RBN Energy Blogcast

The Wink to Webster Pipeline, operated by ExxonMobil, stands out as the largest crude oil pipeline by capacity exiting the prolific Permian Basin in West Texas. What makes it even more of a midstream icon is the company’s hands-on management of the entire process, from the production well to the long-haul run to delivery to ExxonMobil’s refineries. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll examine Wink to Webster’s complicated ownership structure, how it connects directly to terminals run by its owners and its destination flexibility. 

Drilling techniques originally developed to unlock oil and gas from shale formations are increasingly being adapted to access and extract heat from deep underground rock formations, enabling the generation of electricity from geothermal sources. And while geothermal’s share of total U.S. electricity generation remains quite small, it may be poised to accelerate, opening up new opportunities for companies in the oil and gas sector. In today’s RBN blog, we explain the basics of geothermal energy, its main advantages and drawbacks, and how U.S. expertise in oil and gas comes into play. 

You might have thought the flurry of acquisitions and buyout deals that midstream companies entered into over the past couple of years would have satisfied their evident desire to refocus, expand and reshape their businesses. But you’d be wrong. In the first half of 2025 — a period of considerable uncertainty in the energy industry — midstream players continued to buy and sell pipelines and other important assets at a frenetic pace. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss some of the more interesting recent transactions and what they tell us about the midstream space. 

Alberta’s petrochemical industry received bad news in late April when Dow, one of the world’s largest petrochemical companies, announced that it was delaying construction on an immense expansion of its ethane cracker in Fort Saskatchewan, AB, only a little more than a year after sanctioning the project. Although the length of the delay remains uncertain, the slowdown has created unwanted ripples across other projects that were tied to the expansion, especially for companies working to provide a substantial increase in ethane and natural gas supplies that will be required by the project. In today’s RBN blog, we take a closer look at the delay and what it might mean for Alberta’s energy industry. 

The Marcellus/Utica has massive natural gas reserves, but daily, weekly and annual production in the three-state shale play is limited by three key factors: in-region demand, takeaway capacity and gas prices. In recent years, the basin’s output has been rangebound between 34 and 36 Bcf/d and Appalachian producers see only modest gains in 2025. But a handful of pipeline projects and rising gas demand from power generators suggest the Marcellus/Utica may finally be on the verge of a production breakout. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss the leading E&Ps’ production forecasts for 2025 and the prospects for considerably higher output by the end of this decade. 

It’s shaping up to be an incredible year for U.S. LNG growth, with record levels of feedgas demand and exports along with progress on the regulatory front, as the Trump administration has cleared away hurdles that had previously stalled project development. Now, Cheniere Energy has announced a positive final investment decision (FID) on its Corpus Christi Midscale expansion. In today’s RBN blog, we take a closer look at the Midscale project and others that could move forward this year. 

Canada’s energy industry has seen more than its share of merger-and-acquisition activity this year. The latest big deal involves the midstream sector, with Keyera agreeing on June 17 to buy Plains Midstream Canada’s NGL business in Canada for C$5.15 billion ($3.75 billion). The purchase will transform Alberta-focused Keyera into a nationwide NGL machine and caps its very busy first half of 2025. In today’s RBN blog, we take a closer look at the agreement and how it ties into other recent initiatives by the Canadian midstreamer. 

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) took several steps in June to slash red tape and speed the construction of natural gas projects in the U.S. interstate and export markets. This is the latest in state and federal efforts to reduce the years-long legal battles around energy infrastructure and quicken the development of vital projects such as pipelines and LNG terminals. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll highlight the recent efforts to remake and improve the permitting process. 

The details of a trade deal between the U.S. and China, announced June 26 by Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick and confirmed by China, remain sparse. Once they are finalized, the requirement for U.S. exporters to obtain a Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) license to send ethane to China should be lifted, but the effect on trade flows is already apparent. In today’s RBN blog, we review the impact of the BIS license requirement, the still-pending imposition of fees on vessels owned or operated by China, and the risk that comes with using the energy industry as a bargaining chip in trade talks. 

The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) proposed Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) for 2026-27 did more than just set renewable fuel mandates for the next two years, they included dramatic shifts in the way that imported fuels and feedstocks are handled and raised the likelihood of higher compliance costs during a time in which the federal government has been focused on keeping prices under control. In today’s RBN blog, we look at the critical changes that will affect imported biofuels and feedstocks and the potential cost impact. 

Since its beginning in western Pennsylvania 166 years ago, the oil and gas industry has been on a relentless quest to unlock more hydrocarbons. And for years, the focus has been on drilling more productively, not just drilling more wells. The techniques that have evolved since the start of the Shale Revolution have led to rapid increases in the length of horizontal laterals, boosting initial production (IP) rates — a critical development but posing new challenges for drillers. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss why longer laterals in horizontal wells aren’t the answer in every shale play, the advantages of the two types of tubing used in those wells, and how they can help boost productivity. 

The summer movie season opened with the latest — and reportedly last — entry in the Tom Cruise-propelled “Mission: Impossible” franchise called “The Final Reckoning.” That title reminded us that, to E&P executives, the commodity price crash at the onset of the pandemic in 2020 must have seemed like the final blow in a series of financial crises that brought many of their companies to the verge of bankruptcy. But in a dramatic, “Mission: Impossible”-style recovery, producers restored their battered balance sheets and won back investors by radically shifting cash allocations. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll review the rise of the new E&P hero — dividends — and analyze how producers apportioned cash flows in Q1 2025. 

For several years now, the biggest hurdle to natural gas production growth in the Marcellus/Utica was takeaway constraints — there simply wasn’t enough capacity on gas pipelines out of Appalachia to support a significant bump-up in regional output. Things have been changing though. The Mountain Valley Pipeline and a slew of expansion projects along Transco are allowing increasing volumes of gas to move to and through Virginia and the Carolinas. The proposed Borealis Pipeline across Ohio would enable up to 2 Bcf/d to move down the Texas Gas Transmission system to the Gulf Coast. And, as we discuss in today’s RBN blog, Kinder Morgan is planning several major projects in the Deep South — including the 2.1-Bcf/d Mississippi Crossing and 1.3-Bcf/d South System Expansion 4 projects — to move more gas into Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. 

Energy-market risks abound. Israeli attacks on Iranian oil and gas infrastructure. The looming possibility of a global trade war. Up-and-down prices for WTI and Brent. Still, in the midst of all this doubt and instability, oil and gas producers continue to buy and sell major upstream assets in the U.S. — and gobble up entire companies — in ongoing efforts to grow their businesses, reshape their portfolios and/or reduce their debt. In today’s RBN blog, we continue our look at recent big-dollar deals in the U.S. oil and gas industry. 

The EPIC Crude Pipeline, which stretches from the prolific Permian Basin in West Texas to Corpus Christi, has operated above its original nameplate capacity for more than a year, with volumes rising in recent months. Owner EPIC Midstream in April sold its NGL pipeline to Phillips 66 for $2.2 billion and its Olefins Pipeline to Howard Energy Partners in December 2024. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll discuss the EPIC Crude Pipeline and what might be ahead.

U.S. fuel supplier Sunoco announced in May that it has inked a US$9.1-billion agreement to buy Canada-based Parkland Corp., a move that would create the Americas’ largest independent fuel distributor. Sunoco would gain control of Parkland’s fleet of fueling stations and its valuable Burnaby refinery near Vancouver, BC. The deal is supported by Parkland’s largest shareholder and is slated to be voted on June 24. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll discuss this deal and what it means for Canada’s only West Coast refiner.

The pace of multibillion-dollar acquisitions in the upstream sector may have eased a bit after a frenetic couple of years, but M&A among E&Ps is still happening. And, just as important, producers just coming off big deals are divesting assets that don’t fit their strategies, or reaching agreements to buy “bolt-on” acreage and production in key basins. There’s a lot of M&A “fun, fun, fun” going on, though many of the deals don’t make big headlines because there are only nine or 10 numbers after the dollar sign, not 11. In today’s RBN blog, we look at a variety of recent upstream M&A and divestment announcements and what they tell us about the production end of U.S. energy markets.

The European Union (EU) has had to rethink and reconfigure major elements of its policies around natural gas since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Prior to the war, Russian volumes accounted for 45% of the EU’s imports of natural gas, nearly double the supply from second-place Norway, but Russian gas supplies have dropped considerably since then, impacting the global LNG market. In today’s RBN blog, we look at the EU’s continued efforts to reduce its reliance on Russia, how it’s trading supply risk for price risk, and what the changes could mean for U.S. LNG exporters. 

The 35-year dream of widening the Corpus Christi Ship Channel and deepening it to 54 feet from the old 47 feet is at long last a reality. The $625 million project also has spurred marine-terminal owners in Corpus Christi and Ingleside to undertake — or at least consider — major dock and dredging projects that would enable them to make full use of the deeper 30-mile channel. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss the newly completed channel-dredging project, related terminal improvements, and what they all mean for crude oil exporting economics in Corpus Christi. 

Buoyed in part by early optimism about the Trump administration’s potentially positive impact on the economy and the oil and gas industry, the WTI spot oil price reached a five-month high of nearly $76/bbl in January. But the optimism and oil prices have steadily eroded due to the impact of tariffs, trade wars and stubborn oilfield service inflation. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll look at the impact of the January price spike on Q1 2025 earnings and analyze the potential impact of a much lower price scenario in Q2 2025. 

It looks like the U.S. ethane market may have just dodged a bullet. Since late May, the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security effectively banned ethane exports to China, the destination for two-thirds of the ethane sent out of Gulf Coast docks — about 225 Mb/d in 2024. Ethane has become a bargaining chip in U.S.-China negotiations over rare earths and tariffs, in part because China has no alternative source of waterborne ethane feedstock for its petchems. But playing the ethane card presented a potential problem for the U.S. too. While China isn’t the only export market for U.S. ethane, there are very limited other destinations for the volumes they typically take. The need to find a home for those volumes could have required significantly more “rejection” of ethane into natural gas at U.S. gas processing plants — i.e., selling ethane for its fuel value instead of recovering it for petchems or export.  In today’s RBN blog, we examine the ethane export issue, which remains in flux as part of the broader U.S.-China trade agreement still being finalized. 

Marcellus/Utica natural gas production grew by leaps and bounds in the 2010s, but the pace of growth has slowed dramatically in recent years, mostly due to takeaway constraints. Finally, the prospects for renewed growth are improving. New pipeline capacity out of Appalachia is coming online — especially to the booming Southeast, and maybe the Gulf Coast too. New LNG export capacity is about to be commercialized. And a lot of new gas-fired generating capacity — much of it tied to planned data centers — is under development within (or very near) the Marcellus/Utica region. In today’s RBN blog, we examine the three big gas-demand drivers behind the shale play’s impending renewal. 

There’s been a surge in E&P interest in the Utica Shale’s volatile oil window the past couple of years, and EOG Resources has been particularly optimistic about its potential for producing large volumes of condensate, the lightest of superlight crude oils. A few days ago, EOG — known for growing its business organically, not via M&A — announced one of the largest acquisitions of the year so far: the planned purchase of Encino Acquisition Partners (EAP), the Utica’s #1 condensate producer by far, for $5.6 billion, including the assumption of EAP’s debt. As we discuss in today’s RBN blog, the deal will give EOG its third “foundational” focus area (the others are the Eagle Ford and the Permian's Delaware Basin) and supports the view that the Utica really is an up-and-comer. 

It seems almost nothing is going to stop Western Canada’s crude oil production growth. But getting those incremental barrels to refiners and exporters will require more pipeline takeaway capacity, including expansions to Enbridge’s Mainline and Express systems, which should keep barrels flowing to key markets in the U.S. and avoid a capacity crunch. In today’s RBN blog, we consider how our outlook for Canadian production over the next several years stacks up against takeaway capacity and what additions will be needed to keep pace. 

The U.S. outlook for low-carbon hydrogen was bright and sunny just a year or two ago, with billions in federal funding and policy support, but to no one’s surprise, things have darkened considerably this year. Several clean-energy initiatives have faced resistance from Republicans in Washington, with the budget reconciliation bill currently making its way through Congress on track to produce the most significant changes yet. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll look at how the bill could dramatically scale back the 45V tax credit for hydrogen production and deal a mighty blow to dozens of projects under development. 

Exports of Venezuelan crude to the U.S. have moved lower in recent months, a trend that seems likely to continue with the May 27 expiration of Chevron’s permit to operate there. But while a limited extension of that permit appears likely, if not yet official, the development adds new challenges for Gulf Coast refiners that process heavy crude. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll update the situation in Venezuela, assess what it means for Chevron, and discuss the outlook for the heavy crude-capable Gulf Coast refiners. 

Midstream developers have complained for decades that federal courts reviewing agency approvals for their infrastructure projects have cast too wide a net — that is, instead of requiring agencies to simply analyze the specific environmental impacts of the project in question, the courts have been insisting regulators also examine the effects of the upstream and downstream activities the project would enable. As we discuss in today’s RBN blog, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled last week that under the all-important National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, it’s up to regulators to set the boundaries of their environmental review and that courts should defer to their judgment as long as they fall within a “broad zone of reasonableness.” 

After dodging the huge tariffs on exports of U.S. LPG and ethane to China — at least until August 12 — a new wrinkle has emerged. Enterprise Products Partners said in a filing May 29 that the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) has flagged its exports of butane and ethane to China as a security risk; specifically, that they pose an “unacceptable risk of use in or diversion to a military end use.” Details about the licenses and how they will apply are limited at this point, but it appears they will be required for these exports to continue. In today’s RBN blog, we examine the potential impact on the ethane and butane markets. 

We’ve discussed the qualities of the Uinta Basin’s unusual waxy crude, the challenges inherent in moving it to market, and the use of machine-learning AI to optimize its extraction from two key geologic layers or “benches” deep below the rugged hills of northeastern Utah. Now, in today’s RBN blog, it’s finally time to reveal what all this tells us regarding the prospects for continued Uinta production growth; the need for new takeaway capacity, blending and refining infrastructure to handle it; and — very important — the estimated duration of economically recoverable waxy crude under various price scenarios. 

This may be the best time ever to be a manufacturer of natural gas turbines. The U.S. seems poised for a sharp increase in power demand in the coming years and order books are filling up, but it’s not all smooth sailing and significant headwinds remain. In today’s RBN blog, we will explore how rising costs, supply-chain constraints, long lead times and tariffs could impact turbine manufacturing and complicate efforts to expand gas-fired power generation. 

With more than 9 billion gallons of propane delivered to U.S. customers each year, moving those volumes to their final destination is a complex task involving pipelines, rail cars, storage (be it underground or above ground) and, ultimately, trucks. Several major factors help determine the quantity and price of propane delivered to end-use customers, including the seasonality of demand versus the steady nature of production. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss highlights from our new Drill Down Report on propane. 

Over the past month, E&P executives have addressed shareholder and analyst concerns amid the murkiest market conditions since the onset of the pandemic in Q1 2020. One industry leader pointed out that on an inflation-adjusted basis, there have only been two quarters since 2004 when front-month oil prices have been as low as they are today (excluding 2020). In today’s RBN blog, we review what we heard from E&P brass — a measured response that melded confidence in the industry’s new fiscally conservative, shareholder-focused business model; modest spending reductions; and preparations for more substantial responses to future erosion in commodity pricing. 

It has been 12 months since the Trans Mountain Expansion Project — aka TMX — finally began operations after years of delay, creating a much-needed, larger conduit to move Western Canada’s rising crude oil production to the Pacific Northwest and overseas markets. Although the customer base for exports remains limited, the Trans Mountain pipeline system has been responsible for opening up entirely new markets for Canadian crude. As we discuss in today’s RBN blog, despite its numerous delays and immense cost, the pipeline has recently seen record crude shipments and is nearing its nameplate capacity, driven by rising exports. 

It’s been about a year and a half since Next Wave Energy Partners opened its Project Traveler facility, a milestone in the energy industry. Overall, Project Traveler has exceeded production expectations and proven the innovative approach of combining ethylene and isobutane to produce high-quality alkylate. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll look at what’s been accomplished so far and dive into what’s ahead for Next Wave. 

The pipelines carrying crude oil from the Permian Basin in West Texas to the Corpus Christi area have been as jammed as an urban highway on the Friday before Memorial Day weekend. The Gray Oak Pipeline, the largest from the Permian to Corpus, has just completed the 80-Mb/d first phase of a planned two-phase expansion that will add a total of 120 Mb/d of capacity. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll discuss what this project means for pipeline congestion and crude exports out of Corpus and nearby Ingleside. 

The Marcellus/Utica region is by far the most prolific natural gas production area in the U.S., accounting for about one-third of the nation’s daily output. The shale play experienced phenomenal growth in the 2010s, its gas production rising from less than 2 Bcf/d to more than 33 Bcf/d over that decade. But the pace of growth has slowed dramatically in recent years, mostly due to takeaway constraints. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss how a combination of new pipeline projects, in-basin data center development and incremental Gulf Coast LNG demand might breathe new life into the Marcellus/Utica. 

There is tremendous buzz around natural-gas-fired turbines right now with backlogs reportedly stretching five years into the future due to supply-chain bottlenecks, labor shortages and a surge in demand. The power generation industry is poised for a major upswing as data center development and overall electricity demand continue to accelerate, driving an even greater need for gas turbines. In today’s RBN blog, we will explore why gas turbines are so challenging to build and why there’s such a manufacturing backlog. 

There’s a lot to like about the Uinta Basin’s waxy crude, but ramping up its production and use in refinery feedstock slates will require multimillion-dollar investments in rail terminals, special rail cars, heated storage, refinery equipment and other midstream and downstream infrastructure. A natural concern for E&Ps, midstreamers, and refiners is whether the basin has sufficient long-term staying power to justify the upfront costs and commitments. As we discuss in today’s RBN blog, a machine-learning-based analysis can provide many of the answers by assessing the basin’s long-term outlook under various scenarios. 

Familiar corporate names like Cummins, Freightliner and Waste Management have joined forces with dozens of less-familiar public companies and startups to form what some might call a new U.S. industry. Thousands of commercial trucks powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) are on the roads nationwide, many of them filling up at dedicated fueling stations offering a compressed form of renewable natural gas (RNG), a cellulosic biofuel typically sourced from landfills and dairy farms. In today’s RBN blog, the third and final in our series on the D3 Renewable Identification Number (RIN), we show how this young industry could emerge as a commercial success for cellulosic biofuels, although political and regulatory risk remains. 

Hydrogen has a well-established, if limited, role in the modern economy. It has been used in refining and ammonia production for decades, but its potential has long been touted in various areas, including decarbonizing hard-to-abate industrial processes such as steelmaking, as well as in larger roles in heavy-duty transportation and energy storage. The last few years have seen a significant push to expand hydrogen’s role — an attempt to capitalize on its versatility and lack of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions —  but a number of formidable obstacles to wider adoption remain, including price, availability and infrastructure, in addition to its tenuous political support. In today’s RBN blog, we look at the challenges that make forecasting the industry’s growth difficult and the emerging consensus around the most practical end uses for hydrogen. 

The Permian’s Midland and Delaware basins have seen their share of midstream success stories the past few years — many of them privately backed efforts to gain a foothold and then expand into the big time. Navitas Midstream Partners (later sold to Enterprise Products Partners) comes to mind; so do Oryx Midstream and Brazos Midstream. Now comes Vaquero Midstream — vaquero, of course, being Spanish for cowboy — the scrappy developer of a gas gathering and processing network in the Delaware. As we discuss in today’s RBN blog, Vaquero recently announced plans to build a new high-pressure pipeline that will double the capacity of its gathering system and a new processing plant that will give it a total of 600 MMcf/d of processing capacity with a slew of interconnections to key gas and NGL takeaway pipelines. 

Serious concerns about higher costs and lower demand have left the E&P sector in a delicate position since the implementation of new U.S. tariffs, as evidenced by the Dallas Federal Reserve Bank’s recent survey of producers, who appear especially vulnerable after massive acquisition spending in 2024 to deepen and high-grade their portfolios. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll explore the impact of the 2024 acquisitions and commodity pricing on E&P debt and discuss the expected response to protect balance sheets. 

Much like a cowboy venturing into uncharted territory, E&Ps are roaming Northeast Texas and the far-western sections of the Haynesville Shale in search of more natural gas. It’s a challenging adventure, and while there’s a lot of hope and hype, the recent history of developments outside the Haynesville’s main producing areas shows that success is far from guaranteed. In today’s RBN blog, the second in a series on the Western Haynesville, we’ll discuss how some companies are handling the high-pressure, high-risk environment. 

The Trump administration’s approach to economic policy — including tariff threats to longtime allies backed by sometimes shifting policy goals — might be a sound tactical move in the long run by keeping negotiators on edge and extracting better deals. But that approach has also heightened the sense of uncertainty about where things are headed, affecting investment and long-term planning. In today’s RBN blog, we discuss how economic policy uncertainty has increased in the past few months and how it’s impacting activity in the energy sector. 

Several large, publicly held midstream companies play critical roles in transporting crude oil, natural gas and NGLs from the Permian Basin to markets along the Gulf Coast, and all of them are investing hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars to expand their Permian-to-Gulf infrastructure. But there’s a privately held outlier among them — WhiteWater Midstream, which has developed key gas pipelines in Texas and has been partnering with MPLX, Enbridge and others to own and develop a few more. In today’s RBN blog, we look at the growing portfolio of WhiteWater and the WPC joint venture (JV) and discuss highlights from our new Drill Down Report on Permian-to-Gulf infrastructure projects. 

In just a few years, the Uinta Basin has morphed from a quirky, waxy-crude curiosity to a burgeoning shale play with production north of 170 Mb/d and initial production (IP) rates that compare favorably with the best wells in the Permian. Still, there are a host of logistical challenges associated with transporting waxy crude out of the basin and questions have remained about the Uinta’s potential for growth and its staying power. In today’s RBN blog, we begin an in-depth look at the basin — with an assist from our friends at Novi Labs, whose innovative use of AI and machine learning provides valuable insights. 

The U.S. propane market may appear seamless at times, but a lot is happening just below the surface to determine consumer pricing. Key factors include the high seasonality of demand, supply contracts that must account for the seasonality of product delivery and the price, and the cost of transportation from terminals to bulk plants to end users. In today’s RBN blog, we will review the final delivery steps, the impact of transportation costs, and how contracts are priced.

Woodside Energy’s final investment decision (FID) on the $17.5 billion Louisiana LNG terminal was a stunner. For one thing, only 1 million metric tons per annum (MMtpa) of the project’s 16.5 MMtpa (2.2 Bcf/d) of capacity is under contract — U.S. LNG export projects typically have commitments for two-thirds or more of their output before pulling the trigger. The project will also have an outsized impact on gas flows in a region already struggling to keep up, and it may well upend plans for other projects in the works. In today’s RBN blog, we take a closer look at Louisiana LNG, Woodside’s daring development approach, and the terminal’s impacts on gas demand, gas flows and pre-FID projects.

The tide is shifting in the energy sector back toward hydrocarbons as renewables face new, big hurdles. The latest tangible sign of this shift is BP’s decision to refocus on traditional oil and gas and deemphasize renewables, which follows ExxonMobil’s and Shell’s restructuring of strategies in the same direction. The likelihood that hydrocarbon demand will continue to grow throughout this decade has reinforced the importance of E&P companies adding to their proved oil and gas reserves. In today’s RBN blog, we analyze crucial trends from the 2024 reserve reporting of the major U.S. oil and gas producers. 

The Trump administration is trying to breathe new life into the long-dormant Alaska LNG project, talking up its strengths and encouraging potential Asian customers and investors to consider it. But the project, a multibillion-dollar plan to pipe natural gas from Alaska’s North Slope to Anchorage and Cook Inlet for liquefaction and export, faces huge financial and administrative hurdles, plus the challenges of building it in Alaska’s rugged terrain and often-harsh climate. In today’s RBN blog, we’ll examine Alaska LNG’s competitive position and whether its reduced shipping costs, coupled with federal support, might be sufficient to outweigh the construction costs and other major obstacles the project faces.