may be refractory).Inodilators/Vasopressors for shock.ECMO for refractory shock or arrhythmias.Observation TimesLate seizures can occur up to 24 hours post-ingestion.Discuss observation times with a toxicologist.Additional ConsiderationsSevere toxicity can mimic brain death—send for analytical confirmation if possible.Limited enhanced elimination options due to high protein binding.Consider IV lipid emulsion if the patient is peri-arrest.Don't Fall into Traps:All ingestions are unique. Collaborate with a toxicologist to guide management and avoid pitfalls.Rohr 2004: "Role of gap junctions in the propagation of the cardiac action potential"PubMed LinkVink 2004: "Connexin 43 is the most important protein for connexon formation and cardiac signal transmission"PubMed LinkCallier 2012: "QRS widening and QT prolongation under bupropion: a unique cardiac electrophysiological profile"PubMed LinkShaikh Quereshi 2014: "Bupropion interferes with connexin43 production and localization in chicken cardiac myocytes at concentrations >50 µM"PubMed LinkShepherd 2004: "Seizures after overdose of sustained-release bupropion"PubMed LinkStarr 2009: "Seizures in extended-release bupropion overdoses"PubMed LinkOfferman 2020: "Predictors of seizures and death in bupropion overdoses: a 10-year retrospective study"PubMed LinkRianprakaisang 2021: "Risk factors for seizures in bupropion overdose: a ToxIC database study"PubMed LinkSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Rohr 2004- Gap junction blockade can cause a wide QRS Vink 2004 Connexin 43 is the most important protein for connexon formation and cardiac signal transmissionCallier 2012- Bupropion does not block sodium channels, and does exhibit similar effects on the cardiac action potential as known gap junction  Burnham 2014 Bupropion has an IC50 for connexin 43 >50 uMol, larger than other drugs such as fluoextine and lamotrigineShaikh Quereshi 2014 Bupropion interferes with connexin43 production and localization in chicken cardiac myoctes at concentration >50 uMolSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Seizure Risk: Patients can seize 8–24 hours post-ingestion. Neurologic symptoms and tachycardia often precede seizures.Delayed Symptoms: Co-ingestions may mask tachycardia, and symptoms can be significantly delayed.Key Management Advice:Do not discharge patients without consulting a toxicologist or poison center about observation times.Do not dismiss tachycardia and anxiety as situational in cases of bupropion overdose.Key StudiesSpiller 1994: Review of instant-release bupropion overdoses.Shepherd 2004: Seizures predominantly occur with sustained-release products. Most cases had prodromal neuropsychiatric symptoms.Starr 2009: Analysis of XL products:Symptoms predicting seizures: Tachycardia, tremor, and agitation.Tachycardia may be masked by coingestions and symptoms may be very delayedSeizures occurred as late as 24 hours, with 25% occurring after 8 hours.Offerman 2020: Study of sustained/extended-release products:Tachycardia (duration and rate >120 bpm) predicts seizures.Hypotension and neuropsychiatric symptoms also predictive.Prehospital seizures associated with cardiac arrest—indicative of poor outcomes.Rianprakaisang 2021: ToxIC database review of seizure risk factors:QTc prolongation and HR >140 bpm are predictive of seizures.Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

All published abstracts can be found here AbstractsCategory 1: Amlodipine VasoplegiaAbstract 1: Vasodilation in patients with calcium channel blocker poisoning treated with high dose insulin: a comparison of amlodipine versus non-dihydropyridinesStudy of HDI on propranolol poisoned pigsStudy of Minnesota HDI protocolAbstract 2: Amlodipine anxiety: a 10-year review of amlodipine associated fatalitiesAbstract 3: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilization for vasoplegic shock due to pediatric toxic ingestionsData of ECMO in poisoningCategory 2: XylazineAbstract 4: “Tranq dope” opioid overdose: clinical outcomes for emergency department patients with illicit opioid overdose adulterated with xylazineCategory 3: Case Reports with Terrifying Clinical ImplicationsAbstract 5: Recovery after poly-drug overdose despite blood flow imaging demonstrating no brain perfusionAbstract 6: Challenges in diagnosing an environmental cause of recurrent methemoglobinemiaAbstract 7: Acute thiamine deficiency as a complication of insulin euglycemic therapy for an amlodipine overdoseCategory 4: Comparative evidence, Prognostication, and TriageAbstract 8: Utility of pre four-hour iron concentration in predicting toxicologyAbstract 9: Andexanet alfa vs 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for intracranial hemorrhage at a level I trauma hospitalCategory 5: Rapid ReviewAbstract 10: Fentanyl and fentanyl analogue exposure among emergency personnel and first responders: a systematic reviewAbstract 11: Significance of falsely low creatinine values in diagnosing massive acetaminophen ingestionAbstract 12: Large dose intentional ciprofloxacin ingestion associated with false-positive urine immunoassay for oxycodone and fentanylAbstract 13: Don’t make it a double?: a 20- year review of supratherapeutic amlodipine ingestions while on chronic therapyAbstract 14: Evaluation of pediatric lisdexamfetamine exposures reported to a statewide poison control systemAbstract 15: An assessment of the reliability of stated quantity in acute acetaminophen overdoses reported to a regional poison centerSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Do you think you know the cause of these symptoms? Send your guesses to [email protected] to take part in episode 19Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Dr. Emily Kiernan, DO (@em2kiernan) an emergency medicine physician and medical toxicologist with Emory university school of medicine joins the show to solve toxic cases, opine on recent healthcare related poisoning, and dive head first into the bongwater on this episode. (Remember friends, don't drink the bong water). Recent Healthcare poisoning in the newsNurse reportedly feeding children insulin (all information is uncomfirmed) and killing 7 neonates (not all insulin related)Anesthesiologist charged with murder for 2000 mcg fentanyl doses given during care in ICUDiethylene glycol and Ethylene glycol outbreak in GambiaNot talked about in the show but physician spiking liter bags with bupivicaine to try to kill a colleague in 2022CasesCase 1Case 2 toxinsThe burden of empty Gatorade bottles on societyCase 3 toxins Case 4 toxinsSupport the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Phenibut is an emerging and unfamiliar drug taking hold in the US that is readily available online and legal to obtain. It acts as a GABA-B agonist and carries risks of dependency and withdrawal. In this episode Ryan interviews phenibut users as well as experts involved in phenibut treatment. They explore the history, current trends, toxicity, and management of phenibut, a novel GABA-B agonist. He is joined by guest Dr. Matthew Stanton PharmD and Dr. Benjamin Weston MD who listen in to an audio documentary by that includes clips from Dr. Janessa Graves PhD and Dr. Erica Liebelt MD who wrote a recent report on increasing phenibut exposures, Dr. Dan McCabe MD who is the author of the largest published phenibut case series, and Elliot, a recovered phenibut user who we would like to sincerely thank for sharing his story of use and recovery. +Update- a systematic review of phenibut withdrawal treatment strategies authored by the poison lab host himeself, Ryan!+More on St Anthony's fire CDC MWR Study documenting increased poison center exposures (Dr. Graves & Dr. Liebelt) Phenibut case series from Dr. McCabe All published cases of phenibut withdrawal, reported baclofen regimens, clinical outcomes, multimodal therapiesTHEORETICAL UNTESTED Phenibut withdrawal treatment schema (Not tested, not intended as treatment, intended to stimulate discussion and highlight key considerations in managing withdrawal)Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website

Do you think you know the cause of these symptoms? Send your guesses to [email protected] to take part in episode 16Support the showReview the show where ever your listeningGet Messages from Toxo (Join the Newsletter!)Join as a supporting memberAd free episodesBonus content and early accessDiscounts and give aways on GOTA PICCEM Mushroom card gameThe GOTTA PICCEM Poisonous Mushroom Game!The Poisonus Fungus Amongus Children's Book!Full book reading (6 minutes!)Tox trinkets (Rep the show at home!)Reach the showEmail: [email protected] Show ResourcesRyan's Medical Games and ResourcesShow Website