MinuteEarth

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Rhizome: a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and roots at intervals Vacuole: an organelle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid, whose main purpose in plants is to maintain pressure against the cell wall Microfibrils: fiber-like strands consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose that make up the cell wall structure Auxin: a plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Anaerobic digestion: a sequence of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen Methanogens: a methane-producing bacterium, especially an archaean which reduces carbon dioxide to methane Wastewater treatment: a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused Biogas: the mixture of gases produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, which can be used as a renewable energy source MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Cartilage: The flexible connective tissue that is turned to bone by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts: Cells that control calcium and mineral deposition to turn cartilage into bone. Sesamoids: Bones embedded in tendons or muscles. Fabella: A large sesamoid bone occasionally found behind the knee joint. Coccyx: The small set of semi-fused triangular bones at the end of the vertebral column. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: grafting: joining together a cut branch with a cut root of the same species to produce a new individual. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma (often athletes) Traumatic brain injury (TBI): a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or penetrating head injury Subdural hematoma: a collection of blood between the layers of tissue that surround the brain Cerebral microbleeding: small chronic brain hemorrhages which are likely caused by structural abnormalities of the small vessels of the brain MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: The Great Acceleration - the dramatic increase in human activity, largely since 1950, that is evident across a variety of socio-economic and biophysical measures, and that has made humans into a planetary scale force The Anthropocene - our current geological epoch (contested), beginning when humans first had significant impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems Hockey stick graph - typically refers to the Mann et al 1999 graph of Earth’s temperature, but can also refer to any trend that's roughly constant for a long duration and then has a drastic upwards shift MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Deep learning: a subset of machine learning in artificial intelligence that can learning from data that is unstructured or unlabeled MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Dematerialization - using less (or no) material to deliver the same service Energy conservation - using less energy by adjusting behavior (turning down your heat) Energy efficiency - using less energy by using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function (insulating your house to keep warm while using less energy) Energy intensity - energy consumption per unit of GDP (reduced by increasing energy efficiency) Energy services - the useful functions you're able to perform by using energy (what we refer to as ‘function’) MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Tetrapods: four-limbed (with a few exceptions, such as snakes which have vestigial limbs) animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: carbon: element that makes up half of tree wood by weight. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Second-Language Acquisition: The process of a language that’s not the speaker’s native language. Bilingualism: The ability to speak and understand two languages. Monitor Model: A group of hypotheses that propose that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously acquired. Sociolinguistics: The study of language in relation to all sorts of social factors. Linguistic Investment: A motivation to learn a language based on the understanding that the speaker will acquire a wider range of symbolic and material resources, which will in turn increase the value of their cultural capital and social power. Hyperpolyglot: A person who can speak and understand more than six languages. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Cyclooxygenase: An enzyme responsible for the production of thromboxane and prostaglandins. Thromboxane: A lipid that acts as a platelet aggregator. Platelets: Special non-nucleic blood cells that clump together to cause blood clots. Prostaglandins: A lipid that causes vasodilation and inflammation. Aspirin: A form of acetylsalicylic acid that acts as an NSAID. NSAIDs: Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs that inhibit COX, and thus inflammation and clotting. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Physical activity - any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level Exercise - a form of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and performed (primarily) with the goal of improving health or fitness Recommended levels of physical activity (USA) - 150 minutes moderate-intensity or 75 minutes vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination, and muscle-strengthening activities at least 2 days / week Evolutionary medicine - a field that uses evolutionary theory & data to better understand (the origins of) health & disease Mismatch conditions - health conditions that are more prevalent or severe today than in the past because the body is inadequately or insufficiently adapted to modern environmental conditions (likely including: cavities, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis) MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Waterlog - to saturate (a field) with water; a problem for most crops Drainage - the removal of liquid (water) from an area Ditch - a narrow channel dug in the ground, typically used for drainage alongside a road or the edge of a field Drain tile - a pipe buried (beneath a field) for drainage. Originally made of ceramic tiles, now typically of corrugated plastic Precision agriculture - putting corn seed + small dose of fertilizer/pesticides in hole in ground Controlled drainage - the use of a water control structure to raise the depth of a drain tile outlet to hold water in the field when drainage isn't needed Wood chip bioreactor - an underground trench filled with wood chips that provide carbon for bacteria that denitrify the water flowing through it Saturated buffer - a strip on the edge of a field filled with plants & bacteria that can remove some nitrogen from the water flowing onto it from drain tiles Denitrification - the removal of nitrogen from a substance (soil, air, or water) by chemical reduction, typically via bacteria Wetland - an area of land where water covers the soil year-round or at certain times of year Ecosystem services - the free benefits humans get from natural ecosystems MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Optimality models: tools used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different organismal features, traits, and characteristics, including behavior, in the natural world. Optimal foraging theory: a behavioral ecology model that helps predict how an animal behaves when searching for food. Marginal value theorem: an optimality model that describes the strategy that maximizes gain per unit time in systems where resources, and thus rate of returns, decrease with time. Central place foraging: a model for analyzing how an organism traveling from a home base to a distant foraging location can maximize foraging rates. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Microbe - an organism (such as a bacterium or protozoan) of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size. Remote sensing - the scanning of the earth , especially by satellite or high-flying aircraft, in order to obtain information about it. Pathogen - a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that can cause disease. Chlorophyll - a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Phytoplankton - photosynthesizing microscopic biotic organisms that inhabit the upper sunlit layer of almost all oceans and bodies of fresh water on Earth. Cholera - an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea. Evaporite - a natural salt or mineral deposit left after the evaporation of a body of water. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) - primary sedimentary structures formed by the interaction of microbes with sediment and physical agents of erosion, deposition, and transportation. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Cyanobacteria: aquatic photosynthesizing bacteria often erroneously call blue-green algae Blue-green algae: incorrect name often used for cyanobacteria because they are blue-green in appearance and can be confused with algae Dead zone: coastal area where cyanobacteria blooms lead to anaerobic conditions, killing fish and other organisms Mycrosystins: a class of toxic compounds released by certain cyanobacteria MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Refrigerant - a substance used in air conditioners & refrigerators for its ability to change phases and transfer heat MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ⁠https://neptunestudios.info⁠ If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ⁠https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth⁠ - Buy our merch: ⁠http://dftba.com/minuteearth⁠ - Buy our book: ⁠https://minuteearth.com/books⁠ - Sign up to our newsletter: ⁠http://news.minuteearth.com⁠ - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Monoclonal antibodies: antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell Hybridoma: a hybrid cell used as the basis for the production of antibodies in large amounts for diagnostic or therapeutic use MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: action crisis: part of the process of disengaging from a goal, once difficulties and setbacks accumulate MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Truancy: intentional absence from school without permission. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Phosphorus - a chemical element used in explosives, matches, and fertilizers (as it is a key nutrient for plant growth) Phosphate rock - a sedimentary rock containing high amounts of phosphate minerals - the main source of agricultural P fertilizer Phosphate - a salt or ester of phosphoric acid, containing PO4 -3 or a related anion or a group 4 Rs of Nutrient Management - Right fertilizer source, at the Right rate, at the Right time, and in the Right place Reserve - the part of a resource that could be economically extracted or produced at the moment Resource - a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction of a commodity from the concentration is currently or potentially feasible MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Static Apnea: Holding your breath without swimming or moving. Apneist: Someone who competes in apnea-related contests. Fight or Flight Response: A set of physiological responses to a perceived mortal threat. Mammalian Dive Reflex: A set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic reflexes. Diaphragm: A strip of skeletal muscles underneath the lungs that contracts and flattens when you inhale. It starts spasming as part of involuntary breathing movements when the body starts to run out of oxygen. Spleen: An organ that primarily acts as a blood filter that can deflate to return blood to the circulatory system. Carbon Dioxide Tension: The increase in CO2 pressure in the blood as oxygen levels fall. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Wave energy converter - a device for turning the mechanical energy of ocean waves into mechanical energy (flow of a substance) or electrical energy Oscillating water column - an open-bottomed chamber filled with air and water, whose wave action moves the water column up and down like a piston, forcing the air out past a turbine Attenuator - a long multisegment floating structure oriented parallel to the direction waves travel, where differing heights of waves along the length of the device flex the connections driving hydraulic pumps that can be connected to turbines Oscillating body - a floating buoy that oscillates with waves, generating electricity within the buoy or by pulling on a generator or by pumping water through a turbine Overtopping device - a reservoir filled by waves to a height higher the average nearby ocean, into which reservoir water is released, spinning a turbine Biofouling - undesirable growth of organisms like barnacles and algae on underwater surfaces Ocean wave - energy passing through water and causing it to move in a circular motion Turbine - a machine for producing continuous power in which a wheel with blades gets hit by a fast-moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid, and spins (often connected to a magnet that spins) Induction - the production of an electric current in a wire by movement of a nearby magnetic field MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Phylogenetic tree: a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species Cladogram: a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms Monophyletic group (or clade): a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor Paraphyletic group: all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups Similarity trap: people can name different species the same thing, only to find out they aren’t even closely related. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Portland cement - the most common type of cement used worldwide, made with limestone Limestone - a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate (which is also in shells & eggs) Cement - a powder used in construction that’s made by grinding clinker with other minerals and mixing with water to form a paste that sticks to sand, gravel or crushed stone to make concrete Concrete - a building material made by mixing cement with water to form a paste that gains body through fillers like sand and gravel Clinker - an intermediate marble-sized product in cement production created by sintering limestone with clay and other things Sinter - to turn a powdery solid into a single mass by heating it without liquefaction Mortar - another building material (used to adhere bricks or stones together) made by mixing cement with water and sand Calcination - the process of heating a substance to a high temperature, but below its melting point, so it thermally decomposes (like limestone into lime & CO2) Process emissions - the name for the CO2 that comes from limestone when it thermally decomposes MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Earthquake: A violent shaking of the earth, usually due to movements of tectonic plates under the earth’s crust. Seismometer: An instrument that detects changes in the up-down motion of the earth. Seismic body waves: Higher frequency waves released by earthquakes that can move through solid rock. Seismic surface waves: Lower frequency waves released by earthquakes that move along the ground and cause most damage. Earthquake Early Warning System: A network of strategically placed seismometers that trigger emergency warning systems in particular areas when they detect large seismic body waves. Evacuation Clearance Time: The time needed to evacuate a particular population to safety. Earthquake Precursor: An anomalous event that gives an effective warning of an impending earthquake. Transform Faults: Faults where two tectonic plates slide past each other. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fingerprint: The markings on the skin on the last joint of the thumb or finger. Fingerprint Ridges: The raised lines on the fingerprint. Fingerprint Pattern: The main design in the middle of the fingerprint; usually a loop, whorl, or arch. Volar Pad: The mass of stem cells that grows under the fingers during a particular time during fetal development that is responsible for determining the pattern of the fingerprint. Fingerprint Minutiae: The various tiny points in each fingertip where the ridgelines get blocked or split. Compound Probability: The likelihood that independent events will occur simultaneously. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Guano: seabird (or bat) poop. From the indigenous Peruvian word “wanu”, meaning “manure that’s good for fertilizer" Manure: animal poop used as fertilizer (typically cow or pig poop) Fertilizer: a chemical-containing substance added to soil to provide nutrients to plants Nitrate mining: digging up the naturally occurring solid form of the element nitrogen (sodium nitrate) Phosphate mining: digging up the naturally occurring solid form of the element phosphorus Haber-Bosch process: the major industrial method to take nitrogen gas out of the air and convert it to ammonia MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fecalith: A stony mass of feces inside a person’s intestinal tract. Appendix: A tube-shaped sac at the bottom of a person’s intestinal tract. Appendicitis: A painful inflammation of the appendix. Fiber: Plant-derived dietary material that’s resistant to certain digestive enzymes. Tertiary Food Processing: Commercial production of food that often contains synthetic elements or an overabundance of certain salts and sugars. “Western Diet”: A collective term for a diet high in fat, cholesterol, protein, sugar, and salt, that often involves frequent consumption of “fast food”. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Propolis: a kind of bee glue made up of resins and beeswax, rich in flavonoids and aromatic acids with antibiotic properties Pollination circuit: commercial bee-keepers move their colonies around the country, renting them out to farmers to pollinate almonds, apples, and many other crops. Bee health: term used to indicate concern about a set of issues challenging to health of honey bees, including parasites, pathogens, and pesticides. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Anthropophily: an organism’s propensity to feed on humans rather than other animals Biogeography: the study of the distribution of species and organisms throughout space and time Malaria Control: the reduction of malaria’s impacts to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts. Continued intervention is required to sustain control. Malaria Elimination: the interruption of local transmission (i.e. reducing the rate of malaria cases to zero) of a specified malaria parasite in a defined geographic area. Continued intervention is needed to prevent reestablishment of transmission. Malaria Eradication: the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by human malaria parasites, after which intervention measures are no longer needed (e.g. as with smallpox, the only disease we've eradicated) MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Buy our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Buy our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices