The Future of Everything

We have another best-of episode for you today. This one is a conversation with Irene Lo about the work she’s doing to study and leverage markets for social impact — think markets for public school assignments, or medical school residency matches. Irene reminds us that markets exist to help effectively allocate limited resources, and not all marketplaces are based in cash. We hope you’ll tune in again to this thought provoking conversation to hear Irene talk about the changing face of markets.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Irene LoConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces guest Irene Lo, a professor of management science and engineering at Stanford.(00:03:23) Unique Challenges of Non-Financial MarketsThe unique challenges in markets where monetary transactions are not feasible or ethical.(00:04:21) School Choice and District PerspectivesThe multifaceted decisions parents and school districts face in school choice.(00:06:54) Collaboration with San Francisco School DistrictConnecting with the San Francisco School District to redesign their student assignment system.(00:08:27) Algorithms and Testing of School Assignment PoliciesThe extensive simulations and community engagement involved in testing the new school assignment policies algorithm before implementation.(00:11:18) Goals and Issues of the Old SystemWhy the old school assignment system failed to achieve its goals of predictability, proximity, and diversity.(00:12:52) Algorithm Adaptation for Broader UseThe potential for adapting the San Francisco school assignment algorithms for use in other cities and districts.(00:14:42) Applying Market Design to Medical Residency MatchesAdapting market design principles to medical residency placements, emphasizing multifactorial considerations.(00:19:07) Market Design in the Developing World: Indonesian Palm Oil MarketInsights into the challenges and solutions in improving the supply chain for palm oil in Indonesia.(00:24:08) Crowdsourcing InformationHow crowdsourcing information can help improve market efficiency for palm oil farmers and the challenges involved.(00:26:32) Market Manipulation and AlgorithmsThe future application of advanced algorithms to improve market dynamics once sufficient data is gathered.(00:28:08) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Jonathan Long is a biochemist who studies the chemicals produced during exercise. In Long’s world, “you always start with molecules,” which offer “clean handles” to understanding complex processes. His lab has identified a chemical produced in the digestive tract during exercise that can make a person stop eating. Long now studies this “gut-brain axis” for ways to treat obesity, diabetes, and, perhaps, even age-related conditions like dementia, as he tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Jonathan Z. LongJonathan’s Lab: LongLab@StanfordStudy on Endocannabinoids and Exercise Motivation: The Endocannabinoid System and Physical ExerciseConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces guest Jonathan Long, a professor of pathology at Stanford University(00:02:30) Effective Weight Loss DrugsThe increase of effective weight loss drugs, and the history and development of these GLP-1 receptor agonists.(00:04:03) Understanding Metabolism and ExerciseOutline of metabolic chemicals released during physical activity and their potential to combat obesity and diabetes.(00:05:38) Animal Models in Exercise StudiesThe use of animal models in exercise studies and the discovery of Lac-Phe.(00:07:15) Psychological Preparation for ExerciseThe psychological aspects of exercise and the involvement of endocannabinoids in exercise motivation.(00:09:28) Lac-Phe's Role and MechanismThe role of Lac-Phe and its production in the gut.(00:12:21) Differences in Exercise ResponseDifferences in exercise response between trained athletes and untrained individuals.(00:13:25) Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesThe relationship between diabetes, exercise, and metabolic diseases.(00:15:29) Lac-Phe as a Potential TherapeuticThe potential of Lac-Phe as a weight loss drug, and parallels to GLP-1 drug development.(00:16:48) Importance of How Weight is LostWhether the method of weight-loss matters, and the importance of preserving lean muscle mass.(00:19:40) Exercise as MedicineThe concept of exercise as medicine, and defining physical activity at the same resolution as modern medicines.(00:22:39) Metformin and Exercise PathwaysThe unexpected connection between metformin and the Lac-Phe pathway.(00:24:08) Prospects of an Exercise PillThe future of an exercise pill, and the scientific challenges associated with its development.(00:27:33) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re digging back into our archives with an episode with bioengineer Polly Fordyce. Polly studies the form and function of proteins. She refers to proteins as the “workhorses” that make things in the body happen, and her study of these molecules reveals a greater understanding of human life. We hope you’ll tune in to this conversation again, and enjoy.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Polly FordycePolly’s Lab: The Fordyce LabConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces guest Polly Fordyce, a professor of bioengineering and genetics at Stanford University.(00:01:51) What are Proteins?The basics of proteins and their crucial roles in the body.(00:05:01) Protein Structure and FunctionThe relationship between protein structure and function.(00:07:07) Innovations in Protein ResearchThe high-throughput technologies used in the lab to study protein functions.(00:09:44) Mutant Proteins and Functional VariantsHow mutations in proteins affect their function and structure, using the example of the protein PafA.(00:14:24) The Impact of Protein Research on MedicineInsight into how protein mutations can aid in developing targeted therapies.(00:17:37) Proteins and DNA InteractionThe role of proteins in reading DNA and regulating gene expression.(00:21:41) Transcription Factors and DNA BindingThe relationship between transcription factors and specific DNA sequences.(00:25:36) Mechanisms of Transcription ActivationThe process of transcription activation and the role of co-activators and RNA polymerase.(00:28:15) Future Directions in Protein ResearchThe future of protein research, including making advanced research tools more accessible.(00:30:36) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Chris Piech is a professor of computer science who studies how computers can help students learn. In comparing human- and computer-aided education, he says humans are great one-on-one, but AI is more consistent at grading and feedback. He and colleagues have created several generative AI grading apps to take advantage of these relative strengths, as he tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Christopher PiechStanford Coding Program: Code in PlaceConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altmans introduces guest Chris Piech, a professor of computer science at Stanford University.(00:01:50) Defining Coding and Its ChallengesWhat coding entails for beginners and the challenges associated with learning to code.(00:03:37) Enhancing Learning with ComputersHow computers and AI can be used to make learning more enjoyable and effective.(00:05:12) Human Connection in EducationThe significance of teacher-student relationships and how recent learners can be effective teachers.(00:07:02) AI and Coding EducationThe impact of AI on professional coding and how it can enhance the learning experience for new coders.(00:08:48) Joy of ProgrammingThe creative joy of programming and how AI tools can elevate the creation process.(00:11:57) Comparing Human and AI TutorsResults from experiments comparing the effectiveness of human and AI tutors.(00:14:43) Fair and Effective AssessmentChallenges and strategies for fair and effective computational assessment of students' work.(00:16:42) Addressing Bias and Fairness in GradingDemographic fairness in grading algorithms and the potential biases in different subjects.(00:20:52) Interactive and Unstructured FeedbackUsing AI to provide feedback on unstructured and interactive student work, like games and apps.(00:25:30) Expanding Beyond Academic TestsApplication of AI in non-academic assessments, such as medical tests, to improve accuracy and efficiency.(00:27:42) Generative GradingIntroduction to generative grading, where AI generates potential misconceptions to help with grading and feedback.(00:31:37) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Matt Abrahams is a master communicator who helps others overcome their fear of speaking — before live audiences, in small groups, or even one-on-one. His catchphrase, “Think Fast, Talk smart,” describes a mindset that, he says, is key to speaking well. Thinking fast is the ability to recognize and respond to patterns in order to talk smart — becoming more salient, relevant, and concise in the process. Abrahams coaches host Russ Altman on how to talk smart on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Matt Abrahams: WebsiteStanford Profile: WebsiteMatt’s Podcast: Think Fast, Talk Smart: The PodcastConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces Matt Abrahams, an expert on communication and lecturer at Stanford Graduate School of Business.(00:02:04) The Power of Thinking Fast and Talking SmartMatt explains the concept behind his catchphrase and podcast, "Think Fast, Talk Smart".(00:06:22) Addressing Speaking AnxietyThe prevalence of speaking anxiety, its evolutionary roots, and how it has evolved with modern communication tools.(00:08:46) Impact of AI on CommunicationHow LLMs like ChatGPT can aid in preparation for speaking engagements and assist non-native speakers with communication.(00:11:33) Virtual vs. In-Person CommunicationDifferences between in-person and virtual communication and how individuals can adapt to virtual communication environments.(00:13:59) Handling Difficult QuestionsStrategies for responding to questions when you don't know the answer or can't legally or ethically provide one.(00:17:18) Structuring Effective CommunicationsMethods for structuring communications to ensure clarity and impact.(00:22:10) Cultural Influences on CommunicationThe impact of cultural differences on communication styles and the importance of sensitivity and adaptation.(00:25:11) Reevaluating the Use of Presentation ToolsThe appropriate use of PowerPoint and other visual aids in presentations, with tips for making visuals effective and audience-focused.(00:29:21) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re bringing you a timely best-of episode, given the recent advances in generative AI tools like ChatGPT. A couple years ago we interviewed Jeff Hancock, a Stanford professor of communication whose research explores the psychological and interpersonal processes at play when people communicate with each other and with computers. At the time of this conversation, ChatGPT wasn’t yet available to the public, but today Jeff’s insights about how such technologies impact the ways we communicate seem more relevant than ever. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Jeffrey HancockJeff’s Lab: Stanford Social Media LabStanford’s AI Institute: Stanford HAIJeff and Jeremy Bailenson’s paper on deep fakes: The Social Impact of DeepfakesJeff's paper on AI accessibility: Not All AI are Equal: Exploring the Accessibility of AI-Mediated Communication TechnologyJeff’s paper on encountering fake news: Credibility Perceptions and Detection Accuracy of Fake News Headlines on Social MediaOriginal episode: Ep.177 What Happens When Computers Can Write Like Humans Website / YouTubeConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces guest Jeff Hancock, a professor of communications at Stanford University.(00:03:04) Evolution of CommunicationHow social media and AI tools like spellcheck have changed the way we communicate.(00:04:08) AI in Everyday CommunicationThe role of AI in daily communication tasks, like email responses, and whether this is beneficial or problematic.(00:06:35) Authenticity and Bias in AI CommunicationThe potential biases in AI-generated language and its societal implications.(00:08:42) Large Language Models and Their CapabilitiesOverview of large language models like GPT-3 and their ability to generate human-like text.(00:10:34) Practical Uses and Implications of AI-Generated TextPractical applications of AI in generating text for marketing, education, and other fields.(00:12:18) Tailoring AI MessagesThe potential of AI to create personalized messages for different demographics.(00:14:49) Ethical Considerations in AI-Assisted WritingThe ethical dilemmas in education regarding AI-assisted writing.(00:17:15) AI and DisinformationThe risks associated with AI-generated disinformation and its impact on society.(00:21:06) AI in Advertising and MarketingAI's role in advertising and marketing, including the ethical considerations of using AI to create highly persuasive content.(00:22:38) Building Resilience Against DisinformationTips for individuals to build resilience against disinformation.(00:26:35) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Astrophysicist Risa Wechsler studies the evolution of the universe. She says that our understanding of how the universe formed and how it will change over time is changing as new technologies for seeing and measuring space come online, like a new high-resolution camera that can quickly map the full sky to see everything that moves, or new spectrographs that will map the cosmos in 3D and enable us to get new clues about the elusive dark matter. You can’t understand the universe or our presence in it until you understand dark matter, Wechsler tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Risa Wechsler: WebsiteStanford Profile: WebsiteSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryLegacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) | Rubin ObservatoryDark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)The SAGA SurveyConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Professor Risa Wechsler, professor of physics, particle physics, and astrophysics from Stanford University.(00:01:46) Tools for Studying the UniverseTechnologies and methods used to study galaxies and the universe, including the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time.(00:04:37) Understanding Maps of the UniverseThe concept of mapping the universe in two and three dimensions, the significance of redshifts, and the application of spectroscopy.(00:08:56) The Structure and Scale of the UniverseThe age, expansion, and overall structure of the universe, touching on its isotropic nature and clumpiness on different scales.(00:12:23) Delving into Galaxy Formation and EvolutionAn in-depth look at galaxy formation, the role of dark matter, and how galaxies have evolved over billions of years.(00:14:49) The Diversity of Galaxies and Their StructuresThe various types of galaxies, including satellite and dwarf galaxies, and how they form and evolve differently.(00:18:56) Dark Matter and Dark EnergyThe fundamental aspects of dark matter and dark energy, their role in the universe, and the challenges in studying them.(00:22:32) Mapping the Universe with Modern ToolsHow current technologies and methods contribute to our understanding of the universe’s expansion and structure(00:24:57) Applying Cosmic UnderstandingThe SAGA Survey and its implications for understanding the Milky Way in a broader cosmic context.(00:29:29) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Jeannette Bohg is an expert in robotics who says there is a transformation happening in her field brought on by recent advances in large language models. The LLMs have a certain common sense baked in and robots are using it to plan and to reason as never before. But they still lack low-level sensorimotor control — like the fine skill it takes to turn a doorknob. New models that do for robotic control what LLMs did for language could soon make such skills a reality, Bohg tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Jeannette Bogh: WebsiteStanford Profile: WebsiteJeannette's Lab: WebsiteRobotics startup Jeannette discusses: Diligent RoboticsConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss introduces guest Professor Jeannette Bohg, an expert in robotics from Stanford University.(00:01:58) AI's Impact on RoboticsHow AI is transforming robotics and the use of AI in high-level planning and reasoning in robotics.(00:04:26) Challenges of Applying Language Models in RoboticsThe challenges and potential of using large language models for robotic task planning and interaction between humans and robots.(00:07:06) Data Shortages in RoboticsThe scarcity of training data in robotics compared to other AI fields and its impact on development.(00:10:43) Human-Robot Interaction and AugmentationThe potential for robots to augment human capabilities rather than replace them and different approaches to autonomy in robotics.(00:16:41) The Future of Robotic HardwareThe current state of robotic hardware, its limitations, and what the future might hold for robotic development.(00:19:53) The Financial and Practical Realities of Robotic ResearchCost and maintenance challenges associated with robotic research platforms, as well as practical applications of robotics in everyday life.(00:25:11) Humanoid Robots vs. Practical RobotsThe practicality and implications of designing robots that mimic human appearance and capabilities.(00:27:55) Future Outlook and Commercial ViabilityThe future outlook for robotic platforms and when they might become commercially available.(00:29:08) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Sergiu Pasca is a physician-scientist who turns skin cells into stem cells and then into brain tissues he calls “organoids” and “assembloids” in order to study psychiatric and neurological illness in a dish instead of in living human beings. With this knowledge, Pasca hopes to develop new treatments for conditions ranging from schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders to chronic pain, he tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Sergiu’s Lab: Pasca LabSergiu’s Stanford Profile: WebsiteCenter at Stanford Sergiu Leads: Stanford Brain OrganogenesisSergiu’s recently published paper: Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutic Approach for Timothy SyndromePaper by Shinya Yamanaka Sergiu discusses: Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast CulturesConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss introduces guest, Sergiu Pasca, professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.(00:02:43) The Science of Growing Brain Tissue from Skin CellsThe process of developing brain organoids from skin cells and the potential medical applications of these models.(00:03:59) Enhancing Neurological Research ToolsAdvancing the complexity of brain models to include various brain structures and their applications in modeling diseases.(00:07:20) Introduction of AssembloidsIntroduction to assembloids, detailing how combining different organoids can mimic complex brain structures(0015:58) Testing Therapeutics Using Humanized ModelsThe innovative approach of using humanized rat models to test neurological therapies and drugs.(00:21:03) Complex Circuit Modelling for Disease UnderstandingThe current capabilities of modeling complex brain circuits and their relevance in understanding the neural pathways involved in diseases.(00:23:36) The Future of Pain Modelling and Drug TestingHow assembled brain cells can model pain perception and response, leading to potential new treatments for chronic pain and psychiatric disorders(00:27:46) Ethical Considerations and Public EngagementEthical concerns related to creating brain-like tissues and the importance of public engagement in scientific research.(00:32:01) Future Directions and Global CollaborationThe future of brain organogenesis research and the potential impacts on treating neurological and psychiatric conditions.(00:34:05) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

With TikTok in the hands of 170 million Americans, cybersecurity expert Amy Zegart says it’s time to talk about consequences. Foreign access to all that data on so many Americans is a national security threat, she asserts. For those as concerned as she, Zegart has good news and bad. The government has gotten better at fighting cyberthreats, but artificial intelligence is making things very complicated, very fast. The US needs to adapt quickly to keep pace, Zegart tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Amy Zegart's Stanford ProfileHoover Institution Profile: WebsiteEp.20 How Vulnerable Are We to Cyber Attacks? (Amy’s previous episode on The Future of Everything)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Amy Zegart, a cybersecurity expert from Stanford University.(00:02:37) Government and Cybersecurity SpeedsHow AI has changed the pace at which both government and cyber attackers operate, and the evolving dynamics of cybersecurity efforts.(00:04:12) Corporate CybersecurityThe unexpected role of the SEC in regulating corporate cybersecurity efforts and how the cyber attack surface has expanded beyond traditional big industries(00:07:30) Global Cyber Threats and PreparednessInsights into the strategic use of cyber operations by other countries, and the multifaceted nature of international cyber relations.(00:09:13) Cyber Dynamics in the Russia-Ukraine ConflictThe cyber aspects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its implications for global cybersecurity strategies.(00:11:35) Misinformation and Disinformation DynamicsThe difference between misinformation and disinformation, their impacts on society and the challenges in combating them.(00:15:04) TikTok and National SecurityRisks associated with TikTok as a platform controlled by Chinese interests, discussing data privacy and potential for foreign influence.(00:20:11) Corporate Power in AI and National SecurityThe role of corporations in national security through their control over AI, and the challenges this poses for regulation and innovation.(00:22:47) Learning from Cybersecurity to Manage AI RisksLessons from cybersecurity that could help manage emerging AI risks, highlighting the need for developing independent AI research capacities.(00:26:44) European Regulation and Global AI SafetyThe European approach to AI regulation and data protection, advocating for international AI safety norms and collaborative efforts.(00:29:21) AI's Role in Enhancing IntelligenceHow AI can transform intelligence services, and advancements that could lead to significant efficiency gains in national security.(00:31:23) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

A best of episode where Russ interviews one of his bioengineering colleagues, Fan Yang, about some of the fascinating work she’s doing in the realm of tissue engineering. Hear more about the ways her lab is modeling human tissue to help develop a better understanding of how we might effectively replace damaged tissues and alleviate a number of health concerns.Episode Reference Links:Fan Yang's Stanford Profile: WebsiteFan Yang’s Stanford Lab: WebsiteEp.174 Regenerating and Rejuvenating Human Tissues: Website / YouTube (original episode)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces guest Fan Yang, a bioengineer at Stanford.(00:03:15) The Basics of Tissue EngineeringThe purpose and significance of tissue engineering, emphasizing its role in addressing critical medical needs like late-stage arthritis.(00:04:23) Challenges in Tissue EngineeringTechnical hurdles in creating viable tissues for clinical use, such as integrating these tissues into the human body.(00:07:00) 3D Printing and In Situ PolymerizationTechnological advances in shaping tissues using 3D printing and the benefits of in situ polymerization to adapt to complex tissue shapes.(00:09:15) Specific Challenges with CartilageThe challenges specific to cartilage regeneration, explaining why it has been a difficult tissue to replicate and heal.(00:13:56) Micro Ribbon Based HydrogelsExplanation of micro ribbon based hydrogels, a new development aimed at improving tissue regeneration.(00:19:16) Cancer Research and Tissue EngineeringHow tissue engineering technologies are not only pivotal for therapeutic uses but also crucial for understanding diseases and aiding drug discovery.(00:24:38) Regulatory Challenges and CommercializationThe regulatory and commercialization challenges facing new medical technologies, including the need for industry partnerships and the role of the FDA(00:26:20) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

A best of episode where Russ interviews computer scientist and electrical engineer, Dorsa Sadigh. They had a fantastic conversation about the work she’s doing to train robots to better understand humans, and as she shares, it turns out that one key to this work is better understanding human behavior. If you’re curious about how we’re going to make human-robot interaction work, this is a great episode to tune into again. Enjoy.Episode Reference Links:Dorsa Sadigh: WebsiteDorsa Sadigh: Stanford ProfileEp.171 - How do you Build a Better Robot? By Understanding People. YouTube / Website (original episode)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Dorsa Sadigh, a computer scientist and electrical engineer at Stanford.(00:02:24) Bridging Robotics and Human Psychology The journey from focusing solely on robotics to incorporating human behavioural insights to enhance robot design and functionality.(00:05:31) Blending Cognitive Science and RoboticsThe integration of cognitive science with robotics to build better computational models of human behaviour.(00:07:35) Addressing Suboptimal Human Decision MakingExploring human decision-making biases and their impact on robot interaction, with focus on bounded rationality and prospect theory.(00:10:39) Robot Adaptations to Human ImperfectionsHow robots can adapt to human imperfections in collaborative tasks, using theories from behavioural economics.(00:14:57) Training Robots and Humans for Better InteractionStrategies for teaching both humans and robots to improve their interactions, including active teaching and understanding each other’s capabilities.(00:18:41) Partner Modelling in RoboticsInsights into partner modelling in robotics, demonstrated through a scalable model in an air hockey game setup.(00:21:54) Complex Multi-Agent InteractionsAddressing the dynamics of multi-agent systems like traffic, where autonomous and human-driven vehicles interact.(00:24:11) Robots in HealthcareThe role of robots in healthcare, particularly in assistive technologies, and the challenges and advancements in this area.(00:26:26) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re bringing back an episode about trust and AI. In a world where the use of Artificial Intelligence is exploding, guest computer scientist Carlos Guestrin shares insights from the work he’s doing to support the development of trust between humans and machines. We originally recorded this episode in 2022, but the insights are just as if not more relevant today. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy. Episode Reference Links:Carlos Ernesto Guestrin (Stanford Profile)Carlos Guestrin (Carlos’ Website)Measuring Patients' Trust In Physicians When Assessing Quality Of Care (Paper Carlos discusses as comparison to his work with AI)Adding Glycemic And Physical Activity Metrics To A Multimodal Algorithm-Enabled Decision-Support Tool For Type 1 Diabetes Care (Carlos’ published paper about Stanford Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital diabetes type 1 project)XGBoost Documentation (Carlos’ out-source project)Ep.172 - Why AI Must Embody the Value of Its Users YouTube / Website (Original Episode)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces the episode with guest Carlos Guestrin, a professor of computer science at Stanford, whose focus is bringing AI into broader use.(00:02:58) Current Status of AIThe current capabilities of AI and machine learning and the widespread use and integration of these technologies.(00:05:44) Deep Dive into Trust and AIThree core components of trust in AI and how these factors influence the adoption and efficacy of AI systems.(00:09:43) Technical Challenges in Implementing TrustThe challenges of translating the abstract concepts of trust into practical, implementable AI features.(00:14:32) Enhancing AI Transparency and Generalization Methods to improve AI’s generalisation capabilities and transparency.(00:18:00) The Role of Open-Source in AI DevelopmentThe impact of open-source software on the AI field, highlighting the benefits of shared knowledge and collaborative advancements.(00:22:34) AI in HealthcareHealthcare and the use of AI in enhancing data-driven decisions in medical treatments.(00:27:11) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Anna Lembke is a psychiatrist and a specialist in the behavioral sciences who studies addiction. While there is tremendous variety in the things people can be addicted to, all forms are tied to dopamine, a biochemical that is key to human senses of pleasure, reward, and motivation. She says that new treatments are combining traditional abstinence with programs that help patients reenergize dopamine centers in the brain through physical exercise, which is a known producer of dopamine. If patients can reach 30 days of abstinence there is a good chance at recovery, Lembke tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Anna Lembke's Stanford ProfileAnna Lembke's WebsiteHow do we fight the disease of addiction? (Anna's previous episode on The Future of Everything podcast)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Anna Lembke, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University, and an expert on addiction.(00:02:27) The Personal Nature of AddictionProfessor Lembke shares a personal story of addiction to romance novels, providing insight into how seemingly benign habits can become harmful addictions.(00:06:02) The Brain Chemistry of AddictionWhat happens in the brain during addiction, including dopamine's role in pleasure, reward, and the process of becoming addicted.(00:11:10) Addressing Addiction in HealthcareHow the medical community has evolved in recognizing and treating addiction, partly due to the opioid epidemic.(00:13:23) Strategies for Managing and Treating AddictionTreatment approaches for addiction, including the concept of hormesis, and how engaging in challenging physical activities can help manage addictive behaviors.(00:17:31) Treatment and Recovery from AddictionProfessor Lembke’s own experience with overcoming her addiction through self-intervention and “dopamine fasting”.(00:22:05) The Addictive Personality and Genetic VulnerabilitiesThe concept of an "addictive personality," genetic predispositions to addiction, and how these factors play into the challenge of treating and managing addiction.(00:23:29) The Opioid Epidemic: Insights and Challenges An update on the opioid epidemic, the rise of fentanyl, and the ongoing challenges in addressing opioid addiction.(00:29:08) The Future of AddictionThe broader context of addiction in society, emphasizing the importance of addressing addiction to digital media and other non-substance-related addictions(00:29:57) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds.Ge Wang is a professor of music, a computer scientist, and director of the Stanford Laptop Orchestra – an orchestra in which human musicians and computers collaborate to make music. “I once thought computer music was abstract and inaccessible, but it can be very playful, too,” he says. Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds, Wang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Ge Wang's Stanford ProfileGe Wang's Personal WebsiteStanford Laptop Orchestra (SLOrk) Ge Wang directs: Stanford Laptop OrchestraMusic programming language Ge Wang built: ChucKGe Wang’s book: Artful Design: Technology in Search of the SublimeArtful Design | Pi-shaped PersonArtful Design | OcarinaScott A. Lindroth (Ge Wang’s professor at Duke who taught his first computer music class)Perry R. Cook (Ge Wang’s Computer Science professor at Princeton who inspired him to merge computers and music)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Ge Wang and his work around the intersection of AI, computer science, and music.(00:02:48) Early Inspirations and Merging Music with TechnologyGe Wang shares his early experiences with music and computers, leading to his unique career path combining both passions.(00:07:42) Developing Musical Tools and InstrumentsSignificance of playfulness in merging music with computer science, illustrated by projects like the Ocarina app and the Stanford Laptop Orchestra.(00:13:27) The Role and Impact of AI in MusicThe evolution of AI in music, with deeper questions about AI's role and the value of human creativity.(00:18:28) Music, AI, and Future GenerationsThe future of music and AI in the context of a parent, and the cultural dimensions and values that will shape the use of technology in art.(00:20:19) Ethical and Cultural Concerns of AI in MusicEthical dilemmas and cultural implications of using AI in music, copyright issues and the potential for generic AI-generated content.(00:25:09) Rethinking the Role of AI in the Creative ProcessAI’s role in creativity, the value of the creative process over the mere output, and the potential for AI to enrich rather than replace human creativity.(00:29:32) The Concept of a Pi-Shaped PersonThe "Pi-Shaped Person," with emphasis on the importance of disciplinary expertise, domain knowledge, and an aesthetic lens.(00:33:52) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Laura Simons is a clinical psychologist and an authority on pain, particularly chronic pain in childhood, which is much more common than widely understood. Most people don't even think chronic pain happens in children, says Simons. The consequences, however, are serious, ranging from learning gaps from missed school to social isolation and even depression. Better treatment begins with a better understanding of the science of pain, as Simons tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Laura Simons | Stanford MedicineInternational Association for the Study of Pain | IASP (Website for the association Laura mentions)Beth Darnall (Beth Darnall’s website, founder of Empowered Relief)Empowered Relief (Program Laura works with for pain management)TrainPain (Program Laura is working with on virtual realities studies for pain relief)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Laura Simons and her research on chronic childhood pain.(00:02:34) Understanding the Scope and Causes of Childhood Chronic PainCommon forms of childhood pain, its underlying causes, and the impact of unrecognized chronic conditions.(00:05:08) Diagnostic Challenges and Family DynamicsThe difficulties in diagnosing chronic pain in children and adolescents, and the role of family in recognizing and managing a child's chronic pain.(00:07:38) The Impact of Chronic Pain on Children's LivesHow chronic pain affects children's daily lives, from school attendance and social interactions to the broader family impact.(00:10:15) Transitioning from Adolescent to Adult Pain ManagementThe challenges young people face as they move from pediatric to adult pain management systems and the importance of tailored transitional programs.(00:12:07) Treatment Approaches and InnovationsTreatment strategies for childhood chronic pain, emphasizing non-pharmacological approaches such as behavioral interventions and physical therapy.(00:19:14) Empowered Relief Program and Its Adaptation for TeensThe Empowered Relief program, adapted for teens, focusing on pain science education and the development of coping strategies. (00:23:48) Exploring Virtual Reality and Sensory Retraining TechniquesAdvanced treatment methods, including the use of virtual reality to enhance physical therapy and sensory retraining techniques to manage pain sensitivity.(00:28:57) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Olivier Gevaert is an expert in multi-modal biomedical data modeling and recently developed new methods in the new science of “spatial transcriptomics” that are able to predict how cancer cells present spatially and will behave in the future. Tumors are not monolithic, he says, but made up of various cell types. Spatial transcriptomics measures cells in the undisturbed organization of the tumor itself and enables a more detailed study of tumors. This new technology can be used to determine what type of cells are present spatially and how each cell influences neighboring cells. It paints a picture of tumor heterogeneity, Gevaert tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Olivier Gevaert: Standford ProfileOlivier Gevaert’s Research LabThe Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA)Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction to Olivier GavaertHis work in the advancement of spatial transcriptomics technologies.(00:02:52) The Basics of TranscriptomicsTranscriptomics’ significance in identifying active genes in cancer cells and the technological advancements enabling this research.(00:05:34) Heterogeneity and Cell interaction in CancerHeterogeneity within cancer cells and the importance of analyzing the interactions between various cell types to develop treatments.(00:07:19) Advancements in Brain Cancer ResearchRecent studies on brain cancer using spatial omics techniques to understand tumor cell types and their spatial organization for prognosis prediction.(00:10:53) AI and Whole Slide Imaging in OncologyHow AI and machine learning are combined with whole slide imaging to enhance data resolution and interpret spatial transcriptomic data.(00:14:49) Enhancing Pathology with AIIntegrating AI with pathology to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment by analyzing whole slide images and predicting cell types.(00:18:40) Multimodal Data Fusion in Cancer TreatmentImportance of combining different data modalities to create comprehensive models for personalized cancer treatment.(00:24:49) The Future of Synthetic Data and Digital TwinsSynthetic data and digital twins in oncology, and how these technologies can simulate treatment outcomes and support personalized medicine.(00:29:16) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Rebecca Silverman is an expert in how humans learn to read. It’s a complex process, she says. First we must connect letters and sounds to decode words in texts. Researchers know a lot about the decoding process and how to teach it. But, beyond that, we must also comprehend what the words in texts are conveying. Comprehension is complex, and researchers know much less about the comprehension process and how to teach it, Silverman tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Rebecca Silverman’s Research Lab: Language to Literacy LabConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction to Reading Challenges Host Russ Altman introduces guest Rebecca Sliverman and her research into the complexities of reading.(00:03:53) Decoding vs. Comprehension The breakdown of reading into decoding and comprehension, the challenges associated with each, and the lifelong process of improving these skills.(00:07:18) Variability in Learning to Read How children learn to read, including the impacts of linguistic comprehension, memory and socio-emotional contexts.(00:09:55) Cross-Cultural Differences in Reading The variability of reading acquisition across languages and cultures, highlighting the components of reading that vary in their developmental trajectory.(00:11:35) Research Challenges and Interventions in Reading Current research on the challenges of reading, particularly in identifying and supporting children with difficulties.(00:15:03) The Role of Technology in Reading The impact of technology on reading, the differences between reading on paper and digital formats, and the potential of educational technology in literacy development.(00:20:38) Importance of Family in Reading DevelopmentHow families play a role in early reading, with emphasis on storytelling and culturally relevant practices. (00:23:52) Challenges for Teachers in Literacy EducationResponsibilities of teachers in teaching literacy and the need for comprehensive support and training for teachers.(00:27:44) Future Directions and the Potential of AI Future research on AI in literacy education, and the importance of human oversight in technological interventions.(00:29:29) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Professor and cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand’s latest book, Rule Makers, Rule Breakers, explores notions of what she calls “tight” and “loose” cultures, and how each shapes us as individuals and the world around us. Tight cultures closely follow unwritten cultural norms, while those on the looser side have more latitude. Culture is complicated, she says, but understanding its nuances is key to understanding the world, Gelfand tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Michele Gelfand Website / BioRule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight & Loose Cultures Wire Our World Mindset Quiz Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss introduces Michele Gelfand and her research on the study of culture and cultural intelligence.(00:02:33) Defining CultureA working definition of culture and the invisible impact of cultural norms, values, and beliefs.(00:03:46) The Tight-Loose SpectrumThe concept of tight and loose cultures and how social norms vary across cultures.(00:06:30) Cultural Variance within and between SocietiesVariations of tight-loose norms at national, state, and organizational levels, and the role of threat in shaping these norms.(00:11:34) Cultural Intelligence in Global LeadershipHow the tight-loose spectrum and cultural studies inform leadership, and the significance of cultural intelligence (CQ) in global interactions.(00:18:59) Cultural Evolutionary MismatchImplications for global threats and societal responses.(00:23:56) Applying Cultural Insights in BusinessInsights on applying cultural understanding to improve business mergers, negotiations, and the success of expatriate assignments.(00:26:09) Enhancing Cultural IntelligenceImproving cultural intelligence and steps individuals can take to enhance their CQ and adapt to cultural differences.(00:28:48) Urban vs. Rural Cultural DifferencesTight-loose division in politics and societal contexts, and the cultural divide between urban and rural areas.(00:31:19) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re taking you into our archive of over 250 episodes to re-share an interview Russ Altman did in 2022 with Stanford Medicine Professor of Surgery, Carla Pugh. Performing surgery is profoundly complex and requires precision, dexterity and lots of practice. Dr. Pugh shares about how she’s studying the movements of skilled surgeons to better understand what makes them successful, which can in turn help to improve training for new surgeons.Episode Reference Links:Technology Enabled Clinical Improvement CenterDr. Pugh’s Research: Use of sensors to quantify procedural idle time Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode with Dr. Carla Pugh discussing her research studying the movements of surgeons to improve surgical training.(00:02:27) Dr. Carla Pugh's Research and GoalsIntroduction of Dr. Carla Pugh and her research utilizing sensor technology to quantify physician performance and the long-term goals of her research.(00:04:32) Wearable Sensors in Surgical TrainingHow wearable sensors are being used, and the reaction of surgeons to being monitored.(00:06:21) Expertise Identification & Universality of MovementHow idle time and motion tracking can distinguish between novice and expert surgeons & how expert surgeons exhibit similar motion patterns.(00:10:10) Expert vs. Novice Surgeon BehaviorsObserved differences in speed and precision between expert and novice surgeons, & working volume.(00:12:48) Ethical ConsiderationsThe ethical considerations of measuring surgeon performance, with a focus onmanaging the careers of aging surgeons through data-driven decisions.(00:16:03) The Role of Robotics in SurgeryThe current and future roles of robots in surgery, debunking myths, setting realistic expectations & how this research can be applied.(00:20:29) Demand for Robotic Surgery and Tech TrustPatients' trust in technology and robots for surgery and the pitfalls of relying too much on the technology, using orthopedic surgery as a specific example.(00:23:07) Preserving Human Skills in MedicineDr. Pugh elaborates the importance of capturing human surgical skills amidst the rise of automation in order to maintain a record of traditional practices.(00:24:49) Evolution of Surgical Procedures and TechniquesThe evolution of surgical procedures due to technological advancements, and how surgeons transition between different surgical technologies.(00:27:17) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Mark Skylar-Scott is one of the world’s foremost experts on the 3D printing of human tissue, cell by cell. It’s a field better known as bioprinting. But Skylar-Scott hopes to take things to a level most never imagined. He and his collaborators are working to bioprint an entire living, working human heart. We’re printing biology, Skylar-Scott tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Skylar-Scott LabConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest Mark Skylar-Scott and his work bioprinting the heart.(00:02:15) What is Bioprinting & Tissue Engineering?Explanation of bioprinting and its distinction from traditional 3D printing. Overview of the technology and its applications in tissue engineering and how to get the cells for this purpose.(00:06:37) Engineering the Cells of the HeartThe 11 different cell types of the heart that are being created, and the steps involved in printing them, scaffolding them, and how they form tissue.(00:12:23) Building Hearts: Size and Growth ConsiderationsThe scale of bio-printed hearts, potential strategies for growth and integration, & technical challenges in controlling cell growth and development. (00:15:05) Scaling Up Cell ProductionThe importance of scaling up cell production for efficient experimentation. Exploration of the transition from laboratory research to clinical implementation. (00:18:40) Vascularization: The Key to Functional Bioprinted OrgansCritical importance of creating a comprehensive vascular network & the challenges of integrating capillaries and ensuring nutrient delivery to all cells. (00:23:00) Ethical Considerations in BioprintingExamination of the ethical issues surrounding the use of human cells in bioprinting, focusing on consent and the potential for inequality in access due to cost.(00:26:12) The Future of Bioprinting: Timeline and Field DynamicsProjections about the timeline for the clinical application of bio-printed organs and the state of collaborative competition within the fabrication field. (00:28:28) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Cognitive scientist Michael Frank studies differences in how children and AI learn language. There is a “data gap” between the billions of words ChatGPT has to work with and the millions of words a toddler is exposed to. But, says Frank, children learn in a rich social context that supports their learning. He’s currently conducting the “BabyView Study,” where he puts cameras on young children's heads to help him understand their learning experience, as Frank tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Episode Reference Links:Wordbank: An open database of children's vocabulary developmentManyBabiesThe SAYCamBabyView StudyConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman, host, introduces the episode's focus on the future of language learning and guest, Michael Frank, an expert on how children acquire language(02:05) Child Vs AI Language AcquisitionChild language acquisition and the comparison with AI systems like ChatGPT, the differences in language learning between humans and AI, including the vast data exposure AI systems have compared to children.(05:23) Data-driven ApproachesThe importance of big data in understanding language acquisition and the Wordbank database.(08:04) The Early Stages of Language LearningThe universal aspects of language learning across different languages and cultures, specifically babbling and its evolution into language-specific sounds.(10:30) Exploring Multimodal Language LearningIntroduction to the SAYcam project, and the BabyView study both using camera footage from children to gather multimodal information. (13:12) Social Learning and Language AcquisitionInsights into how social interactions and grounded contexts facilitate children's language learning. Exploration of active learning strategies in children.(18:22) The ManyBabies ProjectA Global research consortium to understand child development across cultures, their first study documented infants' global preference for infant-directed speech. Michael outlines the funding challenges(21:28) Understanding Pragmatics and AI Common SenseExplanation of pragmatics in language acquisition and its importance in social cognition and inference making. The connection between pragmatic language skills in children and the challenge of instilling common sense in AI systems.(24:21) The Role of Reading in Language LearningThe benefits of reading to children for language development while still recognizing diverse learning paths and early auditory learning.(27:54) Multilingualism and Early Learning FlexibilityThe natural ease of learning multiple languages in childhood and when and why the flexibility in language learning begins to decline.(30:35) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re re-running an important episode on Alzheimer’s disease — a topic that touches many people. We still don’t have a complete understanding of the disease and that makes it hard to design effective therapies. In 2022, Russ Altman sat down with mechanical engineer Ellen Kuhl who offered a glimpse into the way she’s using computational modeling to help improve our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction Russ introduces the episode on Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its global impact, challenges treating it, and Dr. Ellen Kuhl’s research on it.(00:02:08) The Approach and Research MethodsEllen Kuhl discusses her lab's interdisciplinary approach, and method of using existing data to create dynamic models to study the brain's lifecycle and degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.(00:03:46) Key Features of Alzheimer's Disease and DetectionBiomarkers of Alzheimer's, their role in brain cell death and cognitive decline, and the possibilities for early detection methods of these protein issues.(00:07:20) How Computational Models FunctionHow the models integrate various data points and physics principles to comprehensively understand Alzheimer's progression.(00:08:43) Spread of the DiseaseExploring the mechanisms of how Alzheimer's spreads from cell to cell in the brain, and the progression through the lobes of the brain, regardless of the cause genetic or trauma induced.(00:12:33) Interdisciplinary Collaboration The challenges and benefits of working as a mechanical engineer in Alzheimer's research and the opportunities of a multidisciplinary approach.(00:14:33) Alzheimer's Drug Development Modeling a controversial Alzheimer's drug, its potential impact, and the importance of early diagnosis for effective treatment.(00:16:04) Transition to COVID Research and ModelingHow the Alzheimer's model was rapidly adapated to study the spread of COVID-19, drawing parallels between brain regions and city networks.(00:18:38) Covid Modeling Learnings and ApplicationsHow their COVID models highlighted the importance of asymptomatic transmission and helped governments with reopening strategies.(00:20:24) Responsible Model Application The rampant and at times irresponsible use of models during the pandemic, and metrics for measuring credibility of models(00:23:59) COVID Data SharingThe positive legacy of COVID-19, focusing on the accelerated progress facilitated by open and transparent data sharing.(00:24:53) Model Interpretability and ClosingInsights into the importance of model interpretability and the value of reducing complexity to enhance understanding. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Ran Abramitzky studies the economic history of immigration by tapping into now-public government records and using AI to chart changing attitudes on immigration captured in written documents and official speeches. What’s revealed is a remarkable story that often diverges from conventional wisdom. Not all streets were paved with gold, Abramitzky tells host Russ Altman, himself a descendant of immigrants, on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode's focus on immigration myths, and the data story behind them with economist Ran Abramitzky.(00:01:56) The Methods & Data used Ran explains his approach to researching immigration using quantitative methods, data sets, and text analysis.(00:03:39) Who is an Immigrant?A conversation on the scope of the term 'immigrant' and the focus on voluntary immigration in this work(00:05:01) Personal Anecdotes and Immigrant ExperiencesRuss & Ran discuss the truth behind opportunities presented through immigration, illustrated by Russ’s family experience. (00:07:11) The Rags to Riches MythDebunking this story, looking at the economic status of immigrants on arrival and the generational improvements, often driven by taking jobs beneath their skill levels.(00:09:17) Cultural AssimilationExamining the cultural assimilation of immigrants, including marriage patterns, naming children, and citizenship.(00:10:53) Current Relevance of Historical Immigration PatternsThe consistency of historical immigration trends across nationalities and generation, despite policy changes regarding borders(00:13:09) Crime MythsExploration of resistance to immigration, debunking of myths linking immigrants to increased crime rates, incarceration data(00:15:39) Historical and Contemporary PolarizationExamining how political rhetoric and attitudes towards immigrants have evolved over the last 150 years, focusing on polarization.(00:18:00) Immigrant Beliefs on ImmigrationDiscussion on how immigrants' attitudes towards immigration change after settling in the U.S.(00:20:34) Refugees & Ellis Island InterviewsInterviews with immigrants from Ellis Island provide insights into the experiences of refugees versus economic immigrants and the convergence of immigrant paths by the second or third generation.(00:24:36) Impact of Research on Government PolicyThe influence, or lack, of immigration research on government policy and public perception. Abramitzky shares the importance of a long-term view of immigration success.(00:27:15) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re re-releasing a wonderful episode about the positive impact art has on individual and societal health. Guest Deborah Cullinan, vice president for the arts at Stanford, shares how including just 10-20 minutes of art in your day — whether through drawing or dancing to your favorite song — can contribute to improved health. Her insights remind us, and hopefully will remind you as well, that art plays a valuable role in both individual and societal well being. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction(00:02:04) The Power & Appreciation of ArtDiscussion on the societal shift and increased appreciation and demand for art activities.(00:05:30) Expansive Definition of Art Discussion on potential pushback and challenges in defining art boundaries.(00:07:55) Art and Health The intersection of art and health, emphasizing its significance and the book “Your Brain on Art” and some of the neuroscience based benefits.(00:11:33) Art in Healthcare Highlighting some of the programs integrating art and healthcare at Stanford including, Stanford Medicine's program "Medicine in the Muse" art programs for healthcare providers, and supporting mental health services for students.(00:13:30) Micro Art Moments The potential benefits of small doses of art and demand for art programs (00:15:19) Fluidity in Creating and Consuming Art The symbiotic relationship between creators and consumers of art and the way creating makes you appreciate art more.(00:18:04) Technology and the Arts (00:22:44) Exciting Art Collaborations at Stanford(00:25:53) The Importances of Art Spaces as safe spaces and community hubs(00:28:27) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

As the pandemic made a doctor visit as easy as a Zoom call and computer vision proved able to distinguish a benign blemish from something more worrisome, guest Eleni Linos, MD, DrPH, grew fascinated with the many ways digital technologies will impact all of medicine, not just her specialty, dermatology. She now believes the future of digital health is the future of health, period. But much work remains to ensure those benefits extend to every sector of society. Linos previews the future of digital health for host and fellow physician Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces Professor Eleni Linos and they discuss a future where digital health encompasses all aspects of healthcare and how we have moved towards that. (02:10) Defining Digital HealthThe challenge of defining digital health and envisioning a future where it integrates seamlessly into healthcare without differentiation.(03:33) Dermatology and Digital HealthEleni explains her interest in digital tools for dermatology, how they have been applied in dermatology and why they are useful.(06:41) Challenges in Examining Diverse Skin TypesAddressing challenges in dermatological exams for patients with diverse skin tones and backgrounds.(09:05) Impact on Patients and Health DisparitiesAssessing patient reactions & benefits to remote interactions and studying health disparities concerning age, ethnicity, and technology literacy.(10:56) LLMs, Digital Health, & BiasHow large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are used in digital health, and their biases, and the need for and how Dr. Linos is working to reduce these.(15:24) Empathy and AI Dr. Linos tells a personal story about empathy demonstrated by Chat GPT, and reflects on the potential of AI to enhance patient interactions and care.(18:47) Social Media in Public HealthInsights into leveraging social media for public health campaigns, the strategies used to influence behavioral changes in specific demographics, and how it was employed during COVID(24:33) Challenges in Digital Medicine EducationExploring the challenges & opportunities in preparing future clinicians for a digital medicine-infused future. (28:20) Stanford Center for Digital HealthThe vision and purpose of the Center for Digital Health at Stanford, emphasizing the collaboration between academia, tech companies, and a global perspective to tackle future health challenges. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

To kick off 2024, we’re bringing you an episode that’s been one of our most popular. The timing is just right as many of us are headed into the new year thinking about how to live better. In this episode, Professor Helen Blau, a stem cell biologist, tells us all about how she’s recruiting stem cells to regenerate youthful muscle in older people. We’re thrilled to bring this episode out of the archives for another listen and renewed hope about possibilities ahead in the world of health. Happy New Year from Russ and the team here at The Future of Everything. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction & Importance of Muscles in AgingHost Russ Altman introduces the episode, the ways that muscles weakening with age affects us, and how guest, Professor Helen Blau’s work with stem cells is addressing this.(00:02:03) Regenerative Medicine & Stem CellsThe goals of regenerative medicine in enhancing the quality of life as people age. Overview of different types of stem cells and their potential.(00:04:28) Focus on Muscle: Sarcopenia and AgingEmphasizing the desire to age well, and the centrality of muscles in daily activities and how they atrophy with age.(00:07:44) Approaches to Combating Muscle AgingLack of available drugs addressing muscle wasting and potential research directions. Targeting stem cells and mature muscle fibers for rejuvenation.(00:09:09) Lab Discoveries and ChallengesDr. Blau's lab experiments to identify and maintain functional stem cells, the breakthrough in bioengineering microenvironments & it’s impact.(00:12:41) Stem Cell RejuvenationInsights into rejuvenating stem cell functions through cell therapy that lead to. (00:14:37) Inflammatory Pathways and Stem Cell ResponseDr Blau explains the importance of the wave of inflammation for stem cells, and the discoveries this lead to. (00:17:55) Broad-Scale Muscle RejuvenationExploring systemic alterations targeting inflammation pathways for global muscle regeneration. Identification of PGE-2 degrading enzyme and results of limiting this enzyme.(00:21:33) Human Trials, Challenges & Drug DevelopmentDiscussion on the prospects of translating findings to human treatments and developing an oral drug(00:24:42) Timeline and Clinical TrialsAnticipated timelines for the drug's availability for human trials and potential applications. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Russ's curated playlist of six episodes from our archive to accompany you through the holiday season & into the new year.Curated Episode Links:Is it time to rethink philanthropy? (Robert Reich) --> YouTube or Episode PageThe future of the gut microbiome (KC Huang) --> YouTube or Episode PageHow 3D printing is changing medicine (Joseph DeSimone) --> YouTube or Episode PageThe future of computational linguistics (Chris Manning) --> YouTube or Episode PageWhy physical books will always be with us (Elaine Treharne) --> YouTube or Episode PageA mobile app can be the gateway for helping communities improve their health and well-being (Abby King) --> YouTube or Episode PageConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Professor Michael Fischbach, tells us that the “gut biome” – that is, the complex community of bacteria that lives in our gastrointestinal tract – is what makes digesting and extracting nutrients from those meals possible. We hope you’ll tune in.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction to Microbiome: A PrimerHost Russ Altman introduces the episode and its focus on the gut biome with guest Professor Michael Fischbach. Russ discusses the importance of bacteria & the influence of diet on maintaining a healthy microbiome, specifically yogurt(00:04:08) The Role of BacteriaAn explanation of how bacteria are utilized by our body for digestion(00:06:16) Antibiotics and Gut Microbiome DisruptionThe repercussions of antibiotic use on the gut microbiome's composition and its effects on digestion.(00:07:14) Bacterial Chemicals in the BodyA detailed explanation of how bacteria create chemicals that enter the bloodstream & example of one of these chemicals, of TMAO (trimethylamine N oxide) and its connection to heart disease risk. (00:09:48) Vegans and TMAOInsight into a study involving vegans and their lack of TMAO production due to the absence of specific gut bacteria & its implications.(00:12:31) Bacteria's Use of Chemicals for SurvivalDr. Fischbach explains how bacteria utilize chemicals in food due to the absence of oxygen in the gut. The concept of electrons and their role in bacterial survival.(00:14:17) Microbial CommunitiesDiscussion on manipulating microbial communities and the challenges associated with making precise changes. (00:15:22) Fecal Transplants and Community DynamicsInsight into the success of fecal transplants in treating gut infections. Understanding the dynamics of microbial communities and their role in combating infections.(00:18:30) Building Complex Microbial CommunitiesExploring efforts to construct diverse communities and the stability of ecosystems. Early observations on the interactions between various bacterial species in complex communities(00:21:16) Precision Fecal TransplantsDiscussion on the limitations of fecal transplants and the need and potential for precision in microbial composition for treating diseases. (00:22:29) Microbiome Diagnostics for Disease DetectionThe potential of microbiome analysis as a diagnostic tool for diseases like Crohn's, based on differences in gut community rosters. The debate around whether changes in the microbiome precede or result from diseases, as well as genetic & environmental factors.(00:25:39) Fermented Foods and Microbiome ImpactDiscussion on the potential health benefits of fermented foods and predictions about future interventions involving bacteria (00:26:29) Microbiome and Aging EffectsEarly research on the impact of aging on the microbiome and the potential for programmed microbiome composition at different life stages. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Professor Stephen Quake's research has helped countless patients avoid the pain and suffering that can come with invasive diagnostic testing. Russ and Stephen discuss his work to develop a number of noninvasive blood tests to help detect preterm births, genetic disorders like Down Syndrome, cancer, and organ transplant rejection. It’s an episode that reminds us of the power of good science. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode featuring Dr. Stephen Quake, highlighting his contributions to non-invasive blood tests. (00:00:46) Understanding DNA in DiagnosticsIntroduction to the revelation of detecting DNA in the bloodstream, shedding light on various bodily processes.(00:02:24) The Beginning of Dr. Quake’s work with Cell Free DNADr. Quake tells the story of his journey into research with cell free DNA beginning with searching for a less risky alternative to an amniocentesis(00:05:11) Impact on Prenatal TestingThe transformation in prenatal diagnostics, replacing invasive tests & understanding the detection capabilities for prenatal genetic disorders like using cell-free DNA.(00:06:39) Transplant Rejection MonitoringThe discovery of cell free DNA & it’s use in heart & lung transplant patients detecting early rejection & the real-life implications of this technology.(00:10:35) Unveiling Infectious AgentsThe detection of infectious agents in blood & the real life applications of this discovery(00:14:52) Advances in Cancer DetectionDiscussion shifts to cancer detection using cell-free DNA, emphasizing the important application of monitoring cancer progression and treatment efficacy. (00:17:18) Predicting Preterm BirthDr. Quake delves into the groundbreaking research predicting preterm births using cell-free RNA and DNA, sharing insights into discoveries indicating preterm birth risks and gestational age predictions and the significance of this.(00:21:42) The Chan Zuckerberg Biohub's MissionThe origins and bold mission of Steve Quake’s current work at the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, to cure, treat, or prevent all human diseases by the end of the century and the feasibility of such an ambitious goal. (00:24:03) Biohub's Research StrategyBiohub's strategy focusing on cell biology and infectious diseases internally, while funding nearly a hundred faculty across diverse areas in Bay Area Universities.(00:26:26) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Percy Liang is an authority on AI who says that we are undergoing a paradigm shift in AI powered by foundation models, which are general-purpose models trained at immense scale, such as ChatGPT. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, Liang tells host Russ Altman about how foundation models are built, how to evaluate them, and the growing concerns with lack of openness and transparency.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces Percy Liang, who runs the Stanford Center on Foundation Models (00:02:26) Defining Foundation ModelsPercy Liang explains the concept of foundation models and the paradigm shift they represent. (00:04:22) How are Foundation Models Built & Trained?Explanation of the training data sources and the scale of training data: training on trillions of words. Details on the network architecture, parameters, and the objective function.(00:10:36) Context Length & Predictive CapabilitiesDiscussion on context length and its role in predictions. Examples illustrating the influence of context length on predictive accuracy. (00:12:28) Understanding HallucinationPercy Liang explains how foundation models “hallucinate”, and the need for both truth and creative tasks which requires “lying”. (00:15:19) Alignment and Reinforcement in TrainingThe role of alignment and reinforcement learning from human feedback in controlling model outputs. (00:18:14) Evaluating Foundation ModelsThe shift from task-specific evaluations to comprehensive model evaluations, Introduction of HELM & the challenges in evaluation these models. (00:25:09) Foundation Models Transparency IndexPercy Liang details the Foundation Models Transparency Index, the initial results and reactions by the companies evaluated by it.(00:29:42) Open vs. Closed AI Models: Benefits & RisksThe spectrum between open and closed AI models , benefits and security impacts Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Alex Konings studies fundamental links between the global cycle of water percolating into the ground and evaporating into the skies and a similar cycle of carbon moving through the world, shaping ecosystems, droughts, and fires. These cycles are inextricably bound, she says, and understanding how they function individually and in tandem is key to life on planet Earth. These important cycles may be easily overlooked but they cannot be ignored, Konings tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introductions Host Russ Altman introduces the episode's focus on plant water with Dr. Alex Konings.(00:02:37) Understanding Global Carbon and Water CyclesDr. Konings defines and explains the global carbon and water cycles and their interconnectedness, and significance(00:05:08) TranspirationDetailed explanation of transpiration: the movement of water through plants, from soil to leaves and into the atmosphere. Significance of transpiration in the context of water loss and its impact on available resources.(00:07:25) Implications of TranspirationDiscussion on how transpiration affects weather, solar energy, weather forecasts & water cycling via transpiration.(00:10:21) Transpiration and Climate ChangeDr. Konings elaborates on the changing dynamics of transpiration in response to rising atmospheric temperatures & how plants adapt to increased transpiration, as well as their area of research.(00:13:48) Using Satellites to measure Plant Water ContentExplanation of how satellites utilize microwaves and radar technology to measure water content in plants & challenges associated with it.(00:18:37) Impact of Transpiration on DroughtsDr. Konings elaborates on how increased transpiration in higher temperature intensifies and speeds up the onset of drought conditions.(00:21:37) Satellite Gravity Measurements for Groundwater AssessmentAn explanation of how satellites can be utilized to measure groundwater by measuring the force of gravity. (00:22:30) Plant Water Dynamics, Fire Risk & PredictionsDr. Konings discusses the intricate relationship between plant water dynamics and fire risk, and how satellite-derived plant water data can be utilized in fire risk assessment models.(00:26:39) Satellite Sources and Public Data AccessibilityInsight into the satellites used for measurements & accessibility of satellite data from federal agencies for research and public use.(00:27:51) Role in Governmental Agencies and PolicyDr. Konings elaborates on how her measurements and research is being utilized by government bodies and the potential for it. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re re-running a fascinating conversation Russ had with Zhenan Bao back in 2017 about the work she and her lab are doing to develop artificial skin. The possible applications of a material that could replicate properties of human skin range from restoring a sense of touch for amputees to creating bendable electronics. Thank you for tuning in, we hope you enjoy this episode from the archives.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introduction and Understanding the Significance of SkinRuss Altman introduces the episode, guest, Dr. Zhenan Bao, and the topic of artificial skin technology. (00:02:40) Exploring the Science Behind Artificial SkinDr. Bao explains the materials and mechanisms behind artificial skin.(00:05:51) Practical Applications and Future PossibilitiesPotential applications, including foldable cell phones, sensors on prosthetic limbs, paint, and clothing, the opportunities and concerns. (00:10:06) Self-Healing Properties of Artificial SkinDr. Bao explains the concept of self-healing materials, inspired by biological systems, enabled by shape memory materials.(00:12:33) Exploring Applications in Energy SourcesPotential applications of flexible materials in solar cells and lithium-ion batteries, & safety concerns and battery health monitoring using these materials.(00:15:05) Integrating Multiple Sensory FunctionsRuss asks about the possibility of integrating various sensory functions into a single material, and Dr. Bao explains options for layering using inkjet and 3d printing.(00:17:56) Interface Challenges and Communicating with the Human BrainThe conversation delves into the challenges of interfacing electronic materials with the human brain.(00:19:54) Research Motivation and Collaborative ApproachDr. Bao shares her journey into her field of research, the collaborators she chooses and her studentès innovations.(00:22:51) Bendable Cell Phones: A Glimpse into the FutureInsights into the future of smartphones, describing bendable devices that offer a transformative user experience.(00:25:11) University Research and Transformative ImpactDr. Zhenan Bao explains the focus of university research, emphasizing the importance of dreaming about the future, training the next generation, and balancing transformative impact with long-term goals. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Space exploration and travel are two topics that are always exciting, and that have sparked a lot of enthusiasm about the future. Debbie Senesky, a previous guest on the show, researches ways to develop tiny, tough electronics that could help augment our abilities to further explore extreme environments, such as those found in space. Today we’re re-running a conversation Russ had with Debbie in 2017 on this topic. Enjoy.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces the episode, guest, Dr. Debbie Senesky and electronics for extreme environments.(00:04:29) Challenges in Space ExplorationDr. Senesky's insights into the challenges of space exploration, focusing on the need for tiny and tough electronics and introduces wide bandgap semiconductor materials.(00:07:38) Operation Temperatures of New MaterialsDiscussion on the operational temperatures of wide band gap semiconductor materials, & contextualization of these temperatures in everyday life.(00:10:13) Venus and it’s harsh environmentIntroduction to Venus, and its unique characteristics as well as the scientific goals and reasons for studying it.(00:13:10) History of Venus Missions and ExplorationOverview of past Venus missions, including the Venera program by Russia, and the challenges faced in engineering for these missions(00:16:21) Engineering Challenges in Other Space ExplorationThe conversation moves on to some of the other challenges posed by exploring other planets and areas of space including cold temps and power sources.(00:18:03) Collaboration with Space AgenciesDiscussion on collaborations between research labs and space agencies like NASA; Dr. Senesky explains her current area of research and opportunities for testing. (00:21:15) The Space Industry Renaissance and Access to SpaceRuss & Debbie discuss the current boom of the space industry, the technology and developments, as well as the challenges raised by it.(00:23:34) Nanoscale Materials and Engineering ChallengesIntroduction to nanoscale materials, their production, and their applications in space technologies. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Using math to improve photographs, with expert guest Gordon Wetzstein. Such methods have exploded in recent years and have wide-ranging impacts from improving your family photos, to making self-driving cars safer, to building ever-more-powerful microscopes. Somewhere in between hardware and software, he says, is the field of computational imaging, which makes cameras do some pretty amazing things. Wetzstein and host Russ Altman bring it all into focus on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) Introductions Host Russ Altman introduces the guest, Gordon Wetzstein as well as the concept of non-line-of-sight imaging.(00:02:58) Computational Imaging Gordon Wetzstein explains the concept of computational imaging and the way it integrates hardware and software for optimal image capture.(00:04:22) High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging & Focal StackingAn explanation of what HDR is and how it captures high-contrast scenes, and the similar process of focal stacking, using multiple images to create depth. (00:09:56) Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging (00:15:51) Optical Computing: Extending Hardware Capabilities Insights into optical computing, explaining how specially designed hardware can preprocess data for AI algorithms.(00:18:08) Applications of Optical ComputingExploration of applications for optical computing in power constraint systems and increased efficiency in data centers.(00:23:07) The Intersection of AI, Physics, and Computer Graphics Synergy between AI, physics, and computer graphics in creating 3D content and models. (00:25:47) Generative AI to Create 3D from 2DExploring the challenge of generating 3D digital humans from unstructured 2D images using algorithms(00:32:02) Challenges & Advancements in VR and AR Design Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Almost everyone knows someone who has battled cancer. Today, on The Future of Everything, we’re re-running our episode with Professor Jennifer Cochran who is bringing some hope in this area through work she and her lab are doing to find ways to localize therapies directly to the site of cancer tumors for more efficient and effective treatment. You won’t want to miss this one, it’s full of inspiring insights that will hopefully move us toward a future of improving outcomes for cancer patients.Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode, highlighting the widespread impact of cancer and the need for innovative treatment methods.(00:00:45) Traditional Cancer TreatmentsOverview of conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Challenges and limitations associated with existing treatments.(00:03:30) New Approaches to Cancer TherapyExploration of targeted therapies utilizing biological understanding of cancer cells. (00:05:46) Guided Chemotherapy MissilesIntroduction of guest Dr. Jennifer Cochran and her work developing ‘guided chemotherapy missiles’. Dr Cochran explains how they work and the benefits of them.(00:09:04) Directed Evolution and Designer ProteinsIntroduction to the concept of directed evolution, the process of driving evolution in a test tube to create designer proteins with specific properties.(00:11:16) Utilizing Squirting Cucumber Seed Peptides for ChemotherapyDr. Cochran discusses how they transformed a peptide from the seeds of the squirting cucumber into a tumor-targeting agent, the challenges of the process and the current state of the research.(00:14:56) Immunotherapy and Cancer TreatmentIntroduction to immunotherapy and how these therapies work in our body to fight cancers(00:16:45) Orchestrating Immune Responses: Combining Immunotherapy and Targeted MoleculesDr. Cochran explains the collaboration between tumor targeting technology and immunotherapy and current developments.(00:20:08) Making Immunotherapy Accessible: Challenges and InnovationsDr. Cochran discusses the availability of immunotherapies for cancer patients and the need for broader accessibility.(00:21:30) Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Technology ApplicationExploration of interdisciplinary collaborative research, the challenges and opportunities.(00:22:59) Translating Lab Discoveries into TreatmentsRuss & Jennifer discuss the process and challenges of translating lab research from academia into actual drug development including “ the valley of death” Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Transformational research techniques shaping our understanding of how the brain works.Guest Karl Deisseroth is a bioengineer and a psychiatrist who has developed two of the most transformational research techniques shaping our understanding of how the brain works — optogenetics, which allows neuroscientists to control brain cells with light, and CLARITY, a way to render the brain’s gray matter transparent yet retain all its intricate wiring for easier study. There is a vast chasm between neuroscience and psychiatry, Deisseroth says of the reasons he felt compelled to develop technology ahead of pursuing science. It was never a trade-off of one over the other, however. It was simply where we had to go to get better at the science, Deisseroth tells fellow bioengineer and host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapters:(00:00:00) Introduction to Karl DeisserothRuss Altman introduces the episode and Karl Deisseroth, highlighting his roles as a professor of bioengineering and psychiatry. Explanation of Karl Deisseroth's approach to addressing challenges in neuroscience through technology development and application.(00:03:23) Balancing Technology Development and Scientific ExplorationDiscussion on the challenges of balancing technology development with scientific exploration. Karl Deisseroth's perspective on integrating technology development as a primary goal in neuroscience research.(00:05:03) Optogenetics: Controlling Neurons with LightIntroduction to optogenetics as a method for precise control of individual cells using light. Explanation of the historical challenges in controlling neurons and the need for precise techniques.(00:07:25) Importance of Bioengineering in InnovationHighlighting the role of bioengineering in translating scientific ideas into practical tools. Importance of collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches in bioengineering and neuroscience.(00:10:04) Discovering Microbial Rhodopsins and OpsinsKarl Deisseroth explains the class of proteins known as microbial rhodopsins and their genes, microbial opsins. Discussion on the historical knowledge of these proteins and their presence in biochemistry textbooks.(00:12:50) Realizing Optogenetics in Human BrainsKarl Deisseroth discusses the practical application of optogenetics in the central nervous system of human beings. An example of a successful experiment by Karl's colleague Botond Roska, enabling a blind person to see objects.(00:16:01) Bridging Psychiatry and NeurotechnologyTransition to discussing Karl Deisseroth's role as a practicing psychiatrist and the challenges faced in patient care. Integration of clinical experiences into scientific research and its impact on experimental design and understanding disease processes.(00:16:54) The Intersection of Science and MedicineExamination of the balance between clinical practice and scientific research in Karl Deisseroth's work. Importance of firsthand patient experiences in shaping research goals and addressing clinical challenges.(00:20:25) Unraveling Brain Complexity with OptogeneticsDiscussion on the complexity of the brain's parts list and challenges in categorizing cell types. Utilizing optogenetic tools to explore specific brain cell types and their functions. The intersection of clinical psychiatry, technology, and neuroscience in advancing our understanding of the brain.(00:21:00) Integrating Optogenetics into NeuroscienceExploration of the significance of having a detailed parts list for the brain and its impact on optogenetic research. Integrating optogenetic tools to study diverse brain functions and disorders. The evolving landscape of neuroscience research and the potential applications of optogenetics in the future.(00:24:53) The Interconnectedness of Brain CellsExamination of experiments recording from tens of thousands of cells while observing a thirsty mouse's behavior. Insights into the rapid and interconnected nature of the brain, lead to widespread correlations among neurons.(00:28:05) Writing "Projections": Balancing Science and LiteratureKarl Deisseroth's motivation for writing "Projections" was to share the inner worlds of psychiatric patients and communicate scientific advancements. Challenges in balancing literary creativity with scientific accuracy, capturing patients' experiences while staying grounded in truth.(00:31:02) Receiving Feedback and Impact of "Projections"Reflection on the reception of "Projections" and feedback received from readers, including patients with psychiatric disorders.Karl Deisseroth's satisfaction in capturing the experiences of patients and the impact of the book on diverse readers. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information

A perspective on the need for diversity and empathy in the engineering profession. As we enter a new academic year, it’s an opportune time to think about how we’re educating the next generation of engineers. Russ's conversation in 2020 with Sheri Sheppard, an emeritus professor of mechanical engineering and founder of the Designing Education Lab at Stanford, sheds light on this important topic. Professor Sheppard shares about ways that will help us educate engineers who not only are technically trained but also bring empathy into their work.Chapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces the episode and the importance of engineering education in society.(00:00:46) The Core of EngineeringRuss Altman discusses the overarching themes of engineering education: problem-solving, scientific grounding, social context, and design.(00:02:11) The Need for Diversity in EngineeringIntroduction to Professor Sheri Sheppard and her efforts in expanding engineering education. Discussion on the lack of diversity in the engineering profession and its implications. The influence of engineers on everyday life and the need for diverse perspectives in product design.(00:06:51) Beyond Traditional SciencesReflecting on the historical shift from a focus on sciences to incorporating design and social sciences in engineering education.(00:09:11) Human-Centered EngineeringExamining the importance of considering human factors, ergonomics, and cognitive aspects in engineering solutions.(00:10:35) Student Challenges and ResponsesAddressing student responses to the expanded approach in engineering education. Discussing the importance of learning to interpret qualitative data and the openness to learning in various fields.(00:12:26) Diverse Perspectives in Engineering EducationRuss Altman discusses the expansion of engineering education beyond traditional sciences and mathematics. Professor Sheri Sheppard emphasizes the importance of empathy, ethics, and diverse perspectives in engineering problem-solving. Exploring the challenges of integrating these principles into the curriculum and industry practices.(00:14:42) Industry Response and Cultural ChangeHow companies are recognizing the positive impact of diversity on innovation and bottom-line performance. Challenges faced by companies in integrating diversity into their organizational culture and recognizing it in job descriptions.(00:17:00) Challenges Faced by TrailblazersProfessor Sheri Sheppard shares her experiences as a woman engineer in the automotive industry. Navigating the feelings of isolation and strategies for finding allies and support within organizations.(00:18:34) Industry Perspectives and Evidence of Diversity ImpactThe evidence supports the positive impact of diverse teams on innovation. Challenges faced by companies in recognizing diversity efforts and integrating them into performance evaluations.(00:21:50) Empowering Change AgentsStrategies for individuals to become change agents within their organizations. Introduction to the concept of "Tempered Radicals" and navigating organizational change while maintaining professional integrity.(00:25:35) Building Relationships and Gaining RespectThe challenges faced by young and female engineers in gaining respect and credibility in their roles. Encouraging students to find allies and create a supportive network in the workplace.(00:26:58) Navigating Workplace DynamicsAdvice for students entering the workforce as potential change agents. The significance of finding allies and creating spaces for diverse voices to be heard. Developing soft skills, such as networking and communication, as essential tools for success in engineering careers. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Discover how quantum mechanics is reshaping our understanding of time, reestablishing computational capabilities, and ensuring the security of sensitive data transmission. Guest Monika Schleier-Smith is a physicist who says that quantum principles, like entanglement, can make atoms do funny things, such as allowing two atoms to share secrets across great distances. While entanglement opens tantalizing possibilities like quantum computing, there’s still much we don’t know about quantum mechanics. She now uses lasers to “cool” atoms to near motionlessness as a starting point for controlling and proving entanglement, as she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapter Timestamps:(00:00:00) Opening Remarks Monika Schleier Smith, a distinguished professor of physics at Stanford University, kickstarts the episode by introducing the enthralling world of quantum mechanics.Russ Altman introduces the episode and welcomes Monika Schleier Smith to discuss quantum mechanics and entanglement. And he encourages listeners to engage with the podcast by rating and reviewing it.(00:02:50) Quantum Mechanics FundamentalsMonika provides insights into the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, including the concept of quantum uncertainty.(00:04:22) Embracing Entanglement The episode delves into the concept of entanglement, highlighting its non-local properties and the intriguing correlations between particles.(00:06:55) Initiating Quantum Entanglement Monika explains the initial interactions required to establish quantum entanglement between particles. Explore the challenges in preserving entanglement and the impact of quantum measurement.(00:10:12) Laser-Cooled Atoms in Research Monika Schleier Smith sheds light on her lab's laser-cooled atoms research and their vital role in entanglement studies.(00:11:39) The Doppler Effect and Slowing AtomsMonika explains the Doppler effect and its role in slowing down atoms using laser beams. Russ Altman connects the Doppler effect to everyday experiences, like the sound of approaching vehicles.(00:13:04) Tracking and Holding AtomsMonika describes the next steps in their experiments, involving tracking and holding well-controlled atoms in a vacuum. Russ Altman mentions the challenges of maintaining atoms at low temperatures and in isolation.(00:14:49) Getting Atoms to TalkMonika explores the need for entanglement and how it involves making atoms interact. Different approaches, including using Rydberg states and optical resonators, are mentioned.(00:16:17) Leveraging Light as a MessengerMonika introduces the concept of using light to convey information between atoms. The discussion includes optical resonators and controlling interactions on different length scales. Russ Altman jokingly mentions the potential size of the lab.(00:16:32) Preserving EntanglementMonika highlights the challenge of preserving entanglement and preventing information leakage to the outside world. The importance of maintaining secrecy for entangled states is emphasized.(00:17:34) Proving EntanglementMonika explains the need for proving entanglement, distinguishing it from classical correlations. She mentions John Bell's contributions to the theory of proving entanglement. Russ Altman seeks clarification on classical correlations.(00:20:13) Measuring Incompatible ObservablesMonika outlines the measurement of incompatible observables as a way to prove entanglement. The discussion touches on the concept of spin for atom measurements.(00:22:19) Quantum Computing Potential The conversation shifts to quantum computing, where Monika discusses how quantum bits (qubits) can provide computational advantages over classical bits, paving the way for solving complex problems like drug discovery and material science.(00:28:15) Quantum Communication Secrets Monika sheds light on quantum communication's ability to secure data transmission by leveraging the principles of entanglement and quantum error correction. (00:32:39) Conclusion & closing Russ and Monika wrap up their enlightening conversation, emphasizing the ongoing pursuit of quantum knowledge and technology. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Discover the astonishing intricacies of microbial ecosystems and their potential to improve healthcare. Guest KC Huang is many things: A bioengineer. A microbiologist. An inventor. But mostly he’s an expert on the ecology of the human gut. He and his collaborators have developed a device that can sample bacterial DNA and create a living map of the gut microbiome from mouth to … ah, well … you know. Every step of the way, he says, we play host to trillions of guests we know very little about. It’s time we got to know them, Huang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapter Timestamps:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss introduces the gut microbiome and its impact on health. The potential for engineering ourselves through microbiome manipulation.(00:00:57) Overview of Gut MicrobiomeRuss Altman introduces the guest, KC Huang. KC provides an overview of the gut microbiome and its impact on health and everyday life.(00:05:21) Challenges in Studying the Gut MicrobiomeKC Huang discusses the challenges in studying the gut microbiome, including the limited data and the difficulty in accessing the ecosystem.The unique interface between human cells and gut microorganisms is emphasized.(00:07:02) Poop as a Data SourceRuss Altman humorously mentions the collection of poop for research purposes. The difficulties in studying the bowel's internal microbiome are discussed.(00:08:53) Diversity of Gut MicroorganismsKC Huang addresses the diversity of microorganisms in the gut microbiome. The challenges of characterizing the complex ecosystem are highlighted.KC Huang corrects a common misconception about the location of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome as an external influence on the human body is explained.(00:10:45) The Impact of Gut Microbiome Beyond Bowel MovementsRuss Altman mentions the gut microbiome's influence on brain function, diet, exercise, and more. The far-reaching effects of the gut microbiome are introduced.KC Huang addresses the connection between the gut microbiome and brain function. The constant interaction between microorganisms and the brain is emphasized.(00:12:22) Impact of Gut Microbiome on SleepinessThe relationship between post-meal sleepiness and gut microbiome activity is mentioned. The gut as a source of constant growth and activity is explained.(00:13:19) The Device for Studying the Gut MicrobiomeKC Huang introduces an innovative device designed to study the gut microbiome by collecting samples at different points in the gut. The device's simplicity and capabilities for multi-dimensional analysis are highlighted.(00:17:32) Exercise and Its Effect on Body TemperatureThe role of exercise in increasing body temperature and its potential influence on the gut microbiome is explored. Possible connections between exercise, temperature, and gastrointestinal effects are mentioned.(00:21:55 ) The Student Survey on Microbiome TherapiesKC Huang shares the results of a student survey about microbiome-based therapies, highlighting changes in perception after studying the field. The evolving excitement and uncertainty surrounding the field's future are mentioned.(00:23:52) The Need to Embrace Ecosystem ComplexityKC Huang emphasizes the importance of embracing the complexity of the gut microbiome ecosystem. The limitations of reductionist approaches in the field are highlighted.(00:28:20) Complexity with a Thousand SpeciesKC Huang explores the challenges of dealing with complex microbial ecosystems containing thousands of species. The significance of interactions between these species is discussed. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest Jane Willenbring is a geoscientist who studies accelerating coastal erosion. The challenge lies not in understanding why coasts are receding today, but in determining what they looked like a thousand years ago to know how much they’ve changed — a secret revealed in coastal rocks through isotopes shaped by cosmic radiation. But measurement is only one part of the equation, she says. We must now think about erosion’s impact on humans, Willenbring tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapter Timestamps:(00:00:00) Introduction by Jane Willenbring Jane Willenbring, a distinguished expert in coastal erosion and a professor at Stanford University, joins Russ Altman to explore "The Future of Coastal Erosion."(00:01:42) Defining Coastal ErosionDr. Willenbring provides an overview of coastal erosion, explaining its causes and effects on coastlines around the world. She discusses the natural processes and human influences contributing to coastal landscape erosion.(00:04:56) Challenges of Coastal ErosionThe conversation delves into the challenges of coastal erosion, including the impacts on infrastructure, property, and communities. Dr. Willenbring highlights the complexities of addressing erosion in different geographical regions and the importance of understanding erosion rates.(00:06:44) Erosion Rates and PredictionsDr. Willenbring discusses the methods used to measure erosion rates and predict future coastal changes. She explains how these predictions can guide policy and planning decisions to mitigate the impacts of erosion.(00:10:49) Impacts on the Infrastructure Dr. Willenbring shared the impacts on the infrastructure and on the actual coast. Also shared all the different kinds of reasons to be concerned about the same.(00:12:44) Interplay with Policy and PlanningThe conversation shifts to the intersection of coastal erosion with policy and planning. Dr. Willenbring explores how episodic erosion events and long-term projections influence decision-making for infrastructure and land use.(00:15:49) Building Bridges vs. Managed Retreat Exploration of options for addressing coastal erosion, such as building bridges.Consideration of the downsides of building bridges and hardening infrastructure. Examination of landscape "unzipping" and its implications for erosion.(00:18:15) Sea Level Rise and Its Coastal ImpactDelve into the ways in which sea level rise affects coastlines and the Impact of flooding and potential changes in coastal shapes. Explore the significance of wide beaches in protecting coastlines.(00:22:33) Displacement and Human Impacts Delve into the potential displacement caused by coastal erosion. Focus on the impact on low-income communities and indigenous villages. Reflection on the ethical considerations of policy responses.(00:25:16) Health Implications and Infrastructure ChallengesExamining the potential health risks associated with coastal erosion.Consideration of compromised water treatment plants and their consequences.Discussion on the uncertainties and challenges of responding to erosion-related threats.(00:26:34) Role of Vegetation in Coastal DefenceExplore the role of vegetation in protecting coastlines. Difference between invasive and native plants in coastal environments.Insights into the potential use of kelp for wave buffering.(00:27:50) Human Activities and Cliff StabilityExamining the impact of human activities, such as irrigation, on cliff stability. Discussion on the potential consequences of excessive water use on erosion. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Join host Russ Altman with guest Rania Awaad, M.D., a Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine where she is the Director of the Stanford Muslim Mental Health & Islamic Psychology Lab. Delve into the intersection of mental health and spirituality, shedding light on the importance of holistic approaches for comprehensive healing. Drawing from historical wisdom, Awaad introduces the concept of Maristans, ancient healing centers that integrate physical, mental, and spiritual therapies to offer a holistic model of care. As the conversation unfolds, listeners gain a deeper understanding of how these principles can be applied in modern healthcare, fostering patient-centric approaches that consider mind, body, and spirit. From addressing diverse faiths to collaboration between medical and spiritual practitioners, Awaad's insights pave the way for a future where holistic healing is at the forefront of medical practice.Chapter Timestamps:(00:00:00) IntroductionRania Awaad discusses her journey in studying the connection between Islam and mental health, including historical understandings of mental illness and treatments, such as talk therapy.(00:03:05) Special Challenges in Studying Muslim Mental HealthProfessor Awaad discusses the challenges of providing mental health care to the diverse Muslim community in the United States. The impact of immigration, intergenerational trauma, and racial diversity on mental health is highlighted. Factors like acculturation, family dynamics, and historical trauma are considered.(00:06:50) The Intersection of Faith and Mental HealthProfessor Awaad shares insights into how the Islamic faith intersects with mental health. The concept of holistic health in Islam and its implications for mental health are explained. Early Muslim scholars' references to scripture in understanding and treating mental illness are discussed.(00:13:13) Faith and Resistance to TreatmentThe conversation delves into addressing resistance to medical treatment based on religious beliefs. The concept of "spiritual bypassing" is introduced, where religious frameworks are used to explain mental health issues. Professor Awaad shares her unique approach as a dual-trained psychiatrist and theologian.(00:14:22) Transferring Knowledge to PractitionersRuss Altman inquires how to transfer Professor Awaad's insights and dual training to other practitioners. The role of her nonprofit, Maristan, in providing training and resources is highlighted. The development of integrated psychotherapy models and training is discussed.(00:17:09) Common Threads in Different FaithsThe discussion explores commonalities in mental health challenges and solutions across Abrahamic faiths. The potential for sharing insights and strategies among different religious communities is emphasized.(00:19:19) The Impact of COVID-19 on Muslim Mental HealthThe challenges faced by the Muslim community during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially during Ramadan, are discussed. Professor Awaad shares findings from a global study on Muslims' mental health perceptions during the pandemic.(00:23:00) Maristan: A Place of HealingThe nonprofit organization Maristan is introduced, and its name's historical significance is explained. The role of Maristan in integrating spirituality and mental health care is discussed, along with its goal of making mental health care more accessible to all communities. While modern languages have introduced alternative terms for hospitals, the historical terminology persists in some regions.(00:25:10) Bringing Holistic Healing to Modern MedicineRuss Altman discusses the concept of healing centers and the need to reintroduce holistic healing into modern medicine. Professor Awaad shares her vision of Maristans serving as a model for modern healthcare, emphasizing holistic care for the mind, body, and soul.(00:27:21) Maristans: A Model for Holistic HealingRuss Altman reflects on the patient's desire for holistic care and the limitations of current medical practices. Professor Awaad describes the architectural and therapeutic aspects of Maristans, highlighting their use of water fountains, greenery, acoustics, and sound therapy. The contrast between Maristans and historical asylums/prisons for the mentally ill is discussed. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Bad science is a big problem for society, says guest Jonathan Osborne, an expert in science education, but we don’t have to surrender to it. Beating bad science requires young people to learn three skills, Osborne says. First is an ability to size up conflicts of interest. Second, to evaluate a source’s qualifications. And third, to more rigorously question those who go against consensus. The whole goal of science is consensus, Osborne tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapter Timestamps:(00:00:00) Introduction to the EpisodeWelcome to this episode featuring an insightful conversation with Jonathan Osborne about the nuances of scientific argumentation and its implications for education.(00:2:00) The state of science educationThe situation is a pretty dire, and we need to act soon to make sure that we outfit the future generations with the tools they need to navigate truth and falsehoods in science.(00:03:01) The Importance of Science EducationThe role of science education in society and the need for a new approach to science education(00:08:31) Developmental Learning Progression in Science EducationDiscussion on when young people are cognitively ready to understand the challenges of science education. The Finnish curriculum in media literacy as an example.(00:09:31) Student Attitudes and the Fundamentals of Science EducationThe importance of student attitudes towards science. The role of science education in preparing students to be citizens in a rapidly changing world.(00:11:31) The Shortcomings of Current Science EducationCritique of the current state of science education. The need for focusing on big ideas rather than just facts.(00:14:51) The Key Stakeholders in Changing Science EducationDiscussion on who holds the keys to curricular practices. The role of boards of education, textbook writers, and faculty members in shaping science education.(00:15:21) The Challenges of Changing Science EducationJonathan Osborne's career reflections on trying to make changes. The resistance faced from institutional conservatism. The impact of government changes on science education(00:17:01) The Problem with Current CurriculumLack of opportunities for teachers to pursue their interests. The need to cut back on performance expectations. Giving teachers more freedom and agency.(00:18:29) Misinformation and Science EducationConcerns about misinformation in science. Tools needed to help young people vet information.(00:19:31) The Role of Scientific ArgumentationDifferent forms of scientific argumentation. The importance of teaching scientific argumentation to students.(00:22:36) The Power of Storytelling in ScienceThe need for more stories in science education. How stories can make science more relatable and convincing.(00:27:21) The Urgency of Updating Science EducationThe rate at which teaching standards are updated. The need for flexibility in science education standards. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The Future of computer chip design: delve into a revolutionary approach to chip design. A re-run of a conversation Russ had in 2021 with Priyanka Raina, an assistant professor of electrical engineering. Priya is an expert in computer chip design. Whether or not you realize it, chips are everywhere and power everything from your toaster to your car. Priya discusses the slowing pace of progress in improving chip efficiency, and how she sees a future where chip makers will need to shift away from general-purpose computer chips to task-specific chips.Chapter Time Stamps:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode and the guest, Professor Priyanka Raina, an expert in electrical engineering.(00:01:15) The Traditional Chip Design ParadigmExplore the traditional chip design process and its challenges, including long development times and limitations in reusability.(00:04:28) The Role of Specialized ChipsUnderstand the emergence of specialized chips and how they target specific applications for improved performance.(00:07:56) The Promise of Core-Grain Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs)Learn about core-grain reconfigurable arrays and how they bridge the gap between specialization and adaptability.(00:10:12) Balancing Flexibility and SpecializationDiscover the concept of specialized compute units within CGRAs and how they can be tailored to various applications.(00:13:25) Agile Hardware DesignExplore the concept of agile hardware design and how it enables faster chip development iterations.(00:16:40) Overcoming Hardware and Software ChallengesUnderstand the challenges of combining adaptable hardware with rapidly changing software and applications.(00:19:02) The Role of Compilers in Chip DesignExplore the significance of compilers in translating high-level programming into efficient hardware instructions.(00:21:30) Adapting Compilers for CGRAsDiscover how compilers are adapted to work seamlessly with core-grain reconfigurable arrays, enabling automatic updates as hardware changes.(00:23:40) Benefits of Agile Chip DevelopmentLearn about the potential benefits of agile chip development, including reduced time-to-market and adaptability to evolving applications.(00:26:15) Revolutionizing Chip Development with CGRAsDiscuss how CGRAs can reshape the landscape of chip design, offering a new approach to balancing specialization and adaptability. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Today we're rerunning a conversation Russ had in 2020 with Mykel Kochenderfer, a professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University.Mykel's research has impacted anyone who has been on a plane recently for any kind of travel. His research led to the creation of a program known as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, or ACAS X , which as he explains in more detail, is a critical tool in keeping air travel safe.Thank you for tuning in, and we hope you enjoy this episode from the archives.Chapter Time Stamps:(00:00:50) ACAS X OriginsRuss Altman sets the stage by revisiting a conversation from 2020 with Professor Mykel Kochenderfer, a pioneer in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University. They discuss Mykel's groundbreaking research leading to the creation of the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, ACAS X.(00:03:10) Ensuring Trustworthy Autonomous VehiclesExploring the challenges in building trustworthy autonomous systems, Mykel discusses the complexities of imperfect sensor systems, uncertainty in predicting future trajectory, and the trade-off between safety and operational efficiency.(00:07:20) Dynamic Programming: The Key to ACAS XMykel explains the role of dynamic programming in ACAS X, transforming complex computations into tractable tasks through offline modeling and a lookup table, balancing safety and efficiency.(00:10:30) Balancing Safety and EfficiencyRuss and Mykel delve into the intricate balance between safety and operational efficiency in ACAS X, highlighting the need for AI systems to make sound decisions even in rare, low-probability scenarios.(00:14:15) ACAS X Implementation and Use CasesMykel elaborates on the role of ACAS X in aviation safety, detailing its advisory nature and its integration with air traffic control systems, while addressing the potential automation in specific aircraft models.(00:17:40) Broadening Horizons: Urban Air MobilityExploring the expansion of ACAS X to urban air mobility systems, Russ and Mykel discuss the challenges of modeling and validating models for a wide range of aircraft, and the importance of incorporating human expertise.(00:21:05) Global Collaboration and AI ConsensusMykel emphasizes the collaborative nature of ACAS X implementation, involving different stakeholders, such as the FAA, Eurocontrol, and ICAO, and the role of AI in reaching a consensus on safety objectives.(00:23:30) The Journey AheadAs the conversation draws to a close, Mykel reflects on the evolution of ACAS X, its future applications, and the fusion of AI and human wisdom shaping the skies of tomorrow. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Guest David Rehkopf is an expert in population health who says that where we live is one of the strongest influences on how long we live. While we know diet and health care are important, it has been tough to tease out what about these places allows people to live longer and healthier lives. By examining environmentally induced changes in DNA, we may be able to more quickly and more accurately quantify what aspects of environments promote longer, healthier lives, Rehkopf tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapter Time Stamps:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman delves into the fascinating world of longevity with Dr. David Rehkopf from Stanford University. Discover the surprising links between government policies, corporate practices, and their impact on health.(00:02:14) The Quest for CentenariansExplore Dr. Rehkopf's research on centenarians in Costa Rica and how these long-lived individuals offer insights into the factors influencing longevity.(00:06:20) Unraveling the Genetics of LongevityLearn how genetic factors play a role in determining how long we live, and how centenarians possess unique genetic signatures that may hold the key to extended lifespans.(00:09:45) Lifestyle and EnvironmentDiscover the impact of lifestyle choices and environmental factors on longevity. From the benefits of traditional diets to the potential effects of infectious disease exposure, the picture becomes clearer.(00:10:55) The Role of ExerciseDive deeper into the significance of physical activity on long-term health and how regular exercise can contribute to increased lifespan and overall well-being.(00:11:40) Social Connections and LongevityExplore the intricate relationship between social connections, community engagement, and the potential impact on living longer and healthier lives.(00:13:30) Government Policies and HealthDr. Rehkopf sheds light on the influence of government policies, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), on health outcomes. Find out how these policies can positively impact maternal health and sickness absence rates.(00:15:20) The Power of Public Health InitiativesLearn about the importance of public health initiatives in promoting healthy behaviours, preventing diseases, and potentially extending the human lifespan.(00:16:05) Access to HealthcareExplore the crucial role of accessible healthcare in longevity, and how disparities in healthcare access can affect different populations.(00:18:30) Work-Life BalanceDelve into the concept of work-life balance and its potential impact on employee health and happiness in the long run.(00:19:45) Corporate Wellness ProgramsLearn about the various corporate wellness programs and initiatives aimed at improving employee well-being and how they might influence longevity.(00:21:05) Hybrid Work Models and LongevityAs the world adapts to the pandemic-driven hybrid work models, Dr. Rehkopf discusses the potential long-term effects on workforce health and well-being.(00:23:40) The Road AheadIn this final chapter, we speculate on the future of longevity research and how understanding the intricate connections between government, corporations, and individual choices can shape a healthier and longer life for all. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

As anyone with chronic disease knows, access to health care doesn’t always equate with equitable health care outcomes, says guest Alyce Adams, an expert in innovations in health policy. Too often, care delivery breaks down along racial and socioeconomic lines. Our focus should be on better outcomes for all people, she says. Adams now develops interventions to help communities and health systems improve care delivery — and health equity — as she tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionHost Russ Altman introduces the episode and welcomes Professor Alyce Adams from Stanford University to discuss how new approaches in communities and health systems are improving care delivery for traditionally underserved populations.(00:01:29) Unraveling Health DisparitiesThey discuss the disparities present in healthcare, particularly among underrepresented populations, and the importance of integrating patient voices in research.(00:02:42) Addressing Socioeconomic FactorsThe role of socioeconomic factors in health disparities and how they influence access to quality care. The discussion also examines efforts to eliminate barriers and provide equitable healthcare.(00:04:15) Cultural Competence in MedicineThe conversation shifts to the significance of cultural competence in healthcare delivery. Prof. Adams explains the need for healthcare professionals to understand and respect diverse cultural backgrounds to ensure effective patient care.(00:07:50) Bridging the Knowledge GapInsights into understanding patient knowledge and disease understanding, focusing on the example of tobacco use. The efforts to integrate patient and caregiver perspectives early in the research process are discussed.(00:09:15) Empowering Patient Decision-Making The discussion explores strategies to empower patients in their healthcare decisions. Prof. Adams explains the importance of personalized care plans that align with patient values and priorities.(00:11:30) Digital Health Literacy The increasing role of digital health tools and the importance of health literacy in utilizing these technologies effectively. The challenges of ensuring equitable access to digital health resources are also addressed.(00:15:10) Qualitative Methods in ResearchInsights into qualitative research methods and their significance in understanding patient experiences and priorities. The need for collaboration with community partners to shape research questions is emphasized.(00:17:05) The Power of Patient Stories The conversation discusses the impact of patient narratives in healthcare research. Prof. Adams explains how patient stories provide valuable context and humanize data, leading to more comprehensive and patient-centric research outcomes.(00:20:30) Building Patient-Centric Algorithms The development of AI algorithms to assess patient risk and facilitate decision-making for clinicians. Prof. Adams discusses the challenges of encoding priorities in these algorithms while considering potential biases.(00:22:12) Algorithmic Transparency The discussion delves into the importance of algorithmic transparency and its role in building trust between patients and AI-driven healthcare systems. Prof. Adams explains the need for clear and interpretable AI models.(00:27:45) Ethical Considerations in AI ImplementationThe conversation explores ethical considerations in implementing AI technologies in healthcare. Prof. Adams discusses the potential risks and benefits and the importance of continuous evaluation and oversight.(00:30:15) Engaging Policy MakersThe episode concludes with an optimistic view of policymakers' receptivity to research insights. Prof. Adams explains the importance of proactive engagement and communication in policy decisions. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We’re on the cusp of another election season. As people across the country educate themselves on the issues and candidates on this year’s ballot, one question they will have to ask themselves is, how do I tell fact from fiction? In early 2022, my guest Johan Ugander shared his research to better understand the ways information spreads online. We’re re-running this episode today, and I hope you’ll take the time to hear a few of the strategies he recommends for preventing the spread of misinformation.Chapter Time Stamps:(00:00:45) Exploring the Spread of Information with Johan UganderJohan Ugander joins Russ Altman to discuss the intriguing dynamics behind the spread of information, drawing parallels to viral infections and shedding light on the battle between true and false news.(00:01:14) Matching Methods and Treatment Control AnalysisDiscover how matching methods and treatment control analysis play a crucial role in understanding the differences between true and false news, helping us unravel the complexities of information dissemination.(00:02:22) The Tree Analogy: True News vs. False NewsExploring the tree analogy to understand how the spread of false news resembles that of true news, raisins intriguing questions about their results.(00:04:14) The Battle on One Front: False News InfectiousnessDive into the heart of the debate surrounding false news, as Johan uncovers a startling finding - false news not only spreads more but also exhibits higher infectiousness, challenging the notion of battling on multiple fronts.(00:05:34) Epidemiological Metaphors and the Spread of InformationJohan elucidates the long-standing connection between epidemiological metaphors and information spread, revealing the fascinating interplay between social psychology and cognition in the dissemination process.(00:08:34) Information Spreading vs Viral InfectionsDistinctions between information spread and viral infections, as Johan highlights the critical role of decision-making and cognition in the former, in contrast to the particle-based interactions in the latter.(00:10:22) The Common Basic Toolkit of Spread ProcessesDiscover the underlying commonalities between information spread and viral infections, as Johan emphasizes the presence of a shared basic toolkit while acknowledging the specific inquiry methods unique to each domain.(00:12:40) Lessons for Stopping the Spread of False NewsUncover valuable insights on combatting the spread of false news, as Johan explores the power of drawing attention to accuracy, introducing frictions in information sharing, and leveraging product changes for differential control.(00:14:25) Drawing Attention to Accuracy and Decision ConsequencesExplore the psychology behind information spread and decision-making, as Johan highlights how drawing attention to content accuracy can differentially limit the propagation of false information, exemplified by Twitter's retweet validation feature.(00:16:12) Adding Friction to Information SharingLearn about the significance of adding frictions to information sharing, exemplified by Twitter's prompt to prompt users to reconsider retweeting unread content, and its impact in curbing the spread of false information.(00:18:30) The Value of Computational Auditing in Parole SystemsShift gears as the discussion transitions to the world of parole systems, where Johan and Russ delve into the significance of computational auditing in shedding light on inconsistencies and arbitrariness within the California parole system.(00:21:40) Analyzing Parole Grant Rates Across CommissionersExplore the disparities in parole grant rates across different commissioners, as Johan explains the computational techniques employed to evaluate the system's fairness by shuffling commissioner assignments and examining deviations from expected outcomes.(00:23:15) Unveiling Inconsistencies and ArbitrarinessDive into the discoveries made through computational auditing, as Johan reveals the presence of inconsistencies and arbitrariness in the parole system, raising important questions about its fairness and potential avenues for improvement.(00:25:16) Conclusion and Future Impact of Computational AuditReflect on the transformative potential of computational auditing in parole systems, as Johan and Russ discuss the broader implications of their work, including increased transparency, societal impact, and collaboration with criminal justice reform groups. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Delve into the possibilities of silicon photonics as a game-changer in chip manufacturing. This is a re-run of a show that Russ did with David Miller back in 2021. David is an electrical engineer, and works in the field of photonics. As he shares in this conversation, there’s great potential for the field of photonics to help solve the problems posed by an increasing demand for computing power. Silicon-chip computers are starting to hit fundamental limits, and advances in the field of photonics – technology that uses light waves – may be just the help we need. David’s research offers a bright spot as we look to a future that continuously demands more computing power. Enjoy!Chapter Notes(00:00:00) IntroductionJoin us as we delve into the world of optical computing, exploring its potential to revolutionize information processing and overcome the limitations of traditional electronic systems.(00:00:27) Limitations of electronic systemsGain insights into the current constraints faced by electronic systems, such as speed and energy efficiency, and discover why alternative approaches are necessary.(00:01:42) Challenges of copper wire interconnects Understand the challenges associated with copper wire interconnects and how optical interconnects offer a promising solution with their potential for increased speed and bandwidth.(00:04:12) Optical interconnects explainedDive deeper into the concept of optical interconnects, exploring the principles behind transmitting data through light and the advantages they hold over traditional copper wires.(00:06:08) Optics in long-distance communicationLearn about the significant role optics plays in long-distance communication, from transmitting data through undersea cables to interconnecting cities with optical fiber networks.(00:07:41) Growing demand for high-speed data transmissionDiscover the growing demand for high-speed data transmission in data centers and the need for scalable solutions that can handle the increasing volume of information.(00:09:50) Silicon photonicsExplore the cutting-edge technology of silicon photonics, which leverages existing manufacturing processes to create photonic chips, opening new possibilities for optical computing.(00:11:08) Transparency of materials, germanium's role & integration challengesDelve into the optical properties of materials like silicon and glass, the potential of germanium as a complementary material to silicon, and the challenges of integrating new materials into existing silicon-based manufacturing processes.(00:13:37) Overcoming device energy limitationsLearn about the progress made in reducing the energy consumption of devices that convert electrical signals into optical signals, a crucial step in achieving efficient optical computing.(00:15:48) Introduction to "deep optics" and future prospectsExplore the concept of "deep optics," which goes beyond interconnects to encompass the potential use of optics for processing tasks within computing systems, and discover the immense potential of deep optics to transform computing systems and pave the way for a new era of information processing.(00:19:04) Programmable and self-configuring optical systemsGain insights into the development of programmable and self-configuring optical systems that can adapt their behavior, optimize light streams, and open up possibilities for advanced information processing.(00:23:36) Future prospectsExplore the immense potential of deep optics to transform computing systems and pave the way for a new era of information processing. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Chaitan Khosla is a chemical engineer who says that the world’s most advanced drug factories are not behemoths of the industrial age, but microscopic bacteria. These tiny creatures have evolved enzymatic assembly lines that ingest raw materials and churn out valuable other molecules, like life-saving antibiotics. By engineering new microbes, we hope to create next-generation drugs, Khosla tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Chapter Show Notes:(00:00:43) Introduction to Assembly Lines and AntibioticsRuss welcomes Professor Khosla and introduces the intriguing world of bacterial assembly lines and their crucial role in antibiotic synthesis. He emphasizes the significance of antibiotics and their intricate molecular structures.(00:06:19) Enzymatic Assembly Lines: The Automotive AnalogyDrawing an analogy between assembly lines in nature and automotive assembly lines, discussion highlights the remarkable efficiency and meticulous organization of bacterial assembly lines.(00:08:17) The Scale of Antibiotic Assembly LinesRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla delve into the scale of antibiotic assembly lines, using erythromycin as a prime example. They explore the multitude of enzymes involved in the assembly line process.(00:10:34) Challenges in Antibiotic SynthesisThe conversation centers around the challenges faced by human chemists in synthesizing antibiotics compared to the remarkable efficiency and complexity of bacterial assembly lines.(00:12:00) Uncovering Nature's Engineering MarvelsRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla discuss the awe-inspiring engineering feats found in nature's assembly lines, exploring the intricacies of their construction and their functional significance.(00:15:15) Expanding the Search for Assembly LinesRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla broaden the scope of assembly line research, discussing the potential for discovering novel assembly lines in previously unexplored organisms and environments.(00:19:00) The Mystery of Orphan Assembly LinesRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla explore the enigmatic world of orphan assembly lines, discussing the fascination and curiosity surrounding these assembly lines whose functions remain unknown.(00:22:00) Decoding the Language of GenesRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla delve into the process of deciphering the genetic code to unravel assembly line functions. They discuss the techniques and strategies employed in this intricate decoding process.(00:24:00) Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Assembly Line AnalysisThe hosts discuss the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in analyzing assembly line data, showcasing the potential of these technologies to accelerate the discovery of assembly line functions.(00:26:00) A Window into Nature's Medicine CabinetRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla explore the remarkable potential of assembly lines in antibiotic discovery, unveiling how studying these assembly lines can unlock nature's vast repertoire of medicinal compounds.(00:28:32) Novel Insights from Recent Assembly Line DiscoveriesRuss Altman and Chaitan Khosla highlight the groundbreaking insights gained from recent assembly line discoveries, discussing the exciting prospects and implications of these findings.(00:30:30) Conclusion and Show Wrap-up Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.