Stuff You Missed in History Class

This 2021 episode covers the Chinese Exclusion Act, the United States’ first major immigration law. As its name suggests it specifically targeted people from China, and it led to Supreme Court cases that set the stage for later restrictions.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy shares how much she loves the work of Helen McNicoll and how the gaps in her biography posed a challenge during research. Holly talks about Harry Craddock and his efforts to combat prohibition in Britain.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ada Coleman was head bartender at the American Bar at the Savoy Hotel in London in the early 20th century. She created a cocktail that is still served today, and she's an enduring icon of the bartending industry.  Research: The Ada Coleman Project. https://theadacolemanproject.com/about/ Allison, Keith. “Spies at the Savoy Part One.” Alcohol Professor. Oct. 5, 2016. https://www.alcoholprofessor.com/blog-posts/blog/2016/10/05/spies-at-the-savoy-part-one Allison, Keith. “Spies at the Savoy Part Three.” Alcohol Professor. October 14, 2016. https://www.alcoholprofessor.com/blog-posts/blog/2016/10/14/spies-at-the-savoy-part-three “American Bar.” Savoy London. https://www.thesavoylondon.com/restaurant/american-bar/#:~:text=The%20American%20Bar%20first%20opened,World's%2050%20Best%20Bars%202017. Bell, Emily. “Ada Coleman: One Of History’s Most Famous Female Mixologists.” Vinepair. March 17, 2016. https://vinepair.com/wine-blog/ada-coleman/ Bryant, Miranda. “Savoy’s American Bar appoints first woman as head bartender in 95 years.” Aug. 6, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/food/2021/aug/06/savoy-american-bar-appoints-first-woman-as-head-bartender-in-95-years Haigh, Ted. “Vintage Spirits and Forgotten Cocktails: From the Alamagoozlum to the Zombie 100 Rediscovered Recipes and the Stories Behind Them.” Quarry Books. 2009. Hotel and Restaurant Employee's International Alliance and Bartenders' International League of America. “The Mixer and Server.” Volume 35. 1926. Accessed online: https://books.google.com/books?id=OcyfAAAAMAAJ&vq=adah+coleman&source=gbs_navlinks_s O’Meara, Mallory. “Girly Drinks: A World History of Women and Alcohol.“ Hanover Square Press. 2021. “Rupert D’Oyly Carte Dies in London at 71.” The Gazette. Sept. 13, 1948. https://www.newspapers.com/image/421220764/?clipping_id=50107862&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQyMTIyMDc2NCwiaWF0IjoxNzM3NDAwMDEwLCJleHAiOjE3Mzc0ODY0MTB9.mS2TE4P7Mv_3uB3wevRSJpZDPZYy2a-e7eyG-Hk10Ds Saunders, Minott. “Famous Bar Maids Who Worked at Same Bar Twenty Years Without Speaking , Retire.” The Aspen Daily Times. February 16, 1926. https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=ADT19260216.2.2&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0------ Styn, Rebecca. “Toast to Ada Coleman, National Women’s History Month.” Chilled. https://chilledmagazine.com/toast-to-ada-coleman-national-womens-history-month/ Sutcliffe, Theodora. “Ada Coleman.” Difford’s Guide. https://www.diffordsguide.com/encyclopedia/2857/people/ada-coleman “Women as Barmaids: Published for the Joint Committee on the Employment of Barmaids.” King Publishing. London. 1905. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=B-VNAQAAMAAJ&rdid=book-B-VNAQAAMAAJ&rdot=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Helen McNicoll was a Canadian painter who had a significant influence on the rise of Impressionism in that country. McNicoll, who lost her hearing in childhood, was quite successful as an artist, though her career and life were short.  Research: Anderson, Jocelyn. “William Brymner: Life & Work.” Art Canada Institute. https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/william-brymner/biography/ Atanassova, Katerina. “Helen McNicoll: In Search of Light.” National Gallery of Canada. 5/4/2023. https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/your-collection/helen-mcnicoll-in-search-of-light Babbs, Verity. “Painting Bought for $2,700 Revealed to Be $390,000 Masterpiece.” Artnet. 10/23/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/fake-or-fortune-helen-mcnicoll-painting-2557012 Burton, Samantha. “Helen McNicoll: Life and Work.” Art Canada Institute. https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/helen-mcnicoll/biography/ Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. “MCNICOLL, Helen Galloway.” https://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=105 Goodman, Rachel. “Renowned Canadian artist’s painting that was lost for over 100 years discovered by U.K. artist.” Now Toronto. 10/6/2024. https://nowtoronto.com/news/renowned-canadian-artists-painting-that-was-lost-for-over-100-years-discovered-by-u-k-artist/ “Death Cuts Short Promising Career.” The Gazette (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Mon, Jun 28, 1915. Page 5 Haworth, Lorna Helen. “A History of McKay School for the Deaf.” Master’s Thesis. McGill University. 1960. Huneault, Kristina. “Impressions of difference: the painted canvases of Helen McNicoll.” Art History. April 2004. Luckyj, Natalie. “Helen McNicoll : a Canadian Impressionist.” Art Gallery of Ontario. 1999. Luckyj, Natalie. “McNICOLL, HELEN GALLOWAY,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 14, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed January 14, 2025, https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mcnicoll_helen_galloway_14E.html. Musee National des Beaux Arts du Quebec. “Musee National des Beaux Arts du Quebec.” https://www.mnbaq.org/en/exhibition/helen-mcnicoll-1306 Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. “Helen McNicoll. An impressionist Journey A celebration of light!.” Canadian Newswire. 6/19/2024. https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/helen-mcnicoll-an-impressionist-journey-a-celebration-of-light--811205352.html Nash, Julie. “Defining Moments: Mary Cassatt and Helen McNicoll in 1913.” At Herstory. 8/8/2023. https://artherstory.net/defining-moments-mary-cassatt-and-helen-mcnicoll-in-1913/ Prakash, A.K. "Independent Spirit: Early Canadian Women Artists." Queen's Quarterly, vol. 116, no. 3, fall 2009, pp. 354+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A211717399/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f5c4f4e2. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025. Widd, Thomas. “History of the Protestant Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Montreal, Canada.” American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb. Vol. 22, No. 4. October 1877. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44401559 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode looks at the beginning of Denmark's monarchy and its link to two large rune stones at Jelling. Is it possible that the stones were part of an effort on Harald Blátand's part to revise the history of his parents, Gorm and Thyre?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about the way she usually handles names in episodes, and how Icelandic naming conventions changes that. Holly discusses the way that one leader’s petulance can lead nations into unnecessary conflict.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Isles of Scilly were part of one of the longest wars in human history, but the main reason for the length of the very mild conflict was lagging paperwork. Research: “335-year-old War Ends for Scilly Isles.” Star Tribune. April 18, 1986. https://www.newspapers.com/image/188704902/?match=1 “The breakdown of 1641-2.” UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/overview/the-breakdown/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Isles of Scilly". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Dec. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/place/Isles-of-Scilly-islands-England-United-Kingdom Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Bishops’ Wars". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Jun. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/event/Bishops-Wars Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Long Parliament". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Jun. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Long-Parliament Daniel Lysons, Samuel Lysons, 'The Scilly Islands', in Magna Britannia: Volume 3, Cornwall( London, 1814), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol3/pp330-337 Davids, R.L. and A.D.K. Hawkyard. “SEYMOUR, Sir Thomas II.” The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-155. 1982. Accessed online: https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/seymour-sir-thomas-ii-1509-49 “Dutch Proclaim End of War Against Britain's Scilly Isles.” New York Times. April 18, 1986. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/18/world/dutch-proclaim-end-of-war-against-britain-s-scilly-isles.html “The Execution of Charles I.” Historic Royal Places. https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-execution-of-charles-i/ “History of the Duchy.” Duchy of Cornwall. https://duchyofcornwall.org/history-of-the-duchy.html “The History of the Islands.” The Islands’ Partnership. https://www.visitislesofscilly.com/experience/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/the-history-of-the-islands “Holidays in the Isles of Scilly.” Manchester Evening News. Jan. 24, 1984. https://www.newspapers.com/image/927198725/?match=1&terms=isles%20of%20scilly “Isles of Scilly.” Duchy of Cornwall. https://duchyofcornwall.org/newton-park-estate.html#:~:text=A%20group%20of%20over%20200,residential%20buildings%20on%20the%20islands. Johnson, Ben. “The 335 Year War – The Isles of Scilly vs the Netherlands.” Historic UK. March 11, 2015. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-335-Year-War-the-Longest-War-in-History/ Ohlmeyer, Jane H.. "English Civil Wars". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Dec. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/English-Civil-Wars “Roy Duncan 1948 – 2014.” Council of the Isles of Scilly. Aug. 25, 2014. “Prehistoric communities off the coast of Britain embraced rising seas- what this means for today's island nations.”  Bangor University. November 5, 2020. https://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/archive/prehistoric-communities-off-the-coast-of-britain-embraced-rising-seas-what-this-means-for-today-s-island-nations-44529#:~:text=By%2012%2C000%20years%20ago%2C%20the,smaller%2C%20engulfed%20by%20rising%20seas. Lysons, Daniel and Samuel Lysons, 'The Scilly Islands', in Magna Britannia: Volume 3, Cornwall( London, 1814), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol3/pp330-337 Penhallurick, R.D. “Ancient and Early Medieval Coins from Cornwall & Scilly.” ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 45. London. 2010. https://www.academia.edu/355282/Ancient_and_Early_Medieval_Coins_from_Cornwall_and_Scilly Sawyer, Katherine, PhD. “Scilly’s Hidden History.” Isles of Scilly. https://www.visitislesofscilly.com/home/blog/scillys-hidden-history#:~:text=Scilly%20was%20first%20visited%20by,as%20a%20lack%20of%20predators. Young-Brown, Fiona. “The World’s Longest War Only Ended in 1986.” Atlas Obscura. Jan. 19, 2016. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-worlds-longest-war-only-ended-in-1985 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Jón Arason was the last Catholic bishop in Iceland before it became a Lutheran country. His story involves a lot of gory details in this story including a pretty gruesome beheading. Research: Buck, Thomas. “An Icelandic Martyr: Jón Arason.” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 46, no. 182, 1957, pp. 213–22. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30103574. Accessed 8 Jan. 2025. Cunningham, Jack. “Jón Arason, ‘the last Icelander’ and the Coming of the Reformation to Iceland,” Reformation & Renaissance Review, 11:3, 245-273, DOI: 10.1558/rrr.v11i3.245.” Gunnarsson, Gisli. “Question: Is it really true that all Icelanders are descended from Jón Arason, the last Catholic bishop of Iceland, who was executed in 1550?” The Islandic Web of Science. 3/5/2005. https://www.why.is/svar.php?id=4789 Ker, W.P. “JÓN ARASON.” Saga-Book, 1913-1914, Vol. 8 (1913-1914), pp. 149-171. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48611694 Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn. “The Dissolution of the Monastic Houses in Iceland.” Religions 15: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15070771 Oleson, Tryggvi J. “A Note on Bishop Jón Arason.” Speculum , Jul., 1954, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul., 1954), pp. 535-536. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846795 Oleson, Tryggvi J. “Bishop Jón Arason 1484-1550.” Speculum , Apr., 1953, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Apr., 1953). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849686 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers Christine de Pizan, who wrote verse, military manuals, and treatises on war, peace and the just governance. She was the official biographer of King Charles V of France and wrote about Joan of Arc in her lifetime.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the spiky parts of Tamara de Lempicka's life story. They also discuss how Isaac Pitman benefitted from his association with a bible publisher.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Humans have been writing in abbreviated ways as long as writing has existed. In the 19th century, Isaac Pitman developed – and marketed – a system of shorthand that became widely adopted. Research: Baker, Alfred. “The Life of Sir Isaac Pitman.” London. Pitman. 1919. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/centenlifeofsiri00bakeuoft/page/34/mode/2up Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir Isaac Pitman". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Pitman Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pitman shorthand". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Apr. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pitman-shorthand Miller, Genesie. “A Brief on Shorthand.” Utah Division of Archives and Records. April 11, 2023. https://archives.utah.gov/2023/04/11/a-brief-on-shorthand/ “Sir Isaac Pitman.” The Vegetarian. 1895. https://archive.org/details/vegetarianmonthl00unse_0/page/122/mode/2up?q=sir+isaac Pitman, Benn. “Sir Isaac Pitman, His Life and Labors.” Cincinnati. C.J. Krehbiel. 1902. https://archive.org/details/sirisaacpitmanhi00pitmuoft/page/48/mode/2up Pitman, Isaac. “Phonotypic Journal, for the Year 1845.” Vol. 4. Phonographic Institution. 1845. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=K-gOAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PP7&hl=en Russon, Allien R.. "shorthand". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/shorthand Triggs, T.  (2009, October 08). Pitman, Sir Isaac (1813–1897), deviser of a system of shorthand writing. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22322 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tamara de Lemicka was a trailblazer with an incredible, fresh style that really defined and influenced the development of Art Deco. She lived a life that was focused on originality, both artistically and personally. Research: Bade, Patrick. “Lempicka.” Parkstone International. 2020. Brown, Mark. “Georgia O’Keeffe flower painting sells for record-breaking $44.4m.” The Guardian. Nov. 20, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/20/georgia-okeeffe-painting-world-record-price-art-woman#:~:text=Georgia%20O'Keeffe%20flower%20painting%20sells%20for%20record%2Dbreaking%20%2444.4m,-This%20article%20is&text=A%20painting%20of%20a%20white,the%20Georgia%20O'Keeffe%20piece. De Lempicka-Foxhall, Kizette. “Passion by Design.” Abbeville Press. New York. 2020. 2nd Edition. MacCarthy, Fiona. “Artist of the Fascist superworld: the life of Tamara de Lempicka.” The Guardian. May 14, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2004/may/15/art Mori, Gioia, et al. “Tamara de Lempicka.” Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and Yale University Press. 2024. Neret, Gilles. “Tamara de Lempicka.” Taschen America. 2017. “Tamara de Lempicka (1898-1980) - Portrait de Marjorie Ferry.” Christies. May 5, 2009. https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6252179 “Tamara de Lempicka, Portraitist.” New York Times. March 20, 1980. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/03/20/111143617.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Zelazko, Alicja. "Tamara de Lempicka". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tamara-de-Lempicka See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2022 episode covers Peter Roget, a doctor and scientist who really liked putting things into classification systems. His life was very dramatic well before he came up with the book that is his legacy.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy expands on her frustration with coverage of the Petra find. She then discusses selecting topics for Unearthed! that delight her, and Holly shares a personal unearthing.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Continuing the end of year 2024 edition of Unearthed!, this installment includes these categories: potpourri, edibles and potables, and books and letters Research: Giuffrida, Angela. “Painting found by junk dealer in cellar is original Picasso, experts claim.” The Guardian. 10/1/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/oct/01/painting-found-by-junk-dealer-in-cellar-is-original-picasso-experts-claim Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “‘Horrible’ Painting Found by a Junk Dealer Could Be a Picasso Worth $6 Million.” ArtNet. 10/1/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/junk-dealer-picasso-2545786 Kuta, Sarah. “This Shipwreck’s Location Was a Mystery for 129 Years. Then, Two Men Found It Just Minutes Into a Three-Day Search.” Smithsonian. 9/30/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-shipwrecks-location-was-a-mystery-for-129-years-then-two-men-found-it-just-minutes-into-a-three-day-search-180985165/ Peru murals https://archaeology.org/news/2024/10/01/additional-moche-murals-uncovered-in-peru-at-panamarca/ Leung, Maple. “Team makes distilled wine in replica of bronze vessel found at emperor’s tomb.” MyNews. 12/13/2024. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3290709/team-makes-distilled-wine-replica-bronze-vessel-found-emperors-tomb Feldman, Ella. “Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers From ‘The Wizard of Oz’ Sell for a Record-Breaking $28 Million.” Smithsonian. 12/10/2024. s-from-the-wizard-of-oz-sell-for-a-record-breaking-28-million-180985620/ Tamisiea, Jack. “Hairballs Shed Light on Man-Eating Lions’ Menu.” The New York Times. 10/11/2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/11/science/tsavo-lions-man-eating-dna.html Spears, Nancy Marie. “First-ever oral histories of Indian boarding school survivors, collected with care.” ICT. 10/16/2024. https://ictnews.org/news/first-ever-oral-histories-of-indian-boarding-school-survivors-collected-with-care Kuta, Sarah. “Biden Issues a ‘Long Overdue’ Formal Apology for Native American Boarding Schools.” Smithsonian. 10/25/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/biden-issues-a-long-overdue-biden-formally-apologizes-for-native-american-boarding-schools-180985341/ Schrader, Adam. “A New Monument Confronts the Dark Legacy of Native American Boarding Schools.” ArtNet. 12/13/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/indian-boarding-school-national-monument-2586044 Boucher, Brian. “This Contemporary Artist Will Complete a Missing Scene in the Millennium-Old Bayeux Tapestry.” Artnet. 10/29/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/helene-delprat-complete-bayeux-tapestry-2560937 Reuters. “Ancient Pompeii site uncovers tiny house with exquisite frescoes.” 10/24/2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ancient-pompeii-site-uncovers-tiny-house-with-exquisite-frescoes-2024-10-24/ The History Blog. “Tiny house frescoed like mansion in Pompeii.” 10/25/2024. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/71444 Bowman, Emma. “New DNA evidence upends what we thought we knew about Pompeii victims.” NPR. 11/9/2024. https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33553/pompeii-dna-evidence-vesuvius-victims Benzine, Vittoria. “Pompeii Experts Back Up Pliny’s Historical Account of Vesuvius Eruption.” ArtNet. 12/13/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/pompeii-pliny-vesuvius-eruption-date-2587228 Willsher, Kim. “‘Bodies were dropped down quarry shafts’: secrets of millions buried in Paris catacombs come to light.” The Guardian. 10/19/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/19/bodies-quarry-shafts-millions-buried-paris-catacombs Kuta, Sarah. “See the Wreck of Ernest Shackleton’s ‘Endurance’ in Astonishing Detail With This New 3D Scan.” Smithsonian. 10/18/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/see-the-wreck-of-ernest-shackletons-endurance-in-astonishing-detail-with-this-new-3d-scan-180985274/ Boucher, Brian. “In a Rare Move, Boston’s Gardner Museum Snaps Up a Neighboring Apartment Building.” ArtNet. 10/18/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/boston-gardner-museum-buys-apartment-building-2555811 Whipple, Tom. “Letters reveal the quiet genius of Ada Lovelace.” The Times. 6/14/2024. https://www.thetimes.com/uk/history/article/ada-lovelace-letters-shed-light-woman-science-1848-kdztdh9x0 Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “This 18th-Century Painting Could Rewrite Black History in Britain.” ArtNet. 10/14/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/this-18th-century-painting-could-rewrite-black-history-in-britain-2552814 Factum Foundation. “William Blake’s Earliest Engravings.” 2024. https://factumfoundation.org/our-projects/digitisation/archiox-analysing-and-recording-cultural-heritage-in-oxford/william-blakes-earliest-engravings/ Whiddington, Richard. “William Blake&rsq

This first installment the end of year 2024 edition of Unearthed! starts with updates, so many shipwrecks, and so much art. Research: Giuffrida, Angela. “Painting found by junk dealer in cellar is original Picasso, experts claim.” The Guardian. 10/1/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/oct/01/painting-found-by-junk-dealer-in-cellar-is-original-picasso-experts-claim Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “‘Horrible’ Painting Found by a Junk Dealer Could Be a Picasso Worth $6 Million.” ArtNet. 10/1/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/junk-dealer-picasso-2545786 Kuta, Sarah. “This Shipwreck’s Location Was a Mystery for 129 Years. Then, Two Men Found It Just Minutes Into a Three-Day Search.” Smithsonian. 9/30/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-shipwrecks-location-was-a-mystery-for-129-years-then-two-men-found-it-just-minutes-into-a-three-day-search-180985165/ Peru murals https://archaeology.org/news/2024/10/01/additional-moche-murals-uncovered-in-peru-at-panamarca/ Leung, Maple. “Team makes distilled wine in replica of bronze vessel found at emperor’s tomb.” MyNews. 12/13/2024. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3290709/team-makes-distilled-wine-replica-bronze-vessel-found-emperors-tomb Feldman, Ella. “Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers From ‘The Wizard of Oz’ Sell for a Record-Breaking $28 Million.” Smithsonian. 12/10/2024. s-from-the-wizard-of-oz-sell-for-a-record-breaking-28-million-180985620/ Tamisiea, Jack. “Hairballs Shed Light on Man-Eating Lions’ Menu.” The New York Times. 10/11/2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/11/science/tsavo-lions-man-eating-dna.html Spears, Nancy Marie. “First-ever oral histories of Indian boarding school survivors, collected with care.” ICT. 10/16/2024. https://ictnews.org/news/first-ever-oral-histories-of-indian-boarding-school-survivors-collected-with-care Kuta, Sarah. “Biden Issues a ‘Long Overdue’ Formal Apology for Native American Boarding Schools.” Smithsonian. 10/25/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/biden-issues-a-long-overdue-biden-formally-apologizes-for-native-american-boarding-schools-180985341/ Schrader, Adam. “A New Monument Confronts the Dark Legacy of Native American Boarding Schools.” ArtNet. 12/13/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/indian-boarding-school-national-monument-2586044 Boucher, Brian. “This Contemporary Artist Will Complete a Missing Scene in the Millennium-Old Bayeux Tapestry.” Artnet. 10/29/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/helene-delprat-complete-bayeux-tapestry-2560937 Reuters. “Ancient Pompeii site uncovers tiny house with exquisite frescoes.” 10/24/2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ancient-pompeii-site-uncovers-tiny-house-with-exquisite-frescoes-2024-10-24/ The History Blog. “Tiny house frescoed like mansion in Pompeii.” 10/25/2024. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/71444 Bowman, Emma. “New DNA evidence upends what we thought we knew about Pompeii victims.” NPR. 11/9/2024. https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33553/pompeii-dna-evidence-vesuvius-victims Benzine, Vittoria. “Pompeii Experts Back Up Pliny’s Historical Account of Vesuvius Eruption.” ArtNet. 12/13/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/pompeii-pliny-vesuvius-eruption-date-2587228 Willsher, Kim. “‘Bodies were dropped down quarry shafts’: secrets of millions buried in Paris catacombs come to light.” The Guardian. 10/19/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/19/bodies-quarry-shafts-millions-buried-paris-catacombs Kuta, Sarah. “See the Wreck of Ernest Shackleton’s ‘Endurance’ in Astonishing Detail With This New 3D Scan.” Smithsonian. 10/18/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/see-the-wreck-of-ernest-shackletons-endurance-in-astonishing-detail-with-this-new-3d-scan-180985274/ Boucher, Brian. “In a Rare Move, Boston’s Gardner Museum Snaps Up a Neighboring Apartment Building.” ArtNet. 10/18/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/boston-gardner-museum-buys-apartment-building-2555811 Whipple, Tom. “Letters reveal the quiet genius of Ada Lovelace.” The Times. 6/14/2024. https://www.thetimes.com/uk/history/article/ada-lovelace-letters-shed-light-woman-science-1848-kdztdh9x0 Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “This 18th-Century Painting Could Rewrite Black History in Britain.” ArtNet. 10/14/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/this-18th-century-painting-could-rewrite-black-history-in-britain-2552814 Factum Foundation. “William Blake’s Earliest Engravings.” 2024. https://factumfoundation.org/our-projects/digitisation/archiox-analysing-and-recording-cultural-heritage-in-oxford/william-blakes-earliest-engravings/ Whiddington, Richard. “William Blake’s Earliest Etchings Uncover

This 2021 episode covers two women rulers of 11th-century Constantinople. Sometimes Zoë ruled alongside one of her husbands, sometimes she and Theodora ruled together, and in the end, Theodora ruled alone. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about Mary Lease's racism, and the barriers to accessing the one biography that really examines it. Tracy traces the steps she took into the rabbit hole of Mary McLeod Bethune's birth and family story. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, activist, and civil servant who dedicated her entire life to the pursuit of racial and gender equality. Her impressive legacy includes schools, legislation, and the formation of the Women's Army Corps. Research:  Architect of the Capitol. “Mary McLeod Bethune.” https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/mary-mcleod-bethune-statue Bethune, Mary McLeod. “Dr. Bethune's Last Will & Testament.” Bethune-Cookman University. https://www.cookman.edu/history/last-will-testament.html Bethune, Mary McLeod. “Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World: Essays and Selected Documents.” Indiana University Press. 1999. Brewer, William M. “Mary McLeod Bethune.” Negro History Bulletin , November, 1955, Vol. 19, No. 2 (November, 1955), p. 48, 36. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44212916 "Bethune, Mary Mcleod." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by John Hartwell Moore, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 166-167. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2831200056/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=8b031f93. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. “Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955).” https://erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu/mary-mcleod-bethune-1875-1955 Flemming, Shelia Y. and Elaine M. Smith. “Mary McLeod Bethune: Born for Greatness: Introduction to Special Volume.” Phylon (1960-), Vol. 59, No. 2 (WINTER 2022), pp. 21-54. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27180573 Foreman, Adam. “The Extraordinary Life of Mary McLeod Bethune.” The National World War II Museum. July 30, 2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/mary-mcleod-bethune Johnson-Miller, Beverly C. "Mary McLeod Bethune: black educational ministry leader of the early 20th century." Christian Education Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, fall 2006, pp. 330+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A154513137/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=175ad2e0. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024. Jones, Martha S. “Mary McLeod Bethune Was at the Vanguard of More Than 50 Years of Black Progress.” Smithsonian. 7/2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mary-mcleod-bethune-vanguard-more-than-50-years-black-progress-180975202/ Long, Kim Cliett. "Dr. Mary Mcleod Bethune: a life devoted to service." Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table, fall 2011. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A317588290/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=af61ca7a. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024. "Mary McLeod Bethune." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, Gale, 1999. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1667000015/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=96df5412. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024. McCLUSKEY, AUDREY T. "Representing the Race: Mary McLeod Bethune and the Press in the Jim Crow Era." The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, winter 1999, p. 236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A62354228/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=d189f Michals, Debra. "Mary McLeod Bethune." National Women's History Museum. National Women's History Museum, 2015. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-mcleod-bethune Moorer, Vanessa. “Mary McLeod Bethune.” National Museum of African American History and Culture. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/mary-mcleod-bethune National Parks Service. “Mary McLeod Bethune. Mary McLeod Bethune Council House. https://www.nps.gov/mamc/learn/historyculture/mary-mcleod-bethune.htm PBS American Experience. “Eleanor and Mary McLeod Bethune.” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eleanor-bethune/ Popp, Veronica. “Black roses: The womanist partnership of Frances Reynolds Keyser and Mary McLeod Bethune.” Journal of Lesbian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2024.2385714 Roosevelt, Eleanor. “My Day: May 20, 1955.” https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1955&_f=md003174 Smith, Elaine M. “Mary McLeod Bethune Papers: The Bethune-Cookman College Collection, 1922–1955.” Alabama State University. /https://pq-static-content.proquest.com/collateral/media2/documents/1397_MaryMcLBethuneCollege.pdf Smith, Elaine M. “Mary McLeod Bethune: In the Leadership Orbit of Men.” Phylon (1960-), WINTER 2022, Vol. 59, No. 2 (WINTER 2022). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27180575 Smith, Elaine M. “Mary McLeod Bethune’s ‘Last Will and Testament’: A Legacy for Race Vindication.” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 81, no. 1/4, 1996, pp. 105–22. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2717611. Accessed 10 Dec. 2024. State Library and Archives of Florida. “Mary McLeod Bethune.” Florida Memory. https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/mary-mcle

Mary Elizabeth Lease was a progressive political activist who fought big business, worked on behalf of the common man, and believed strongly in the importance of third parties in the U.S. political system. But there are also some really problematic parts of her story and ideology. Research: Barnes, Donna A. “Farmers’ Alliance.” Texas State Historical Association. Jan. 1 1995. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/farmers-alliance Bauer, Pat. "Farmers’ Alliance". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Sep. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Farmers-Alliance Bentson, Sarah. “Mary Elizabeth Lease.”       March 1, 2022. “Bryan’s Cross of Gold and the Partisan Battle over Economic Policy.” University of Virginia, Miller Center. https://millercenter.org/bryans-cross-gold-and-partisan-battle-over-economic-policy#:~:text=On%20this%20day%20in%201896,silver%20standard%20for%20U.S.%20currency “Concerning a Mortgage.” New York Times. Aug. 11, 1896. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/08/11/103382098.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Farmers and Laborers.” Daily Kansas People. Aug. 13, 1890. https://www.newspapers.com/image/477977710/?match=1&terms=%22mary%20e.%20lease%22%20divorce “Furor Over Mary Lease.”  New York Times. Aug. 11, 1896. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/08/11/103382074.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Harper, Ida Husted. “THE LIFE AND WORK OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY, Vol. II.” Bowen-Merrill. 1898. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31125/31125-h/31125-h.htm “Ingalls Knocked Out.” Daily Alta California. Dec. 7, 1890. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18901207.2.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-------- Lease, Mary Elizabeth. “The Problem of Civilization Solved.” 1895. Accessed online: https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-gildedage%3A24027/print_object “Mary Lease Dead; Long Dry Agitator.” New York Times. Oct. 30, 1933. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/10/30/105813706.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Mrs. Lease Is Not In It.” Akron Evening Times. Jan.5 , 1893. https://www.newspapers.com/image/228089290/?match=1&terms=%22mary%20e.%20lease%22%20supreme%20court McLeRoy, Sherrie S. “Lease, Mary Elizabeth Clyens (1853–1933).” Texas State Historical Association. Handbook of Texas Women. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/lease-mary-elizabeth-clyens “Mrs. Mary Lease Removed From Office.” New York Times. July 7, 1895. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/07/07/105980959.html?pageNumber=1 Orr, Brooke Speer. “The ‘People’s Joan of Arc’: Mary Elizabeth Lease, Gendered Politics and Populist Party Politics in Gilded-Age America (American University Studies Book 14) .” Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers. 2014. Kindle edition. Press, Donald E. “Kansas Conflict: Populist Versus Railroader in the 1890's.” Kansas Historical Quarterlies. Autum, 1977. Vol. 43, No. 3. https://www.kancoll.org/khq/1977/77_3_dpress.htm#Ref42 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2021 episode covers G.J. Griffith, who today is associated with the Los Angeles park and the observatory. But during his time, Griffith was associated with other things: real estate, social climbing, and a horrifying domestic abuse scandal.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about sewing machines in their lives. Tracy talks about how she thought hangover research would be easy, but it turned out to be quite challenging. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Humans probably started fermenting things on purpose by about 10,000 BCE. But when did they start discussing the aftereffects that come from drinking too much? Research: ·       Beringer, Guy. “Brunch: a plea.” Harper's Weekly, 1895. https://archive.org/details/archive_charlyj_001 ·       Bishop-Stall, Shaughnessy. “Hung Over: The Morning After and One Man’s Quest for the Cure.” Penguin Books. 2018. ·       Bishop-Stall, Shaughnessy. “Weird Hangover Cures Through the Ages.” Lit Hub. 11/20/2018. https://lithub.com/weird-hangover-cures-through-the-ages/ ·       Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. “The reader's handbook of allusions, references, plots and stories; with two appendices;.” https://archive.org/details/readershandb00brew/page/957/ ·       Danovich, Tove. “The Weird and Wonderful History of Hangover Cures.” 12/31/2015. https://www.eater.com/2015/12/31/10690384/hangover-cure-history ·       Dean, Sam. “How to Say 'Hangover' in French, German, Finnish, and Many Other Languages.” Bon Appetit. 12/28/2012. https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/how-to-say-hangover-in-french-german-finnish-and-many-other-languages ·       Frazer, Sir James George. “The Golden Bough : a study of magic and religion.” https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3623/3623-h/3623-h.htm#c3section1 ·       “'Hair of the Dog that Bit you' in Dog, N. (1), Sense P.6.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6646229330. ·       “Hangover, N., Sense 2.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3221323975. ·       Hanson, David J. “Historical evolution of alcohol consumption in society.” From Alcohol: Science, Policy and Public Health. Peter Boyle, ed. Oxford University Press. 2013. ·       “Jag, N. (2), Sense 1.c.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3217891040. ·       MacDonald, James. “The Weird Ways Humans Have Tried Curing Hangovers.” JSTOR Daily. 1/25/2016. https://daily.jstor.org/weird-ways-humans-tried-curing-hangovers/ ·       Nasser, Mervat. “Psychiatry in Ancient Egypt.” Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Vol. 11. December 1987. ·       Office of Communications, Princeton University. “Desires for fatty foods and alcohol share a chemical trigger.” 12/15/2004. https://pr.princeton.edu/news/04/q4/1215-galanin.htm ·       O'Reilly, Jean. “No convincing scientific evidence that hangover cures work, according to new research.” Via EurekAlert. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/938938 ·       Paulsen, Frank M. “A Hair of the Dog and Some Other Hangover Cures from Popular Tradition.” The Journal of American Folklore , Apr. - Jun., 1961, Vol. 74, No. 292 (Apr. - Jun., 1961). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/537784 ·       Pittler, Max, et al. “Interventions For Preventing Or Treating Alcohol Hangover: Systematic Review Of Randomised Controlled Trials.” BMJ: British Medical Journal , Dec. 24 - 31, 2005, Vol. 331, No. 7531 (Dec. 24 - 31, 2005). https://www.jstor.org/stable/25455748 ·       Shears, Jonathon. “The Hangover: A Literary & Cultural History.” Liverpool University Press. 2020. Suddath, Claire. “A Brief History of Hangovers.” Time. 1/1/2009. https://time.com/3958046/history-of-hangovers/ ·       Van Huygen, Meg. “15 Historical Hangover Cures.” Mental Floss. 12/30/2016. ·       Weinberg, Caroline. “The Science of Hangovers.” Eater. 12/31/2015. https://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/12/31/10685644/hangover-cures-how-to-prevent-hungover ·       Wills, Matthew. “Treating Wounds With Magic.” JSTOR Daily. 9/14/2019. https://daily.jstor.org/treating-wounds-with-magic/ ·       Wurdz, Gideon. “The Foolish Dictionary: An Exhausting Work of Reference to Un-certain English Words, Their Origin, Meaning, Legitimate and Illegitimate Use, Confused by a Few Pictures.” Robinson, Luce Company. 1904. https://play.google.com/store/

A lot of sewing techniques being taught and used today came from the mind of one innovator: Helen Blanchard. She held 28 patents, most related to sewing, and she shaped the way the garment industry functioned. Research: “1854 – Walter Hunt’s Patent Model of a Sewing Machine.” Smithsonian. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1070410 “1873 - Helen A. Blanchard's Sewing machine Patent Model (buttonhole).” Smithsonian. National Museum of American History. https://www.si.edu/object/1873-helen-blanchards-sewing-machine-patent-model-buttonhole%3Anmah_1069711 “A Woman’s Pluck.” The Portland Daily Press. Aug. 24, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/875134248/?match=1&terms=%22Helen%20A.%20blanchard%22 Blanchard, Helen A. “Improvement in Sewing Machines.” USPO. Aug. 19, 1873. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/11/99/2a/c5331644eba132/US141987.pdf Blanchard, Helen A. “IMPROVEMENT IN ELASTIC GORINGS FOR SHOES.” USPO. Sept. 14, 1875. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e4/91/7f/d5eca5e95653b8/US167732.pdf Blanchard, Helen A. “IMPROVEMENT IN ELASTIC SEAMS FOR GARMENTS.” USPO. April 13, 1875. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/22/f6/ab/176ada1cf78526/US162019.pdf Blanchard, Helen. A. “Surgical Needle.” USPO. Oct. 9, 1894. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/6a/29/283ec2c85e7b0d/US527263.pdf Blanchard, Helen A. “Improvement in Welted and Covered Seams.” USPO. Aug. 19, 1875. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/7b/34/59/3e6a0f48970df6/US174764.pdf Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "panic." Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Apr. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/money/panic-economics DiPhilippo, Kathryn Onos. “Window on the Past – Local Women in History: Helen Blanchard.” Portland Herald. June 24, 2020. https://www.pressherald.com/2020/06/24/window-on-the-past-6/#:~:text=Around%201881%2C%20Helen%20and%20Louise%20Blanchard%20started,own%20company%2C%20the%20Blanchard%20Overseam%20Machine%20Company. “Helen A. Blanchard has filed …” The Philadelphia Inquirer. Dec. 23, 1900. https://www.newspapers.com/image/168365258/?match=1&terms=%22Helen%20A.%20blanchard%22 “Helen Blanchard: Sewing Machine Improvements.” Lemelson-MIT. https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/helen-blanchard “Helen Blanchard - Zig-Zag Sewing Machine.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/helen-blanchard Herzberg, Rudolph, tr. By Upfield Green. “The Sewing machine: Its History, Construction, and Application.” London. E. & F.N. Spon. 1864. https://archive.org/details/sewingmachineit00herzgoog “Miss Helen Blanchard … “ Portland Sunday Telegraph. Dec. 3, 1899. https://www.newspapers.com/image/846596628/?match=1&terms=%22Helen%20A.%20blanchard%22 “Motor and Lumber Companies Incorporated.” Boston Evening Transcript. May 09, 1900. https://www.newspapers.com/image/735352621/?match=1&terms=%22Helen%20A.%20blanchard%22 “NO AUCTION SALE.” Portland Sunday Telegram. Jan 31, 1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/846796566/?match=1&terms=%22Helen%20A.%20blanchard%22 “The Portland Advertiser states … “ Bangor Daily Whig and Courier. Jul. 09, 1853. https://www.newspapers.com/image/663005747/?match=1&terms=thomas%20knight%20shipyard%20fire Stanley, Autumn. “Mothers and Daughters of Invention.” Rutgers University Press. 1995. “Superior Court.” The Portland Daily Press. Dec 22, 1900. https://www.newspapers.com/image/875209480/?match=1&terms=%22Helen%20A.%20blanchard%22 Willard, Frances Elizabeth. “A Woman of the Century.” Moulton. January 1893. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=zXEEAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-zXEEAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 “Woman Inventor Was Last of an Old Time Family.” Evening Express. Jan 13, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/image/851331069/?article=4c97fcf5-4fbc-4149-8dc4-4160e6411049  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers F.W. Murnau, most well known for directing the first vampire film. But the German-born creator went on to make a number of influential films before his early death.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss the seasonal nature of pumpkin spice, and medicinal uses of nutmeg. They then talk about artificial versus real Christmas trees.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode looks at the early days of Christmas trees, the origin of glass ornaments, and the practice of mounting lit candles on trees before electric bulbs were invented.  Research: ·     “36 Perish as Party Guests Stampede to Flee Flames.” The Minneapolis Star. Dec 25, 1924. https://www.newspapers.com/image/178762039/  ·     “Accident From a Christmas Tree.” The Morning Post. Jan 11, 1850. https://www.newspapers.com/image/402121758/?match=1&terms=%22christmas%20tree%22%20Victoria ·     Barnes, Allison. “The First Christmas Tree. History Today. December 12, 2006. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/first-christmas-tree ·     Brittain, J. E.  "John R. Crouse and the Society for Electrical Development [Scanning the Past]." Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 2475-2477, Dec. 1998. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/735455 ·     Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Woolworth Co.." Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Nov. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/money/Woolworth-Co ·     “A Christmas tree candle set fire … “ The Jersey City News. Jan. 9, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image/856106974/?match=1&terms=christmas%20tree%20candles%20fire ·     Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, and Ernest Hartley Coleridge, ed. “LETTERS OFSAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE.” London. William Heinemann. 1895. Accessed online: https://gutenberg.org/files/44553/44553-h/44553-h.htm ·     Flander, Judith. “Christmas: A Biography.” Thomas Dunne Books. 2017. ·     Foyle, Jonathan. “The Business of Baubles – and the Town That Invented Them.” Financial Times. Dec. 19, 2014. https://www.ft.com/content/ce33a468-812a-11e4-b956-00144feabdc0 ·     “Glass Christmas Ornaments.” The German Way. https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/glass-christmas-ornaments/ ·     Loud, Nicholas. “The History of Christmas Decorations in America.” Saturday Evening Post. December 2020. https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2020/12/the-history-of-christmas-decorations-in-america/ ·     Lorch, Mark. “The Forgotten Scientist Who Made Modern Christmas Ornaments Possible.” Fast Company. Dec. 21, 2021. https://www.fastcompany.com/90707875/the-forgotten-scientist-who-made-modern-christmas-ornaments-possible ·     Malanowski, Jamie. “Untangling the History of Christmas Lights.” Smithsonian. December 2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/untangling-history-christmas-lights-180961140/ ·     “No Christmas Tree Fires Are Reported Here.” Alton Evening Telegraph. Dec. 28. 1921. https://www.newspapers.com/image/19919324/?match=1&terms=christmas%20tree%20candles%20fire ·     “A few years ago the caution …” Daily Plainsman. Dec. 12, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/23432095/?match=1&terms=christmas%20tree%20candles%20fire ·     “Christmas Tree Candles – Fire.” The Courier-Journal of Louisville. Jan. 05, 1909. https://www.newspapers.com/image/119330231/?match=1&terms=christmas%20tree%20candles%20fire ·     “The Christmas Tree at Windsor Castle.” The Morning Post. Dec. 28, 1848. https://www.newspapers.com/image/402196932/?match=1&terms=%22christmas%20tree%22%20Victoria ·     “Feiker Takes Commerce Post.” New York Times. July 2, 1931. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/07/02/113339929.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 ·     “German Hospital, Dalston.” The Morning Post. Jan. 1, 1848. https://www.newspapers.com/image/402129709/?match=1&terms=%22christmas%20tree%22%20Victoria ·     Prior, Dr. M. Faye. “Trimming the Tree – Glass and metal Christmas tree decorations.” York Museum Trust. https://www.yorkmuseumstrust.org.uk/blog/trimming-the-tree-glass-and-metal-christmas-tree-decorations/ ·     Roberts, Sam. “Si Spiegel, War Hero Who Modernized Christmas Trees, Dies at 99.” New York Times. Feb. 11, 2024. ·     Scinto, Madeleine. “Americans Are Spending A Whopping $6 Billion On Christmas Decorations This Year.” Business Insider. Dec. 7, 2011. https://www.businessinsider.com/americans-are-spending-a-record-6-billion-on-christmas-decorations-2011-12 ·     Shapiro, Laurie Gwen. &l

Nutmeg is native to the Banda Islands in Indonesia. Once Europeans discovered nutmeg, they had an enormous - often violent - impact on the islands it was growing on. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "nutmeg". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/nutmeg. Accessed 22 November 2024. Esarey, Logan. “The Literary Spirit Among the Early Ohio Valley Settlers.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 5, no. 2, 1918, pp. 143–57. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1886120. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024. Ghosh, Amitav. “The Nutmeg’s Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis.” University of Chicago Press. 2021. Godinez, Andrea. “3,500-year-old pumpkin spice? Archaeologists find the earliest use of nutmeg as a food.” University of Washington. Via EurekAlert. 10/3/2018. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/578241 Haliburton, Thomas Chandler. “The Clockmaker; or the Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick, of Slickville, to which is added, The Bubbles of Canada by the Same Author.” Paris, 1839.  https://books.google.com/books?id=jtssAAAAYAAJ Hill, Daniel Harvey. “Elements of Algebra.” J.B. Lippincott & Co. Philadelphia. 1857. https://books.google.com/books?id=5JoKAAAAYAAJ Intermediate Technology Development Group. “Processing of Nutmeg and Mace.” https://archive.org/details/production_nutmeg_mace/ Keyser, Hannah. “Why is Connecticut Called the “Nutmeg State”?.” Mental Floss. 9/26/2023. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/55245/why-connecticut-called-nutmeg-state Lohman, Sarah. “Why Early America Was Obsessed With Wooden Nutmegs.” Mental Floss. 4/24/2017. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/94734/why-early-america-was-obsessed-wooden-nutmegs Rampe, Amelia. “Everything You Need to Know About Nutmeg.” Food and Wine. 12/28/2022. https://www.foodandwine.com/nutmeg-what-it-is-and-how-to-use-it-7089902 Sasikumar*, B. “Nutmeg - Origin, diversity, distribution and history.” Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops. Vol. 30, No. 2. 2021. Spence, Charles. “Nutmeg and mace: The sweet and savoury spices.” International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. Vol. 36, 2004. The North American Review, vol. 15, no. 37, 1822, pp. 340–47. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25109151. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024. Weil, Andrew T. “The use of nutmeg as a psychotropic agent.” United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1966-01-01_4_page003.html Winn, Philip. “Slavery and cultural creativity in the Banda Islands.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , October 2010, Vol. 41, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20778894 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2020 episode covers the iconic figure of mysticism, Madame Blavatsky. She was the founder of the theosophical movement, and lived a life of adventure that's hard to believe.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about the many, many organizations that Joaquín Torres-García formed. Tracy discusses how there was no plan in place before the SL-1 accident to deal with radioactive bodies.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Stationary Low-Power Plant Number 1 was a small boiling-water reactor built at the National Reactor Testing Station, west of Idaho Falls, Idaho. On January 3, 1961, during a restart of the reactor, a catastrophic tragedy unfolded when the reactor went supercritical.  Research: Divison of Technical Information Extension, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. “SL-1 The Accident, Phases I and II.” https://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1129428 Francisco, A.D. and E. T. Tomlinson. “Analysis of the SL-1 Accident Using RELAP5-3D.” Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. 2007 International RELAP5 User’s Seminar. November 7 -9, 2007. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/39/038/39038759.pdf?r=1 Idaho National Laboratory. “SL-1, Idaho: Just the Facts.” https://factsheets.inl.gov/FactSheets/Just%20the%20Facts_SL-1.pdf O’Connor, Bryan. “Supercritical: SL-1 Nuclear Reactor Explosion.” NASA. September 2007. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2007-09-01-sl1nuclearreactorexplosion-vits.pdf McKeown, William. “Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America’s First Nuclear Accident.” ECW Press. 2003. Perry, E.F. “Stationary Low Power Reactor No. 1 (SL-1) Accident Site Decontamination & Dismantlement Project.” Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies. 10/27/1995. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/029/27029475.pdf?r=1 SL-1 Accident Briefing Report - 1961 Nuclear Reactor Meltdown Educational Documentary. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. https://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1122857 Sommers, Bryan W. “Idaho Falls: The First Nuclear Meltdown in America’s History.” 4/11/2024. https://www.argonelectronics.com/blog/idaho-falls-first-nuclear-meltdown-in-americas-history Stacy, Susan M. “Proving the Principle.” Idaho Operations Office of the Department of Energy Idaho Falls, Idaho. 2000. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. “IDO Report on the Nuclear Incident at the SL-1 Reactor, January 3, 1961, National Reactor Testing Station.” U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office. US Atomic Energy Commission. “REPORT ON THE SL-1 INCIDENT, JANUARY 3, 1961” https://archive.org/details/SL1PressRelease1961 Wander, Steve, executive editor. “Supercritical.” System Failure Case Studies. Vol. 1, Issue 4. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2007-09-01-sl1nuclearreactorexplosion.pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Joaquín Torres-García was Uruguayan-born artist who wanted to bring Constructivism and Modernism to Latin America, and worked for much of his life promoting the idea that Latin-American voices should be part of the Modernist art movement.  Research: ·     Bollar, Gorki. “Primitive Paintings: Connections to Realism and Constructivism.” Leonardo, vol. 17, no. 1, 1984, pp. 17–19. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1574851 ·     Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joaquín Torres-García". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joaquin-Torres-Garcia ·     Duncan, Barbara. “Exploring New Horizons in Latin American Contemporary Art.” Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America. Dec. 30, 2001. https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/exploring-new-horizons-in-latin-american-contemporary-art/ ·     Grimson, Karen. “JOAQUÍN TORRES-GARCÍA’S CREATIVE PARADOX.” INTI, no. 83/84, 2016, pp. 261–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26309985 ·     Jimenez, Maya, Dr. “Joaquin Torres-Garcia, Inverted America.” Smart History. Aug. 9, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/Torres-Garcia-inverted-america/ ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” Art Collection. https://artcollection.io/artist/5ce4801004726600179036b4#:~:text=He%20worked%20on%20the%20first,la%20Sagrada%20Familia%20in%20Barcelona. ·     “Joaquín Torres García.” Centro Cultura Regoleta. http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/04biografias_en/torres_garcia_en.php ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” Guggenheim. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/joaquin-Torres-Garcia ·     “Joaquin Torres Garcia (1874-1949).” National Museum of Visual Art. https://mnav.gub.uy/cms.php?a=4 ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.2518.html ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” Hutchinson Modern & Contemporary. https://hutchinsonmodern.com/artists/40-joaquin-Torres-Garcia/biography/Medina, Alvaro. “Torres-García and the Southern School.” ArtNexus. https://www.artnexus.com/en/magazines/article-magazine-artnexus/5ebf04481ae60a0ea57baa18/3/Torres-Garcia-and-the-southern-school ·     Museo Torres Garcia. “bio.” https://www.torresgarcia.org.uy/bio.php ·     ROMMENS, AARNOUD. “Latin American Abstraction: Upending Joaquín Torres-García’s Inverted Map.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, vol. 51, no. 2, 2018, pp. 35–58. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/90021965 ·     Torres, Celia de. “Constructing Abstraction with Wood: Joaquín Torres-García.” Literal. Issue 18. April 18, 2012. https://literalmagazine.com/constructing-abstraction-with-wood-joaquin-Torres-Garcia/  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2020 episode covers the sphere of plutonium-gallium alloy that the U.S. made for use in an atomic bomb during World War II known as the Demon Core was  It was the source of two fatal criticality accidents. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy relays how Sarah Winnemucca's story inspired this week's episodes, though they were recorded about a month apart, and also how Ely S. Parker is one of the most complicated figures she has ever written about.   See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

While working for the Treasury Department, Ely S. Parker met someone who would become a big part of much of the rest of his life – Ulysses S. Grant. It was through this connection that Parker gained a good deal of power, and cemented a controversial legacy. Research: ·       Adams, James Ring. “The Many Careers of Ely Parker.” National Museum of the American Indian. Fall 2011. ·       Babcock, Barry. “The Story of Donehogawa, First Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.” ICT. 9/13/2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/the-story-of-donehogawa-first-indian-commissioner-of-indian-affairs ·       Contrera, Jessica. “The interracial love story that stunned Washington — twice! — in 1867.” Washington Post. 2/13/2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/13/interracial-love-story-that-stunned-washington-twice/ ·       DeJong, David H. “Ely S. Parker Commissioner of Indian Affairs (April 26, 1869–July 24,1871).” From Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021. University of Nebraska Press. (2021). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2cw0sp9.29 ·       Eves, Megan. “Repatriation and Reconciliation: The Seneca Nation, The Buffalo History Museum and the Repatriation of the Red Jacket Peace Medal.” Museum Association of New York. 5/26/2021. https://nysmuseums.org/MANYnews/10559296 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy.” Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2010). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/westhistquar.41.2.0196 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely S. Parker and the Paradox of Reconstruction Politics in Indian Country.” From “The World the Civil War Made. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, editors. University of North Carolina Press. July 2015. ·       Ginder, Jordan and Caitlin Healey. “Biographies: Ely S. Parker.” United States Army National Museum. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/ely-s-parker/ ·       Hauptman, Laurence M. “On Our Terms: The Tonawanda Seneca Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1844–1851.” New York History , FALL 2010, Vol. 91, No. 4 (FALL 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185816 ·       Henderson, Roger C. “The Piikuni and the U.S. Army’s Piegan Expedition.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Spring 2018. https://mhs.mt.gov/education/IEFA/HendersonMMWHSpr2018.pdf ·       Hewitt, J.N.B. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker, Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary.” Review. The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1920). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834953 ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Blacksmith v. Fellows, 1852.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/blacksmith-v-fellows/ Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Ely S. Parker.” https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/ely-parker/ ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 1858.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/cutler-v-dibble/ ·       Hopkins, John Christian. “Ely S. Parker: Determined to Make a Difference.” Native Peoples Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p78, Sep/Oct2004. ·       Justia. “Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1856).” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/366/ ·       Michaelsen, Scott. “Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography.” American Literary History , Winter, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/490115 ·       Mohawk, John. “Historian Interviews: John Mohawk, PhD.” PBS. Warrior in Two Worlds. https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/historian/mohawk.html ·       National Parks Service. “Ely Parker.” Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. https://www.nps.gov/people/ely-parker.htm ·       Parker, Arthur C. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant’s Military Secretary.” Buffalo Historical Society. 1919. ·       Parker, Ely S. “Report of the Co

Ely S. Parker was instrumental in the creation of President President Ulysses S. Grant’s “peace policy." Parker was Seneca, and he was the first Indigenous person to be placed in a cabinet-level position in the U.S. and the first Indigenous person to serve as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Research: ·       Adams, James Ring. “The Many Careers of Ely Parker.” National Museum of the American Indian. Fall 2011. ·       Babcock, Barry. “The Story of Donehogawa, First Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.” ICT. 9/13/2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/the-story-of-donehogawa-first-indian-commissioner-of-indian-affairs ·       Contrera, Jessica. “The interracial love story that stunned Washington — twice! — in 1867.” Washington Post. 2/13/2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/13/interracial-love-story-that-stunned-washington-twice/ ·       DeJong, David H. “Ely S. Parker Commissioner of Indian Affairs (April 26, 1869–July 24,1871).” From Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021. University of Nebraska Press. (2021). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2cw0sp9.29 ·       Eves, Megan. “Repatriation and Reconciliation: The Seneca Nation, The Buffalo History Museum and the Repatriation of the Red Jacket Peace Medal.” Museum Association of New York. 5/26/2021. https://nysmuseums.org/MANYnews/10559296 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy.” Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2010). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/westhistquar.41.2.0196 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely S. Parker and the Paradox of Reconstruction Politics in Indian Country.” From “The World the Civil War Made. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, editors. University of North Carolina Press. July 2015. ·       Ginder, Jordan and Caitlin Healey. “Biographies: Ely S. Parker.” United States Army National Museum. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/ely-s-parker/ ·       Hauptman, Laurence M. “On Our Terms: The Tonawanda Seneca Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1844–1851.” New York History , FALL 2010, Vol. 91, No. 4 (FALL 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185816 ·       Henderson, Roger C. “The Piikuni and the U.S. Army’s Piegan Expedition.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Spring 2018. https://mhs.mt.gov/education/IEFA/HendersonMMWHSpr2018.pdf ·       Hewitt, J.N.B. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker, Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary.” Review. The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1920). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834953 ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Blacksmith v. Fellows, 1852.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/blacksmith-v-fellows/ Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Ely S. Parker.” https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/ely-parker/ ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 1858.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/cutler-v-dibble/ ·       Hopkins, John Christian. “Ely S. Parker: Determined to Make a Difference.” Native Peoples Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p78, Sep/Oct2004. ·       Justia. “Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1856).” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/366/ ·       Michaelsen, Scott. “Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography.” American Literary History , Winter, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/490115 ·       Mohawk, John. “Historian Interviews: John Mohawk, PhD.” PBS. Warrior in Two Worlds. https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/historian/mohawk.html ·       National Parks Service. “Ely Parker.” Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. https://www.nps.gov/people/ely-parker.htm ·       Parker, Arthur C. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant’s Military Secretary.” Buffalo Historical Society. 1919. ·     &nbsp

This 2020 episode covers scurvy, a deficiency in vitamin C. Its story goes way back in history – all the way to our evolutionary ancestors living more than 60 million years ago. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about getting listener requests, and wonders about the details of one the stories from Monday's show. Tracy and Holly talk about the size of Lynn, Massachusetts, and Holly waxes rhapsodic about shoes. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The shoes you’re wearing today likely were made possible by an invention from the late 19th century. But the inventor of that machine, who had little to no formal education, didn’t really get to enjoy the fruits of his labor. Research: · “29c Jan E. Matzeliger single.” Smithsonian National Postal Museum. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1993.2015.160 · Biography.com Editors. “Jan Matzeliger Biography.” Biography.com. June 24, 2020. https://www.biography.com/inventors/jan-matzeliger · Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jan Ernst Matzeliger". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Ernst-Matzeliger. · “Brockton lasters Strike.” The Daily Item. August 8, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/945617821/?match=1&terms=lasters%20strike · Curry, Sheree R. “Jan Ernst Matzeliger Made Modern Footwear Accessible.” USA Today. Feb. 17, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2023/02/17/jan-ernst-matzeliger-black-shoe-inventor/11154017002/ · “Death of Earnest Matzeliger.” The Daily Item. Aug. 26, 1889. https://www.newspapers.com/image/945605665/?match=1&terms=Matzeliger · “Jan Ernst Matzeliger.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/jan-ernst-matzeliger · “Jan Matzlieger ‘Lasting Machine.’” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/jan-matzlieger · Kaplan, Sydney. “JAN EARNST MATZELIGER AND THE MAKING OF THE SHOE.” Journal of Negro History. Volume 40, Number 1. January 1955. https://doi.org/10.2307/2715446 · Matzeliger, J.E. “Lasting Machine.” U.S. Patent Office. March 20, 1883. https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0274207 · “Matzeliger’s Invention Changed the World.” The Daily Item. Aug. 10, 1999. https://www.newspapers.com/image/948726215/?match=1&terms=Matzeliger · Morgan, Stuart. “The birth of the lasting machine.” Satra. https://www.satra.com/bulletin/article.php?id=2501 · Smeulders, V. (2017, May 31). Matzeliger, Jan Ernst. Oxford African American Studies Center. Retrieved 25 Nov. 2024, from https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74508 · Thompson, Ross. “The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States.” University of North Carolina Press. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode includes six stories requested by listeners that wouldn't quite work as standalone episodes. The topics include: Nellie Cashman, Ela of Salisbury, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Jane Gaugain, Edward A. Carter Jr., and Alice Ball. Research: · National Parks Service. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/nellie-cashman.htm Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.azwhf.org/copy-of-pauline-bates-brown-2 · Backhouse, Frances. “Angel of the Cassiar.” British Columbia Magazine. Winter 2014. · Hawley, Charles C. and Thomas K. Bundtzen. “Ellen (Nellie) Cashman.” Alaska Mining Hall of Fame Foundation. https://alaskamininghalloffame.org/inductees/cashman.php · Clum, John P. “Nellie Cashman.” Arizona Historical Review. Vol. 3, No. 4. January 1931. · Porsild, Charlene. “Cashman, Ellen.” Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XV (1921-1930). https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cashman_ellen_15E.html · Ward, Jennifer C. "Ela, suo jure countess of Salisbury (b. in or after 1190, d. 1261), magnate and abbess." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-47205 · McConnell, Ally. “The life of Ela, Countess of Salisbury.” Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre. https://wshc.org.uk/the-life-of-ela-countess-of-salisbury/ Order fo Medieval Women. “Ela, Countess of Sudbury.” https://www.medievalwomen.org/ela-countess-of-salisbury.html. Charles “Teenie” Harris Archive. Carnegie Museum of Art. https://carnegieart.org/art/charles-teenie-harris-archive/ · National Museum of African American History and Culture. “Photojournalist, Charles “Teenie” Harris.” https://nmaahc.si.edu/photojournalist-charles-teenie-harris · O'Driscoll, Bill. “Historical marker honors famed Pittsburgh photographer Teenie Harris.” WESA. 9/30/2024. https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2024-09-30/historical-charles-teenie-harris-pittsburgh-photography · Kinzer, Stephen. “Black Life, In Black And White; Court Ruling Frees the Legacy Of a Tireless News Photographer.” New York Times. 2/7/2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/arts/black-life-black-white-court-ruling-frees-legacy-tireless-photographer.html · Hulse, Lynn. "Gaugain [née Alison], Jane [Jean] (1804–1860), author, knitter, and fancy needleworker." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. August 08, 2024. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000382575 · "Edward A. Carter, Jr." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 104, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606005739/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=77e0beae. Accessed 30 Oct. 2024. · National WWII Museum. “Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr's Medal of Honor.” 2/15/2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/staff-sergeant-edward-carter-jr-medal-of-honor · Lange, Katie. “Medal of Honor Monday: Army Sgt. 1st Class Edward Carter Jr.” U.S. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3347931/medal-of-honor-monday-army-sgt-1st-class-edward-carter-jr/ · National Parks Service. “Edward Carter Jr.” Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/people/edwardcarterjr.htm · Dwyer, Mitchell K. “A Woman Who Changed the World.” University of Hawaii Foundation. https://www.uhfoundation.org/impact/students/woman-who-changed-world · University of Washington School of Pharmacy. “UWSOP alumni legend Alice Ball, Class of 1914, solved leprosy therapy riddle.” https://sop.washington.edu/uwsop-alumni-legend-alice-ball-class-of-1914-solved-leprosy-riddle/ · Ricks, Delthia. “Overlooked No More: Alice Ball, Chemist Who Created a Treatment for Leprosy.” 5/8/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/obituaries/alice-ball-overlooked.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers the introduction of Hansen's disease to Hawaii, when businessmen, especially from the U.S., were having an increasing influence on the Hawaiian government. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about the SYMHC calendar, and the controversial nature of Sarah Winnemucca's life story. She also discusses the different ways people have labeled Sara's autobiography. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

As an adult, Sarah Winnemucca spent a lot of time trying to advocate for the Northern Paiute, although her legacy in that regard has some complexities. Research: · Carpenter, Cari M. “Sarah Winnemucca Goes to Washington: Rhetoric and Resistance in the Capital City.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.40.2.0087 · Dolan, Kathryn Cornell. “Cattle and Sovereignty in the Work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins.” The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 44, Number 1, Winter 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2020.a752911 · Eves, Rosalyn Collings. “Finding Place to Speak: Sarah Winnemucca's Rhetorical Practices in Disciplinary Spaces.” Legacy , Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/legacy.31.1.0001 · Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian. 7/27/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/ · Hanrahan, Heidi M. “"[W]orthy the imitation of the whites": Sarah Winnemucca and Mary Peabody Mann's Collaboration.” MELUS , SPRING 2013, Vol. 38, No. 1, Cross-Racial and Cross-Ethnic Collaboration and Scholoarship (SPRING 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001207 · Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca. “Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims.” Boston: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1883. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/winnemucca/piutes/piutes.html · Kohler, Michelle. “Sending Word: Sarah Winnemucca and the Violence of Writing.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 69, Number 3, Autumn 2013. https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2013.0021 · Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” Fort Vancouver Historical Site. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm · Martínez, David. “Neither Chief Nor Medicine Man: The Historical Role of the “Intellectual” in the American Indian Community.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/studamerindilite.26.1.0029 · McClure, Andrew S. “Sarah Winnemucca: [Post]Indian Princess and Voice of the Paiutes.” MELUS , Summer, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2, Religion, Myth and Ritual (Summer, 1999). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/467698 Nevada Women’s History Project. “Sarah Winnemucca.” https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/sarah-winnemucca/ · "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007030/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fff26ec7. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, · link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000622/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5a6b25f. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Scherer, Joanna Cohan. “The Public Faces of Sarah Winnemucca.” Cultural Anthropology , May, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1988). Via JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/656350 · Shaping History: Women in Capital Art. “Sarah Winnemucca and Sakakawea: Native American Voices in the Capitol Collection.” Podcast. 5/26/2020. · Slattery, Ryan. “Winnemucca statue erected in U.S. Capitol.” ICT. 3/23/2005. https://ictnews.org/archive/winnemucca-statue-erected-in-us-capitol · Sneider, Leah. “Gender, Literacy, and Sovereignty in Winnemucca's Life among the Piutes.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0257 · Sorisio, Carolyn.” Playing the Indian Princess? Sarah Winnemucca's Newspaper Career and Performance of American Indian Identities.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2011) · "Winnemucca, Sarah." Westward Expansion Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2000, pp. 227-236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426500057/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5519449. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Zanjani, Sally. “Sarah Winnemucca.” University of Nebraska Press. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sarah Winnemucca was Northern Paiute and was born not long before her band had their first contact with people of European descent. That happened in the middle of the 19th century, which means she lived through a lot – this episode covers her early life. Research: · Carpenter, Cari M. “Sarah Winnemucca Goes to Washington: Rhetoric and Resistance in the Capital City.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.40.2.0087 · Dolan, Kathryn Cornell. “Cattle and Sovereignty in the Work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins.” The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 44, Number 1, Winter 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2020.a752911 · Eves, Rosalyn Collings. “Finding Place to Speak: Sarah Winnemucca's Rhetorical Practices in Disciplinary Spaces.” Legacy , Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/legacy.31.1.0001 · Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian. 7/27/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/ · Hanrahan, Heidi M. “"[W]orthy the imitation of the whites": Sarah Winnemucca and Mary Peabody Mann's Collaboration.” MELUS , SPRING 2013, Vol. 38, No. 1, Cross-Racial and Cross-Ethnic Collaboration and Scholoarship (SPRING 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001207 · Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca. “Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims.” Boston: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1883. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/winnemucca/piutes/piutes.html · Kohler, Michelle. “Sending Word: Sarah Winnemucca and the Violence of Writing.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 69, Number 3, Autumn 2013. https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2013.0021 · Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” Fort Vancouver Historical Site. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm · Martínez, David. “Neither Chief Nor Medicine Man: The Historical Role of the “Intellectual” in the American Indian Community.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/studamerindilite.26.1.0029 · McClure, Andrew S. “Sarah Winnemucca: [Post]Indian Princess and Voice of the Paiutes.” MELUS , Summer, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2, Religion, Myth and Ritual (Summer, 1999). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/467698 Nevada Women’s History Project. “Sarah Winnemucca.” https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/sarah-winnemucca/ · "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007030/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fff26ec7. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, · link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000622/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5a6b25f. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Scherer, Joanna Cohan. “The Public Faces of Sarah Winnemucca.” Cultural Anthropology , May, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1988). Via JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/656350 · Shaping History: Women in Capital Art. “Sarah Winnemucca and Sakakawea: Native American Voices in the Capitol Collection.” Podcast. 5/26/2020. · Slattery, Ryan. “Winnemucca statue erected in U.S. Capitol.” ICT. 3/23/2005. https://ictnews.org/archive/winnemucca-statue-erected-in-us-capitol · Sneider, Leah. “Gender, Literacy, and Sovereignty in Winnemucca's Life among the Piutes.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0257 · Sorisio, Carolyn.” Playing the Indian Princess? Sarah Winnemucca's Newspaper Career and Performance of American Indian Identities.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2011) · "Winnemucca, Sarah." Westward Expansion Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2000, pp. 227-236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426500057/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5519449. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Zanjani, Sally. “Sarah Winnemucca.” University of Nebraska Press. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2014 episode covers the Treaty of Waitangi, a treaty between the British and the Maori that established New Zealand as a nation. The goal was to benefit both parties, but a hurried translation of the document led to some confusion.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly notes the racist views of one of Charles Brown's biographers. Tracy and Holly also discuss presidential proclamations and the ways Thanksgiving has been framed as a feel-good story over the years. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode covers President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s decision to move the date of Thanksgiving with the hope of helping businesses that were trying to recover from the Great Depression – and the controversy that caused. Research: Associated Press. “’Omnipotence of Hitler.’” Decatur Daily Review. 8/17/1939. Associated Press. “Roosevelt to Move Thanksgiving; Retailers For It, Plymouth is Not.” New York Times. 8/15/1939. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/08/15/93946606.html Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2373—Thanksgiving Day Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/210189 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2571—Thanksgiving Day Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/210254 Franklin D. Roosvelt Library and Museum. “The Year We Had Two Thanksgivings.” http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/thanksg.html George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “Thanksgiving Proclamation of 1789.” https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/thanksgiving-proclamation-of-1789 Greninger, Edwin T. “Thanksgiving: An American Holiday.” Social Science , WINTER 1979, Vol. 54, No. 1 (WINTER 1979). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41886345 History, Art and Archives: U.S. House of Representatives. “The Thanksgiving Holiday.” https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Thanksgiving-holiday/ Isbell, Matthew. “’Franksgiving’ – The Period from 1939 through 1941 when Thanksgiving was Partisan.” MCIMaps. 11/22/2017. https://mcimaps.com/franksgiving-the-period-from-1939-through-1941-where-thanksgiving-was-a-partisan-issue/ Kratz, Jessie. “Thanksgiving as a Federal Holiday.” U.S. National Archives. 11/20/2023. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2023/11/20/thanksgiving-as-a-federal-holiday/ Notre Dame Magazine. “From the Archives: Franksgiving.” https://magazine.nd.edu/stories/from-the-archives-franksgiving/ Pilgrim Hall Museum. “Continental Congress Proclamations 1778-1784.” https://pilgrimhall.org/pdf/TG_Continental_Congress_Proclamations_1778_1784.pdf Pilgrim Hall Museum. “Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations.” https://pilgrimhall.org/pdf/TG_Presidential_Thanksgiving_Proclamations_1789_1815.pdf. Public Opinion News Service. “Public Sees Thanksgiving Issue Through Party Glasses.” Gallup. 8/25/1939. “Protests Against Advance Date for Thanksgiving Day Pour In.” The Bulletin. 8/15/1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/101168276/ Shafer, Ronald G. “Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving up a week to goose the economy. Chaos ensued..” Washington Post. 11/24/2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/24/franskgiving-fdr-moved-thanksgiving/ Soodalter, Ron. "'For all the great and various favors': George Washington happily obliged Congress' request for a national day of thanksgiving. Opponents worried it was an overreach of executive privilege." American History, vol. 49, no. 5, Dec. 2014, pp. 44+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A383327692/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=64a53d59. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024. The Center for Legislative Archives. “Congress Establishes Thanksgiving.” https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/thanksgiving Thomas, Heather. “A Presidential History of Thanksgiving.” 11/24/2021. Library of Congress Blog. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2021/11/a-presidential-history-of-thanksgiving/ Washington Papers. “Thanksgiving Proclamation.” https://washingtonpapers.org/documents/thanksgiving-proclamation/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Charles Farrar Browne is often called the first standup comedian. He was, in the 1860s, wildly famous, but his early death, and the soaring career of one of his friends, have contributed to Browne fading from the spotlight in history. Research: “Born 1834; Married 1835. Artemus Ward’s Alleged Widow Claims His Estate.” The Savannah Morning News. April 15, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/852548808/?match=1&terms=artemus%20ward Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Artemus Ward". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Artemus-Ward Dahl, Curtis. “Artemus Ward: Comic Panoramist.” The New England Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 4, 1959, pp. 476–85. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/362502 Hingston, Edward P. “The Genial Showman, Reminiscences of the Life of Artemus Ward.” London: Chatto and Windus. 1881. https://archive.org/details/genialshowmanrem00hingiala/page/n5/mode/2up Hofferth, Micah. “Charles Farrar Browne, the Sometimes-racist Father of Standup Comedy.” Vulture. Feb. 28, 2012. https://www.vulture.com/2012/02/charles-farrar-browne-the-sometimes-racist-father-of-standup-comedy.html “Mark Twain on Artemus Ward.” The Albany Evening Journal. Nov. 29, 1871. https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/roughingit/lecture/awlectaj.html Reed, John Q. “Artemus Ward’s First Lecture.” American Literature, vol. 32, no. 3, 1960, pp. 317–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2922080 Seitz, Don C. “Artemus Ward.” Harper & Brothers. 1919. Accessed online: https://archive.org/stream/artemuswardchar00seituoft/artemuswardchar00seituoft_djvu.txt “Ward, Artemus (1834-1867).” The Vault at Pfaff’s, Lehigh University. https://pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu/node/54123 Ward, Artemus. “The Complete Works of Artemus Ward.” https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6946/6946-h/6946-h.htm#bio See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers Katharina von Bora, Marguerite d’Angoulême and Jeanne d’Albret, who all left their mark on the Reformation, but all in different ways. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about realizing how Hans Sloane’s early life likely normalized the idea of colonization for him, and also Museum Mike the cat. Tracy talks about the structure of Nate DiMeo's book as it compares to his podcast. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.