Stuff You Missed in History Class

Nutmeg is native to the Banda Islands in Indonesia. Once Europeans discovered nutmeg, they had an enormous - often violent - impact on the islands it was growing on. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "nutmeg". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/nutmeg. Accessed 22 November 2024. Esarey, Logan. “The Literary Spirit Among the Early Ohio Valley Settlers.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 5, no. 2, 1918, pp. 143–57. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1886120. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024. Ghosh, Amitav. “The Nutmeg’s Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis.” University of Chicago Press. 2021. Godinez, Andrea. “3,500-year-old pumpkin spice? Archaeologists find the earliest use of nutmeg as a food.” University of Washington. Via EurekAlert. 10/3/2018. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/578241 Haliburton, Thomas Chandler. “The Clockmaker; or the Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick, of Slickville, to which is added, The Bubbles of Canada by the Same Author.” Paris, 1839.  https://books.google.com/books?id=jtssAAAAYAAJ Hill, Daniel Harvey. “Elements of Algebra.” J.B. Lippincott & Co. Philadelphia. 1857. https://books.google.com/books?id=5JoKAAAAYAAJ Intermediate Technology Development Group. “Processing of Nutmeg and Mace.” https://archive.org/details/production_nutmeg_mace/ Keyser, Hannah. “Why is Connecticut Called the “Nutmeg State”?.” Mental Floss. 9/26/2023. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/55245/why-connecticut-called-nutmeg-state Lohman, Sarah. “Why Early America Was Obsessed With Wooden Nutmegs.” Mental Floss. 4/24/2017. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/94734/why-early-america-was-obsessed-wooden-nutmegs Rampe, Amelia. “Everything You Need to Know About Nutmeg.” Food and Wine. 12/28/2022. https://www.foodandwine.com/nutmeg-what-it-is-and-how-to-use-it-7089902 Sasikumar*, B. “Nutmeg - Origin, diversity, distribution and history.” Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops. Vol. 30, No. 2. 2021. Spence, Charles. “Nutmeg and mace: The sweet and savoury spices.” International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. Vol. 36, 2004. The North American Review, vol. 15, no. 37, 1822, pp. 340–47. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25109151. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024. Weil, Andrew T. “The use of nutmeg as a psychotropic agent.” United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1966-01-01_4_page003.html Winn, Philip. “Slavery and cultural creativity in the Banda Islands.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , October 2010, Vol. 41, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20778894 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2020 episode covers the iconic figure of mysticism, Madame Blavatsky. She was the founder of the theosophical movement, and lived a life of adventure that's hard to believe.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about the many, many organizations that Joaquín Torres-García formed. Tracy discusses how there was no plan in place before the SL-1 accident to deal with radioactive bodies.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Stationary Low-Power Plant Number 1 was a small boiling-water reactor built at the National Reactor Testing Station, west of Idaho Falls, Idaho. On January 3, 1961, during a restart of the reactor, a catastrophic tragedy unfolded when the reactor went supercritical.  Research: Divison of Technical Information Extension, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. “SL-1 The Accident, Phases I and II.” https://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1129428 Francisco, A.D. and E. T. Tomlinson. “Analysis of the SL-1 Accident Using RELAP5-3D.” Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. 2007 International RELAP5 User’s Seminar. November 7 -9, 2007. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/39/038/39038759.pdf?r=1 Idaho National Laboratory. “SL-1, Idaho: Just the Facts.” https://factsheets.inl.gov/FactSheets/Just%20the%20Facts_SL-1.pdf O’Connor, Bryan. “Supercritical: SL-1 Nuclear Reactor Explosion.” NASA. September 2007. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2007-09-01-sl1nuclearreactorexplosion-vits.pdf McKeown, William. “Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America’s First Nuclear Accident.” ECW Press. 2003. Perry, E.F. “Stationary Low Power Reactor No. 1 (SL-1) Accident Site Decontamination & Dismantlement Project.” Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies. 10/27/1995. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/029/27029475.pdf?r=1 SL-1 Accident Briefing Report - 1961 Nuclear Reactor Meltdown Educational Documentary. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. https://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1122857 Sommers, Bryan W. “Idaho Falls: The First Nuclear Meltdown in America’s History.” 4/11/2024. https://www.argonelectronics.com/blog/idaho-falls-first-nuclear-meltdown-in-americas-history Stacy, Susan M. “Proving the Principle.” Idaho Operations Office of the Department of Energy Idaho Falls, Idaho. 2000. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. “IDO Report on the Nuclear Incident at the SL-1 Reactor, January 3, 1961, National Reactor Testing Station.” U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office. US Atomic Energy Commission. “REPORT ON THE SL-1 INCIDENT, JANUARY 3, 1961” https://archive.org/details/SL1PressRelease1961 Wander, Steve, executive editor. “Supercritical.” System Failure Case Studies. Vol. 1, Issue 4. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2007-09-01-sl1nuclearreactorexplosion.pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Joaquín Torres-García was Uruguayan-born artist who wanted to bring Constructivism and Modernism to Latin America, and worked for much of his life promoting the idea that Latin-American voices should be part of the Modernist art movement.  Research: ·     Bollar, Gorki. “Primitive Paintings: Connections to Realism and Constructivism.” Leonardo, vol. 17, no. 1, 1984, pp. 17–19. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1574851 ·     Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joaquín Torres-García". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joaquin-Torres-Garcia ·     Duncan, Barbara. “Exploring New Horizons in Latin American Contemporary Art.” Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America. Dec. 30, 2001. https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/exploring-new-horizons-in-latin-american-contemporary-art/ ·     Grimson, Karen. “JOAQUÍN TORRES-GARCÍA’S CREATIVE PARADOX.” INTI, no. 83/84, 2016, pp. 261–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26309985 ·     Jimenez, Maya, Dr. “Joaquin Torres-Garcia, Inverted America.” Smart History. Aug. 9, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/Torres-Garcia-inverted-america/ ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” Art Collection. https://artcollection.io/artist/5ce4801004726600179036b4#:~:text=He%20worked%20on%20the%20first,la%20Sagrada%20Familia%20in%20Barcelona. ·     “Joaquín Torres García.” Centro Cultura Regoleta. http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/04biografias_en/torres_garcia_en.php ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” Guggenheim. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/joaquin-Torres-Garcia ·     “Joaquin Torres Garcia (1874-1949).” National Museum of Visual Art. https://mnav.gub.uy/cms.php?a=4 ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.2518.html ·     “Joaquín Torres-García.” Hutchinson Modern & Contemporary. https://hutchinsonmodern.com/artists/40-joaquin-Torres-Garcia/biography/Medina, Alvaro. “Torres-García and the Southern School.” ArtNexus. https://www.artnexus.com/en/magazines/article-magazine-artnexus/5ebf04481ae60a0ea57baa18/3/Torres-Garcia-and-the-southern-school ·     Museo Torres Garcia. “bio.” https://www.torresgarcia.org.uy/bio.php ·     ROMMENS, AARNOUD. “Latin American Abstraction: Upending Joaquín Torres-García’s Inverted Map.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, vol. 51, no. 2, 2018, pp. 35–58. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/90021965 ·     Torres, Celia de. “Constructing Abstraction with Wood: Joaquín Torres-García.” Literal. Issue 18. April 18, 2012. https://literalmagazine.com/constructing-abstraction-with-wood-joaquin-Torres-Garcia/  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2020 episode covers the sphere of plutonium-gallium alloy that the U.S. made for use in an atomic bomb during World War II known as the Demon Core was  It was the source of two fatal criticality accidents. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy relays how Sarah Winnemucca's story inspired this week's episodes, though they were recorded about a month apart, and also how Ely S. Parker is one of the most complicated figures she has ever written about.   See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

While working for the Treasury Department, Ely S. Parker met someone who would become a big part of much of the rest of his life – Ulysses S. Grant. It was through this connection that Parker gained a good deal of power, and cemented a controversial legacy. Research: ·       Adams, James Ring. “The Many Careers of Ely Parker.” National Museum of the American Indian. Fall 2011. ·       Babcock, Barry. “The Story of Donehogawa, First Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.” ICT. 9/13/2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/the-story-of-donehogawa-first-indian-commissioner-of-indian-affairs ·       Contrera, Jessica. “The interracial love story that stunned Washington — twice! — in 1867.” Washington Post. 2/13/2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/13/interracial-love-story-that-stunned-washington-twice/ ·       DeJong, David H. “Ely S. Parker Commissioner of Indian Affairs (April 26, 1869–July 24,1871).” From Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021. University of Nebraska Press. (2021). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2cw0sp9.29 ·       Eves, Megan. “Repatriation and Reconciliation: The Seneca Nation, The Buffalo History Museum and the Repatriation of the Red Jacket Peace Medal.” Museum Association of New York. 5/26/2021. https://nysmuseums.org/MANYnews/10559296 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy.” Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2010). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/westhistquar.41.2.0196 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely S. Parker and the Paradox of Reconstruction Politics in Indian Country.” From “The World the Civil War Made. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, editors. University of North Carolina Press. July 2015. ·       Ginder, Jordan and Caitlin Healey. “Biographies: Ely S. Parker.” United States Army National Museum. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/ely-s-parker/ ·       Hauptman, Laurence M. “On Our Terms: The Tonawanda Seneca Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1844–1851.” New York History , FALL 2010, Vol. 91, No. 4 (FALL 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185816 ·       Henderson, Roger C. “The Piikuni and the U.S. Army’s Piegan Expedition.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Spring 2018. https://mhs.mt.gov/education/IEFA/HendersonMMWHSpr2018.pdf ·       Hewitt, J.N.B. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker, Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary.” Review. The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1920). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834953 ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Blacksmith v. Fellows, 1852.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/blacksmith-v-fellows/ Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Ely S. Parker.” https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/ely-parker/ ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 1858.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/cutler-v-dibble/ ·       Hopkins, John Christian. “Ely S. Parker: Determined to Make a Difference.” Native Peoples Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p78, Sep/Oct2004. ·       Justia. “Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1856).” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/366/ ·       Michaelsen, Scott. “Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography.” American Literary History , Winter, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/490115 ·       Mohawk, John. “Historian Interviews: John Mohawk, PhD.” PBS. Warrior in Two Worlds. https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/historian/mohawk.html ·       National Parks Service. “Ely Parker.” Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. https://www.nps.gov/people/ely-parker.htm ·       Parker, Arthur C. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant’s Military Secretary.” Buffalo Historical Society. 1919. ·       Parker, Ely S. “Report of the Co

Ely S. Parker was instrumental in the creation of President President Ulysses S. Grant’s “peace policy." Parker was Seneca, and he was the first Indigenous person to be placed in a cabinet-level position in the U.S. and the first Indigenous person to serve as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Research: ·       Adams, James Ring. “The Many Careers of Ely Parker.” National Museum of the American Indian. Fall 2011. ·       Babcock, Barry. “The Story of Donehogawa, First Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.” ICT. 9/13/2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/the-story-of-donehogawa-first-indian-commissioner-of-indian-affairs ·       Contrera, Jessica. “The interracial love story that stunned Washington — twice! — in 1867.” Washington Post. 2/13/2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/13/interracial-love-story-that-stunned-washington-twice/ ·       DeJong, David H. “Ely S. Parker Commissioner of Indian Affairs (April 26, 1869–July 24,1871).” From Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021. University of Nebraska Press. (2021). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2cw0sp9.29 ·       Eves, Megan. “Repatriation and Reconciliation: The Seneca Nation, The Buffalo History Museum and the Repatriation of the Red Jacket Peace Medal.” Museum Association of New York. 5/26/2021. https://nysmuseums.org/MANYnews/10559296 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy.” Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2010). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/westhistquar.41.2.0196 ·       Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. “Ely S. Parker and the Paradox of Reconstruction Politics in Indian Country.” From “The World the Civil War Made. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, editors. University of North Carolina Press. July 2015. ·       Ginder, Jordan and Caitlin Healey. “Biographies: Ely S. Parker.” United States Army National Museum. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/ely-s-parker/ ·       Hauptman, Laurence M. “On Our Terms: The Tonawanda Seneca Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1844–1851.” New York History , FALL 2010, Vol. 91, No. 4 (FALL 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185816 ·       Henderson, Roger C. “The Piikuni and the U.S. Army’s Piegan Expedition.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Spring 2018. https://mhs.mt.gov/education/IEFA/HendersonMMWHSpr2018.pdf ·       Hewitt, J.N.B. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker, Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary.” Review. The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1920). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834953 ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Blacksmith v. Fellows, 1852.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/blacksmith-v-fellows/ Historical Society of the New York Courts. “Ely S. Parker.” https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/ely-parker/ ·       Historical Society of the New York Courts. “New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 1858.” https://history.nycourts.gov/case/cutler-v-dibble/ ·       Hopkins, John Christian. “Ely S. Parker: Determined to Make a Difference.” Native Peoples Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p78, Sep/Oct2004. ·       Justia. “Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1856).” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/366/ ·       Michaelsen, Scott. “Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography.” American Literary History , Winter, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/490115 ·       Mohawk, John. “Historian Interviews: John Mohawk, PhD.” PBS. Warrior in Two Worlds. https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/historian/mohawk.html ·       National Parks Service. “Ely Parker.” Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. https://www.nps.gov/people/ely-parker.htm ·       Parker, Arthur C. “The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant’s Military Secretary.” Buffalo Historical Society. 1919. ·     &nbsp

This 2020 episode covers scurvy, a deficiency in vitamin C. Its story goes way back in history – all the way to our evolutionary ancestors living more than 60 million years ago. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about getting listener requests, and wonders about the details of one the stories from Monday's show. Tracy and Holly talk about the size of Lynn, Massachusetts, and Holly waxes rhapsodic about shoes. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The shoes you’re wearing today likely were made possible by an invention from the late 19th century. But the inventor of that machine, who had little to no formal education, didn’t really get to enjoy the fruits of his labor. Research: · “29c Jan E. Matzeliger single.” Smithsonian National Postal Museum. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1993.2015.160 · Biography.com Editors. “Jan Matzeliger Biography.” Biography.com. June 24, 2020. https://www.biography.com/inventors/jan-matzeliger · Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jan Ernst Matzeliger". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Ernst-Matzeliger. · “Brockton lasters Strike.” The Daily Item. August 8, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/945617821/?match=1&terms=lasters%20strike · Curry, Sheree R. “Jan Ernst Matzeliger Made Modern Footwear Accessible.” USA Today. Feb. 17, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2023/02/17/jan-ernst-matzeliger-black-shoe-inventor/11154017002/ · “Death of Earnest Matzeliger.” The Daily Item. Aug. 26, 1889. https://www.newspapers.com/image/945605665/?match=1&terms=Matzeliger · “Jan Ernst Matzeliger.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/jan-ernst-matzeliger · “Jan Matzlieger ‘Lasting Machine.’” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/jan-matzlieger · Kaplan, Sydney. “JAN EARNST MATZELIGER AND THE MAKING OF THE SHOE.” Journal of Negro History. Volume 40, Number 1. January 1955. https://doi.org/10.2307/2715446 · Matzeliger, J.E. “Lasting Machine.” U.S. Patent Office. March 20, 1883. https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0274207 · “Matzeliger’s Invention Changed the World.” The Daily Item. Aug. 10, 1999. https://www.newspapers.com/image/948726215/?match=1&terms=Matzeliger · Morgan, Stuart. “The birth of the lasting machine.” Satra. https://www.satra.com/bulletin/article.php?id=2501 · Smeulders, V. (2017, May 31). Matzeliger, Jan Ernst. Oxford African American Studies Center. Retrieved 25 Nov. 2024, from https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74508 · Thompson, Ross. “The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States.” University of North Carolina Press. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode includes six stories requested by listeners that wouldn't quite work as standalone episodes. The topics include: Nellie Cashman, Ela of Salisbury, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Jane Gaugain, Edward A. Carter Jr., and Alice Ball. Research: · National Parks Service. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/nellie-cashman.htm Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.azwhf.org/copy-of-pauline-bates-brown-2 · Backhouse, Frances. “Angel of the Cassiar.” British Columbia Magazine. Winter 2014. · Hawley, Charles C. and Thomas K. Bundtzen. “Ellen (Nellie) Cashman.” Alaska Mining Hall of Fame Foundation. https://alaskamininghalloffame.org/inductees/cashman.php · Clum, John P. “Nellie Cashman.” Arizona Historical Review. Vol. 3, No. 4. January 1931. · Porsild, Charlene. “Cashman, Ellen.” Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XV (1921-1930). https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cashman_ellen_15E.html · Ward, Jennifer C. "Ela, suo jure countess of Salisbury (b. in or after 1190, d. 1261), magnate and abbess." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-47205 · McConnell, Ally. “The life of Ela, Countess of Salisbury.” Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre. https://wshc.org.uk/the-life-of-ela-countess-of-salisbury/ Order fo Medieval Women. “Ela, Countess of Sudbury.” https://www.medievalwomen.org/ela-countess-of-salisbury.html. Charles “Teenie” Harris Archive. Carnegie Museum of Art. https://carnegieart.org/art/charles-teenie-harris-archive/ · National Museum of African American History and Culture. “Photojournalist, Charles “Teenie” Harris.” https://nmaahc.si.edu/photojournalist-charles-teenie-harris · O'Driscoll, Bill. “Historical marker honors famed Pittsburgh photographer Teenie Harris.” WESA. 9/30/2024. https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2024-09-30/historical-charles-teenie-harris-pittsburgh-photography · Kinzer, Stephen. “Black Life, In Black And White; Court Ruling Frees the Legacy Of a Tireless News Photographer.” New York Times. 2/7/2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/arts/black-life-black-white-court-ruling-frees-legacy-tireless-photographer.html · Hulse, Lynn. "Gaugain [née Alison], Jane [Jean] (1804–1860), author, knitter, and fancy needleworker." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. August 08, 2024. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000382575 · "Edward A. Carter, Jr." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 104, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606005739/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=77e0beae. Accessed 30 Oct. 2024. · National WWII Museum. “Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr's Medal of Honor.” 2/15/2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/staff-sergeant-edward-carter-jr-medal-of-honor · Lange, Katie. “Medal of Honor Monday: Army Sgt. 1st Class Edward Carter Jr.” U.S. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3347931/medal-of-honor-monday-army-sgt-1st-class-edward-carter-jr/ · National Parks Service. “Edward Carter Jr.” Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/people/edwardcarterjr.htm · Dwyer, Mitchell K. “A Woman Who Changed the World.” University of Hawaii Foundation. https://www.uhfoundation.org/impact/students/woman-who-changed-world · University of Washington School of Pharmacy. “UWSOP alumni legend Alice Ball, Class of 1914, solved leprosy therapy riddle.” https://sop.washington.edu/uwsop-alumni-legend-alice-ball-class-of-1914-solved-leprosy-riddle/ · Ricks, Delthia. “Overlooked No More: Alice Ball, Chemist Who Created a Treatment for Leprosy.” 5/8/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/obituaries/alice-ball-overlooked.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers the introduction of Hansen's disease to Hawaii, when businessmen, especially from the U.S., were having an increasing influence on the Hawaiian government. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about the SYMHC calendar, and the controversial nature of Sarah Winnemucca's life story. She also discusses the different ways people have labeled Sara's autobiography. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

As an adult, Sarah Winnemucca spent a lot of time trying to advocate for the Northern Paiute, although her legacy in that regard has some complexities. Research: · Carpenter, Cari M. “Sarah Winnemucca Goes to Washington: Rhetoric and Resistance in the Capital City.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.40.2.0087 · Dolan, Kathryn Cornell. “Cattle and Sovereignty in the Work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins.” The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 44, Number 1, Winter 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2020.a752911 · Eves, Rosalyn Collings. “Finding Place to Speak: Sarah Winnemucca's Rhetorical Practices in Disciplinary Spaces.” Legacy , Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/legacy.31.1.0001 · Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian. 7/27/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/ · Hanrahan, Heidi M. “"[W]orthy the imitation of the whites": Sarah Winnemucca and Mary Peabody Mann's Collaboration.” MELUS , SPRING 2013, Vol. 38, No. 1, Cross-Racial and Cross-Ethnic Collaboration and Scholoarship (SPRING 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001207 · Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca. “Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims.” Boston: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1883. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/winnemucca/piutes/piutes.html · Kohler, Michelle. “Sending Word: Sarah Winnemucca and the Violence of Writing.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 69, Number 3, Autumn 2013. https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2013.0021 · Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” Fort Vancouver Historical Site. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm · Martínez, David. “Neither Chief Nor Medicine Man: The Historical Role of the “Intellectual” in the American Indian Community.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/studamerindilite.26.1.0029 · McClure, Andrew S. “Sarah Winnemucca: [Post]Indian Princess and Voice of the Paiutes.” MELUS , Summer, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2, Religion, Myth and Ritual (Summer, 1999). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/467698 Nevada Women’s History Project. “Sarah Winnemucca.” https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/sarah-winnemucca/ · "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007030/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fff26ec7. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, · link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000622/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5a6b25f. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Scherer, Joanna Cohan. “The Public Faces of Sarah Winnemucca.” Cultural Anthropology , May, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1988). Via JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/656350 · Shaping History: Women in Capital Art. “Sarah Winnemucca and Sakakawea: Native American Voices in the Capitol Collection.” Podcast. 5/26/2020. · Slattery, Ryan. “Winnemucca statue erected in U.S. Capitol.” ICT. 3/23/2005. https://ictnews.org/archive/winnemucca-statue-erected-in-us-capitol · Sneider, Leah. “Gender, Literacy, and Sovereignty in Winnemucca's Life among the Piutes.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0257 · Sorisio, Carolyn.” Playing the Indian Princess? Sarah Winnemucca's Newspaper Career and Performance of American Indian Identities.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2011) · "Winnemucca, Sarah." Westward Expansion Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2000, pp. 227-236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426500057/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5519449. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Zanjani, Sally. “Sarah Winnemucca.” University of Nebraska Press. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sarah Winnemucca was Northern Paiute and was born not long before her band had their first contact with people of European descent. That happened in the middle of the 19th century, which means she lived through a lot – this episode covers her early life. Research: · Carpenter, Cari M. “Sarah Winnemucca Goes to Washington: Rhetoric and Resistance in the Capital City.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.40.2.0087 · Dolan, Kathryn Cornell. “Cattle and Sovereignty in the Work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins.” The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 44, Number 1, Winter 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2020.a752911 · Eves, Rosalyn Collings. “Finding Place to Speak: Sarah Winnemucca's Rhetorical Practices in Disciplinary Spaces.” Legacy , Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/legacy.31.1.0001 · Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian. 7/27/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/ · Hanrahan, Heidi M. “"[W]orthy the imitation of the whites": Sarah Winnemucca and Mary Peabody Mann's Collaboration.” MELUS , SPRING 2013, Vol. 38, No. 1, Cross-Racial and Cross-Ethnic Collaboration and Scholoarship (SPRING 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001207 · Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca. “Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims.” Boston: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1883. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/winnemucca/piutes/piutes.html · Kohler, Michelle. “Sending Word: Sarah Winnemucca and the Violence of Writing.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 69, Number 3, Autumn 2013. https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2013.0021 · Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” Fort Vancouver Historical Site. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm · Martínez, David. “Neither Chief Nor Medicine Man: The Historical Role of the “Intellectual” in the American Indian Community.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/studamerindilite.26.1.0029 · McClure, Andrew S. “Sarah Winnemucca: [Post]Indian Princess and Voice of the Paiutes.” MELUS , Summer, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2, Religion, Myth and Ritual (Summer, 1999). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/467698 Nevada Women’s History Project. “Sarah Winnemucca.” https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/sarah-winnemucca/ · "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007030/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fff26ec7. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, · link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000622/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5a6b25f. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Scherer, Joanna Cohan. “The Public Faces of Sarah Winnemucca.” Cultural Anthropology , May, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1988). Via JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/656350 · Shaping History: Women in Capital Art. “Sarah Winnemucca and Sakakawea: Native American Voices in the Capitol Collection.” Podcast. 5/26/2020. · Slattery, Ryan. “Winnemucca statue erected in U.S. Capitol.” ICT. 3/23/2005. https://ictnews.org/archive/winnemucca-statue-erected-in-us-capitol · Sneider, Leah. “Gender, Literacy, and Sovereignty in Winnemucca's Life among the Piutes.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0257 · Sorisio, Carolyn.” Playing the Indian Princess? Sarah Winnemucca's Newspaper Career and Performance of American Indian Identities.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2011) · "Winnemucca, Sarah." Westward Expansion Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2000, pp. 227-236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426500057/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5519449. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. · Zanjani, Sally. “Sarah Winnemucca.” University of Nebraska Press. 2001. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2014 episode covers the Treaty of Waitangi, a treaty between the British and the Maori that established New Zealand as a nation. The goal was to benefit both parties, but a hurried translation of the document led to some confusion.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly notes the racist views of one of Charles Brown's biographers. Tracy and Holly also discuss presidential proclamations and the ways Thanksgiving has been framed as a feel-good story over the years. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode covers President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s decision to move the date of Thanksgiving with the hope of helping businesses that were trying to recover from the Great Depression – and the controversy that caused. Research: Associated Press. “’Omnipotence of Hitler.’” Decatur Daily Review. 8/17/1939. Associated Press. “Roosevelt to Move Thanksgiving; Retailers For It, Plymouth is Not.” New York Times. 8/15/1939. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/08/15/93946606.html Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2373—Thanksgiving Day Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/210189 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2571—Thanksgiving Day Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/210254 Franklin D. Roosvelt Library and Museum. “The Year We Had Two Thanksgivings.” http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/thanksg.html George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “Thanksgiving Proclamation of 1789.” https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/thanksgiving-proclamation-of-1789 Greninger, Edwin T. “Thanksgiving: An American Holiday.” Social Science , WINTER 1979, Vol. 54, No. 1 (WINTER 1979). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41886345 History, Art and Archives: U.S. House of Representatives. “The Thanksgiving Holiday.” https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Thanksgiving-holiday/ Isbell, Matthew. “’Franksgiving’ – The Period from 1939 through 1941 when Thanksgiving was Partisan.” MCIMaps. 11/22/2017. https://mcimaps.com/franksgiving-the-period-from-1939-through-1941-where-thanksgiving-was-a-partisan-issue/ Kratz, Jessie. “Thanksgiving as a Federal Holiday.” U.S. National Archives. 11/20/2023. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2023/11/20/thanksgiving-as-a-federal-holiday/ Notre Dame Magazine. “From the Archives: Franksgiving.” https://magazine.nd.edu/stories/from-the-archives-franksgiving/ Pilgrim Hall Museum. “Continental Congress Proclamations 1778-1784.” https://pilgrimhall.org/pdf/TG_Continental_Congress_Proclamations_1778_1784.pdf Pilgrim Hall Museum. “Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations.” https://pilgrimhall.org/pdf/TG_Presidential_Thanksgiving_Proclamations_1789_1815.pdf. Public Opinion News Service. “Public Sees Thanksgiving Issue Through Party Glasses.” Gallup. 8/25/1939. “Protests Against Advance Date for Thanksgiving Day Pour In.” The Bulletin. 8/15/1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/101168276/ Shafer, Ronald G. “Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving up a week to goose the economy. Chaos ensued..” Washington Post. 11/24/2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/24/franskgiving-fdr-moved-thanksgiving/ Soodalter, Ron. "'For all the great and various favors': George Washington happily obliged Congress' request for a national day of thanksgiving. Opponents worried it was an overreach of executive privilege." American History, vol. 49, no. 5, Dec. 2014, pp. 44+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A383327692/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=64a53d59. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024. The Center for Legislative Archives. “Congress Establishes Thanksgiving.” https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/thanksgiving Thomas, Heather. “A Presidential History of Thanksgiving.” 11/24/2021. Library of Congress Blog. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2021/11/a-presidential-history-of-thanksgiving/ Washington Papers. “Thanksgiving Proclamation.” https://washingtonpapers.org/documents/thanksgiving-proclamation/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Charles Farrar Browne is often called the first standup comedian. He was, in the 1860s, wildly famous, but his early death, and the soaring career of one of his friends, have contributed to Browne fading from the spotlight in history. Research: “Born 1834; Married 1835. Artemus Ward’s Alleged Widow Claims His Estate.” The Savannah Morning News. April 15, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/852548808/?match=1&terms=artemus%20ward Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Artemus Ward". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Artemus-Ward Dahl, Curtis. “Artemus Ward: Comic Panoramist.” The New England Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 4, 1959, pp. 476–85. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/362502 Hingston, Edward P. “The Genial Showman, Reminiscences of the Life of Artemus Ward.” London: Chatto and Windus. 1881. https://archive.org/details/genialshowmanrem00hingiala/page/n5/mode/2up Hofferth, Micah. “Charles Farrar Browne, the Sometimes-racist Father of Standup Comedy.” Vulture. Feb. 28, 2012. https://www.vulture.com/2012/02/charles-farrar-browne-the-sometimes-racist-father-of-standup-comedy.html “Mark Twain on Artemus Ward.” The Albany Evening Journal. Nov. 29, 1871. https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/roughingit/lecture/awlectaj.html Reed, John Q. “Artemus Ward’s First Lecture.” American Literature, vol. 32, no. 3, 1960, pp. 317–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2922080 Seitz, Don C. “Artemus Ward.” Harper & Brothers. 1919. Accessed online: https://archive.org/stream/artemuswardchar00seituoft/artemuswardchar00seituoft_djvu.txt “Ward, Artemus (1834-1867).” The Vault at Pfaff’s, Lehigh University. https://pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu/node/54123 Ward, Artemus. “The Complete Works of Artemus Ward.” https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6946/6946-h/6946-h.htm#bio See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers Katharina von Bora, Marguerite d’Angoulême and Jeanne d’Albret, who all left their mark on the Reformation, but all in different ways. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about realizing how Hans Sloane’s early life likely normalized the idea of colonization for him, and also Museum Mike the cat. Tracy talks about the structure of Nate DiMeo's book as it compares to his podcast. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks with Nate DiMeo about podcasting, varying approaches to talking about history, and his new book, "The Memory Palace." You can find the book "The Memory Palace" wherever books are sold; it's out on November 19. The podcast The Memory Palace is available at https://thememorypalace.us/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sir Hans Sloane’s legacy is a bit mixed. He is the reason there’s a British Museum, but there are a lot of problematic aspects to the way he gathered his collection. Research: Blair, Molly. “350 years of the Chelsea Physic Garden: A brief history.” Gardens Illustrated. https://www.gardensillustrated.com/features/chelsea-physic-garden-350 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir Hans Sloane, Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Hans-Sloane-Baronet Delbourgo, James. “Collecting the World: Hans Sloane and the Origins of the British Museum.” Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2017. “Health in the 17th Royal Museums Greenwich. https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/health-17th-century “Introducing Sir Hans Sloane.” The Sloane Letters Project. https://sloaneletters.com/about-sir-hans-sloane/ Lemonius, Michele. “‘Deviously Ingenious’: British Colonialism in Jamaica.” Peace Research, vol. 49, no. 2, 2017, pp. 79–103. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44779908 “London, January 13.” The Derby Mercury. Jan. 12, 1753. https://www.newspapers.com/image/394230860/?match=1&terms=Sir%20Hans%20Sloane Pavid, Katie. “Hans Sloane: Physician, collector and botanist.” National History Museum. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/hans-sloane-physician-collector-botanist.html “Sir Hans Sloane.” Sir Hans Sloane Centre. https://sirhanssloanecentre.co.uk/who-is-hans-sloane/ “Sir Hans Sloane.” The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/sir-hans-sloane Stearns, Raymond Phinneas. “James Petiver Promoter of Natural Science, c.1663-1718.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. October 1952. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44807240.pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers the craze in the 1800s when orchids became a status symbol and the cornerstone of a high-dollar industry. Collecting the plants involved adventure and excitement -- and a high death rate.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about the bias against Lyon in his bank robbing trial. Tracy talks about the way other podcasts that cover history are made, and the dynamics of the Manson family.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy speaks with Toby Ball, creator and host of the podcast Rip Current, which explores the story of the two assassination attempts against President Gerald Ford that were carried out less than three weeks apart in 1975. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The first recorded bank robbery in the U.S. resulted in the wrong man sitting in jail, a very strange confession, and a serious lawsuit for the administrators of the bank that was robbed. Research: Avery, Ron. “America’s First Bank Robbery.” Carpenters’ Hall. https://www.carpentershall.org/americas-first-bank-robbery “Democratic Mystery Unraveled.” The North American. Nov. 20, 1798. https://www.newspapers.com/image/593171719/?match=1&terms=%22isaac%20davis%22 Hunt, Kristin. “The first major bank heist in America happened 225 years ago in Philly — and the wrong guy went to prison.” Philly Voice. Aug. 31, 2023. https://www.phillyvoice.com/first-bank-robbery-us-philly-carpenters-hall-patrick-lyon/ Lloyd, Thomas. “Robbery of the Bank of Pennsylvania in 1798. The Trial in the Supreme Court of the State of Pennsylvania. Reported from the Notes by T. Lloyd. Upon Which the President of That Bank, the Cashier, One of the Directors (Who Was an Alderman) and Another Person Who Was the High Constable of Philadelphia; Were Sentenced to Pay Patrick Lyon Twelve Thousand Dollars Damages, for a False and Malicious Prosecution against Him, without Either Reasonable or Probable Cause.” Philadelphia: Printed for the publishers. 1808. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=WfcdAAAAMAAJ&rdid=book-WfcdAAAAMAAJ&rdot=1 Lyon, Patrick. “The narrative of Patrick Lyon, who suffered three months severe imprisonment in Philadelphia gaol; on merely a vague suspicion, of being concerned in the robbery of the Bank of Pennsylvania: : with his remarks thereon.” Philadelphia. Francis and Robert Bailey. 1799. Accessed online: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N26860.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext “Pat Lyon at the Forge.” MFABoston. https://collections.mfa.org/objects/34216/pat-lyon-at-the-forge?ctx=797a5f9d-a27a-4ae4-996d-f277ad579544&idx=0 Rakich, Whitney, PhD. “Patrick Lyon (1769-1829).” Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/patrick-lyon-1769-1829#note2 “Well-known Tenants of Carpenters' Hall.” Carpenters Hall. https://www.carpentershall.org/tenants Xiang, Enya. “Carpenters’ Hall in Philadelphia: A Crossroads for Early American History.” Global Philadelphia. Aug. 11, 2023. https://globalphiladelphia.org/news/carpenters-hall-philadelphia-crossroads-early-american-history See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2020 episode covers the life of the man who created Dracula. But even Bram Stoker's own life story - at least as he told it - may have some fictional elements.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly shares some of the theories about the Brown Lady photographers that characterizes them as charlatans. Tracy and Holly also share their experiences with possible ghosts. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part two of our week of ghosts is all about one spirit – this time, a poltergeist. People have been arguing over this one since the 1660s, including some prominent skeptics and supporters. Research: Aldridge, Alfred Owen. “Franklin and the Ghostly Drummer of Tedworth.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, 1950, pp. 559–67. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1917046 “Ballygally Castle Hotel and it’s Ghost Room.” Ballygally Castle Hotel. https://www.ballygallycastlehotel.com/ballygally-castle-hotel-and-its-ghost-room/ Belanger, Jeff. “World’s Most Haunted Places.” Rosen Publishing Group. 2009. "A blow at modern Sadducism in some philosophical considerations about witchcraft. To which is added, the relation of the fam'd disturbance by the drummer, in the house of Mr. John Mompesson, with some reflections on drollery and atheisme. / By a member of the Royal Society.." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A70179.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Briggs, Stacia. “The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.” Norfolk Folklore Society. Dec. 3, 2023. https://www.norfolkfolkloresociety.co.uk/post/the-brown-lady-ghost-of-raynham-hall Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joseph Glanvill". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Mar. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Glanvill “The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.” UK Paranormal Society. https://ukparanormalsociety.org/encyclopedia/the-brown-lady-of-raynham-hall/ “The day a Country Life photographer captured an image of a ghost, a picture that’s become one of the most famous ‘spirit photography’ images of all time.” Country Life. Oct. 31, 2022. https://www.countrylife.co.uk/nature/the-day-a-country-life-photographer-captured-an-image-of-a-ghost-234642 Dorney, John. “The Plantation of Ulster: A Brief Overview.” The Irish Story. June 2, 2024. https://www.theirishstory.com/2024/06/02/the-plantation-of-ulster-a-brief-overview/ Hunter, Michael (2005) New light on the ‘Drummer of Tedworth’: conflicting narratives of witchcraft in Restoration England. London: Birkbeck ePrints. http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/archive/00000250 Mackay, Charles. Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.” London. 1852. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24518/24518-h/24518-h.htm Mantell, Rowan and Siofra Connor. “Weird Norfolk: The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.” Eastern Daily Press. August 4, 2018. Miles, Abraham. "Wonder of wonders being a true relation of the strange and invisible beating of a drum, at the house of John Mompesson, Esquire, at Tidcomb, in the county of Wilt-shire ... : to the tune of Bragandary / by Abraham Miles." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A50850.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. “On Wednesday Night died at his Seat … “The Derby Mercury. June 29, 1738. https://www.newspapers.com/image/394517191/?match=1&terms=Raynham%20Hall “Settlers, Sieges and Spirits: The Story of Ballygally Castle.” Ballygally Castle Hotel. https://www.ballygallycastlehotel.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/heritage-leaflet_ballygally-web.pdf Smith, Edd. “The Vast History of Raynham Hall.” BBC. May 20, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/norfolk/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8058000/8058145.stm Spirit, L. “THE BROWN LADY OF RAYNHAM HALL: The World’s Most Infamous Ghost.” Norfolk Record Office Blog. July 31, 2024. https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2024/07/31/the-brown-lady-of-raynham-hall-the-worlds-most-infamous-ghost/ Spirit, L. “THE BROWN LADY OF RAYNHAM HALL: The World’s Most Infamous Ghost (continued).” Norfolk Record Office Blog. August 14, 2024. https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2024/08/14/the-brown-lady-of-raynham-hall-the-worlds-most-infamous-ghost-continued/ Wade, Mike. “Ultimate proof that ghosts exist, or maybe it’s just dust on the lens.” The Times. March 27, 2009. https://www.thetimes.com/article/ultimate-proof-that-ghosts-exist-or-maybe-its-just-dust-on-the-lens-5xt5v03kk8k Webster, John. “The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft.” 1677. 2024 eBook accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/72654/pg72654-images.html “What was the Plantation of Ulster?” BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2bgsrd Wright, Dudley. “The Epworth Phenomena, To which are appended certain Psychic Experiences recorded by John Wesley in the pages of his Journal .” Accessed online: https://mail.gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0301311.txt See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part one of our Halloween finale on British Isles ghosts features two very classic ghost tales: the brown lady of Raynham Hall and the ghosts of of Ballygally Castle. Research: Aldridge, Alfred Owen. “Franklin and the Ghostly Drummer of Tedworth.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, 1950, pp. 559–67. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1917046 “Ballygally Castle Hotel and it’s Ghost Room.” Ballygally Castle Hotel. https://www.ballygallycastlehotel.com/ballygally-castle-hotel-and-its-ghost-room/ Belanger, Jeff. “World’s Most Haunted Places.” Rosen Publishing Group. 2009. "A blow at modern Sadducism in some philosophical considerations about witchcraft. To which is added, the relation of the fam'd disturbance by the drummer, in the house of Mr. John Mompesson, with some reflections on drollery and atheisme. / By a member of the Royal Society.." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A70179.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Briggs, Stacia. “The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.” Norfolk Folklore Society. Dec. 3, 2023. https://www.norfolkfolkloresociety.co.uk/post/the-brown-lady-ghost-of-raynham-hall Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joseph Glanvill". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Mar. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Glanvill “The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.” UK Paranormal Society. https://ukparanormalsociety.org/encyclopedia/the-brown-lady-of-raynham-hall/ “The day a Country Life photographer captured an image of a ghost, a picture that’s become one of the most famous ‘spirit photography’ images of all time.” Country Life. Oct. 31, 2022. https://www.countrylife.co.uk/nature/the-day-a-country-life-photographer-captured-an-image-of-a-ghost-234642 Dorney, John. “The Plantation of Ulster: A Brief Overview.” The Irish Story. June 2, 2024. https://www.theirishstory.com/2024/06/02/the-plantation-of-ulster-a-brief-overview/ Hunter, Michael (2005) New light on the ‘Drummer of Tedworth’: conflicting narratives of witchcraft in Restoration England. London: Birkbeck ePrints. http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/archive/00000250 Mackay, Charles. Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.” London. 1852. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24518/24518-h/24518-h.htm Mantell, Rowan and Siofra Connor. “Weird Norfolk: The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.” Eastern Daily Press. August 4, 2018. Miles, Abraham. "Wonder of wonders being a true relation of the strange and invisible beating of a drum, at the house of John Mompesson, Esquire, at Tidcomb, in the county of Wilt-shire ... : to the tune of Bragandary / by Abraham Miles." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A50850.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. “On Wednesday Night died at his Seat … “The Derby Mercury. June 29, 1738. https://www.newspapers.com/image/394517191/?match=1&terms=Raynham%20Hall “Settlers, Sieges and Spirits: The Story of Ballygally Castle.” Ballygally Castle Hotel. https://www.ballygallycastlehotel.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/heritage-leaflet_ballygally-web.pdf Smith, Edd. “The Vast History of Raynham Hall.” BBC. May 20, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/norfolk/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8058000/8058145.stm Spirit, L. “THE BROWN LADY OF RAYNHAM HALL: The World’s Most Infamous Ghost.” Norfolk Record Office Blog. July 31, 2024. https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2024/07/31/the-brown-lady-of-raynham-hall-the-worlds-most-infamous-ghost/ Spirit, L. “THE BROWN LADY OF RAYNHAM HALL: The World’s Most Infamous Ghost (continued).” Norfolk Record Office Blog. August 14, 2024. https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2024/08/14/the-brown-lady-of-raynham-hall-the-worlds-most-infamous-ghost-continued/ Wade, Mike. “Ultimate proof that ghosts exist, or maybe it’s just dust on the lens.” The Times. March 27, 2009. https://www.thetimes.com/article/ultimate-proof-that-ghosts-exist-or-maybe-its-just-dust-on-the-lens-5xt5v03kk8k Webster, John. “The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft.” 1677. 2024 eBook accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/72654/pg72654-images.html “What was the Plantation of Ulster?” BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2bgsrd Wright, Dudley. “The Epworth Phenomena, To which are appended certain Psychic Experiences recorded by John Wesley in the pages of his Journal .” Accessed online: https://mail.gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0301311.txt See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers the story of Zona Heaster Shue's death and subsequent appearances to her mother as an apparition. This story is often referred to as the only case in the U.S. when a ghost’s testimony convicted a murderer. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about a college course on gothic literature and a DDoS attack on archive.org. She and Holly then talk about the incongruities of Horace Walpole's personality and a handful of charming details about his life. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part two of our episode on Horace Walpole gets into the gothic literature and gothic castles his life is associated with, including his own eclectic and impressive home, Strawberry Hill. Research: "Horace Walpole." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 38, Gale, 2018. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010882/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=37ba7a42. Accessed 23 Sept. 2024. "Walpole, Horace." American Revolution Reference Library, edited by Barbara Bigelow, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, Vol. 2, UXL, 2000, pp. 459-465. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3411900071/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9d8ef915. Accessed 23 Sept. 2024. Bladen, “Anne Seymour Damer: the 'Sappho' of sculpture.” ArtUK. 2/7/2020. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/anne-seymour-damer-the-sappho-of-sculpture Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Horace Walpole". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Walpole. Accessed 2 October 2024. Chapman, Caroline. “Horace to Horace.” History Today. May 2014. Ellis, Kate. “Female Empowerment: The Secret in the Gothic Novel.” Phi Kappa Phi Forum. Fall 2010. Exploring Surrey’s Past. “Horace Walpole (1717-1797).” https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/people/notable_residents/walpole/ Haggerty, George E. “Queering Horace Walpole.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Summer, 2006. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3844520 Jane Austen & Company. “Six Interesting Facts About Horace Walpole.” 12/9/2021. https://www.janeaustenandco.org/post/six-interesting-facts-about-horace-walpole Lewis, Wilmark S. “Horace Walpole Reread.” The Atlantic. July 1945. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/horace-walpole-reread/655855/ Open Anthology of Literature in English. “Horace Walpole.” https://virginia-anthology.org/horace-walpole/ Plumb, John. "Robert Walpole, 1st earl of Orford". Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford. Accessed 2 October 2024. Reeve, Clara. “The old English baron, by C. Reeve; also The castle of Otranto, by H. Walpole.” 1883. Scott, Walter. “Introduction.” From Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story. James Ballantine and Company. 1811. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QXw4AAAAYAAJ Silver, Sean R. “Visiting Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole’s Gothic Historiography.” Eighteenth Century Fiction, Volume 21, Number 4, Summer 2009, pp. 535-564 (Article). https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.0.0079 Stuart, Dorothy Margaret. “Horace Walpole.” New York, Macmillan, 1927. https://archive.org/details/horacewalpole0000stua_d6s4/ Thorpe, Vanessa. “Letters reveal the dispute that pushed poet Thomas Chatterton to the brink.” The Guardian. 10/29/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/oct/29/letters-reveal-the-dispute-that-pushed-poet-thomas-chatterton-to-the-brink Vickery, Amanda. “Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill.” The Guardian. 2/19/2010. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/feb/20/horace-walpole-strawberry-hill Viseltear, A J. “The last illnesses of Robert and Horace Walpole.” The Yale journal of biology and medicine vol. 56,2 (1983): 131-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589702/ Walker, Susan. “24. Choice 14: Walpole’s Chattertoniana.” Horace Walpole at 300. https://campuspress.yale.edu/walpole300/tag/thomas-chatterton/ Walpole, Horace and L.B. Seeley. “Horace Walpole and his world.” New York, C. Scribner's Sons. 1895. https://archive.org/details/horacewalpolehis00wal Walpole, Horace. “A description of the villa of Mr. Horace Walpole, youngest son of Sir Robert Walpole Earl of Orford, at Strawberry-Hill near Twickenham, Middlesex : with an inventory of the furniture, pictures, curiosities, &c.” Strawberry-Hill : Printed by Thomas Kirgate. 1784. https://archive.org/details/descriptionofvil00walp_0/page/n175/mode/1up Walpole, Horace. “Letters to Sir Horace Mann.” Vol. IV. London, 1843. https://archive.org/details/letterstosirhor00walpgoog/ Wood, Betty. "Slavery in Colonial Georgia." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 19 September 2002, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-colonial-georgia/. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Horace Walpole is best known for his gothic novel "The Castle of Otranto," but he lived a lot of life before that. The first part of this two-parter covers his early life, his travels with his friend Thomas Gray, and his time in Parliament. Research: "Horace Walpole." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 38, Gale, 2018. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010882/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=37ba7a42. Accessed 23 Sept. 2024. "Walpole, Horace." American Revolution Reference Library, edited by Barbara Bigelow, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, Vol. 2, UXL, 2000, pp. 459-465. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3411900071/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9d8ef915. Accessed 23 Sept. 2024. Bladen, “Anne Seymour Damer: the 'Sappho' of sculpture.” ArtUK. 2/7/2020. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/anne-seymour-damer-the-sappho-of-sculpture Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Horace Walpole". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Walpole. Accessed 2 October 2024. Chapman, Caroline. “Horace to Horace.” History Today. May 2014. Ellis, Kate. “Female Empowerment: The Secret in the Gothic Novel.” Phi Kappa Phi Forum. Fall 2010. Exploring Surrey’s Past. “Horace Walpole (1717-1797).” https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/people/notable_residents/walpole/ Haggerty, George E. “Queering Horace Walpole.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Summer, 2006. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3844520 Jane Austen & Company. “Six Interesting Facts About Horace Walpole.” 12/9/2021. https://www.janeaustenandco.org/post/six-interesting-facts-about-horace-walpole Lewis, Wilmark S. “Horace Walpole Reread.” The Atlantic. July 1945. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/horace-walpole-reread/655855/ Open Anthology of Literature in English. “Horace Walpole.” https://virginia-anthology.org/horace-walpole/ Plumb, John. "Robert Walpole, 1st earl of Orford". Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford. Accessed 2 October 2024. Reeve, Clara. “The old English baron, by C. Reeve; also The castle of Otranto, by H. Walpole.” 1883. Scott, Walter. “Introduction.” From Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story. James Ballantine and Company. 1811. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QXw4AAAAYAAJ Silver, Sean R. “Visiting Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole’s Gothic Historiography.” Eighteenth Century Fiction, Volume 21, Number 4, Summer 2009, pp. 535-564 (Article). https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.0.0079 Stuart, Dorothy Margaret. “Horace Walpole.” New York, Macmillan, 1927. https://archive.org/details/horacewalpole0000stua_d6s4/ Thorpe, Vanessa. “Letters reveal the dispute that pushed poet Thomas Chatterton to the brink.” The Guardian. 10/29/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/oct/29/letters-reveal-the-dispute-that-pushed-poet-thomas-chatterton-to-the-brink Vickery, Amanda. “Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill.” The Guardian. 2/19/2010. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/feb/20/horace-walpole-strawberry-hill Viseltear, A J. “The last illnesses of Robert and Horace Walpole.” The Yale journal of biology and medicine vol. 56,2 (1983): 131-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589702/ Walker, Susan. “24. Choice 14: Walpole’s Chattertoniana.” Horace Walpole at 300. https://campuspress.yale.edu/walpole300/tag/thomas-chatterton/ Walpole, Horace and L.B. Seeley. “Horace Walpole and his world.” New York, C. Scribner's Sons. 1895. https://archive.org/details/horacewalpolehis00wal Walpole, Horace. “A description of the villa of Mr. Horace Walpole, youngest son of Sir Robert Walpole Earl of Orford, at Strawberry-Hill near Twickenham, Middlesex : with an inventory of the furniture, pictures, curiosities, &c.” Strawberry-Hill : Printed by Thomas Kirgate. 1784. https://archive.org/details/descriptionofvil00walp_0/page/n175/mode/1up Walpole, Horace. “Letters to Sir Horace Mann.” Vol. IV. London, 1843. https://archive.org/details/letterstosirhor00walpgoog/ Wood, Betty. "Slavery in Colonial Georgia." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 19 September 2002, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-colonial-georgia/. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode cover the disproportionate number of executions for sorcery that happened in Vardø during Europe's witch trials, This small fishing community staged 140 trials, and sentenced 91 of the accused witches to death.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy shares her efforts to make sure the information included in our Unearthed! episodes is up to date. Talk also turns to the many works of art that have gone untracked in the world.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The second part of this installment of Unearthed! gets into the listener-favorite subject of shipwrecks, plus animals, art, edibles and potables, and the catch-all potpourri category. Research: 19 News Investigative Team. “Exhumation of Cleveland Torso Killer’s unidentified victims now underway.” https://www.cleveland19.com/2024/08/09/exhumation-cleveland-torso-killers-unidentified-victims-now-underway/ Abdallah, Hanna. “Hydraulic lift technology may have helped build Egypt’s iconic Pyramid of Djoser.” EurekAlert. 8/5/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1051645 Addley, Esther. “Dorset ‘Stonehenge’ under Thomas Hardy’s home given protected status.” The Guardian. 9/24/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/sep/24/dorset-stonehenge-discovered-under-thomas-hardy-home-dorchester Adhi Agus Oktaviana et al, Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago, Nature (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 Agence France-Presse. “‘Virtually intact’ wreck off Scotland believed to be Royal Navy warship torpedoed in first world war.” The Guardian. 8/17/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/17/virtually-intact-wreck-off-scotland-believed-to-be-royal-navy-warship-torpedoed-in-wwi Anderson, Sonja. “A Statue of a 12-Year-Old Hiroshima Victim Has Been Stolen.” Smithsonian. 7/16/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/statue-of-a-child-killed-by-the-bombing-of-hiroshima-has-been-stolen-180984710/ Anderson, Sonja. “An 11-Year-Old Boy Rescued a Mysterious Artwork From the Dump. It Turned Out to Be a 500-Year-Old Renaissance Print.” Smithsonian. 9/17/2024 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-11-year-old-boy-rescued-a-mysterious-artwork-from-the-dump-it-turned-out-to-be-a-500-year-old-renaissance-print-180985074/ Anderson, Sonja. “Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Warship’s Bronze Battering Ram, Sunk During an Epic Battle Between Rome and Carthage.” Smithsonian. 8/28/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-uncover-ancient-warships-bronze-battering-ram-sunk-during-epic-battle-between-rome-and-carthage-180984983/ ANderson, Sonja. “Someone Anonymously Mailed Two Bronze Age Axes to a Museum in Ireland.” Smithsonian. 7/15/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/two-anonymously-sent-bronze-age-axes-arrive-at-an-irish-museum-in-a-pancake-box-180984704/ Anderson, Sonja. “These Signed Salvador Dalí Prints Were Forgotten in a Garage for Half a Century.” Smithsonian. 8/29/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/these-signed-salvador-dali-prints-were-forgotten-in-a-garage-for-half-a-century-180984994/ Anderson, Sonja. “What Is the Secret Ingredient Behind Rembrandt’s Golden Glow?.” Smithsonian. 8/1/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-secret-ingredient-behind-rembrandt-golden-glow-180984816/ “Jamestown DNA helps solve a 400-year-old mystery and unexpectedly reveals a family secret.” Phys.org. 8/13/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-08-jamestown-dna-year-mystery-unexpectedly.html#google_vignette Ariane E. Thomas et al, The Dogs of Tsenacomoco: Ancient DNA Reveals the Presence of Local Dogs at Jamestown Colony in the Early Seventeenth Century, American Antiquity (2024). DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.25 Artnet “Previously Unknown Mozart Composition Turns Up in a German Library.” 9/20/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/unheard-mozart-composition-manuscript-found-leipzig-2540432 ArtNet News. “Conservation of a Rubens Masterpiece Turns Up Hidden Alterations.” Artnet. 6/20/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/rubens-judgement-of-paris-conservation-national-gallery-2501839 Artnet News. “Gardner Museum Is Renovating the Room That Witnessed a Notorious Heist.” 9/18/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/gardner-museum-renovate-dutch-room-2538856 Benzine, Vittoria. “Turkish Archaeologists Uncover Millefiori Glass Panels for the First Time.” Artnet. 9/12/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/millefiori-glass-panels-turkey-2535407 Binswanger, Julia. “A Thief Replaced This Iconic Churchill Portrait With a Fake. Two Years Later, the Original Has Been Recovered.” Smithsonian. 9/16/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-thief-replaced-this-iconic-churchill-portrait-with-a-fake-two-years-later-the-original-has-been-recovered-180985075/ Binswanger, Julia. “A Viking-Era Vessel Found in Scotland a Decade Ago Turns Out to Be From Asia.” Smithsonian. 9/4/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-viking-era-vessel-found-in-scotland-a-decade-ago-turns-out-to-be-from-asia-180985021/ Binswanger, Julia. “Hidden Self-Portrait by Norman Cornish Discovered Behind Another Painting .” Smithsonian. 7/24/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-hidden-norman-cornish-self-portrait-is-discovered-on-the-back-of-a-painting-180984741/ Binswanger, Julia. “Students Stumble Upon a Message in a Bottle Written by a French Archaeologist 200 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 9/25/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/students-discover-french-archaeo

Part one of this edition of Unearthed! is mostly updates - about two-thirds of the episode. The rest is weapons, medicine, and books and letters. Research: 19 News Investigative Team. “Exhumation of Cleveland Torso Killer’s unidentified victims now underway.” https://www.cleveland19.com/2024/08/09/exhumation-cleveland-torso-killers-unidentified-victims-now-underway/ Abdallah, Hanna. “Hydraulic lift technology may have helped build Egypt’s iconic Pyramid of Djoser.” EurekAlert. 8/5/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1051645 Addley, Esther. “Dorset ‘Stonehenge’ under Thomas Hardy’s home given protected status.” The Guardian. 9/24/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/sep/24/dorset-stonehenge-discovered-under-thomas-hardy-home-dorchester Adhi Agus Oktaviana et al, Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago, Nature (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 Agence France-Presse. “‘Virtually intact’ wreck off Scotland believed to be Royal Navy warship torpedoed in first world war.” The Guardian. 8/17/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/17/virtually-intact-wreck-off-scotland-believed-to-be-royal-navy-warship-torpedoed-in-wwi Anderson, Sonja. “A Statue of a 12-Year-Old Hiroshima Victim Has Been Stolen.” Smithsonian. 7/16/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/statue-of-a-child-killed-by-the-bombing-of-hiroshima-has-been-stolen-180984710/ Anderson, Sonja. “An 11-Year-Old Boy Rescued a Mysterious Artwork From the Dump. It Turned Out to Be a 500-Year-Old Renaissance Print.” Smithsonian. 9/17/2024 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-11-year-old-boy-rescued-a-mysterious-artwork-from-the-dump-it-turned-out-to-be-a-500-year-old-renaissance-print-180985074/ Anderson, Sonja. “Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Warship’s Bronze Battering Ram, Sunk During an Epic Battle Between Rome and Carthage.” Smithsonian. 8/28/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-uncover-ancient-warships-bronze-battering-ram-sunk-during-epic-battle-between-rome-and-carthage-180984983/ ANderson, Sonja. “Someone Anonymously Mailed Two Bronze Age Axes to a Museum in Ireland.” Smithsonian. 7/15/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/two-anonymously-sent-bronze-age-axes-arrive-at-an-irish-museum-in-a-pancake-box-180984704/ Anderson, Sonja. “These Signed Salvador Dalí Prints Were Forgotten in a Garage for Half a Century.” Smithsonian. 8/29/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/these-signed-salvador-dali-prints-were-forgotten-in-a-garage-for-half-a-century-180984994/ Anderson, Sonja. “What Is the Secret Ingredient Behind Rembrandt’s Golden Glow?.” Smithsonian. 8/1/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-secret-ingredient-behind-rembrandt-golden-glow-180984816/ “Jamestown DNA helps solve a 400-year-old mystery and unexpectedly reveals a family secret.” Phys.org. 8/13/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-08-jamestown-dna-year-mystery-unexpectedly.html#google_vignette Ariane E. Thomas et al, The Dogs of Tsenacomoco: Ancient DNA Reveals the Presence of Local Dogs at Jamestown Colony in the Early Seventeenth Century, American Antiquity (2024). DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.25 Artnet “Previously Unknown Mozart Composition Turns Up in a German Library.” 9/20/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/unheard-mozart-composition-manuscript-found-leipzig-2540432 ArtNet News. “Conservation of a Rubens Masterpiece Turns Up Hidden Alterations.” Artnet. 6/20/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/rubens-judgement-of-paris-conservation-national-gallery-2501839 Artnet News. “Gardner Museum Is Renovating the Room That Witnessed a Notorious Heist.” 9/18/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/gardner-museum-renovate-dutch-room-2538856 Benzine, Vittoria. “Turkish Archaeologists Uncover Millefiori Glass Panels for the First Time.” Artnet. 9/12/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/millefiori-glass-panels-turkey-2535407 Binswanger, Julia. “A Thief Replaced This Iconic Churchill Portrait With a Fake. Two Years Later, the Original Has Been Recovered.” Smithsonian. 9/16/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-thief-replaced-this-iconic-churchill-portrait-with-a-fake-two-years-later-the-original-has-been-recovered-180985075/ Binswanger, Julia. “A Viking-Era Vessel Found in Scotland a Decade Ago Turns Out to Be From Asia.” Smithsonian. 9/4/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-viking-era-vessel-found-in-scotland-a-decade-ago-turns-out-to-be-from-asia-180985021/ Binswanger, Julia. “Hidden Self-Portrait by Norman Cornish Discovered Behind Another Painting .” Smithsonian. 7/24/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-hidden-norman-cornish-self-portrait-is-discovered-on-the-back-of-a-painting-180984741/ Binswanger, Julia. “Students Stumble Upon a Message in a Bottle Written by a French Archaeologist 200 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 9/25/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/students-discover-french-archaeologists-200-year-old-message-in-a-bott

This 2016 episode covers Desmond T. Doss, the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly talks about the details of the typewriter evidence that was used in the Alger Hiss case. She and Tracy also talk the relationships among sources on Carlo Gesualdo's story. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Carlo Gesualdo’s madrigals are unique and captivating. But he was seen by many as a monster in his own time due to a double murder and associations with witchcraft. Research: Burton-Hill, Clemency. “Gesualdo: Glorious music and grisly murder.” BBC. Oct. 21, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20130905-a-16th-century-musical-badass Caccese, Andrea. “Carlo Gesualdo: the ‘Madman’ of the Italian Renaissance.” CMUSE. Sept. 20, 2014. https://www.cmuse.org/carlo-gesualdo-the-madman-of-the-italian-reinassance/ “Carlo Gesuald.” Philadelphia Chamber Music Society. DeVoto, Mark. "chromaticism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/art/chromaticism Gray, Cecil and Philip Heseltine. “Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa, Musician and Murderer.” Greenwood Press. Westport, Connecticut. 1971. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/carlogesualdopri0000gray/page/n7/mode/1up Haar, James. “Classicism and Mannerism in 16th-Century Music.” International Review of Music Aesthetics and Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1, 1970, pp. 55–68. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/836396 LEVENBERG J. Was Carlo Gesualdo’s Honour Killing Liturgical? Journal of the Royal Musical Association. Published online 2024:1-32. doi:10.1017/rma.2023.4 Ober, William B., M.D. “CARLO GESUALDO, PRINCE OF VENOSA: MURDER, MADRIGALS, AND MASOCHISM.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1973 Jul;49(7):634-645. PMID: 4575970; PMCID: PMC1807043. Ross, Alex. “Prince of Darkness.’ New Yorker. December 11, 2011. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/12/19/prince-of-darkness Stevens, Denis. “Carlo Gesualdo.” The Musical Times, vol. 131, no. 1770, 1990, pp. 410–11. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/966618 Turci-Escobar, John. “Softening the Edges: Cadential Attenuation in Gesualdo’s Six Books of Madrigals.” Theory and Practice, vol. 32, 2007, pp. 101–35. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054417 Watkins, Glenn. “The Gesualdo Hex.” W.W. Norton. 2010. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Alger Hiss worked in high-level roles in the U.S. government during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. And then he was accused of using his access to spy for the Soviets. Research: “Alger Hiss.” FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/alger-hiss “A Byte Out of History, the Alger Hiss Story.” FBI. Jan. 25, 2013. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/a-byte-out-of-history-the-alger-hiss-story Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Alger Hiss". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alger-Hiss Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Whittaker Chambers". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Whittaker-Chambers Chambers, Whittaker. “The Ghosts on the Roof.” Time. 5, 1948. https://time.com/archive/6784924/the-ghosts-on-the-roof/ Mark, Eduard. “In ReAlger Hiss: A Final Verdict from the Archives of the KGB.” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, 2009, pp. 26–67. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26923052 Fox, John F. Jr. “In the Enemy’s House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence.” FBI.gov. Oct. 27, 2005. https://www.fbi.gov/history/history-publications-reports/in-the-enemys-house-venona-and-the-maturation-of-american-counterintelligence Hadley, David. “The Long Controversy Over Alger Hiss.” Teaching American History. Jan. 21, 2020. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/blog/the-long-controversy-over-alger-hiss/ “KGB interviews GRU agent and net controller name ALES 30 March 1945.” https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/01/2002818545/-1/-1/0/30MAR_KGB_INTERVIEWS_GRU_AGENT.PDF Rowe, Daniel, and Sarah Fagg, ed. “Alger Hiss and American Anti-communism.” New Histories. Vol. 3, Issue 5. https://newhistories.sites.sheffield.ac.uk/volumes/2011-12/volume-3/issue-5-crime-punishment/alger-hiss-and-american-anti-communism Sander, Gordon F. “Microfilm hidden in a pumpkin launched Richard Nixon’s career 75 years ago.” New York Times. Dec. 2, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/12/02/pumpkin-papers-richard-nixon/ “Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies: Alger Hiss.” NOVA. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/venona/dece_hiss.html “The Yalta Conference.” U.S. State Department, Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf#:~:text=At%20Yalta%2C%20Roosevelt%20and%20Churchill,of%20influence%20in%20Manchuria%20following See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers the moment in 1789 when a group of protesters -- mostly women -- marched from Paris to Versailles to pressure King Louis XVI to address France's food shortage.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly shares a story that appeared in a U.S. newspaper about Wawel that she was never able to substantiate. Tracy talks about wanting to cover animal trials while also not wanting to get too gory. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

There are some parallels between historical witch trials and trials of non-human animals in the same period, with a lot of the same procedures as were used when human beings were charged with a crime. Research: Sonya. “When Societies Put Animals on Trial.” JSTOR Daily. 9/13/2017. https://daily.jstor.org/when-societies-put-animals-on-trial/ Simon, Matt. “Fantastically Wrong: Europe's Insane History of Putting Animals on Trial and Executing Them.” Wired. 9/24/2014. https://www.wired.com/2014/09/fantastically-wrong-europes-insane-history-putting-animals-trial-executing/ MacGregor, L., (2019) “Criminalising Animals in Medieval France: Insights from Records of Executions”, Open Library of Humanities 5(1), 15. doi: https://doi.org/10.16995/olh.319 Macías, Francisco. “Animals on Trial: Formal Legal Proceedings, Criminal Acts, and Torts of Animals.” 2/9/2016. Library of Congress Blogs. https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2016/02/animals-on-trial/ Beirnes, Piers. “The Law is an Ass: Reading E.P. Evans’ ‘The Medieval Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals.’” Society and Animals. Vol. 2, No. 1. https://www.animalsandsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/beirnes.pdf net. “Medieval Animal Trials.” 9/2013. https://www.medievalists.net/2013/09/medieval-animal-trials/ MacGregor, Lesley Bates. “Criminalising Animals in Medieval France: Insights from Records of Executions.” Open Library of Humanities, Vol.5 (2019). https://olh.openlibhums.org/article/id/4552/ Chambers, R. “The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in connection with the Calendar.” London & Edinburgh. W&R Chambers. Vol. 1. 1879. https://archive.org/details/b22650477_0001/ McWilliams, James. “Beastly Justice.” Slate. 2/21/2013. https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/02/medieval-animal-trials-why-theyre-not-quite-as-crazy-as-they-sound.html Humphrey, Nicholas. “Bugs and Beasts Before the Law.” The Public Domain Review. 3/27/2011. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/bugs-and-beasts-before-the-law/ Lee, Alexander. “Pigs Might Try.” History Today. Vol. 70, Issue 11, November 2020. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/natural-histories/pigs-might-try Girgen, Jen. “The Historical and Contemporary Prosecution and Punishment of Animals.” Animal Law Review at Lewis & Clark Law School. Vol. 9:97 (2003). https://www.animallaw.info/article/historical-and-contemporary-prosecution-and-punishment-animals Friedland, Paul. “Beyond Deterrence: Cadavers, Effigies, Animals and the Logic of Executions in Premodern France.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques , Summer 2003, Vol. 29, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299274 Leeson, Peter T. “Vermin Trials.” The Journal of Law & Economics , Vol. 56, No. 3 (August 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671480 Ewald, Willam. “Comparative Jurisprudence (I): What Was It like to Try a Rat?” University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Jun., 1995, Vol. 143, No. 6. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312588 Sykes, Katie. “Human Drama, Animal Trials: What the Medieval Animal Trials Can Teach Us About Justice for Animals.” Animal Law Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 273, 2011. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1999081 Srivastava, Anila. “’Mean, dangerous, and uncontrollable beasts’: Mediaeval Animal Trials.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal , March 2007. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44030162 Soderberg, Bailey. “Reassessing Animals and Potential Legal Personhood.” Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, Winter 2022, Vol. 24, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27201415 Carson, Hampton L. “The Trial of Animals and Insects. A Little Known Chapter of Mediæval Jurisprudence.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 1917, Vol. 56, No. 5. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/984029 Hyde, Walter Woodburn. “The Prosecution and Punishment of Animals and Lifeless Things in the Middle Ages and Modern Times.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, May, 1916, Vol. 64, No. 7. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3313677 Evans, E.P. “The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals.” London : W. Heinemann. 1906. https://archive.org/details/criminalprosecut00evaniala/ Andersson, Ebba. “Murderous Pigs and Ex-Communicated Rats: Edward Payson Evans’ Handbook of Animal Trials.” Retrospect Journal. 3/7/2021. https://retrospectjournal.com/2021/03/07/murderous-pigs-and-ex-communicated-rats-edward-payson-evans-handbook-of-animal-trials/ Frank, Colin. “The pig that was not convicted of homicide, or: The first animal trial that was none.” Global Journal of Animal Law. Vol. 9. 2021. https://ojs.abo.fi/ojs/index.php/gjal/article/view/1736 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Wawel Hill in Krakow is home to the Wawel Hill complex, a historically important set of buildings that are central to Poland’s history. In many ways, the story of Wawel is the story of Poland Research: “$50 Million Art Leaves Quebec for Poland via Boston.” The Boston Globe. Jan. 3 1961. https://www.newspapers.com/image/433010907/?match=1&terms=poland%20quebec Biskupski, M. B. “Re-Creating Central Europe: The United States ‘Inquiry’ into the Future of Poland in 1918.” The International History Review, vol. 12, no. 2, 1990, pp. 249–79. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40106179 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jadwiga". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jadwiga Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mieszko I". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 May. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mieszko-I Butterwick, Richard. “The Constitution of 3 May 1791.” Polish History Museum. 2021. https://polishhistory.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/Konstytucja_en_www.pdf “Historic Polish Crown Found in Trunk of Tree Uproooted by Storm.” The Buffalo News. Jan. 16, 1914. https://www.newspapers.com/image/352030573/?match=1&terms=%22wawel%20castle%22 “Historic Centre of Kraków.” UNESCO World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29 “The History of the Royal Palace.” Wawel. https://wawel.krakow.pl/en/the-history-of-the-royal-palace “Krakowskie ABC.” Krakow.pl. https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka B. “The Partitions of Poland.” Bulletin of International News, vol. 16, no. 21, 1939, pp. 3–12. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25642594 Nungovitch, Petro Andreas. “Here All Is Poland: A Pantheonic History of Wawel, 1787-2010.” Lexington Books. 2018. “Retain Hopes of Getting Art Treasures to Poland.” The Sault Star. Sept. 21, 1960. https://www.newspapers.com/image/736942502/?match=1&terms=poland%20quebec Rhode, Gotthold K.S.. "Władysław II Jagiełło". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wladyslaw-II-Jagiello Rhode, Gotthold K.S.. "Casimir III". Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Casimir-III Rosenthal, A.M. “Ancient Treasures Return to Poland From Canada.” The Bangor Daily News. Feb. 17, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/662432249/?match=1&terms=wawel%20castle Wilk, Marcin. “KAROLINA LANCKOROŃSKA: ARISTOCRAT, SCHOLAR, AND PATRON.” Polish History. https://polishhistory.pl/karolina-lanckoronska-aristocrat-scholar-and-patron/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers work of William Maclure, who was tasked by Robert Owen with running the education system in Owens’s utopia. Maclure brought many great minds with him, and their boat was nicknamed the Boatload of Knowledge.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.