The Breakdown

Sometimes things are clear, and to both Camila Russo (write of The Defiant newsletter) and David Hoffman (co-host of the Crypto POV podcast), it couldn’t be clearer that the essential narrative of 2019 was the rise of DeFi as a true market force. In individual interviews as part of The Breakdown’s end of year coverage, each also makes a 2020 DeFi prediction. For David, it’s all about increased attention on the space and the power of composability, while for Camila, it’s a bet that we’ll start to see the first under-collateralized DeFi loans.

Marty Bent is the author of one of the most popular daily Bitcoin newsletters and co-host of Tales From The Crypt. In this end of year interview with The Breakdown, he talks about the macro context - from trade wars to pressure on the fed to continue and expand the QE experiment to global instability - and how it is painting in stark colors the need for tools like bitcoin.

Rob Paone, aka Crypto Bobby, got his start as a popular crypto YouTuber and has gone on to help build a number of crypto companies before launching his own technical recruitment firm. Preethi Kasireddy is the founder of the TruStory debate platform. In two individual interviews as part of The Breakdown’s end of year extra, both argue that a big part of the 2019 story was the slow, steady slog of building, and that, in some ways, 2020 may be poised for more of the same.

One of CoinDesk’s ten most influential people of 2019, Melem Demirors is a crypto renaissance woman, known best for investing, operating as CSO of CoinShares, and for explaining ‘shitcoins’ to Congress. In this end of year Breakdown, Meltem argues explains why the entrance of governments to the digital asset game is the most significant story of 2019, as well as suggesting that the presence of an entirely new financial infrastructure around bitcoin means the halvening is likely to be unlike what anyone thinks.

Peter McCormack is one of the most prominent podcasters in the space. In 2019, he added a new podcast called “Defiance” and focused on the intersection of bitcoin, human rights, and political activism to complement his “What Bitcoin Did” podcast. In this special end of year episode of The Breakdown, Peter discusses why the past year represents an inflection point for citizen action and sovereign protest around the world, and why 2020 is likely to see a continued bloodletting among non-bitcoin cryptoassets.

One of the most important (yet somehow quiet) narratives of 2019 has been the financialization of bitcoin and the emergence of a robust market for derivative products. That was reinforced today as Binance announced a significant investment in derivatives exchange FTX. How will key events coming up in 2020 like the bitcoin halving be impacted by the presence of derivatives? At the same time, not all crypto projects are trying to change money. Some, like the Saint Fame DAO, a fashion house-slash-human coordination experiment, are simply trying to do interesting things that people think are cool.

Accredited investor laws block most of the US out of technology and other types of early stage risk investing, but as the ICO boom showed, not being allowed to do something doesn’t mean that people don’t want to do it. The SEC announced prospective changes to those laws that could expand accredited status. In the world of DeFi, a number of different projects including Synthetix (with an assist from Chainlink) and Kyber are looking to more fully decentralized heading into 2020. And finally a quick review of the CoinDesk 2019 most influential list, including why Hodlonaut is the best selection.

From “digital gold” to “stacking sats” to “ETH is money,” 2019 was a year of narrative battlegrounds and meme warfare. And when every narrative is competing for scarce resources and attention, things are sure to get contentious. This special episode breaks down Ryan Selkis’ recent list of top ten crypto narratives and adds a few more worthy of note. Does “The Revolution Need Rules?” Is “Dissident Tech” the newest important area of focus.

More crypto businesses are transitioning to or choosing to focus exclusively on bitcoin only from the beginning, in some ways representing a productization of bitcoin maximalism. In China, however, the government is cracking down fiercly on resurgent crypto businesses that have taking President Xi’s positive comments about blockchain as an excuse to operate more openly. Interestingly, the attitude of many US financial firms seems to be shifting from a version of “blockchain not crypto” to “digital assets not blockchain” as they begin to adapt to demand from customers.

If 2019 saw bitcoin come together around the digital gold/digital SoV narrative, is 2020 poised for a resurgence of the idea of payments utility, thanks to Lightning powered applications? One beta test of a LN point-of-sale app suggests maybe. Derivatives continue to grow as an area of focus for both retail and institutional traders, with CoinFLEX bringing in some new talent to expand its derivative competitions and institution-focused ErisX sending notice that futures trading would begin tomorrow. Finally, Venezuela’s President Maduro has announced that public employees and pensioners will be given a holiday bonus of half a petro. Sincere effort or another example of how digital currencies can be a tool of control?

European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde’s comments on stable coins flew around crypto Twitter yesterday, as she said projects in the space indicated clear demand (even while slighting bitcoin in the same statement). Meanwhile, two once hugely hyped projects - Orchid and Filecoin - have both resurfaced. What might this mean for the narrative of tokens going into 2020? Lastly, in her end of year piece for CoinDesk, Jill Carlson triggered an avalanche of commentary by arguing that crypto isn’t supposed to be mainstream, because its primary use case is to for censored transactions.

The last few days have seen significant regulatory action, from SEC charging Shopin’s CEO with fraud over a $42m ICO to a major coordinated federal action against a $722m crypto Ponzi scheme. Over in the world of decentralized finance, meanwhile, a new project aims to show DeFi isn’t just for Ethereum. Finally, Twitter is launching a Square Crypto-like skunkworks to support or create an open social media protocol. This and more on The Breakdown.

Three stories about tokenization today: ShapeShift launching FOX (an exchange token); BlockTV launching a token for media contributions; Satoshi's Treasure helping Tezos distribute tokens through games. That's enough to get me curious and thinking about tokens in a historical context: the promise, the problems, and the latest. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

After a huge amount of work, MakerDAO's multi-collateral DAI is live. Only one new token (Brave's BAT) is in the ecosystem, but it heralds the beginning of a new era. In the world of privacy coins, the MimbleWimble protocol is pushing back against a theoretical attack that some say invalidate its privacy features. Finally, Gemini makes its first acquisition. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

11 years ago today, on Halloween 2008, Satoshi shared the bitcoin whitepaper for the first time. The question is: why choose that date? Satoshi was extremely intentional, so it seems unlikely to be random. In this, we explore multiple explanations, including historical analogy to the Protestant Reformation as well as symbolic connection to Samhain/All Saints Day. Ultimately, we conclude that what matters is the fact that the myth-making enabled by Satoshi's departure from the scene is one of the most remarkable and unique attributes of bitcoin. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Today was a quick news briefing: Bitmain power struggles as Jihan Wu pulls a coup to return China bans anti-blockchain sentiment Russian crypto intrigue that could confirm the US' worst fears Coinlist raises $10m from Jack Dorsey (among others) The latest Fed action Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Times, how they've changed. The surge in bitcoin price and the explosion of China into blockchain has heads spinning. Some argue that we should be celebrating mass adoption of any type. In this audio op-ed, however, I argue that there are two key questions. First is - adoption of what? What is the connection between open, permissionless money networks and an immutable record of a political loyalty pledge? Second, what is the cost of adoption, in moral terms? As the industry ascends, these are key questions to ask now. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

China has had an ongoing role in the crypto narrative. For much of the history of the industry, it was about control of mining. Now, something new is happening. As the crypto industry gets caught up in the larger battles to shape the future of the economic order, digital currency is center spotlight and China is racing into a leadership position. Last week's comments on blockchain from China's President Xi Jinping were like a starting gun. So what's the China narrative now? Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

On Wednesday, Zuckerberg responded to the largely hostile US Congress by reminding them that, if the US didn't proactively assert leadership around digital currencies, then China would be more than willing to fill the gap. As if they coordinated it, China's President Xi then made his first formal comments ever about blockchain, asserting that China needed to take a leadership role. Bitcoin soared 15% (although whether related or not isn't clear) and crypto Twitter debated: was this an indication of how far behind the US is getting; an affirmation that blockchain can be a tool of surveillance and control; or both? Watch: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMKxYhVC2lJat7iB9Gec5kw/videos

Most of the world outside crypto twitter that saw a clip of Mark Zuckerberg's testimony would have no idea that it was, theoretically about Libra. On CT, basically everyone bemoaned the clear lack of giving-a-crap that pretty much any Congressperson had for the actual issue at hand. Elsewhere on CT, however, I announced Bitcoin Macro, a new pop-up podcast I produced for CoinDesk and two of the three first guests - Caitlin Long and Travis Kling - discuss the repo markets. Finally, a quick news rundown including a new BTC futures options product from Bakkt and a new standing blockchain office from the CFTC. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg testified before Congress today, nominally about Libra but actually about a lot of things. In this (opinionated) recap of the testimony, we look at: What was different vs. the same in FB's narrative What was different vs. the same in Congress' questions The negotiation factors moving forward Highlights Predictions Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The digital currency wars are getting hotter and hotter, but they're not one dimensional. This narrative watch looks at three key battlelines: Nations vs. Private companies - who gets to make digital currencies? Nations vs. Nations (specifically China) - competition to get their faster and better Pegged vs. Basket vs. Fractional Reserve - the actual composition of the asset matters - as we see from pressure on Facebook to make Libra a 1:1 peg USD instead of a basket Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Circle is spinning out Poloniex and the exchange's new honors want to build away from the US. Is this more evidence of the "companies leaving US" narrative or just competitive pressure? Speaking of exchanges, Binance hit $1B in cumulative profit this week and announced 125x leverage because reasons. Finally, the big boss of the financial system Bank of International Settlements released a paper effectively calling bitcoin a failure but identifying private stablecoins like Libra as a threat. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto Subscribe via email: https://nlw.substack.com/

Chainalysis recently helped law enforcement take down a child porn ring by tracking btc addresses. This kicked off a huge conversation about how essential is it to the value proposition of bitcoin for it to be able to used for things that are against the rules - whether we like them or not. The firestorm of debate it kicked up really came down to one key question: how will institutionalization impact bitcoin? Can institutionally safe and friendly bitcoin co-exist with anti-establishment, rule breaking bitcoin?

The fallout continues from the crazy last week in Libra, as the Association moves forward without any of its payment partners, all of whom have withdrawn at this point. Still the Association is now officially live and has a board of 5 members, only one of whom is from Facebook's Calibra subsidy. Over in the other major social network that wants its own crypto, BlockTV today reported that Telegram isn't just beset by the SEC but is dealing with a FinCEN inquiry around money laundering. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Last week was apparently "government says get rekt" week in crypto. The SEC kicked things off by disapproving a bitcoin ETF proposal from Bitwise and closed things out by taking emergency action against Telegram's $1.7B ICO. In between, the IRS dropped its first crypto guidance in 5 years, indicating that forked tokens could create a tax liability, whether you want them or not. What's more, two Senators sent threatening letters to the CEOs of Visa, Stripe, and Mastercard who, along with eBay, dropped out of the Libra Association by the end of the week. The one bright spot was the CFTC saying that ETH is a commodity. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The title says it all. Visa, Mastercard, eBay, and Stripe have joined PayPal in leaving the Libra Association. Is this the death knell for the project? Will the rest of the organizations follow suit and leave? Or does this provide a chance to Libra to shift the narrative and arise like a phoenix? Let's dig in. Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The SEC has denied the most recent bitcoin ETF proposal - this time from Bitwise. Some speculate that there simply will not be an ETF on Chairman Clayton's watch. The CFTC chair meanwhile has said that the CFTC considers ETH a commodity and expects futures and other derivatives products. Finally, Binance's acceptance of Alipay/WeChat pay as a fiat onramp has prompted those companies to reiterate their anti-crypto stance. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The IRS dropped quite the surprise today: their first new tax guidance since 2014. Unfortunately, it seems to indicate that chains forking and airdropping users coins (whether they want them or not) creates a taxable event. Meanwhile, DevCon5 is cruising along in Osaka, complete with Ethereum scaling debates, the imminent launch of Multi-Collateral DAI, and the announcement of a new, open version of Libra (although it's not exactly clear why people are excited about this). Lastly, the real Libra faced some headwinds as US Senators put pressure on Visa, Mastercard and Stripe to follow suit with PayPal and leave the Libra Association. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

First it was the NBA aggressively distancing itself from comments from Rockets GM Daryl Morey in support of Hong Kong protesters. Then it was Blizzard banning a player from competitive Hearthstone play for making a pro Hong Kong statement live on air. On this Narrative Watch, we dig into the uncomfortable tension between China's role in the globe business world and it's tight control over dissent and critique - and more specifically, why it is a reminder of the need for permissionless, decentralized, censorship resistant alternatives in money and technology. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Libra is back in the spotlight after the WSJ published reports that Visa, Mastercard and others are getting cold feet after the chilly reception from regulators around the world. David Marcus took to Twitter to defend the project, while simultaneously creating a narrative line to pickup should those companies abandon the Libra Association. A challenger to Nancy Pelosi is discussing how cryptos can be used to break the power monopolies of big tech, while a new advocacy organization is taking on what they call the CA bitlicense. Finally, volume on LocalBitcoins in Hong Kong is up more than any time since the 2017 boom amidst heightened protests. The question is: who's buying? Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The SEC's $24m settlement with EOS has been all anyone has been able to talk about for the last day or so. In this episode, we look at the four camps of reactions: the "they got off easy"; "you're all commies"; "it's about the consistency"; and the pragmatists. We also discuss the "Crypto Rating Council" and the general state of the SEC's securities law determinations. Insider baseball with big implications for the evolution of the industry. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Last week saw a 20% drop in the price of Bitcoin - much of coming in a short, 30 minute span. What it didn't see was the usual hand wringing and frantic explanations. In fact, most of last week's conversation was about totally different topics: Libra, central bank digital currencies, troubling developments for surveillance and crypto regulation in the UK. On this Narrative Watch, I explore whether this is simply a matter of the strength of fundamentals, or whether a fundamentally different time preference has taken hold. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

News broke of Venezuela exploring whether they could use bitcoin and ether as reserve assets, prompting questions about what the potential impact of widescale adoption of bitcoin as a tool to evade sanctions might be. Libra continues to spur central banks to action. This week, the project saw some support from the UN while the ECB called it a 'wake up call' for governments. Finally, we look at the second week of Fed injections into the overnight repo markets and what it means for bitcoin. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Bitcoin (and the rest of the markets) absolutely cratered yesterday, with BTC dropping from nearly $10k to under $8k before resetting a bit. Is it Bakkt backlash? Bitmex margin calls? Or a fat load of who the hell knows? Speaking of crashes, Adam Neumann is out as CEO of WeWork, the fall guy in what appears to be the beginning of a larger market reset on technology company valuations. Does that reset have implications for the crypto markets? Finally, a number of new financings including for Fold, a cashback-in-bitcoin app that keeps your data private. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Much hyped Bakkt has launched, but the volume is...less than massive. What should we think about it? Is it a sign of failure; a sign that there simply isn't demand from institutions; or was this always the likely launch pattern? Meanwhile, in the "whoa" files, messenger app Kik has shuttered to focus all remaining efforts on KIN. Hail mary (or was the ICO the hail mary in the first place)? Finally, the SEC testified in front of Congress about crypto amongst other topics. Hope you're not hungry, because this was a nothingburger. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Crypto markets are driven by memes. In point of fact, all markets are driven by memes and narratives, but emergent markets like crypto ratchet it up. In this Narrative Watch, we go meta to look at the state of meme warfare, going deep on two memes of the moment. Discover why 'ETH is money' is an Ethereum community response to a recent bitcoin meme talk and how 'Bitcoin fixes this' is becoming shorthand for the idea of bitcoin as a generational hedge. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Major regulatory and law enforcement clap back as SEC targets ICOBox (who would have believed that a company named ICOBox wasn't completely above board?) and an early Ethereum advisor is arrested for extortion. Get your breath back after that one, then let's talk about, first, why for profit companies that owe their existing to open source protocols should support the development of those protocols, and second, another look at why cryptocurrency is an inherently political force, featuring North Korea creating a bitcoin-like currency for itself. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The FED has pumped the equivalent of half of Bitcoin's market cap into the markets over the last couple days in what some are likening to a TAF 2.0. We discuss why this, plus today's anticipated rate cuts, matter for Bitcoin. Binance US launched today with surprise support for BNB. Finally, one of the leading Bitcoin ETF contenders withdrew its proposal yesterday. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Hashgraph is live and alts are in the green. Is it alt season or just wishful thinking? Over in the world of security tokens, NBA players are tokenizing their contracts and startups that wanted to lead the STO revolution are pivoting to help existing asset holders tokenize their existing assets. Finally, as privacy coins get delisted from exchanges, we ask what it means for the larger battle between privacy and surveillance. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

As this was being recorded, Facebook was being grilled by 26 central banks about their plans for Libra. Last week, France and Germany said they'd block the project and were exploring their own digital currencies. Libra head David Marcus felt enough heat to take to Twitter to defend why the project wasn't a threat to monetary sovereignty. In this Narrative Watch, we look at how the emergence of Libra and the response among the nations of the world have made it clear that, despite Marcus' protestations, cryptocurrencies are a political force. What does it mean for bitcoin? Listen to hear the discussion. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

The clash of global state power and crypto seems more inevitable than ever. Germany joins France in declaring that they will block Libra (all the while being interested to explore their own digital currency). We look at not only the news, but what people like Ben Hunt and Nic Carter think it all means. We also focus on some of the new tools - BTC futures and a DeFi robo advisor - helping us not only opt out, but build alliances with the traditional financial world. Finally, we look at the trends coming out of CoinDesk's Invest:Asia event. Has the center of crypto gravity moved to Asia? Some new evidence suggests yes. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

More qualitative easing out of Europe means more "look at them they're doing it we should be doing it!" from Trump means more "Bitcoin solves this" memes. Binance is geoblocking users but next week opens up Binance.US - a regulated exchange with 6 assets to start. In an interesting one-two punch, France has announced their intention to block Libra from operating while also making crypto-to-crypto trading tax exempt. Finally, we look at investment from a major record label in a digital asset platform alternative to Ethereum and one company is putting the bitcoin logo on Premier League Jerseys. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

At Invest: Asia in Singapore today, Coindesk's heat of institutional sales in Asia hinted that the company is exploring IEOs, but wouldn't comment further. As he is wont to do, Trump got everyone talking by ratcheting up his pressure on the Fed to go into negative rate territory. Bitcoiners were happy to explain why this matters. And speaking of Bitcoin, some data from Coinmetrics beyond the price that shows just how the network is thriving. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

A new product from Gemini which allows custody customers to trade without moving their coins out of cold storage has sparked discussions about bankification that go all the way back to the beginnings of bitcoin. Meanwhile, Stellar announces a ~$120m airdrop to Keybase users prompting the question: do airdrops work? Have they ever worked? And if so, for what? Finally, on the occasion of Apple's most recent product event, what do we know about their crypto strategy? Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

Despite Bakkt opening warehousing, BTC holding strong around $10k, and many new announcements, it's hard not to view the mood around crypto Twitter as lethargic. Is it simple impatience and the wrong time preference? Is it reflective of a recognition that alt season - at least for the 2017 ICO vintage of coins - doesn't seem anywhere on the horizon? Is it actually a more creeping nervousness around the global economy? That's what we explore on this week's Narrative Watch. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

One of the most important global economic battles of our time is the battle to create new standards for global digital money. While bitcoin has been quietly building its case for the last decade, the story of the last few months has been all about the new contenders in private coins led by Libra and state-backed CBDCs, most notably China. On this edition, we look at the latest - new reports on Facebook lobbying hires, ECB antagonism, and a serious sense of urgency on the part of the People's Bank of China. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

BTC dominance is over 70%, and the gap between its performance and everything else may be accounting for the strange dissonance between 3x BTC price growth in 2019 and the serious gloomy pallor on display on crypto Twitter. We look at that divergence in the context of Fred Wilson's state of crypto post yesterday, as well as the continued growth of bitcoin-focused derivative products and comments from Twitter/Square CEO Jack Dorsey and the Apple Pay head on BTC and crypto. And don't miss the epic rap battle of history between Hamilton and Satoshi. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

To celebrate the official end of summer and beginning of fall, I asked 15 top crypto VCs, entrepreneurs and content creators including Jill Carlson, Ari Paul, Kyle Samani, Marty Bent and more 4 questions: What did we learn this Summer? What are your predictions for the Fall? What is one thing we're not talking about? What is the price of BTC at the end of the year? (Up/Down/Sideways) These are their responses, and together they tell the story of an interesting moment in crypto. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto

In the game of coins, you [replace the USD as the world's reserve currency or at least shore up your sovereign currency's position in the new global mix] or you die. Over the last few months, we've seen China accelerate work on its digital currency; Binance launch Venus, a regional alternative to Libra; Tether (reportedly) working on a China yuan pegged stablecoin; and now, one of the world's best known central bankers has proposed a "synthetic hegemonic currency" to replace the USD as the world's global reserve currency. What does it all mean? Watch: https://www.youtube.com/nathanielwhittemorecrypto