Let's Learn Everything!

Is it really possible to bring back the Dodo, and what even really happened in the first place? Are there any games left that humans can beat computers at, and why might that be okay? And what can art forgery tell us about art and the art world?Images/Videos we Mention:The TinkerToy Tic Tac Toe ComputerThe Rock Paper Scissors RobotSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The Cherished Dodo, tinction, what does a dodo taste i mean look like, dodo art telephone, only 1 full skeleton, actualy lots of things die this way, invasive species also killed the dodo, Alice in Wonderland’s trendsetting the Dodo, Caroline’s clearly a Dodo person, Dodo DNA, Jurassic Park was a Documentary, I hope to die in a funny way, bringing the Bucardo back, the first De-extinction, and the first Double Extinction, DNA vaults, the nicobar pigeon, Cloacas are “Fun” according to Ella, let’s reintroduce the Dodos too why not, “bring a little bit of magic back to the mauritious”, ancient egyptian tic tac toe, the Shannon Number, The Mechanical Turk, TuroChamp, Chess was the Drosophila of AI, bad AI predictions, Deep Blue vs Kasparov, The Googolplex of Go games, Dr Fill the Crowssword AI, 100% Rock Papers Scissor Win Rate, Poker AI, this really cool game called Superluminauts, what’s “unfair” in AI? the power of art comes from yourself, the art of forgery, Han van Meegeren, Dodo in Gearl with a Pearl Earring we all make the same dumb joke, new Vermeer, don’t arrest me it’s just a forgery, there could still be Elmyr de Hory forgeries, F is for Fake, “if my work hangs in a museum long enough, it becomes real”, Tom makes a totally normal and not embaressing mixup of Van Gogh and DaVinci, how to spot a forgery, carbon dating forgeries, just look at it closely, identifying craquelure, mass spectrometry, so much of this is just about money, Salvator Mundi Ship of Theseus, were these reviews forged? Go check! the laughing peopleSources:Sources:NHM: Dodo De-Extinction Announcement Causes DebateNatGeo: The Dodo is Dead! Long Live the DodoSmithsonian: Article on Colossal BiosciencesColossal Biosciences: The DodoNature: What Would it Take to Bring Back the DodoThe Atlantic: Article on the DodoNatGeo: First Extinct Clone CreatedNHM: Frozen BanksTedTalk: De-ExtinctionBritannica: Gene EditingVideo on CRISPRRevive and Restore WebsiteMIT: The Plan to Bring Back the Passenger Pigeon---The TinkerToy Tic Tac Toe ComputerThe Shannon NumberTuroChamp Chess AINewell & Simon AI PredictionsNYTimes Deep Blue PredictionsKasparov on Deep BlueA GoogolPlex of Go GamesDr Fill Crossword AIRock Paper Scissors RobotPoker AIStarcraft AIAI SurveyAngry Birds AI PaperAnother Angry Birds AI PaperAngry Birds AI CompetitionAI Birds Competition BlogChess.com 100 Million Users---Authenticity and Viewing Art StudyIntent to DeceiveDetecting Art ForgeryDetecting Art Forgery 2Art Forgery DetectiveForgers Reveal Secrets of Paintings

Is psychology doomed, or could the reproducibility crisis a good thing? How many senses do we really have? And what's the history behind all the pride flags you see?Check out:Maintenance Phase's Episode on Brian Wansink's DownfallStrange Aeons (on My Immortal Authors)Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: We’re already learning! god i hate the stanford prison experiment, the four horsemen of the reproducibility crisis, the file drawer effect, honestly this horseman sounds like capitalism, what if we stopped saying “statistically significant”, Brian Wansink’s food studies and The Grad Student Who Never Said “No”, Brian this is a joke right? P-hacking the topic itself, failure to replicate isn’t the end of the world, “I Read ALL 100 Replications”, differences between the social and biological sciences, D.A.R.E for science! pre-registering a meta-analysis on pre-registration, the many good horses that work against the apocalypse, my eyes are named Dex and Sid, gustation, grilling my friends about guessing the 5 flavors, taste subclasses, touching our fingers together for half an hour, different receptors for light and hard touch, referred pain, feeling temperature in our bones, we have more cold receptors than heat, don’t test proprioception if you’re driving, it’s 10 o clock do you know where your limbs are?, the real sixth sense, losing proprioception, interoception, the holiday paradox, animal senses, ancient Egypt invented the rainbow flag, the RGB values of flags, Gilbert Baker, Harvey Milk “we needed something beautiful, something from us”, volunteers coming together to construct the first flag, oh they couldn’t just amazon a flag they had to make it, the pink is just impractical guys, the mile long flag, the Philadelphia Eagles Pride Flag, one flag to rule them all, lavender menaces, lesbian flag losing its lips.Sources:Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological ScienceNature Survey on Reproducibility CrisisThe Four Horsemen of IrreproducibilityVox on Replication CrisisWansink's Blog PostThe Cut on Wansink's DownfallArstechnica on WansinkSpurious CorrelationsAnalysis of Wansink's ErrorsGelman & Loken on P-HackingScience Reaction to Psychology Replication StudyOpen Science Foundation Data for 100 ReplicationsScience on PreregistrationNature Analysis on Pre-registrationScience on Retraction WatchLessons from Retraction WatchRetraction Watch's Earliest RetractionMeta Analysis of the Retraction PenaltyKurzgesagt RetractionsAPA Teachable Moments from the Replication Crisis---KokumiTaste BudsThe Man Who Lost His BodyThermoreceptorsReferred PainWhy Does Time Seem to Speed Up with Age?The Emerging Science of InteroceptionAlexithymiaHygroroceptionThe Weirdest Senses Animals Have That You Don't---Stradley Ronon: Evolution of the Pride FlagBritannica: The Rainbow FlagBBC Culture: History of the Rainbow FlagGilbert Baker's WebsiteThe Harvey Milk Online BiographyInsersex Inclusive Pride FlagProgress Pride FlagNCYLGBTSites: Lavendar MenaceBiangles - Liz NaniaBiscuit: Bi Flag Histroy Strange Æons: History of the Lesbian FlagHeckin Unicorn: The Gay Man FlagUONC: Other Pride Flags

Is immortality possible in humans or other animals? What was on Earth before trees? And what can we learn from emoji?🤔Things we talk about:The First EmoticonsKurita's EmojisSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Halloween in January, stories of immortality, the epic of gilgamesh, MR BEAST GRANTS IMMORTALITY IF YOU STAY UP FOR 6 DAYS, the first story of facing AND accepting mortality, teen alexander the immortal, shooting down 9 suns, making your own immortality serum, spoiler alert we don’t find immortality in this topic, the first blood transfusion, oh nevermind not really, testicle rejuvination solves all problems, how do we die? programmed death and antagonistic pliotropy, accumulating insurmountable damage, the Hayflick Limit, shoe telomeres, four nobel laureates behind atlos labs (aaaand also jeff bezos), we’ve never recorded a naked mole rat dying from old age, transdifferentiation in the immortal jellyfish, surprise immortality! the slow and old greenland shark, having to go through puberty and pay taxes is not worth immortality, “I sort of like that the animals are winning, and we haven’t quite got there yet”, you’d make a great tree, Caroline makes us define a tree, trees are “a human concept based on visual criteria”, NOTHING EXISTS, trees put oxygen in the atmosph- wait no that was algae, Caroline wants our bewilderment and fear in the questions, the Cambrian explosion, fossils of a tree fight, sharks are older than trees, what are these spires of life, cockroach t-rex, it really is the second Halloween episode, lovecraftian Earth, letters are pictures, emojis are language, our most used emojis, emoticons, codepoints, the first emoji, standarized emoji, no more flag emojis, people assume the internet keeps records of itself.Sources:Royal Forestry Society Tree DefinitionEncyclopedia Britannica Tree DefinitionNatrual History Museum First TreesWorld's First Tree ReconstructedGiant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth’s earliest forest stumps at Gilboa, Stein et al, 2007 (Paper)Timeline: The evolution of lifeSmithsonian Magazine: The Top 10 Greatest Survivors of EvolutionLive Science: Prehistoric Mystery Organism a Humongous FungusRotted wood–alga–fungus: the history and life of Prototaxites Dawson, Hueber 2001 (Paper)Smithsonian Magazine: Giant Mushrooms---NinevehThe Eternal Life of GilgameshThe Search for ImmortalityHistory of the First Blood TransfusionSerge VoronoffThe Long and Gruesome Hstory of People Trying to Live ForeverTheories of AgeingWhat Is Antagonistic Pleiotropy?Evolution and the Biology of AgingDNA damage—how and why we age?Hayflick limitTelomeres2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineNaked Mole RatsGreenland SharksImmortal Jellyfish---Unicode Emoji StatsLauren Schwartzberg's The Oral History of the Poop EmojiSwiftkey Regional Emoji DataEmojipedia StatsEarly EmoticonsUnicode's Emoji PrinciplesUnicode's Stance on New Flag EmojisCorrecting the Record on the First Emoji Set

What's the story of how we successfully saved the ozone? Why and how can owls turn their heads around, and who else can? And can Ella convert Tom to the wonder that is Eurovision?Listen to Ella's Full Eurovision PlaylistSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: defining ozone, not wrong but not right, the ozone layer is miles thick and not full of ozone, the sun is a deadly laser, tom feels stupid about the ozone, accidentally finding out about the ozone layer depleting, the dobson ozone spectrophotometer, “being an ignorant physicist”, this is why we monitor things, we need more metaphors actually, CFCs and HCFCs, the impact of humans on the planet, WARNING: MAY CAUSE DEATH FOR ALL FUTURE HUMANS, wait legal proceedings were slow??? supersonic flights between france and the UK only, you’re doing colonialism on US ACTUALLY, 198 parties ratified the Montreal Protocol, early action is important, why don’t we talk about this enough!!! thank your local environmental researcher today, owl 360 no scope, side-eyed Tom, pigeon slander, side and front facing, owls don’t have eyeballs, cone of death, I love it when there’s a but, the guiness book of world records is dumb, breaking the rule of 7, why hang upside down, the first Eurovision was formal, no english songs allowed, the big 5, bicameral voting, Britain’s losing streak, “nobody hates the british entry more than the british”, international politics and Eurovision, it’s like We Didn’t Start the Fire, “what else would we sing about”, it’s always been political, Ella’s favorite entries, Abba surprises Tom, how eurovision changes with the times, from ballrooms to tiktok, our future plugs.Sources:National Geographic: Ozone Layer EPA: Basic Ozone Layer Science UNEP: Ozone and YouJ. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner & J. D. Shanklin, 1985 (Paper)The Evolution of Policy Responses to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (1989 Paper)The Impact of High Altitude Aircraft on the Ozone Layer in the Stratosphere (1994 Paper)Impacts of a Near-Future Supersonic Aircraft fleet on atmospheric composition and climate (2022 Paper)The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerThe Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone LayerUN - The Climate Crisis---Krings et al Owl Neck Rotation & AnatomyMcGill on Owl EyeballsOwl Eye MobilityHuman Eye MobilityKok-Mercado & Gailloud Poster on Blood Flow AdaptationsNatGeo on Owl Head TurnsGuiness World Record for Mammal Head RotationBuchholtz & Stepien Sloth Spine PaperSloth Conservation Foundation on Why Sloths HangStudy on Sloth MusclesBecky Cliffe on Sloth Evolution---Ella's Excellent Eurovision PlaylistThe Weird and Wonderful Hisotry of the Eurovision Song ContestMore HistoryAn Actual Academic Paper On Eurovision VotingToward Data Science: Eurovision Voting BlocsArmenia–Azerbaijan Relations in the Eurovision Song ContestEurovision During the Bosnian WarCarnation Revolution

To round out the year we learn about the most interesting thing: each other! We talk about the process of researching and writing an episode, future sciences and science fiction, and laugh and cry reflecting on our favorite things from 2022. Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: our favorite topics, this is why we don’t do topics on colors, topic lists, science ruining movies, science is just a job, anything goes as long as you don’t explain it to me, hacking the mainframe, the one flaw in the big bang theory, how do we research and when is it done? asking yourself questions, researching vs writing, research wormholes and topic duds, Caroline’s natural defense colors, London and NYC recommendations, religion and science, dealing with burnout, defeating Ella in battle, how we record, our Hollywood writers room, start a podcast if only to try, MUNA and Stromae and AJR, our favorite things this year, Everything Everywhere and Elf, Fortnite and Pokemon, Our Flag Means Death and Succession and Fleabag and Craig of the Creek and Dragula, Yotsuba, Two Headed Calf, making ourselves cry, Scoob & Shag, pandan and coke zero, our favorite pokemon, I am displeased with your lack of brevity, how each of us takes over the world, our personal take and our interest is more important than topic overlap, futue sciences, the birth of a topic, projected to finish everything soon so we can stop talking to each other, asmr speedrunning, today's topic is this pad of sticky notes, our podcast spotify wrapped, what we’re looking forward to (Breath of the Wild 2), really dumb content.

On a very special holiday episode, Tom, Caroline, and Ella give the gift of learning! We've wrapped up our favorite fun facts to give to each other, and even gotten a few presents from some special guests!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: the the gin craze, no free gin advertisements, gin street and beer street, wrapping paper foley work, pumpkin toadlet balance, silly UK laws, yeah and maybebeallowedtoshootacrossbowatacathedral, keep your kite flying private, kite footloose, beached whales for the queen, suspicious salmon makes sense, honey tummys, more grenades on mars by 2025, dinosaur time breaks caroline’s brain, hey these brussels sprouts aren’t bad now, brussels sprouts hipsters, Britain’s dedicated tv popularity analyst, tom regifts a fun fact, and now I’m thinking about animal genitals, Cotesia and Drosophala: like a good cheese and a fine wine.Vine Pair: The Gin CrazeHistory: The Gin CrazeWilliam Hogarth’s Beer Street and Gin LaneSmithsonian Magazine: Pumpkin ToadletSemicircular canal size constrains vestibular function in miniaturized frogsInsect Orientation: Stay on Course with the SunNIH: Vestibular SystemWright Brothers FlightOdd laws you may unknowingly breakLegislation.org: Salmon Act 1986Bee BubblingHuman Objects on MarsWhy it's Hard to Land on MarsPerseverance's 10 Million NamesPhoenix Lander Mini DVDWright Flyer Cloth on MarsTyrannosaurus RexStegosaurusThe Brussel Sprouts RenaissanceTV PickupTV Pickup QuotesThe Length of a Short Sperm

What is the science of scientific naming, and could it actually be life saving? How many cells are in a human body, and why is it important to know? And how exactly did the British Museum... "acquire" all these artifacts?Watch Tom's PowerPoint Comedy Show!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: what does tom smell like? naming is hard for computer science, naming is a science, reading 12 million paper titles by hand, single use acronyms, polynomial naming, Ranunculus mother of dragons, the dino hip mixup, smooth transitions, the fermium wars, we all know what happened to element 102, berkelium californium americium, should we name elements after living people, Ella is the only true Swiftie, half of all exoplanets are named Kepler, the old Taylor can’t come to the phone right now, why? she’s a millipede, Ella will get an answer, humans have 1 cell technically, c elegans has exactly 1031 cells, don’t embarrass yourself by saying how many cells are in a mouse, we enter the wheels and doors debate, Ella sperm fact rick rolls us, the number of kinds of cells, tom is bad at math, every time a scientist questions a number an angel gets its wings, Livers Georg, Ella is heartbroken we don’t have a number, what’s the point of counting cells? the British Museum keeps 99% of things in the disney vault, offering a replica of the rosetta stone instead, Britain legally cannot return items without government approval, all the stuff we never knew about Moai statues, what does queen Victoria need with a Moai statue, her majesty declares finders keepers, actualy these stolen things mean as much to Britain now, most Britains want the items returned, there is so much to learn from this!Sources:Judith Winston's Review of Binomial NomenclatureThe Growth of Acronyms in the Scientific LiteratureThe Long and Short of Abbreviations (UA Medical Acronym)Dinosaur Hip Naming MixupHow Many Named Species are Valid?Review of the Transfermium WarsIUPAC 1994 Naming DecisionNaming ExoplanetsA Flu by Any Other NameNature on WHO NamingTaylor Swift's Millipede---Number of Bacteria In Your BodySpermTypes Of Cells In The Human BodyAn Estimation Of The Number Of Cells In The Human Body---Human Remains in the British MuseumBritish Museum: Rosetta StoneBritish Museum: Moai of rapa Nui (Easter Island Statues)CNN: British Museum Discusses fate of Easter Island StatuesBritish Museum: Benin BronzesThe Guardian: British museum ‘Has Head in sand’ Over Return of ArtefactsBritish Museum: The Parthenon SculpturesBritish Museum: Maqdala CollectionYouGuv: Should Britain Return Historical Artefacts to Their Country of Origin?Culture war: the case against repatriating museum artifactsNYT: Investigators, Citing Looting, Have Seized 27 Antiques From the MetCNN: Manhattan DA returns 58 antiquities to Italy, including 21 seized from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

How can you study a brain without a brain? In what ways is a cat actually like a liquid? And why do we say The Greatest Thing Since Sliced Bread?Images we Discuss:Rat BrainCats Sitting in ThingsBread Crumbs---Watch the SciShow Episode Ella Wrote!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: brains are complex and hard to access, organoids, organettes, organittos, induced pluripotent stem cells are cool, Madeline Lancaster, DNA is amazing, scientific serendipity, try to make a brain and accidentally make a heart, human neurons in rat brains, ethical concerns, that does not make Caroline feel better, brain-on-a-chip, dish brain, great words, Pong, sentience, liquid cats, solid cats, gas cats, Slime, Ig Nobel, first make you laugh then make you think, atoms, God made cats a solid so you can pet them, mountains flow, Ella does not, the joy of the surface, scientists communicating science well, bread was invented in 1954, bread archaeology, cooking is a kind of fossilization, archaeobotanist, that’s what it means to specialize in bread, throwing it all into the bread business, SLICED BREAD IS MADE HERE, sound, sensible, and a progressive refinement, bread innovation, twin style bread, Caroline is not a world leader in bread innovation, a delicious stick of butter, idioms, a manifestation of the peculiar, irreversible binomial, to sell something for a song, don’t shit in the blue cupboard, the burnt bread crumbs of language.Sources:First Brain Organoids PaperStem Cells @ Lunch Digested PodcastThe Use of Brain OrganoidsFirst Electrically Active Brain OrganoidsHuman Neurons Transplanted Into Rat Brain StudyHuman Neuron in Rat Brain ImageBrain-On-A-Chip ReviewNeurons Play Pong---On the Rheology of CatsTed Talk on the Rheology of CatsPBS: Are Cats Liquid?Crustal Melting and the Flow of MountainsA Hydrodynamic Approach To Cancer---NPR on 14,000 Year Old BreadPaper on Analyzing the Oldest BreadArranz-Otaegui's Presentation on the Prehistory of BreadInvention of Sliced BreadFirst Sliced Bread AdSliced Bread AdsThick & Thin BreadDated BreadTwin Style BreadFowler's Modern English UsageSaeed's SemanticsPolish Idiom Translation

Today our guest Ashlen Campbell asks us: how do you stop a seagull from stealing your chips? And what can that teach us about the wild world of kleptoparasitism?Our Favorite Ash Videos: Erythrism, Blathers ExposedAsh's Kleptoparasitism ListAsh's Follow Recommendations: @luccasbiohub @drkyliesoanes @zoe_kean_sci @sarawebbscience @astrokirstenVisit our NEW MERCH STORE!Support us with a Maximum Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Majored in zoology minored in chips, temperature effects on fish, dam spreadsheets, mosquitos don’t like skrillex, bee gom jabbar test, the beach scene, Miriam Rothschild & Theresa Clay coined Kleptoparasitism, bullying birds to throw up, not having a chip and getting hit by Ash’s ford fiesta, peacrabs have to steal to survive, messy definitions are interesting, stealing from siblings isn’t kleptoparasitism, neon cuckoo bees steal candies from babies, snails grabbing food from your throat, fossils caught stealing, mother feed me, taking care of other fishes babies, “he’s such a good father”, sneak spawning, The Real House Nest Husbands of Chesapeake Bay, swat raiding bees, kleptothermy, the answer is a seagull economy, kleptoplasty is eating batteries, floral larsony, hyenas change their sleep schedules to avoid thieving lions, green goblin otter hostage situations, eat worse chips, weighing the complexities of stealing, studying chip stealing, only you can stare at seagulls, the adorable and horny antechinus, “nothing here is okay”, nitpicking jurassic park, am I misrepresnting data? at least I have rainbow fish in animal crossing. being wrong on the internet, erudoot. Sources:Fleas, flukes, & cuckoos; a study of bird parasitesIyengar’s Kleptoparasitism ReviewKleptobiosisPea crab (Pinnotherida)Neon cuckoo bee (Thyreus nitidulus)Wentletrap (Epitonium clathratulum)Brachiopod fossilsBarn Owl Nest SwitchingThree Spined SticklebackLestrimelitta Niitkib (toxin producing bee)Fork-tailed drongoGarter snake (2001)Garter snake (2012)KleptopredationPhotosynthetic Sea SlugToxomerus Larva Stealing from SundewFloral LarcenyPlant Stealing Pollinators from Other PlantsLions and Hyenas, Change in Activity PatternsCougar/ Black Bear CompensationGulls and ploversGull gaze

How do we define pain, and what animals can feel it? How similar are vampires to real vampiric animals? And what are penny dreadfuls and how were they actually... good?Visit our NEW MERCH STORE!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: pain is bad, but pain is good, what animals can feel pain, if they can feel kink pleasure from pain they can feel pain, it’s time to define pain for you guys, ella swoops in on a Tom joke, pain is like art, the international association for the study of pain, a funny example of pain, nuance baby! the 2 nail people is a great couples halloween costume, Descartes' pain theory started off so well, nociceptors, how do you test pain? injured flies, are we JigSaw? injecting bee venom into fish, ASC change fish pain laws, vampires are found in almost every culture, we need to protect the ice caps or the vampires will get out, hematophagy and sanguivores, vampire bugs and fish and birds, the fake vampire squid that eats poop, monogamous but false vampire bats, vampire bats are more beautiful and there’s a reason why, super speed super climbing and super stealth bats, blood heat vision with pit organs, biting with incisors not canines, blood is a thin gruel, vampirism is a radical dietary lifestyle, bats help each other out, barfing blood for friends, Twilight has the most scientifically accurate vampires, Ella bamboozles us, as literacy booms so does the need for cheap exciting stories, Varney came before Dracula and invented the tropes, The String of Pearls: a Romance (allegedly) and the origin of Sweeney Todd, tag yourself I’m women with daggers, 45% of victorian britain was under 20, children reading books to each other, the literature of rascaldom, half-penny dreadfullers, how many books were actually popular at their time, our horror recommendations, Junji Ito.Sources:The Nature and Science of Pain - Pain AustraliaA Biological Substrate for Somatoform DisordersAre We Wrong to Assume Fish Can’t Feel Pain - The GuardianAnimals Can Feel Pain A Biologist Explains Why - VoxA History of Pain ResearchHistory of Pain: A Brief Overview of the 17th and 18th CenturyPain Principles - Neuroscience OnlineCan Ants Feel Pain?Fish Do Not Feel Pain and its Implications for Understanding Phenomenal Consciousness, 2015Insects Can Experience Chronic Pain - Smithsonian MagazineInvertebrate Nociception, 2017Do Fish Feel Pain? A Matter of Scientific Debate (Dr Sneddon Quote)Farmed Fish Feel Pain, Stress and Anxiety - The GuardianWhy Fish Do Not Feel Pain (Key, 2016)Anthropomorphic Denial of Fish Pain (Sneddon and Leah, 2016)---Vampirism LoreHematophagy in InsectsVampire SquidNYTimes on Vampire BatsField Idenfitication Guide for BatsThe 3 Vampire Bat Abilities & Biting HabitsHeat Sensing in BatsHow Vampire Bats BiteComparative Study of Bat IncisorsVampirism as a Radical Dietary LifestyleFood Sharing in Vampire BatsFood Sharing Reciprocation StudyFood Sharing after Grooming Study---Varney the VampyreThe String of PearlsLeaves from a Prison DiaryDisseminating Impure Literature': The 'Penny Dreadful' Publishing Business Since 1860How Gruesome Penny Dreadfuls Got Victorian Children ReadingBritish Library on Penny DreadfulsGuardian on Penny DreadfulsVictorian Children's Periodicals: Penny Dreadfuls

It's the show's birthday! And we're going to celebrate with LEARNING! How much do we really know about the history of keeping time? When did human speech first arise, and how would we even figure that out? And when did the concept of birthdays have its birthday?Visit our NEW MERCH STORE!Support us on Maximum Fun!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Your favorite podcast on your favorite torso, the blind watchmaker, time technology is not like iphone upgrades, Ancient or Recent, France’s decimal clocks, counting knots on a ship, of course people cared about keeping time back then, escapements brought us TikTok, the not so timey wimey etymology of clock, putting clock inventions in the right order, we had sundials in the 1800s, you’re holding like 20 different iphones, redefining the second, ephemris time was a “ridiculous decision”, keeping time in space without the Earth, the importance of NTP, UTC is confusing fairly for everyone, what is speech? language vs speech, are there speech fossils? diaphragm is the only one we don’t talk about, laryngeal descent theory, teaching monkeys to talk, is this theory good science? “you guys are so smart”, speech research is so multi-disciplinary, you love a great review, deconstructing the theory, the reconstruction was so bad the mouth wouldn’t have been able to swallow, they forgot to check other animals for descended larynxes oops, speech may have developed waaay earlier, bodies ready for speech vs brains ready for speech, research beef, quoting “mic drop”, “i thought the answer would be simple and i was really really wrong”, one of the hardest problems in science, the birthday of birthdays, what do you need for a birthday? defining birthdays by caesium, Wurdi Youang, pharaoh “birthdays” being born as gods, celebrating my birthday by driving away evil spirits, celebrating the mother on birthdays, i brought you “pure intentions” for your birthday, Claudia Severa’s birthday invitation tablet, the first birthday candles, god i hope they get the short candles this year, and a fun science burrito blanket.Sources:Scientific American Chronicle of TimekeepingHelen Morgolis' History of TimekeepingHistory of the HourglassHistory of 1900s ClocksLouis Essen's Account of Redefining the SecondAtomic Clock HistoryModern Atomic ClocksNPL on Atomic ClocksNasa JPL on Atomic ClocksHistory of NTPGoogle on NTPThe Atlantic on Modern Time Phone LinesUTC FAQ---The New Review of Speech OriginsThe descended Larynx is not uniquely humanA ‘Mic Drop’ on a Theory of Language EvolutionHuman Ancestors May have Evolved Speech more than 25 Million Years AgoNPR on When did Human Speech Evolve---BBC on Stargazing in Ancient AustraliaThe Guardian on Wurdi YouangCalendars of the PastRoman Birthday Rituals

What are the pros and perils of self experimentation? What archaeological clues do we have to the first human amputation? And why should we actually learn to love PowerPoint?See Tom Perform PowerPoint Comedy on October 4th at Caveat NYC! (or stream it!)Go to Ella's Women in Science Photography Exhibition in London October 25th!Support us on Maximum Fun!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Santorio Santorio, sitting in a chair for 30 years, two pieces of toast, 1500s diet culture, insensible perspiration, basal metabolism, the origin of sleep studies, cave dwellers and time perception, he likes caves a little too much, sleep cycle, stomach ulcers, rats in straight jackets taking ice baths like david blaine, drinking bacteria broth and winning a nobel prize, scientists will literally drink rotten milk to get a paragraph in a paper, reaching 631mph in a rocket chair, shout out to David Hunter, setting research back several decades, venereal disease, tropical hookworm, giving yourself worms for science, do not try this at home, Caroline always starts with Egypt, ancient prosthetics, Egyptian healthcare, what is a human, 1.8 million year old tooth, Georgia is a state not a country, tackling misinformation, human remain hotspot, the earliest surgery, trepanation, ancient community care, “7 days ago, that was the end of my script”, modern humans, medical knowledge is older than we realise, we’re still figuring anthropology out, Ella loves powerpoint, sweating bullets, God named powerpoint, overhead transparencies, Caroline doesn’t know what an overhead projector is, Tom and Ella are getting old, Edward Tufty is evil, Tom Lumperson is coming for Edward Tufty, everyone is a presenter, accessibility, an unfeasible culture of productivity, David Burn, Tufty vs Burn, Powerpoint Art, Powerpoint theatre, Powerpoint comedy, Tiktok is actually Powerpoint, Powerpoint as a programming language, beautiful things in the wildest places.Sources:Santorio SantorioInsensible persirpiationWeighing chair replicaMammoth Cave StudyMichel Siffre Cave ExperimenterMichel Siffre Cabinet InterviewH. Pylori Stomach Ulcer TimelineBarry Marshall Discover Magazine InterviewInfective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milkJohn Paul StappStewart AdamsPritchard and HookwormsJasper LawrenceJimmy Bernot TwitterWhipworm Clinical trialsHookworms for multiple sclerosis---Limb Amputation in Ancient Egyptians (2010 Paper)The Guardian - Archeologists unearth 1.8 million Year Old Human ToothA Short History of Surgery by K. M. BegelmanThe Oldest Amputation on a Human Skeleton in France (2007 Paper)Upper Palaeolithic Hand Images with Missing Phalanges (2018 Paper)Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo (2022 Paper)---Robert Gaskins on Naming PowerPointNYTimes Reporting on Microsoft Buying PowerPointTufte's Article "PowerPoint is Evil"NYTimes Teacher Interview on PowerPointDavid Byrne's Learning to Love PowerPointDavid Byrne's UC Berkley PresentationDavid Byrne's Blog about the PresentationVulture's "Why is PowerPoint Having a Comedy Moment?"Neil Cicierega's SlideShare GemsThe Lorde and Jack Antonoff PowerPointTom Wildenhain's Paper "On the Turing Completeness of MS PowerPoint"Tom Wildenhain's Presentation "On the Turing Completeness of MS PowerPoint"

What is the history of plastic, and what could the future hold? Why is perfect pitch, not so perfect, and do any animals have it? And how on Earth did we end up with these meaningless names for generations?Support us on Maximum Fun!Join our Discord!Catch Sidney Gish on Tour!We also learn about: what is plastic? plastics are an invasive species, natural plastics, explosions are at the root of a lot of science, guncotton, oops we made it explosive, should have bought those 666 horses, patent drama, ella slumdog millionaires celloid tennis balls, flammable films, pronouncing bakelite, carrier bags vs plastic bags, the great pacific garbage patch, plastic quiz, all plastics made still exist, the future of plastics, testing our perfect pitch, Tom interviews Sidney Gish, being able to tell home depot paint swatches doesn’t make you a master architect, my brain is wet wet mud, the 1 in 10,000 number is bogus, guessing sine waves vs pianos, the Levitan Effect, more people have pitch memory than perfect pitch, perfect pitch in animals, dolphin octave mirroring, mosquitos matching pitch to mate, let’s bone doooooown, playing happy birthday for rats, describing happy birthday like an alien, perfect pitch RAMPANT among birds, birds understand spectal vocoder music, what is a generation? the origins of generation names, Strauss-Howe generational theory, retrofitting a logical system from a random idea, backfilling generations to arthurian times, THEY WERE PLAYWRIGHTS, there should never just be One center for research, a london doctor once said…, generational character archetypes, social theory shouldn’t sound like a D&D campaign, millennial and their avocado toast, why don’t millennials like Blue’s Clues anymore? people have always been complaining about “lewd wicked children”, scientists vs the pew research center.Sources:The Science Museum: The Age of PlasticEssentials of Polymer Science and EngineeringUN: From Birth to Ban: A History of the Plastic Shopping BagNat Geo: Great Pacific Garbage PatchThe Ocean Clean Up: The Great Pacific Garbage PatchPlastic Bag StatisticsEarth Day: Fact Sheet- Single Use PlasticsClimate Foresight: The Future of Plastics is UncertainUniversity of Birmingham: The Fate and Sustainable Future of Plastic---Carden & Cline's Excellent Review of the Myth's of Perfect PitchMarisa Hoeschele's Amazing Review of Animal Pitch PerceptionGuessing Sine Waves vs Piano Notes ExperimentPitch Memory TV Theme ExperimentThe Levitin EffectMating Mosquitos HamonizeSinging Happy Birthday to RatsSongbird Hearing AnatomyStarling Spectral Shape Experiment---Pew Research: The Whys and Hows of Generations ResearchMillennial Means NothingOpen Letter to the Pew Research Center on Generation LabelsThe Avocado Toast ArticleBBC History on Complaining about the Youths

A very special announcement!Episodes we recommend for new listeners:1: Time Illusions, Electric Bees, and Fakespeares5: The History of Pregnancy Tests, The Middlest Size, and FanFiction19: The Science of Gay, How Many Songs Fit in DNA, and Niche SportsSupport us on Maximum Fun!

How do animals sense magnetic fields? Why was the first Trolley Problem written? And who was Hitchbot?Images we talk about:- Hitchbot with SantaSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: the first compasses, captain McDonalds, “epistemologically unacceptable”, magnetic bacteria, magnetic dip, pooping north, the table of good boys, let’s do a study, it’s more intersting that dogs Sometimes poop north, alignment during excretion, I’d rather study dogs than leopards, we don’t know how animals sense magnetism, the beaks of birds the brains of seaturtles the tummies of honeybes and the nasal passages of rainbowtrouts, four years from landing on the moon and we haven’t put a magnet on a bird yet, quantumn eyeballs, the European Robin is famously racist, Phillipa Foot, putting hypotheticals to the test, mice actors, hypotheticals don’t predict real behavior, Foot’s paper was about abortion, you know the hippocratic oath is pretty cool actually, do no harm is not in the oath, the self driving trolley problem, dogs vs cats, ethics boards on hypotheticals, the real car trolley problem is more nuanced, a robot with a thumb, Ella beats Tom to the joke, can robots trust humans, hitchbot meets santa, hitchbot loves Ten Bundy, have you seen this robot? how do we feel when a robot dies, so thoughtful of review corner to be at the end, and… some exciting news???Sources: Myths in MagnetosensationMagnetic BacteriaAviation Skybrary on Magnetic DipDogs Poop NorthLeopards Poop NorthThe Arctic Tern's MigrationMagnetoreception remains a MysteryFinding the Magnetoreception OrganQuantumn Eyeballs---The First Trolley ProblemBritannica on the Trolley ProblemOf Mice, Men, and Trolleys: Hypothetical Judgment Versus Real-Life Behavior in Trolley-Style Moral DilemmasMedical Ethics and the Trolley ProblemSelf-driving Car Trolley ProblemMIT's Moral Machine Experiment---Web Archive of hitchBOT's WebsiteThe Vessel on hitchBOTServo Mag on hitchBOTInnovation Heroes Podcast: The Hitchhiking Robot’s Guide to the UniverseDW The hitchhiking robot's guide to GermanyMcMaster University hitchBOT in the NetherlandsInternational Journal of Social RoboticsSmith and Zeller the death and lives of hitchBOTFraser et al How do we feel when a robot dies?hitchBOT’s destruction

How old did Aristotle think the Earth was? What makes a dinosaur a dinosaur? And how did our guest get into paleontology? Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord! We also learn about: getting started in paleontology, shooting lasers at fossils, artistotle thought the earth was infinitely old, getting the 6,000 number from bible family tree math, it’s infinitely old because because, melting rocks is science, Lord Kevlin’s real name was William Thompson??? every big name in science wanted to answer this question, Darwin was embaressed and deleted his tweet about the age of the Earth, “there’s so much we don’t know, it’s hilarious”, the rock cycle, Patteron fought for lead safety, thousands millions and billions, it took 4 billion years for a species to know the age of the Earth, what is a dinosaur? “cladistics is confusing as hell”, we were naming dinosaursas as we were discovering them, rebranding dinosaurs, aquatic and flying reptiles aren’t dinosaurs, Taphonomy, who hasn’t fused their vertebra during a mating ritual, coprolite, this poop is going to inspire the shit out of someone, being okay with not using absolutes on tiktok, the new jurassic parks are trash. Sources: ---Aristotle's Age of the EarthKevlin's Age of the EarthClair Patterson And The Age Of The EarthHow to Calculate the Age of the Earth---Evelyn's TikTok RecommendationsArielMyria PerezHolly Simon

What happens when you gives bugs drugs? How many digits of pi do we actually need? And what is the drama behind the blackest black?Images we talk about:- Spider Webs on Various Drugs- Graph of Pi Approximations Across History- The Redemption of Vanity, MIT's Blackest BlackSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: how do you give a bee cocaine? cocaine is a natural insecticide, the waggle dance, actually im not going to dance it’s embaressing, “I want to be a bee so badly”, bees get withdrawl, some caterpillars are insensitive to cocaine, weaponizing caterpillars, giving spiders drugs because you’re lazy, charlotte’s web blood spider drug tests, caffeine isn’t really that bad for us, “morals will not stop humans from doing stupid things”, maybe giving elephants 3,000x LSD is bad science, cheap date flies, some animals want to get high, my favorite drug is math, what is pi? ancient pi estimates, 62.8 trillion digits of pi, how many digits of pi do nasa use? we could work at nasa as a package deal, by the 1400s we had enough pi to get us to space, and by the 1600s enough for the universe, selfish of pi to have so many numbers, why do we keep counting, tom gets an existential crisis, we all get an existential crisis, the bean, vantablack, how can you have a color?, the pinkest pink, paying someone to flip them off, the new blackest black, 99.995% light absorption, the power of productive spite, um thaaanks. Sources: ---Bees on CocaineCaterpillar CocaineWeaponizing CaterpillarsThe Spider Web Drug StudyGiving an Elephant Too Much LSD---How Much PI Nasa UsesApproximations of Pi over TimeHow Much PI Nasa UsesRecord Number of Pi DigitsNPR on Record Pi Count---Vantablack's Copyright ControversyThe Pinkest PinkAnish Kapoor's Middle FingerThe NEW Blackest Black from MIT

If all these conspiracy theories were real, what are the statistical odds they'd be kept secret? Why did Pluto get demoted from planethood? And can animals make art?Images we talk about:- Pierre’s Brassau’s Art- Erased Dekooning Drawing- Sean Thomas’ “Case Study”- Monkey SelfieSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: planes fly over Ella’s house? coincidence??, the conspiracy leak formula, gish gallop, the Tom & Caroline Show conspiracy, moon landing photos, the real conspiracy of climate change is with Exxon and Shell, pluto didn’t change - the definition of a planet changed, pluto is half the width of the US, what is a planet???, planets need a cleared orbit, the IAU assembly, it’s neptune’s fault! Ella quietly having an existential crisis, Mike Brown - the man who killed Pluto, why aren’t we talking about Eris?, what if we had 12 planets?, Ceres was also demoted like Pluto 200 years ago, the 8 planets are what aliens would want to visit, the kuiper belt isn’t packed with objects like you might imagine, Mike Brown’s humbleness of giving up Eris’ planethood, dwarf planet pokerap, what is animal art? what is art? Ella and Caroline write this topic apparently, Pierre Brassau, Erased DeKooning Drawing, enrichment, Naruto vs. Slater vs. Wikipedia, Lynda Barry and Howard Ikemoto on children’s art, everything is art! Sources: ---On the Viability of conspiratorial beliefsConspiracy Theories: Causes and CuresThe PRISM ConspiracyThe Tuskegee Syphilis StudyThe FBI Foresnic ScandalStudy on Disbelief of Moon Landing PhotosClimate ChangeShell and Exxon Climate Change ConspiracyHBomberGuy's Vaccine Video---Library of Congress: Why is Pluto No Longer a Planet?BBC: Why is Pluto No Longer a Planet?Washington Post: Ever wondered why Pluto is no longer a planet?-NASA: Pluto OverviewIAU 2006 General AssemblyMike Brown, Pluto KillerMetzger’s Thoughts on Pluto and what makes a Planet---Pierre Brassau's ArtJackson PollockErased de Kooning DrawingAnimal EnrichmentDo Elephants Enjoy Painting?Ars Technica on the Monkey SelfieNYT On Monkey SelfieUS Copyright Office Compendium of PracticesLynda Barry's Making Comics

What is the nuanced science behind homosexuality in animals and humans? Is there a single gay gene? No. No absolutely not. But how many songs could you fit into a gram of DNA, and why would you want to? And what are some of the most niche sports and why are they still so great? Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Tom is an ally, 1500 observed gay animals from shrimps to apes, the adelie penguin story hidden for 100 years, dynamic region translation, dolphins are messed up, it’d be weird NOT to talk about gay animals, how is gay behavior evolutionarily beneficial? nuanced questions and bad actors, the myth of the gay gene, genes are complicated and so is being gay, the rage inducing paper that inspired this topic, Caroline’s brain is loading big numbers, what would you put write into dna?, making 70 billion copies of your own book, what’s a floppy drive?, the first iPod, the cost of DNA storage, the double but, different types of memory, storing data for longer than ipods will be remembered, we’re not allowed to take the piss out of these sports, roller derby, is throwing a goat any weirder than a sheep’s bladder or pig skin?, reaching your peak in your 40s, the sport popes have played, tickles that jiggly knowledge thing in my skull. Sources: ---Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: An Evolutionary PerspectiveAn Alternative Hypothesis For the Evolution of Same-Sex Sexual Behaviour in AnimalsA Genetic Study of Male Sexual OrientationThe Gay Gene?The Proof Against the Gay GeneGenetics of Sexual BehaviorThe Bad Article that Inspired this TopicPink News Analysis of The Bad Article that Inspired this Topic ---DNA Data ReviewThe First DNA Data, MicrovenusThe First Book in DNAAdditional Review of DNA Data200MB of DNA Storage with OK GOThe OK GO Music Video Stored in DNANYTimes on the First iPodTesting the Stability of DNA DataDNA Data Storage for 2 Million YearsThe Time it Takes to Write DNA DataComputerphile Explaining Reed-Solomon Compression---Home Game on NetflixRoller DerbyRoller Derby RulesBuzkashiMore BuzkashiCalcio Fiorentino/StoricoCalcio Fiorentino Nat Geo Interview

You've probably heard of Carbon Dating, but how are Astronomy, Biology, and Nuclear Physics involved? What are the problems with having babies in space, and how many animals have had babies in space? (surprisingly more than you'd think!) And what is the history of nail polish, and more importantly, our relationship with painting nails?Videos we talk about:- Mice in SpaceSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: counting the rings in a carbon atom, Dendrochronology, Space & Life & Radioactivity, unstable tennis balls, a surprise callback to last episode, shoutout to baltimore! oh shit we can carbon date anything!! Ella is good at guessing, a rewrite of history??? OES, the real carbon dating was friendship, definitely points, what do you name a space baby? the ISS is not a safe form of contraception, sea urchin space sex, freeze dried mouse sperm resembling instant coffee, space sushi, space babies look cuter, jellyfish that don’t know the right way up, but snails do! how humans might evolve in space, Disney’s Moon Mouse Colony, what the moon teaches about Earth, Polish vs Varnish, our favorite color, fashion always goes in cycles, mummified pharaohs with nail polish, Van Gogh wasn’t color blind, he just had cheap paints, Mary Cobb was a girl boss if you will, car paint gave us nail polish, wear nail polish if you want to! Sources: ---History of Radiocarbon DatingRadiocarbon RevolutionJanet Ambers on Chronological MethodsDendrochronologyFritz Schweingruber on DendrochronologyCosmic Rays and Carbon DatingLibby's Nobel AddressLibby Carbon Dates EverythingCarbon Dating going 75,00 years BackOverly Dramatic Carbon Dating Error ArticleOES (Ostritrch Egg Shell)Carbon Dating gets UpdatedIntCal20 Calibration CurveEmilie Jager on Geochronology---Fertilization in MicrogravitySea Urchin Space SpermFreeze Dried Mouse SpermSperm Count in Space RatsMouse Space Baby DevelopmentJellyfish in SpaceSnails in SpaceDizzy Space RatsSpace and Bone DensitySpace AdaptationsRussian Space CockroachMice Adapting to Microgravity ---The History of Nail PolishCleopatra and NailpolishNail Polish HistoryHow Stuff Works Nail PolishHagley History of NailpolishHistory of CosmeticsNail Polish Trends

What exactly are cosmic rays and how do they affect us? Why do humans have so many different eye colors? And why does everyone hate the triangle so much?Images we talk about:- The Sistrum - The Angel Battle of the Bands - The Triangle in the Painting Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord! We also learn about: pions and tiny particles with delightful names, see the rave of space, OMG particle or the What What What particle, galactic cosmic rays, anomalous cosmic rays, shower of particles, lighting a lightbulb in space, highschool physics, auroral lights, lightning scientists, speedrunning glitches, DOTA_Teabag's single event upset, airplane failure, voter fraud, red eyes, albinism, squirrels with big ol’ baby blues, America vs the rest of the world, purple eyes, epithelium, collagen, melanin, the tingle effect, ella’s piercing blue eyes, Tom’s calming brown eyes, turn your eyes blue by drinking ocean water, climate, eye colour is a new adaptation, get that paternity test guys, everyone hates the triangle, triangle historian debate, angel music battle, Garden of Earthly Delights Where’s Waldo? the triangle belongs in hell, mmm this triangle sure sounds good, the sneaky triangle concerto, you can fill violin with 1,000 baked beans! Braham’s triangle drop, creole and brazilian folk triangle music I’m not like other girls I like the triangle, find the triangles in the world. Sources: ---Cern on Cosmic RaysMake your own Cosmic Ray DetectorThe OMG ParticleClive Saunders' Cosmic Ray Lightning TheoryDOTA_Teabag's Super Mario Speed RunFlight Report for Cosmic Ray IncidentCosmic Ray Election Error ---American Association of Opthamology on Eye ColorsPercentages of Eye ColorsWhy Blue eyes are BlueEvolution of Eye Color---TV Tropes "Triangles are the Worst Instrument"James Blades' Encyclopedia Entry on the TriangleMark Berry's "From Angels to Orchestra" pt 1Mark Berry's "From Angels to Orchestra" pt 2The Percussion Encyclopedia with 5 Paragraphs on the TriangleLiza Young's Bosch Instrument AnalysisLiszt's "Triangle Concerto"Brahm's Symphony No.4 in E minorBois Sec Ardoin accompanied by TriangleAvioes' song with a triangle

This week we're releasing our very first test episode of the podcast! What are neural networks? Do butterflies remember being caterpillars? And what is Love Island?Content Warning: Mentions of suicide in the Misc TopicSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: what is a dog? stem cell hotel, the giant squid axon, neural networks will be walking and talking soon, why is it called deep learning? Deep blue and Watson, love island AI, Amazon’s biased hiring AI, black hole imaging, completely meat circle, Janelle Shane, Getting flagged on the street to answer if butterflies remember, caterpillar soup, classically trained caterpillars, the y tube, tickling chrysalises, the rules of love island, casa amor, beauty airplane. Sources: NYTimes AI HypeAmazon’s Hiring AIBlack Hole Machine Learning AlgorithmJanell Shane’s AI Weirdness---Caterpillar Memory ExperimentChrysalis Memories Experiment

Follow Ella's new job's tiktok!When we say save the bees, which bees are we talking about? What happens when you repeat a word and it loses meaning? And how could you design an experiment to figure that out? And what is speed running and why do we all love it?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: solitary bees dance in their spare time, 25000 species of bees, send your enemies bees in the post, Bombus terrestris, human centric beekeeping, the billion pound honey market, honey bees are important, but also bad sometimes, local bee jobs stolen by foreign invaders, bee to bee pathogens, save ALL the bees, hanging out in the park and repeating words words words, good experimental design, the meaning test tube, tuning out meaning, Zeus, pitfalls of psychology, introspection, “familiar feels”, neutral words, clever Hans, the observer expectancy effect, dream of good experiments goodnight, don’t use flash when taking a picture of your screen, Dragster, Atari, Doom, pacifist runs, Quake done quick, games done quick, lowest percent, link stares at a rupee for 17 hours, bullet time bounceSources: Caroline's Paper on the Western Honeybee---Sheila Black's Semantic Satiation ReviewTitchener's Early Description of Meaning LossSemantic Satiation for Poetic EffectJakobovits Naming Semantic SatiationBassett and Warne Introspective StudyLambert and Jakobovits Semantic Polarity ExperimentClever HansSchultz Constructively Criticizing Semantic SatiationSmith Category Verification ExperimentNeural Analysis of Semantic Satiation---A Brief History of SpeedrunningA Quick History of SpeedrunningActivisions Magazine Volume 1Marimoto Super Mario Bros 3 SpeedrunZikubi! Super Mario Bros 3 SpeedrunThe Speedrun Where Link Stares at Rupees for 17 HoursWhat is the hardest trick in Speedrunning?Psychonauts Devs React to SpeedrunnerTom’s Favorite TAS Speedrun

What is the Turing Test, what has it become, and what can we learn from it? How many of Ella's weird bodily quirks do you have? And how did the pub quiz come about? For the next month only, use code "Everything" to save 60% off your first month of MEL Science!https://melscience.com/sBGM/Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: the imitation game, performative gender, the alignment problem, It’s not blade runner, artifical stupidity, have you heard about eugene goostman?! the alignment problem, CAPTTTTCAHA, archival OCR, thank Turing for Duo Lingo TikToks, Timnit Gebru, Robert Miles, the sociological and economic alignment problem, Ella Syndrome, learn to roll your tongue or else! Artistotle can’t roll his tongue, ACHOO, acronyms were a mistake, spare tendons, what is your earwax texture? the one person who liked Han dynasty tests, unlucky 13, TV quizes, what if we did that? Jay's virtual pub quiz. Jay's virtual pub quiz.Sources: Stanford Philosophy Turing Test PageComputing Machinery and IntelligenceTuring Test 50 Year RetrospectiveRobert MilesEugene GoostmanCAPTCHA PaperreCAPTCHA InterviewCAPTCHA DifficultyGoogle's reCAPTCHA PolicyGithub Copilot's Alignment Problem Paper---Photic SneezingTongue RollingPalarmis LongusArmpit SmellCilanto Taste23 and Me Cilantro---A History of QuizzingHistory of the QuizBBC QuizzingPub Quiz HistoryQuizzism BookInternational Spelling BeeJay's Virtual Pub Quiz

Could you domesticate a fox, and what even IS domestication? What is the oldest potted plant, and, wait, what does Caroline mean by that question? And how did Tom go from hating crosswords to loving them? The photo we mention of Mecta the Fox Pup Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: the first domesticated animals, one of Darwin’s sequels, floppy ears, domestication syndrome, the fox bachelor, the neural crest cell hypothesis, our version of Behind the Bastards, cited comment critiques, we all just want to learn, I’ve never seen a plant in the middle ages, we completely misinterpret the question, ella’s old man wisdom, a plant older than america, the anxious keepers of the oldest potted plant, crosswords were a fad, we were always insufferable, relearnig ocular immunity, crossword fuckery, “thirsty” well shortz, what is and isn’t general knowledge? and bad jokes with friends. Sources: A New Origin Story for DogsDog Domestication and the Dual Dispersal of People and Dogs into the AmericasGenomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogsThe Silver Fox Domestication ExperimentEarly Canid Domestication: interplay between behavioral genetics and developmentRed Fox Genomic Regions Associated with Tame BehavioursThe “Domestication Syndrome” in Mammals: Neural Crest Cell Behavior and GeneticsThe History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome---The History Of HouseplantsPenjingKew GardensSouth African Encephalartos SpeciesCycad Palm, Ursula Bucham---New York Times History of the CrosswordMargaret FarrarYes, You Can Write More Than One Letter in a SquareNYTimes Scumbag ControversyThe Hidden Bigotry of CrosswordsHow Will Shortz Edits a New York Times Crossword Puzzle (Lorelai)DownForAcross

What happened to the golden toad? How many things did we leave on the moon, and what are they? And what is the oldest recorded bar joke?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The World Wildlife Fund/World Wresting Federation, Agatha Christie’s Mystery of the Golden Toad, publication smackdowns, the amphibian apocalypse, outside my jurisdiction, double callback, the african clawed frog (from ep 5!), on this podcast we stan… Michael Collins, moon poop, moon scalpels, 4 undetonated grenades, moonquakes, no on vomitted on the moon, rating moon items, sneaking things on the moon, dogs in sumerian bars only want to open one thing and it’s disgusting, how many likes did that tablet have? reading sumerian proverbs, the dog understands take it, but it does not understand put it down. Sources: The Golden ToadThirty Years After the Last Golden Toad Sighting, What Have We Learned?El Niño–Southern OscillationCrump, Apparent decline of the golden toad: underground or extinct?Pounds and Fogden, Conservation of the golden toad: a brief historyGlobal Warming Didn't Kill the Golden ToadFirst Mammal Killed by Global WarmingThe Chytrid FungusStopping the Next Amphibian ApocalypseHope for the Golden Toad---List of Lunar MissionsWSJ Article of Things we've left on the MoonNasa Catalogue of Manmade Material on the MoonLunar RetroreflectorsMoonquakesGrenades on the MoonCorrection on Moon VomitBiomedical Results of ApolloStudying Moon PoopFamily Photo on the MoonThe Moon MuseumPBS Moon Museum InvestigationAudio Recording of Almost Forgetting to Drop Symbolic Items---Images of the TabletsSumerian Animal Proverbs and Fables: Collection FiveAskHistorians ThreadProverbs from Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

What do heat and temperature have to do with biology? (It turns out, a lot!) We know what periods are, but why do humans have them? And stickers are delightful but how did they come about?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: what is heat? endotherms ectotherms homeotherms heterotherms and poikilotherms, being warm blooded evolved twice, heat generating plants, naked mole rats are weird, the podcast's stable of strange animals grows, kleptothermy, everyone huddles, which animals have periods? mansplaining periods, elphant shrews, convergent evolution of periods, spontaneous decidualization, "pregnancy is parasitic", women's reproductive research is underfunded, georgian beauty standards, stamp based tangents, bumper stickers, and our favorite stickers. Sources: Richard Feynman's "Six Easy Pieces" BookEndotherms and EctothermsThermoregulationOryx HeterothermyQuelea High Body TemperatureMcKechnie's Blog Post on the paperThe evolution of EndothermyBeehive Temperature RegulationDesert Ant ThermotoleranceThermogenesis in PlantsColor Changing Thermal BiologySloth PoikilothermyMore Sloth PoikilothermyPoikilothermy and Huddling in Naked Mole RatsKleptothermyForbes: Why Did Women Evolve Periods?DecidualizationThe Evolution of Menstruation: A New Model for Genetic AssimilationThe Significance and Evolution of MenstruationGrackhouse's History of StickersThe History of Sticker PrintingThe History of Postage StampsAvery Dennison HistorySmithers: The Value of the Sticker Market

Special guest Steve Rathje (@StevePsychology) asks us, do insects have consciousness? What, empirically, makes things go viral on social media? And what are the scientific effects of live theatre?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Outgroup effects on social media, subjective experience and qualia, except for mosquitos, we share genes with bananas are they conscious? the emotional dog and the rational tail, over-anti-anthropomorphism, tiktok survey of insect consciousness, would aliens think we are conscious? Steve’s at the party talking about qualia again! Sondheim, Sarah Ruhl’s magical realism absurdist plays, Steve’s study on the effect of live theater on empathy, solving Sondheim vs Weber scientifically, antiperfectionism, the weirdness of going viral, different types of online engagement, buy our supplements! Sources: Steve's Social Media Paper: Out-Group Animosity Drives Engagement on Social MediaWhat Insects can tell us about the Origins of ConsciousnessSteve's Theatre Paper: Attending Live Theatre Improves Empathy, Changes Attitudes, and Leads to Pro-Social Behavior

What can a video game teach us about pandemics? What are the different things a sneeze can smell like? And what makes game jams so magical?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Hakkar the Soulflayer, npc asymptomatic carriers, just reset the world and change the code!, a disease model with real people, death isn’t temporary, show us the patch notes, self protection fatigue, pandemics are complicated, “look for the helpers, you will always find people who are helping”, only humans can simulate humans, “I sneeze so much”, what scents can sneezes have? smells are weird, phantosmia, Ella channeling Tom’s bad jokes, “all the tubes are connected”, piss breath, “how are we functioning?”, Tom made indie games, the first game jam email, 100,000 Guys, the Ludum Dare, “There’s too many days” “Counter Clockwise”, Hungry Knight!, Tom’s first dream game, thesis jam, Pierrec’s french review of Tom’s game. Sources: Lancet Corrupted Blood PaperEpidemiology Corrupted Blood PaperWired Corrupted Blood ArticlePCGamer Corrupted Blood ArticleChen 2013 Epidemic GameCharlotte Eye, Ear, Note and Throat Associates on Smelly SneezesWhy does my sneeze smell bad?Acetone BreathBacterid Producing Sweet SmellsLosing Your SmellPhantosmiaAmmonia BreathCorrelation of Ammonia Breath during HemodialysisHistory of Game JamsThe First Game Jam EmailPierrec's Revied of Tom's First Game

What are the benefits of reintroducing a species after 400 years? Why do we make rats solve mazes, and can slime molds solve mazes? What is ASMR, and how did it become such a thing? Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord! We also learn about: Beavery introductions, vanilla flavor usually isn’t castorium, beavers support everyone in the wetlands, Tom’s gonna make a joke, The Scottish Beaver Trial, impatient beavers, international legal beaver issues, failed reintroductions are beautiful, auto sound mmm rad, autonomus sensory meridian response, her royal majesty’s asmr, and Ella’s favorite ASMR videos. Sources: Beavers and Castoreum RSPB on Beaver Reintroductions Scottish Wildlife Trust Report on Beavers in Knapdale Scottish Wild Land Group on the Tay Beavers Legal Battle over Beavers Oranguta Reintroductions Short-haired Bumblebee Reintroductions Berger-Tal on Openness about Failed Reintroductions Conservation Translocations: a Review of Common Difficulties and Promising Directions Willard Small's First Rat Maze Study Slime Mold Maze Study Maze Solving Using Fatty Acid Chemistry Tolman's Better Mazes Dashiell Maze Criticism Morris Water Maze Advanced Morris Water Maze Study Wire Interview with Mycologist Anne Pringle Crinkle Crinkle Little Shirt History of ASMR The First Dedicated Whispering Channel BBC Interview with Whispers Red Cardi B ASMR ASMR to Help you Sleep Beating you Until your Unconscious 1300s AD ASMR - Nun Takes Care of You in Bed (You Have the Plague)

To start the new year we learn about the science and history of recording sound, consider whether people with Prosopagnosia experience Pareidolia, and relive what it was like for Caroline to meet the one and only Sir David Attenborough.Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The Phonoautograph, unplayable recordings, “drop the auto, just, Phonograph”, did you write that joke down tom, debunking Edison’s first recording, someone pretending to be a pigeon, Before or After Recorded Audio? Why did it take us so long to record audio? analog vs digital, Janet’s episode, turning pictures into audio, can you believe Janet’s new pennyfarthing? Do people with Farragolia experience glossolalia, cars do have faces, “you just turned into somebdy else”, the answer is ¯\_(ツ)_/¯, aphantasia, throwaway sentences in studies, get high and get deep, and the Caroline Roper Studio for TikToks of Science. Sources: The PhonoautographDebunking Edison's Fist RecordingThe Recoording That Never Wanted to be HeardEarly Sound RecordingsAlexander Graham Bell's Ear PhonoautographThe Dawn of Digital RecordingThe Earliest RecordingProsopagnosiaFusiforum Face AreaThe Case of Ron BlackwellThe Neurons That Mistook a Hat for a FaceProsopagnosia and Functional Fusiform Face AreaFusiform Face Area And Pareidolia LinkedPareidolia Question on r/ProsopagnosiaHow Mental Imagery and Pareidolia are Linked

Today we learn about the most interesting topic of all: each other! How did we get into our science fields, and how did we meet? What's our favorite science fact to tell at parties? What advice do we have for aspiring creators? Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about: our science origin stories, Tom used to be a theatre kid, Tom’s first podcast, our first TikToks, we’re on a first name basis with Hank, how we met, that time we all freaky friday’d, Ella DESPISED Tom, really long fly sperm, clinical fun fact trials, the immortal jellyfish, hermissenda, moths, Interstellar, The Martian, Demon Slayer, Edge of Tomorrow, advice on getting started on TikTok, Bill Nye could never, The Mower, MMM Honey! and nightmares.Videos we Mention: Caroline’s First Science TikTok Tom's First TikTok Ella's First Big TikTok Caroline's Bloodwood Tree Video Ella's Science Speedrun Video Tom's RGB Video Hank & John's Video about Having Each Other

On a surprisingly deep holiday episode, we ask, what is a genetic chimera, could it save lives, and is it moral? What are Judas Goats, and what are the challenges faced in conservation? And most importantly, what were the first toys in history and what were our favorite toys?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Why are mythological chimeras all ladies? a Tom/Joe chimera, “It was very dissapointing”, “I expect better evidence”, a Judas Kiss, goats are weird, helicopter tattoos, ring-necked parakeets, relocating hedgehogs, would you download a goat? Helping other human beings, what a concept! Tom’s yo-yo tricks, children existed! the earliest toys, Ella’s duel disk, tamagotchis, and the future of toys.Sources: Chimeras in MythologyHuman Chimeras That Already ExistInterspecies Organogenesis Generates Autologous Functional IsletInterspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem CellsHuman–animal chimeras: ethical issues about farming chimeric animals bearing human organsFeral Goat Eradications on GalapagosGalapagos Goat EradicationGalapagos Project IsabellaGalapagos Judas GoatsVegetation and Animal Recovery on GalapagosGalapagos Invasive SpeciesIs it Ritual? or is it Children?Split Twig Observations and Carbon DatingAncient Hedgehog Cart (via @trashbandikoot on tiktok)Business Insider Toy List

When was the first pregnancy test? If we know the biggest and smallest sizes in the universe, what is the middlest size? What's the deal with fanfiction?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord! We also learn about: Comedy!, piss prophets, we should know better that science is weird, “Looks like the frog’s ovulating!”, we are in the middle of history, what even is an object, the centi-sand, don't fudge significant figures, Dante’s Self Insert RPF, we get carried away playing the fanfiction pairing game.Sources: Pee is for pregnant: The history and science of urine-based pregnancy testsAncient Egyptian Pregnancy TestsEffects of Hormones on Barley LeavesHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)The Long Gestation of the Modern Home Pregnancy TestKevin Kelly NYTimes ReviewSolar System Ratio CalculationMiddlest Size CalculationFanfiction.netAO3

What are the uses of randomness, and how do we even get it? What happens to your body when you don't sleep? And is Stardew Valley secretly... a horror game? Links we Discuss: Infinite Monkey Theorem ResultsThe Hollow Mask IllusionSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Ella making random noises, chiptune drums, dice fanfiction, the infinite monkey grant, gggggggggggggg, everyone guesses 7 and picks Rock, a very funny joke for our particle physicist listeners, a million random digits, minecraft seeds, the Russian sleep experiment creepypasta, sleep themed band names, the optimal nap, do the dip kids! Maureen the rocking chair champion, um actually it’s called Apophenia, tetris fanfiction, and ludo narrative disonance.Sources: Humans Cannot Consciously Generate Random Number Sequences The Predominance Of Seven And The Apparent Spontaneity Of Numerical Choices Hannah Fry on Rock Paper Scissors Winning at Rock Paper Scissors Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Hot Hand Fallacy and Gambler's Fallacy How the Mind Works Galton Discussing Dice for Statistical Experiments LHC Tippet and the Random Number Table A Million Random Digits Radiation is Random Modern Nuclear Chemistry Sleep Deprivation Sleep Stages Sleep Debt Obesity and Sleep Deprivation Part 2 Cardiovascular Health and Sleep Deprivation Microsleep Hallucinations Rat Sleep Deprivation Study Fatal Familial Insomnia Fatal Familial Insomnia Stories

How do mind controlling (or rather, behavior controlling) parasites work? Are elephants right or left handed? And what is so great about Naruto Bohemian Rhapsody AMVs? Read Tom's essay on Tor.com! Get tickets to Ella's science comedy show! Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord! We also learn about: being cancelled by ants, Ella tries to pronounce latin names, bugs losing their butts, the parasite of the day, thanks for the parasites Charlie! Phylogenetic Inirtia, I DON’T OWN QUEEN OR NARUTO I DONT OWN ANYTHING, and Torchwood X Florence & The Machine fanvids!Sources:Mind Control: How Parasites Manipulate Cognitive Functions in Their Insect Hosts Ophiocordyceps unilateralis How a parasitic fungus turns ants into zombies A specialized fungal parasiteThis Parasite Drugs Its Hosts With the Psychedelic Chemical in ShroomsParasites brainwash grasshoppers into death diveHow does rabies cause aggression?Rabies virus modifies host behaviour through a snake-toxinParasite makes mice lose fear of cats permanentlyBrain parasite may strip away rodents' fear of predators, not just of catsParasites - ToxoplasmosisRight or Left: Elephant calves pick their trunk handedness early on in life

On this SpoOoOoky Halloween episode we learn about a slew of truly spooky frogs, investigate which animal has the most bones, and see how capitalism may have led to the rise of witch hunts! Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord! We also learn about: fluorescence, dinosaur eating frogs (technically), CAN A SPIDER EAT A DINOSAUR??? (NOT CLICKBAIT), frog shazam, Ella learns to love the Freddy Krueger Frog, wishing you a happy bones day, evo-devo, deregionalization, how would antlers wear pants?, the origin of gossip, down with capitalism!Sources: Horror frog breaks own bones to produce claws Frogs with Claws, Frogs with Hair Vampire Flying Frog New pumpkin toadlet species found How the Newly Discovered, Mud-Loving ‘Zombie’ Frog Got Its Name The Freddy Krueger Frog Freddy Krueger Frog Audio Freddy Krueger Frog VideoDevil Frog Vampire Squid Skeletal Structure, University of IdahoSkeleton, Postcranial, Rommel & ReynoldsNew Bedford Whaling MuseumAxial patterning in snakes and caecilians, Woltering et al.Florida MuseumFrom Lizard to Snake; Behind the Evolution of an Extreme Body Plan, WolteringWitches, Witch-Hunting and Women, Sylvia Federici

What does a time illusion look like? Why are bees electrically charged? Who is the real Shakespeare? Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Yanney and Laurel, bad science magic tricks, Carly Rae Jepsen's seminal hit Call Me Maybe, Temporal Odor Mixtures, how many bees are in a bolt of lightning, The Flower Dome, fake flowers and fake bees, the flat moon theory, and the Voldemort Codex.Sources: Dixon, N. F., & Spitz, L. (1980). The detection of auditory visual desynchrony. Perception, 9(6), 719–721. https://doi.org/10.1068/p090719 Stratton, G. M. (1896). Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of the retinal image. Psychological Review, 3(6), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0072918 Stratton, G. M. (1896). Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of the retinal image. Psychological Review, 3(6), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0072918 Cunningham, D., Billock, V., & Tsou, B. (2001). Sensorimotor Adaptation to Violations of Temporal Contiguity. Psychological Science, 12, 532 - 535. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.d01-17Alais, D., Carlile, S., (2005). Synchronizing to real events: Subjective audiovisual alignment scales with perceived auditory depth and speed of sound. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(6), 2244-2247. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407034102Stetson, C., Cui, X., Montague P.R., Eagleman, D.M., (2006). Motor-Sensory Recalibration Leads to an Illusory Reversal of Action and Sensation. Neuron, 51(5), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.006.Perl O, Nahum N, Belelovsky K, Haddad R. The contribution of temporal coding to odor coding and odor perception in humans. Elife. 2020;9:e49734. Published 2020 Feb 7. https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.49734Montgomery, C., Vuts, J., Woodcock, C.M. et al. Bumblebee electric charge stimulates floral volatile emissions in Petunia integrifolia but not in Antirrhinum majus. Sci Nat 108, 44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-021-01740-2

Science communicators Ella Hubber, Tom Lum, and Caroline Roper share anything and everything interesting! Each episode they teach each other about a science topic, answer a question, and learn about a miscellaneous topic. Whether it's bugs on drugs, temporal illusions, or reality tv, there's so much out there, so let's learn everything! Join our Discord, message us, and follow us everywhere at https://www.LetsLearnEverythingPod.com/