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Internet linguist Gretchen McCulloch of Lingthusiasm joins us to casually answer all of our pressing linguistics questions with the most mind blowing facts. Why does science use so much dang latin, and what is so unique about internet linguistics?Images we Talk About:Gretchen's Favorite FrogsTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:10:58) Latin in Science(00:54:49) Misc & Internet Linguistics(01:22:46) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Words that change the state of the universe, a promise is a kind of magic, “people ask me how i make a living doing linguistics and it’s very simple actually” just make podcast wagers, the language of space, space pidgin language, “that’s a great hypothesis and it’s actually hte opposite of that” sometimes the answer is imperialism! English is being used in science now how Latin was back then, the vulgate bible was latin to reach more people even the “vulgar”, you’re cousins a scribe learning latin - what are you doing a podcast? “Writing is a Technology”, writings only been invented like 4 times, writing originated as reciepts and lists, the A is an upside down ox, why invent a new letter when that means having to change the printing press - just double letter! you access computing through programming and programming is linked to language, we don’t know whether the first language was spoken or signed, french linguists once banned the discussion of the origin of language bcause it was deemed “fruitless”, it’s wild we could retrofit our brains to read and write at all, changing, linguistically accurate sesame street, “Who would know aught of art must learn, act, and then take his ease”, Ella you have goregous tripthongs, nice try Gretchen but our 69th episode was a few back, the Mini frogs, isn’t a linguistic podcast niche? you’re saying that to me in a language, Gretchen loses her words and makes perfect sense, Gretchen went back in time to give herself this mystery book, you don’t have to be the version of yourself you imagined when you were twelve, Linguistics loves undergrad researchers to explain the youths, there’s always new linguistics to study, the kids are changing language- and that’s so fascinating, linguists and polyglots are related but not the same, what makes internet language Uniquely internety, is it really internet lingo or just AAE, the internet made people write a lot more than they used to, informal and unmediated writing is uniquely internet linguistics, people have wanted a sarcasm punctuation since at least 1575, emoji are a form of gesture, postcards were sometimes numbered like twitter threads, Gretchen did Sooo much research into the literature of sarcasm, the potential for misunderstanding is the point of sarcasm, “sarcasm is this linguistic trustfall”, pushing the boundaries of what a language can be, Solresol the musical conlang, language is everything - rainbows are language, whitespace programming language,

Cryptids may be spooky, but what about the spooky animals that turned out to be... real?? And what makes a good spooky story? Could it be something secretly... heartwarming??Timestamps:(00:07:15) Intro(00:04:21) Former Cryptids(00:54:25) The Art of Spooky Stories(01:52:33) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Caroline have you never met a vampire? that was from episode number Four Three, what’s spookier than having to be known, Ella met Tom the true Cryptid, the cryptid museum was research, formerly the cryptic mascot: the Okapi, komodo dragons inspired king kong, 60 iron tipped teeth (like beavers), dragon virgin birth, yes queen life finds a way, squid squads on the hunt, only photographed in 2004, 20 years ago - don’t say that, 8 fully controllable giant tentacles, “I’m learning!” as it drags you down to the bottom of the ocean, save the whales because we need them on our team for the kraken wars, you know what’s not a cryptid? western hegemony, the head of a fox and the tail of a monkey, so many names for the jackalope across the world, are jackalopes cancer??? the Jackalope and HPV vaccine are zero degress of separation away, Ella writes a sappy ending for Tom, Ella watched The Ring at 6, being retold Evangelion in an art class, a meteor made of vampires, King’s 3 kind of scary, “don’t you like to feel the shivers?”, evangelical horror, Zhiguai - accounts of the strange, a story of a beautiful harp player, creepypastas, Ella formaly apologize for her cocktober misstep, “I see you sluts out there and I don’t want to do you any disservice, two sentence horror, the artistry of Telling a scary story, maybe the real spooky story was the friends we made along the way who were dead the whole time.SourcesGuardian: Komodo DragonsESA Journals: The Okapi of the ApadanaBBC: Facts About Komodo DragonsScientific American: Iron Tipped TeethNew Yorker: The Squid HunterBBC Science Focus: Giant SquidWiki: Giant SquidOn the Track of Unknown AnimalsThe Strange Adventures of Andrew BattellPBS: Fantastic CreaturesEvolutionary Anthropology: Discovering GorillaCambridge University Press: Hanno and GorillaeNature: The First Description of a KangarooNational Geographic: The Myth of the Komodo Dragon’s Dirty MouthShope OG paperRoyal Society Paper: Shope Papilloma VirusThe Scientist: On the Trail of the Jackalope---NYTimes Story on Exxon and Climate ChangeA History of HorrorTimothy Beal Paper on Evangelical HorrorPliny The Elder's Ghost StoryLiu Ming Ming on ZhiguaiThe Story of LiangGan Bao In Search of the SupernaturalRetelling Urban Legends StudySCP Antimemetics DivisionJSTOR Daily on Alvin Schwartz's ProcessCRR Library on Alvin Schwartz Language Arts Interview

For our birthday this year, we've each gifted a topic for one another! For Caroline, an environmental hot take: can invasive species ever be... good? For Tom, an entire topic about one of his favorite hobbies: rock climbing! And for Ella, interviews from the Ig Nobel Laureates this year.Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:09:04) Good Invasive Species(00:46:31) Rock Climbing(01:18:05) Ig Nobel Interviews(02:01:14) OutroWe also learn about: In podcast years we’re 60, Ella’s party hat, what’s your favorite color and least favorite invasive species, it’s my birthday also, the zebra mussel, Humanity: “Hubris et Brevi Perspicacia”, canetoads that can’t even reach the beatles, maybe Ella is biased being part of the largest invasive species: the brits, not all non-native species are invasive, the neutral long island wall lizards, should I stan or cancel the grass? you can’t get rid of the nonnative birds in hawaii without killing the native plants, knowing beneficial non-native species helps us triage the real problems, Caroline’s thesis was on this??? a traditional LLE answer: It’s Complicated, Tom simply screams, duck roll, GTA IV Trailer, songs when he was born, but how does this involve scientology? what makes us human, Live from the Ig Nobels, “Don’t Die”, sometimes you need to remember to breathe, “I mostly just watch clips on Lateral”, Blue Zones, Dr Saul Newman’s Poem, Skinner’s pigeon guided missiles somehow missed Ella, minority report for pigeons, “I’m from New York Most of the Times”, vortex energy capture, The Water Swims the Fish took years, a long winded way to say just keep swimming, the silly in the science, Tom rips up Caroline’s gift.Sources:Canal & River Trust: Zebra MusslesNational Museum Australia Cane Toads in AustraliaWikipedia: Beavers in PatagoniaScientific American: Hawaiian BirdsThe Conversation: Some ‘invasive species’ can help native ecosystems thrive.The Hawaii VINE projectHofstra University: Italian Wall LizardsTrends in Ecology and Evolution: Valuing the contributions of non-native species to people and natureBrown University Press ReleaseBrown Daily Herald: Rebuttal---Rock Climbing sources coming soon!---Ig Nobel Ceremony 2024Max Planck Institue on Blue ZonesUCL on Saul Newman's WorkPre-print of Saul Newman's PaperSmithsonian Mag on the Pigeon ProjectNIH on Operant ConditioningAPA Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century SurveyJulie Vargas Queens University Belfast InterviewJimmy Liao's Dead Trout Paper

What's actually going on in the center of the Earth, and just how interesting and useful could it be? And how did the now ubiquitous Planned Obsolescence start with... bicycles??Images we Talk About:An Early BicycleBilhert's AnimationsTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:06) The Core(00:58:24) Planned Obsolescence(01:45:52) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Core Memories, we live on the zest of a lemon, there’s something neapolitan icecreamy about the Earth, Bridgmanite is 38% of the Earth, The Iron Catastrophe sounds metal as hell, an audio journey to the center of the Earth, “Eat My Ass Out Radiolab”, Earth’s Internal Heat Budget is half original energy and half nuclear, the Earth won’t cool down for at least another 10 years, the American Miscellaneous Society’s Project Mohole, in 20 years we dug 12 km and escaped the solar system, when you don’t have earthquakes- use grenades! the shadow in the center of the Earth, Inge Lehmann kicks ass, “the master of a black art”, the inner core wobbles, the core is grainy and grows faster under Indonesia, the 2 most magical things: cold beer and hand warmers, the Inner Core Nucleation Paradox, “how wonderful that we have been met with a paradox, now we have some hope of making progress” - Niels Bohr, the Earth’s magnetic dynamo, Planetary Habitability is uh pretty important, everyone say thank you to the core, the innermost inner core, sometimes the one you’re looking for has been right below you this whole time, Tom falls hook line and sinker for a sudden 175 page bicycle paper, the first bikes without pedals or steering, the boneshaker, older men used tricycles, only the rich and adventurous used bikes, the safety iphone, you’re still using a bike 8? 10% of ads had a bicycle, Bernard London coined phrase the phrase 100 years ago, Planned Obsolescence was a legal proposal, contrived durability, there’s so many flavors and they all suck, e-waste, fast fashion is a vicious cycle, please I’m so full no more obsolescence words, car scrapping, why can we only help the planet when we also make a ton of money too, I’ve never seen someone so excited over Right to Repair, what do you mean you didn’t check every country’’s legal system? SourceSEG Wiki on the Layers of the EarthForbes: Bridgmanite“Six ‘Must-Have’ Minerals for Life’s Emergence”Olsen Lecture on the Iron CatastropheBureaeu of Economic Geology on Mohole & KolaScience Article on BridgmaniteBritannica on Richard Dixon OldhamAMNH's Wonderful Article on Inge Lehmann & EarthquakesDon Anderson Paper Review of the Inner CoreSmithsonian Mag on Inge LehmannExcellent Review from Harvard on Lehmann's Groundbreaking PaperGeological Society of America on Super RotationScientific American on Core SlowingSpace on Core GrowthUniversity of Leeds on the Inner Core Nucleation ParadoxScientific American on Core Paradox2023 Paper on the Innermost Inner Core---Science Direct: Planned Obsolescence1984 Paper: An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence1998 Paper: The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada2023: A Deep Dive Into Addressing Obsolescence in Product Design: A ReviewIndieAuto: 1960's VW AdPERC: Planned Obsolescence: The Good and the BadBBC: How The Right to Repair Might Change TechnologyThe Guardian: Planned Obsolescence: The Outrage of Our Electronic Waste MountainCBS News: Apple is Sending Out Payments to iPhone Owners iImpacted by "Batterygate." Here's what they are getting.The Evening Standard: Apple Battery LawsuitIberdrola: Planned obsolescenceUNITAR: Global e-Waste Monitor 2024BBC: E-waste: Five Billion Phones to be Thrown Away in 2022European Parliament: The Impact of Textile Production and Waste on the Environment (Infographics)The Atlantic: The Neurological Pleasures of Fast FashionBritannica: Fast FashionEllen MacArthur Foundation: Fashion and the Circular EconomyWRAP: 2022 Press ReleaseWRAO: 2022 ReportNatGeo: Fast Fashion Goes to Die in the World's Largest Fog Desert.UK Parliament: Vehicle scrappage schemesCars Lost Forever In The 2009 Scrappage SchemeBBC: 2030 petrol ban2019 Paper: Consumer Responses to Planned ObsolescenceRight to Repair EUEuropean Parliament: Right to RepairBHS: Sewing Skills

Longtime inspiration and friend of the show Hank Green joins us for a very special episode! How do colonial organisms with just one queen avoid incest? How many Ig Nobels have gone to sex science? Can the team figure out the identity of the Reverse Platypus? When was the first dick grafitti, and could the story actually be... wholesome???Watch: The video of the unexpected momentImages we talk about:MRI of SexRat Pants DiagramThe Phallodeum ImageVenus of Hohle FelsThe Debatable DickHadrian's Wall Dick GraffitiVindolanda's SECVNDINVS DickThe Vindolanda DickNikasitimos's DickTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:06:40) How Not to Colonial Incest(00:20:52) Ig Nobel Sex Studies(00:39:07) The Reverse Platypus(01:06:31) The First Dick Graffiti(01:33:10) Hank Questions(01:53:44) OutroOur Tea Affiliate Link!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:Emmy award winning standup comedian Hank Green, the fellowship of the ning, the literal birds and the bees, the icelandic ant geneology app, icelandians are my favorite colonial organism, breeding flight, slay queen - happy pride everyone it’s when we’re recording this, sperm storage, queens have a life's worth of sperm and eggs inside them, Spermathica that’s my word of the day, the termite queen stores the sperm inside a king, “he’s not my boyfriend he’s my sperm storage unit”, naked mole rats may do incest but they dont have cancer! the answer is “all of the strategies somewhere”, after all reproduction is The Thing in evolution, the ribbed condom won all the prizes that year, any topic can be a sex topic if you try hard enough, I think the ancient greeks proved a gay bomb would make them more powerful, MRI Porn is a new fetish, we should study sex more, sex makes you want to pee, whatever you’re doing pee right now, The Sex Live of Pantsed Rats, would rats be sexier if they wore pants like this or this, our google history is fucked, polyester testicle sling contraception, The Awesome Polyester Scrotum Cup Club, if you’re creative they’re all sex numbers, shark live birth is metal, teamwork - what is this the lateral podcast? Jules Howard presents Duck Vagina VR, “if it’s Caecilians I’m going to be so mad”, Bizarre Beasts gave Tom a heart attack, the Reproduction DLC, Caroline falls in love with Caecilians, “they come in blue!”, all that matters is How Do They Bone! lots of non mammals give live births sharks to snakes to aphids, phallodeum: penis day! “we had to make a whole new peen word!”, phallodeum photo watermark, I haven’t looked at every caecilian penis okay! “can you make it into cheeeese thoooough”, we’ve invented a new fetish and a new delicacy, Caecillians and Sicillians have a lot in common, why are not talking about this more! “it’s not surprisingly, maybe I’m just very smart!”, 40,000 year old genital sculptures, Venus Hohle Fels, the debated dick, ah the conclusive slit! “it’s like looking for a face in a cloud”, the penis test is whether it would be confiscated in school, penis art vs penis graffiti, how many penises on Hadrian’s wall, almost one dick per mile, time to penis, “are you ready for your next penis”, Secundinus deez nuts, when Nick and Tim have sex so good they carve about it on a wall, “little special moments all over the world”, Pompeii sex graffiti, eventually this will be historic! we bully Hank into following Caroline, competing on TikTok is hard and also it’s broken, Hank derails us with a mouth coil, Hank’s science journey, counting clams for the science fair, people like seeing real science, Thanks Hank!Sources:List of Ig Nobel PrizesMRI Genitals StudyVice: MRI Sex StudyRats Having Sex in Little Outfits StudyThe Rat Study but HumansSex Improves Breathing Study---NatGeo Caecilian OverviewTextbook Caecilian OverviewExcellent Caecilian Reproduction ReviewExtensive Paper on the PhalodeumVarious Non-mammal MilksThe Recent Study on Caecilian MilkNYTimes Interview on Caecilian Milk---2009 Paper: A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern GermanySmithsonian Magazine: The Cave Art DebateNew Atlas: Scientists Clash Over World's Oldest Penis Carving2023 Paper- Symbolic innovation at the onset of the Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia shown by the personal ornaments from Tolbor-21 (Mongolia)IFL Science: Ancient Roman Penis Graffiti Shows Humans Will Never ChangeBBC News: Lewd Roman Insult Found on Stone Near Hadrian's WallThe Guardian: 2,500-Year-Old Erotic Graffiti Found in Unlikely Setting on Aegean Island

It's an infamous pseudoscience, but what haven't we learned from the rise and fall of Phrenology? And Lego are ubiquitous, which means there's a lot to learn and a lot of nuance for our love of these stackable bricks.Things we Talk About:The Phrenology PampheletThe Lego Cullen HouseLego SeismometerCERN Lego DeviceThe Brick Experiment ChannelTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:32) Phrenology(00:56:34) Lego(01:38:25) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Get the lego phrenology set now! just listing all the lego sets, academic racism, the head wasn’t always so important, the Cardiocentric Hypothesis, Minds Behind the Brain, ancient egyptians just tossed the brain, Aristotle thought the brain was a radiator to keep the heart from overheating, the brain doesn't Look like it does anything, Galen suggested the brain might be important actually, sperm for brains, Caroline enjoys tricking us by saying a person’s good ideas first, Cephelocentric Hypothesis, mapping the brain in the 1600s, NOT related to the frenulum, buzz feed phrenology quizzes, flexing your brain so hard it breaks your skull, Tom is proven to be not funny, our desire for personality tests and fortune telling, travelling phrenology salesmen, there shouldn’t be medical celebrities, phrenology was a passion of the elites, reading an actualy travelling phrenology sheet, “differently bumped”, edibnugrh fringe was a lot less fun when it was the phrenology capital, we checked and it’s actually mozambique have the best brains - just gotta take the L on this one, Marie Jean Pierre Flourens kicked ass and helped kill Phrenology with real science, it comes in like a fad and leaves like a fad, I only liked phrenology before it was cool, the scammers are making our racism look bad! we’re not harsh enough about phrenology, “repoliticizing” phrenology, when it’s built its just one thing but when its pieces it can be anything, shirtless lego jacob, 20,000 lego sets, Play Well - Le go, after enough fires lets just stop using wood, stud and tube design, the lego To Kill a Mockingbird set, mindstorm was ahead of its time, Caroline’s got their lego driver’s license from legoland, lego nerd culture, adults without kids spend more, “transbranding”, Ella had to read so much corporate jargon but it’s impossible to not talk about their business strategies , lego seismograph outside the eras tour, CERN lego, their story is better than ours dad, instructions for a lego skin cell printer, LEGO: expensive for toys - cheap for science equipment! David Aguilla’s prosthetic project, Tracey Williams’ Lego Lost at Sea project, plastic’s resilience is a positive and a negative, lego replay and reuse, this is a trust test of nuance and both things being true at the same time.Sources:Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries by Stanley FingerThe University of Queensland: Understanding the Brain: A Brief hHistoryBrain Beats Heart: A Cross-Cultural ReflectionMerriam Webster: PhrenologyThe Antlantic: The Shape of Your Head and the Shape of Your MindBritannica: PhrenologySmithsonian Insider: Study Finds Facial Structure of Men and Women Has Become More Similar Over Time2005 Paper: The Reliability of Sex Determination of Skeletons From Forensic Context in the BalkansThe Guardian: Archaeology’s Sexual Revolution2018 Paper: An Empirical, 21st Century Evaluation of PhrenologyCarnegie Mellon University: Phrenology2021 Paper: Phrenology and the Average Person, 1840–1940The University of Edinburgh: Phrenology and EdinburghGina Rippon: When Bigger Isn’t Always Better: How History Got The Female Brain WrongAuguste Comte and John Stuart Mill on Sexual EqualityThe Guardian: Django Unchained and the racist science of phrenology2007 Paper: Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867): An Extraordinary Scientist of His Time---Lego Twilight Cullen HouseBrick Architect: Number of Lego BricksBrickset: Number of Lego SetsBrick Economy Most ValuableBrick Economy Most ExpensiveWikipedia: LegolandLego History Chapter by Lars KonzackLego Mindstorms WikipediaWhat is Transmedia? ArticleLego and Transmedia ResearchLego And “Transbranding” BlogpostLego Seismometer KitLego Seismometer Youtube ClipGuardian Article: David Aguilar Lego ProsthesesHand Solo Youtube ChannelLego Table From CERNArticle on Other Lego Scientific Tools!Cardiff University: Lego BioprinterLego 3D Printer PaperLego Inventions Video (Pancake Flipper and Super 8 Projector)Lego T-Rex SculptureLego Every Day Stuff IdeasLego Lost at Sea TwitterLego Shark TweetTracey Williams Book: Adrift: Lego Lost at SeaTokio Express Crash Context ArticleTracey Williams: Lego at Sea PaperStatista Lego CO2 EmissionsLego: 99% Outside EmissionsLego Replay InitiativeBBC: Lego from Recycled Plastic 2018Wired: Lego from Recycled Plastic 2024

While we're sending Tom "Well Wissage" and a speedy recovery, enjoy Ella & Caroline on this tremendous episode of one of our sibling shows on the network, Secretly Incredibly Fascinating!

You may have heard Epigenetics used as a buzzword, but what is it really? Is it something we know about, something still new, or... both? And what in the world are the World Games, and what makes them better than the Olympics?Links we Talk About:Ella's SciShow Video on X Chromosome DiseasesSport CastingFin SwimmingHaudenosaunee FlagChristopher Root's Incredible Paper on the Colonization of LacrosseThe Adorable NYMuseum Haudenosaunee VideoTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:21) Epigenetics(00:57:40) The World Games(01:50:54) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Ella passes her driving exam Tom’s not bitter about John Oliver, what is y’alls familialarity, epi- meaning on top of, epigentics are like tabs or blacked out text in the book of your DNA, epigentics stop your brain from turning into bone, oh did other people help Rosalind Franklin with the double helix? bases and double helixes and histones, literally blocking DNA from being read, epigentics are less cyberpunk and more exercise is good for you, epigentics is why you go blind from masturbating, it’s simpler in animals, “I’ve been here the whole time!”, “you’re enough Tom”, 2 X chromosomes means you have an extra, X Inactivation, Calico Cats are Genetic Mosaics, your epigentic markers are like your browsing cookies: you clear them before giving them to someone, are pollinators plant cucks? Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance, is it nature or nurture? generational trauma doesn’t have to be epigenetic to be real, inherited cherry blossom mouse sensitivity, the effects are subtle, Ella might have a high epigenetic age from her rock and roll lifestyle, this is so new there’s so much we don’t know, the epigenetic advice: healthy diet and exercise, how different could the world games be? casting for sport, wait did you hear me say break dancing is this a bit, the worst SEO for a name ever, Rugby 7s started at the World Games, the World Games are as old as Beyoncé, let’s do our own thing we’ll definitely be more popular than the olympics, tried at the hague? we sure did! at the least the World Games are being honest about it being a bumpy ride, the “Memorandum of Understanding” reads like a parenting agreement, grouping by sport not nation, the curse of hosting the olympics, reviving forgotten sports like Tug of War, wait who was first?? guys come on have some respect for yourself! breaking records with fins, shark skin suits aren’t biomimicry, tech doping, fin swimming and barebow archery, murderball is an official world game sport, the NYTimes officially called lacrosse “frat boy” sport, mile long hundred person lacrosse, of course sports are spiritually healing, colonizing lacrosse, Haudenosaunee - the people of the long house, Tom cut it with the sad voice tell us what happened, “we wouldn’t be here without their medicine game… they need to be there”, we’ll have to see if the olympics accept the Haudenosaunee, if your games are as old as beyonce you dont have to worry about breaking tradition, “nothing is silly, everything should be respected and held up”, Ella goes OFF and takes over the topic.Sources:Chromosome StructureAboud et al. What Is Epigenetics?Nature: Types of Epigenetic ModificationsStudy on Exercise and EpigeneticsNature: Diet and EpigeneticsMacdonald: Epigenetic ImprintingNature: When Imprinting goes wrongBasta & Pandya: The Beautiful X ChromosomeGetting the Right Amount of XReview on X InactivationCalico Cat X Chromosome InctivationPBS: Lamarckian EvolutionCell: Transgeneration Epigenetic InheritenceHow Epigenetics are Wiped CleanTransgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance Prisoners of War StudyTEI Dutch Famine StudyTEI Study Children of Holocaust SurviversTEI Cherry Blossom Mice StudyEpigenetic Clock Review---Casting Federation RecordsWorld Games Website: About1993 World Games at The HagueThe Olympic "Memorandum of Understanding"Reporting on the First World GamesWorld Games President Interview about Wheelchair RugbyNYTimes on Indigenous LacrosseOnondaga Nation on LacrosseChocktaw Nation on LacrosseChristopher Root's Incredible Paper on the Colonization of LacrosseHaudenosaunee HistoryNPR on Haudenosaunee Players at the Olympics

It's a word we say all the time but... what IS a species? How has it been used in the past, and could the different answers all be right? And how does voting work in the UK? It starts with voting for knights, and could hopefully end in the future with something even better.Images we Talk About:Ella's Zoom MoustacheTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:23) What is a Species?(01:01:54) UK Voting(01:50:46) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Jenny Lec, the definition we know is wrong, has anyone taken my title On The Origin of Species? This is my favorite! Oh shit… generic and specific, thinking of species as logical units, Kingdom Phylum Friends Acquaintances Work Friends Genus Species, the anime dewey decimal system, dark fungi, the cognitive dissonance of science at the time, even Darwin didn’t have a good definition of species, 1942 is when the common species definition was popularized, Biological - Evolutionary - Genetic definition of species, species gerrymandering, there is only 1 species of giraffe but should there be 4? policy first science, you don’t need hard definitions to do amazing things, nature is constantly doing kickflips over our no skateboarding signs, you really put your whole polizzy into naming that hybrid, a ring of banging around the himalayans, ring species in actuality look like a biblically accurate angel, let’s just ask what definitions scientists use, you can’t tell if fossils ever fucked, we only knew about human neandrethal interbreeding since 2010, what’s so wrong with having multiple species definitions? there’s a lot to biology! in between “there’s one answer” and “there’s no answers” is “there’s many answers”, Lizzy Poll, you can just call an election early?? in the UK you just vote for your member of parliament, it’s actually really weird to have a separate vote for president, every 2 steps forward is brought 1 step back by “the monster raving loony party”, Elmo think women no need to vote, the house senate and president, coalitions, tea cups with electoral college members on them, electing knights in the first parliament in 1264, bloc voting lets you pick your top favorites, Cromwell was the first Footloose, we had discovered quantum physics before women could vote, First Past the Post was only establish in 1948 in the UK, what are the positives of First Past the Post and cockroaches? please let us loose to bash FPTP, tactical voting, Australia has a version of Ranked Choice, Tom finally gets to wax poetic about Ranked Choice Voting, france’s 2 round voting, if the definition of species should match the task why not the type of voting system? the 2011 voting reform attempt, it’s been the foundation of this country for generation, try ranked choice voting on smaller scales and locally, Ella falls in love with herself, happy hour gender confusionSourcesCarl Zimmer for NYT "What is a Species Really?"Aristotle's Use of Species and GenusQueiroz on Ernst Mayer and Species DefinitionsMontana State on Linneus and Species DefinitionsDark FungiErnst Mayer's Modern Excellent "Systematics And The Origin Of Species"Paper Debating Darwin's Definition of SpeciesBird InterbreedingScientific American on Wolf SpeciesThe Greenish Warbler Broken Ring SpeciesStankowski and Ravinet's Amazing "Quantifying the use of Species Concepts"NHM "Are Neandrethals the Same Species as Us"---Sky News: General Election ExplainedUK Parliament: Voting Systems in the UKElectoral Reform Party: How Long Have We Used First Past the Post?2019 Paper: Electoral Systems and Electoral Reform in Historical Perspective by David KlempererParliament UK: Magna CartaPDF: UK Parliament and the MonarchyUK Parliament: Women get the VoteBBC: Voting System in the UKUK Parliament: Proportional RepresentationThe Guardian: ‘Disproportionate’ UK Election Results Boost Calls to Ditch First Past the PostThe Conversation: The Conservatives May Regret Campaigning to Keep First Past the Post in 2011

After much deliberation, the academy (listeners of the podcast) has voted on the best topics from the past year! If this is your first episode, you'll get a sampling of our favorite moments of science and sillyness, and if you're a long time listener, you'll hear some behind the scenes thoughts about the topics, as well as... a secret teaser at the very end??Images we Talk About:The Jacobin PigeonThe Pouter PigeonTimestamps:(00:04:37) Intro(00:03:59) Part 1(00:55:00) Part 2(01:51:28) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: you gotta listen to the best ofs for the rock paper scissors drama, I’m not sure if Ella remembers our names, it’s not the same joke it’s a Call Back, superseding my superseded theories, Tom’s jokes are like the rain - you walk on through and hope it stops quickly, it gets Jalapeno business, I miss Comedy, Ella claimed review corner but keeps forgetting it, the art of topic writing is explaining but also what not to explain, our favorite topics of each others, wrote down the idea for public domain day the year before, Tom goofs up the La La Land Joke, ohh did you just finish episode 50? maybe, thanks everyone for the nice messages, Mum! “those stupid awards”, they’re all great episodes, we learned who in our family listens to our show, you guys wanna learn about ants??

What happens when a star collapses to a point of near infinite gravity? And just how hard could that be to actually... find? And why do we love tattoos so much, and how long have human beings across the world been loving them too?Check out Tom's first long form video that's finally out!Images we Talk About:The Crab NebulaFirst Image of a Black HolePhoto of OUR Black Hole, Sagiratius AAncient Siberian TattooTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:47) Black Holes 101(00:57:51) Tattoos(01:43:53) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: black holes are massive (mass) but not massive (size), nothing can escape a black hole, supermassive black hole by muse, the closest black hole is 1000 light years away so we don’t need to worry about them too much, matter can’t escape the Plunging Region, does your McDonald also have black holes? stellar evolution, “they’re just big gassy balls doing nuclear fusion”, the fusion in a star pushes against the gravity keeping it in equilibrium, Caroline’s fear of the sun expanding, stellar corpse, a neutron star is just made of neutrons - that can’t be right, if you add too much flour (mass) this will turn into an atomic bomb (black hole), stop saying massive and start saying voluptuous to avoid confusion, one in every thousand stars could be a blac khole, “surely that’s not sustainable” “have I got news for you about the future of all things”, theorizing a black hole in 1783, we only get the word Black Hole in 1964, betting on Signus X1, finding black holes by nearby objects’ bright hot death screams, it took 2 years to process the black hole image, sorry I think it looks like a butthole, Sagitarius A - our galaxies butthole, deslicious spaghettification, we’re all being spaghettified, I’m being raviolified here! where do you go in a black hole? into a topic for another day, “tom saw the topic on me”, no inheritance until you tattoo me onto your butt, Caroline got a tattoo to honor pigeons, the above skin - the skin - and the below skin, phagocytosis, microphages contain and become the tattoo! “the art is your immune system” and we only knew this in 2018, Ötzi the Iceman had 57 tattoos, ella regrets letting us guess what tattoos he had, ritualistic and therapeutic tattoos, egyptian women tattoos, old preserved siberian tattoo, the painted picts, Tattoo comes from the Tahitian word Tatau, famed tattoo afficianado Charles Darwin, the meaning of polynesian tattoos, sailor tattoos were inspired by polynesians but adapted to things meaningful to them, sailor tattoos were like sailing achievements, shark repeller tattoos, ancient greek tattoos were literally “skin-stigmas”, stigma affects culture and culture affects stigma in a feedback loop, “true on all accounts for my case”, gender norms in tattoos, “ooh another means by which to put down women don’t mind if I do”, biases in the workplace,”it’s literally only skindeep”, tattoos are so personal and human of course you can’t assume or speak to all of them, they’re an art and they’re universal across cultures.Sources:NASA: Black HolesScience News Explores: What are black holes?Gravitational Collapse OverviewGoddard Space Flight Centre: The Life Cycles of Stars: How Supernovae Are FormedBritannica: End States of StarsBritannica: Evolution of High Mass StarsBritannica: Origin of Chemical ElementsBBC Bitesize: The Lifecycle of Stars (GCSE Resource)NASA: Neutron Stars Are WeirdScience News Explores: A Short History of Black HolesAstronomy: A Brief History of Black HolesLind Hall Library: John MichellAmerican Museum of Natural History: The Country Parson Who Conceived of Black HolesUniversity of Chicago: Black Holes ExplainedAstronomy: Cygnus X-1- The Black Hole that Started it AllEvent Horizon Telescope: Astronomers Reveal First Image of the Black Hole at the Heart of Our Galaxy1978 Article: A Supermassive Object in Galaxy M87Space.Com: Where do Black Holes Lead To?SYFY: How Worried Should We Be About Black Holes?Podcast: The Guardians Science Weekly- White HolesImage Source: NASA First Image of a Black HoleImage Source: Event Horizon Telescope: FIrst Image of Black Hole at the Centre of the Milyway---Pew Research: How Many People Have Tattoos?The Science of TattoosMouse Tail Tattoo StudyWellcome Collection: A Brief History of TattoosSmithsonian: More HistoryJapan’s Tattooing HistoryMaori TattoosPolynesian tattoosPazyryk Tattoos (Very Cool)First Female MP to Wear MokoSailor TattoosBroussard & Harton's Amazing Tattoo Stigma Study

How fast can a regular human accelerate from 0-60? How can you learn to love roller-coasters? And is there a terrifying experience Ella's done that even Tom Scott hasn't?? After having us on his show for so long, it's finally time for Tom Scott to join us on our show!Videos we Talk About:Tom Scott's Amazing Roller Coaster VideoTom Scott's Failed Video VideoTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:15) Human Acceleration(00:50:03) Roller-coasters and Failed Videos(01:18:05) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: herding cats and children, Thanks for the compliment you can leave now, UK metric is a mess, milk is just a blur cause it’s PastYourEyes, both Tom’s can’t be like this, stopping the angular velocity pedants, what’s so hard about orbital mechanics it’s not rocket science, this is a question full of "um actually"s, the longest second of Tom Scott’s life in the Mythen car, “would you do it again” “oh in a heartbeat”, just frame cars as IRL speedrunning, “oh my god she got sub 1 second”, please prove me wrong so I can ride it, steam catapulting a plane, the Nevis Catapult might win if you believe the hype, all politely saying roller coasters, “roller coaster nerds are like train nerds but worse”, running coasters at 100%, calibrating the weights of cars, British politeness way under-markets stealth, “I’ve done something Tom Scott hasn’t done??”, the experimental Nürburgring coaster that only operated for 4 days, Do-Dodonpa the “rattly bastard” that broke bones, dragsters going 0-60 in half a second stunned us to silence, you could buy the nitro X2 for less than a tesla but you do get to drive a tesla more than twice, “I reserve the right to turn this into a video essay”, our roller coaster journeys, dread and expectation, Ella loves the fear, “this is the worst thing I’ve ever done, YES”, LLE live episode on a roller coaster, Dick & Dom in da Bungalow sounds like a parody of something british, only americans will remember Raccoon Barrel from the Barrell Brothers! “It has been a metaphor which is possibly the highest priase I can give something like that”, making a video about failed videos “you only get to pull that trick once”, Tom’s one shot Netherlands drone video, “it was a Look How Clever I Am video”, ideally it’s both clever content and cleverly shot, “the content has to be worth it”, it’s like OKGO - matching content with production, the ratchet of quality, “the frustration I feel is a compliment to David”, “i left everything on the table”, 3 of us just mimed sword swallowing, "not a great mime"

It's Pride and Poll-jedice! For pride month we have some pride merch including an amazing design by Caroline, with proceeds going to Pride in Stem! Also, toss in your vote to defend the honor of your favorite topic for the next Best Of Everything episode!All of this is at LetsLearnEverything.com

What can we learn by mimicking animals in nature, and more importantly, what can we learn about the nuance behind the buzzword of biomimicry? And just how many wild facts are hidden in a simple chess set?Images we Talk About:One of the Oldest Shatranj SetsTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:26) Biomimicry(00:50:25) Chess Chess Evolution(01:33:41) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: So nice to have a topic taken, biomemetics, the spider grabber is more like bio-stealing, “nature is a giant pool of ideas”, “nature is the OG and does it best, organism level, lily leaf umbrella, who remembers davinci? none of his flying machines even worked, a quick lesson on flying, biomimcry was only coines in the 1950s and only become trendy in the 90s, gecko feet, spinning the biomimicry slot machine, sheep wool antidepressants, a biomimicry quiz, oh right we want fewer train sonic booms, whale flipper tubercles, whale power turbines, Ella biomimics Caroline, termite AC, destroying nature to recreate nature, biomimicry 3.8, the ickyness of corporate biomimicry, we’re an organic sustainable biomemetic podcast, a person after our hearts critizing a ted talk, you can biomimic like davinci or the wright brothers, nature is not infallible, pitching our own biomimetic ideas, bumble bees saying oops, ripple, chess chess evolution you know like that game, can’t stop thinking about those anal beads, everything Caroline’s learned about chess is against their will, Tom learns about himself by talking about chess camp, scachs d’amor was so nerdy, the hornets nest of chess historians, chess comes from the indo-persian area, borders are weird why do I need so many modifiers to describe this area, calling it a horsey is more historically accurate, a chariot makes so much more sense than a castle moving across the board, oh wait does no one else call this piece a religious figure? the knight has been unchanged for 1300 years, the chad knight vs the virgin bishop, we codified white goes first after discovering quantum physics, do you want to play a game of king? Your king is in king, shah mat - the king is dead, people say check because “I won’t let you do the silly thing, we’re gonna keep playing for a little bit”, checkered comes from chess not the other way around, cheque -> exchequer -> checkered -> chess -> shah, why aren’t we talking about this more! Ella’s very good biomimicry review corner Sources:Biomimicry as a Sustainable Design MethodologyHow Biomimicry is Inspiring Human InnovationTypes of BiomimicryHistory of BiomimicryVelcroBiomimicry in Flight and Wing DesignNASA Wing MorphingNASA Successfully Tests Shape-Changing WingJapanese Bullet TrainWhale TurbinesWhalePowerSoft ToboticsTentacle RobotThe Planned City of LavasaEastgate CentreBiomimicry 3.8The Limitations of Biomimentic ArchitectureThe Ripple DeviceMosquito Inspired Needles---Davidson's Incredible "A Short History of Chess"Scachs DamorThe Beginnings of ChessOldest Shatranj SetThe MET "Chessmen and Chess"Wired: The Game of Chess had Patch Notes TooWhite and Black in ChessThe MET "Shah Mat!"gov.uk on The ExchequerEncyclopedia Britannica Chess History

How much real science is there to the Mandela Effect, and how much should we be worried about our faulty memories? And what's the science and history behind our long love for house plants?Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:31) False Memories(00:57:30) House Plants(01:37:47) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Yes Ella my favorite host of Let’s Learn Everything, Fiona Broome - Paranormal Researcher, Ella is shocked to learn the Mandela Effect was a conspiracy first, repressed memories, the McMcartin Preschool Trial again, the concept of memories at all is bonkers, we shoudl do more experiments, flashbulb memories aren’t as “unchanging as the slumbering rhinegold”, the original study didn’t even check if the memories were accurate they just assumed, flash bulb memories only Feel more accurate, the concept of false memories can make people believe in the mandela effect MORE, don’t have an existential crisis, rebunking your memories, most memory recalls aren’t adversarial like mandeal effect questions, Metamemory effects, just like memory isn’t so simple false memories aren’t so simple either, “I wish I hadn’t said yay when you said racism”, does anyone remember the 2 president Obamas? we gave false memories to bees, having false memories makes bees MORE complex not less, false memories aren’t flaws they’re just part of memory, classic meatbrain, “my brain is a beautiful and complex thing”, movies can exist, The Four Legged Chairs, the art of putting a plant into a pot, egyptians used plants for a ton of stuff, portable plants, gillyflowers for bad breath and paying rent, peppercorn payment, (ayyy), Wes Anderson’s The Winter Hotel for Plants, renting plants for a party, the illegal orchid trade, plant hunters, pteridomania, the World War 2 potted plant boom, the millenial urge to care for plants is more of a historic urge, guilting your cohosts into talking about your plants, you’d need 10 potted plant per square foot in the home to clean the air, just imagine yourself as a Sim you need art and plants, hot or not for plants, there aren’t really huge health benefits from plants, it feels like studies are asking “why do we like plants so much??”, just enjoy plants for the sake of enjoying them, office plants are nice but I feel like work life balance will do better for my health, I just think they’re neat! Sources:Snopes: The Mandela EffectThe Wiley Handbook on The Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryEthan Watters: The Forgotten Lessons of the Recovered Memory MovementThe False Memory Syndrome: Experimental studies and comparison to confabulationsThe Fallibility of Memory in Judicial ProcessesUCLA Med on MemoryImplanting False MemoriesHirst and Phelps Amazing Review of Flashbulb MemoriesPredicting Confidence in Flashbulb Memories (re: Michael Jackson)Fiona Broome: The Mandela Effect is Not False MemoriesFalse memory and COVID-19: How people fall for fake news about COVID-19 in digital contextsBBC on Mandela EffectFalse Memory in Bees StudyAnalysis of False Bee Memory StudyDon Hertzfeldt On Memory---National Museums Liverpool: Gardens in Ancient EgyptBritannica: HouseplantsNational Trust: A Potted History of HouseplantsHorticultural Reviews, Volume 31, The Foliage Plant IndustryGrace and Thorn: The History of HouseplantsCobham Museum: Windlesham- Peppercorn PaymentThe Plant Runner: A History of HouseplantsThe Scotsman: Our Fascination With Indoor Potted Plants has a Long and Colourful HistoryArchitectural Digest: The Most Iconic Houseplant Trends Through the DecadesThe Guardian: Indoor Plant Sales Boom, Reflecting Urbanisation and Design TrendsThe Telegraph: Houseplant Sales Soar2019 Paper: Potted Plants Do Not Improve Indoor Air Quality: A Review and Analysis of Reported VOC Removal EfficienciesUniversity of Reading: Owning Houseplants Can Boost Your Mental Health – Here’s How to Pick the Right One2022 Paper: The Appearance of Indoor Plants and their Effect on People's Perceptions of Indoor Air Puality and Subjective Well-BeingRHS: Houseplants: To Support Human Health2022 Paper: Effects of Indoor Plants on Human Functions: A Systematic Review with Meta-AnalysesBBC: Are Your Houseplants Bad for the Environment?

What happens when the largest living animal becomes the largest dead animal? Just how complex could a dead whale be? And what are the differences, flaws, and nuances of the jury system, and can we be studying it better?Images we Talk About:The Zombie WormTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:59) Whale Fall Ecology(00:52:52) Jury Duty(01:32:41) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: A bucket of mice, when whales die the people who love them will miss them, a jury of your cohosts will decide if your topic is boring, Tom stretching his arms to measure a 34 meter long whale, marine snow and whale falls, gettin ghastly gassy, a new mussel told us to go check out the whale fall, whales are mortal, deep sea mussel delicacy, how hard could it be to find a whale over 70% of the earth’s surface? let’s just wait for the carcass to come to us… wait actually?? welcome to our automatic zoo of dead things on the beach brought to you by the crown, sinking beached whale carcasses, the 3 stages of whale fall, Denial/Mobile Scavenger Phase can take 2 years, scavengers eat about one (1) Caroline of whale per day, Enrichment Opportunist Phase, Sulfophilic Phase, 7% of a whale is bone lipid, a sulfur bacteria carpet. did we walk into Caroline’s trap? This final phase can last 100 years! It’s not a trap if I’m asking you a question! 690,000 whale falls at any time, never in my wildest dreams would i be so lucky as to know the 12km distance from fall to fall statistic, whaling is deforestation for bacteria, Osedax or the zombie worm or the bone devourer or snot flower, there’s Drama in this whale fall ecosystem, dinosaur fall ecosystems, fossilized bones with fossilized deep sea snails, we got picked to talk about jury duty, UK US differences, a 900 day trial, there’s something wrong with Ella, the US is the only country to have so many civil juries, this topic has become a US UK debate, only the US requires unanimity, juror selection bias, racially diverse juries do a better job, I wish we could be surprised peremptory challenge is biased against women, oops it’s a british colinization topic, you could literally say too many asians, semi-jural systems, is this a philosophy topic about human nature?? our various biases, the confirmation bias against tom’s bad jokes, can we study jury bias? there hasn’t been any research on live jury deliberation.Sources:NatGeo: Dead whales are washing up on the East Coast.NHM: Whale Fall: What Happens When Whales Die?Review of the Impact of Whale Fall on Biodiversity in Deep-Sea Ecosystems (2022)The Discovery of a Natural Whale Fall in the Antarctic Deep Sea (2013)NPR: What Happens After A Whale Dies?Scientific American: Life at the Bottom: The Prolific Afterlife of WhalesFish Food in the Deep Sea: Revisiting the Role of Large Food-Falls (2014)NatGeo: Making a Home on PlesiosaursChemosynthesis-Based Sssociations on Cretaceous Plesiosaurid Carcasses (2008)---Cornell Law: What is Jury Duty?Jury Law UKMagna Carta538: Jury Duty is RareJury Service in the UKJuror Exemptions and Exclusions USADifferences between US and UK Legal SystemsJury Duty in UK vs USAUK Civil Case Info"Justifying ProhibitedPeremptory Challenges (2007)"Jury Under Fire: Jury Selection Can Effectively Identify Biased JurorsNACDL: Bias in Jury SelectionEJI: History of Bias in Jury SelectionComparison of Juries in Democratic Countries (2007)Jury Trial in different countriesWorld Jury Sytems: Exporting the English Jury System (2000)Monash Law: Do we need juries?Cognitive and Human Factors in Legal Layperson Decision Making: Sources of bias in Juror Decision Making (2022)Thomas Lecture on Jury BiasThe Curious Case of the Jury-Shaped Hole (2023)

What are all these rocks hurtling through space? Do we need to worry about them, and what can we learn from them? And what are guitar tabs, why don't people take them seriously, and why does Tom love them so dang much?Videos we Talk About:Osiris Boop GifTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:54) Near Earth Objects(00:56:58) Guitar Tabs(01:47:55) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!e|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| B|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| G|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| D|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|A|---------------2-|-----------4-6-4-|-----------6-7-0-|-----------6-7---| E|-0---------2-4---|-----------------|-----------------|---------------0-|(tabs via lucamashup)e|----------------B|----------------G|----------------D|-8888-10-10-333-A|-8888-10-10-333-E|-6666-8--8--111-We also learn about:I thought you were just going to just teach us guitar, still on course to learn everything in a few months! everyone’s favorite part: semantics and exceptions, Tom is a perfectly unmovable object, it’s doxxing myself if people know I’m the center of the universe, the great attractor was my nickname in high school, “naturally occurring objects traveling through our solar system which are smaller than planets and aren’t moons”, you must be 1 meter tall to be an asteroid, asteroids are metally comets are icy, a song of rock and metal dust and ice, asteroid/comet -> meteoroid -> meteor -> meteorite, 1.3 million known asteroids and only 3,800 comets in our solar system, within 50 million km it becomes a near earth object, obviously we’re all thinking about the Tunguska asteroid asteroid, 80 million trees felled and it didn’t even hit the Earth, one of the oldest meteors we know is from 2 billion years ago, the vredefort dome, 2 billion year old nuclear weapon testing??? the only time the earth makes Shatter Cones is meteors and nuclear explosions, if the meteor had hit the water it might not have been so catastrophic for dinosaurs, but it was going 20 kilometers per SECOND, a force 10,000 times the world nuclear arsenal, the crater has to be DISCOVERED, what does it mean for 50% of species to go extinct, the asteroid also vaporized the ground and water, impact winter, stopping photosynthesis kicks out the base of the foodchain, the meteor that broke the camel’s back, land animals over 25kg went extinct, there were a few lucky ducks, LLE Meteor Insurance, as long as Aerosmith is alive we’re fine, Asteroid Watch via the Center for Near Earth Object Studies, people listening 100 years from now hope you don’t have any asteroids (sucks to suck), Planetary Defense Coordination Office, Double Asteroid Redirct Mission, I cheered when we smashed into that asteroid, activating asteroids, asteroids are loose remaining legos from the formation of the solar system, OSIRIS-REx sample return, a kid named Bennu, tom loses his mind at the video of Osiris booping Bennu, personifying Rex, OSIRIS APEX, Apophis will be closer than some satellites, POV Apophis shots, Astroid Quakes, “cute is a weird way to describe a spacecraft touching an asteroid”, casual Caroline classical guitar lore drop, Tom learns guitar by accident, “too bad I picked this up so late”, Ella’s youtube ukulele era, don’t stop believing, tabs aren’t shittier sheet music, Van Halen didn’t invent tabs, tabs feel modern but also obvious, just because words are more efficient doesn’t mean diagrams aren’t useful, I’m just trying to play Don’t Stop Believing I have to worry about context? Guqin tablature dates to the 7th century! music has a lot of racism, rockin out those lute tabs, I knew this was secretly a font topic! monospace fonts revitalized tabs, sheet music software is garbage, god did not want me to use LaTeX they wanted me to use my mortal hands, OLGA, reading Beyonce tabs is not the same as listening to Beyonce, Paul McCartney’s the one who plays Blackbird wrong, let the philosophy professor enjoy his guitar! why punish the people who love your work, tabs are in a gray zone still, ultimate-guitar has a monopoly, the gray zone may benefit publishers, thanks swifties, Thomas Chesney’s tab research, it’s not a million miles away but it’s not right, ooh this song’s so commercially viable! Polphia’s tabs, Pinegrove’s tabs released before the songs, Tom’s guitar tabs, being a part of someone’s music journey in a little way, this could have been a guitar tab podcast, a cozy review corner.Sources:The Structure of the Milky WayThe Great AttractorNasa on Orbital DebrisAsteroids vs Comets vs MeteorsNasa on AsteroidsNotable Asteroid ImpactsTunguska EventAtomic Asteroid BlastsVredefort Impact StructureNASA on the Dinosaur Extincting AsteroidNHM: Why did the dinosaurs die out?Near Earth ObjectsDARTAsteroid WatchAsteroid Watch DashboardDART resultsNasa Data on BennuOSIRIS REx Touch DownBennu

With Tom as their DM, Ella, Caroline, and Ellen Weatherford team up for a dicey heist in the big apple. Only one catch: they're rats! Can Rex, Tango, and Muriel ratatouille their way to nab the cheddar, or will they crumble like feta? Believe it or not this is only the first quarter of the full 2 hour episode that you can only get by becoming a member at MaximumFun.org/join

Can Tom finally take on his science communication white whale: Quantum Physics?? And what is gossip, what did it mean in the past, and could it actually be... good?? Find out on a very special MaxFunDrive episode!See all the MaxFunDrive events, pins, and links here!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:06:29) Quantum Physics(01:00:14) MaxFunDrive!(01:09:08) Gossip(01:44:14) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:One minute of self indulgence, another bit?? when bugs gossip, Moby Dick was warning about the perils of teaching quantum physics, the word quantum is boring, every grocery list is quantum (except Ella’ infinite and continuous grocery list), Ocean’s 11 is a quantum movie, quantum physics is 100 years old, why doesn’t my toaster blast me with radiation, Lord Rayleigh is literally the why is the sky blue guy, Planck really didn’t want to be right, “an act of desperation”, you’re taught quantum physics in high school chemistry, Heisenberg v Pauli v Schrodinger beef, fully just saying jackass, even smart people hate quantum physics, “nobody feels perfectly comfortable with it”, YOU ALREADY KNOW QUANTUM PHYSICS, Newton has been redeemed! we almost called photons “quantums”, some of quantum physics is bullshit but not all of it is, what has quantum physics ever done for us? we do actually have a quantum phone and quantum machines at the hospital, Quantum Nuclear MRI machines, sometimes it’s nice to remember that, Schrodinger's Cat is the worst first thing to learn, “not a real experiment, does not prove anything, does not match physical reality, and was intentionally designed to be absurd”, it’s like learning about vision through only optical illusions, “but where’s the weird?”, making peace with your whale, as long as you support us we will live forever, no Ella, there’s nothing wrong with you, “debrief”, gossip can be positive! GODSIB MEANT GOD SIBLING, you wouldn’t bang your godbrother, Tom you don’t have kids, in the 12th century you could leave your kids to watch Dune 2 whenever you wanted, a gossip is someone you can tell anything to, gossips were backup for lecherous men, gossip was a neutral term for an essential supportive community, gossiping about witches gossiping “that’s gossip as well babe”, spoiler for most social issues it’s about class and power, scold’s bridle, “I love idle talk, I’m a witch”, coffee houses are just gossip houses, “oooh yeah, evolution and gossip, this is good stuff”, we wouldn’t be humans if we weren’t sociable and idle talking, gossiping is like primate grooming, animals would LOVE to gossip if they had language, I don’t care what you think as long as it’s about me, work stopping gossip seems neutral but isn’t, I’m not gossiping I’m receiving evaluative information about a colleague, it’s good the science doesn’t show bullying is cool actually, most gossip is neutral gossip, I wouldn’t compliment my boss - only in gossip, you think it’s not gossip cause it’s about Tom Brady?? It is!! it’s all preamble for review corner.Sources:Melville's Book on Quantum PhysicsDan Styer's Amazing Brief History of Quantum PhysicsDan Styer's Textbook "The Strange World of Quantum Mechanics"Futurama Quantum JokeChad Orzel on the Origin of Quantum PhysicsHelge Kragh's History of Planck as "The Reluctant Revolutionary"Heisenberg's Letter to Pauli (s/o to u/restricteddata)Gilbert Lewis' Naming of the PhotonChad Orzel "What Has Quantum Mechanics Ever Done For Us?"Old ComputersNobel Prize Committee on Bloch's WorkDr. Baird's Great Analysis of Schrodinger's Cat---Gossip and Resistance Among the Medieval PeasantryFrom the Whisper Network to #MeToo—Framing Gender, Gossip and Sexual HarassmentEnvy, Poison, and Death: Women on Trial in Classical Athens, Chapter 3.2The Psychological Anatomy of GossipTell Me the Gossip: The Self-Evaluative Function of Receiving Gossip About OthersBBC Worklife: The Surprising Benefits of GossipGossip in Evolutionary PerspectiveHow the “Gossip” Became a WomanGossip and Gender Differences: a Content Analysis ApproachBBC Worklife: Why Gossiping at Work is Good For You

IT'S THE MAXFUNDRIVE!!! And we're kicking it off with a network-wide trivia competition with other MaxFun hosts!You can see all our upcoming events during the drive and become a member at www.LetsLearnEverything.comThis special network wide event is a celebration of the MaxFunDrive! If you’d like to support podcasts you love for just $5 a month and get bonus gifts in the process, go to maximumfun.org/join.J. Keith van Straaten and Helen Hong from “Go Fact Yourself” are joined by:Teresa McElroy - “Shmanners”Ross Blocher - “Oh No, Ross and Carrie!”Ella Hubber & Tom Lum - “Let’s Learn Everything!”Jordan Morris - “Jordan, Jesse, Go!” and "Free With Ads"If you’d like to hear more hosts competing for trivia supremacy, visit Maximumfun.org for the full version of this show.

What would a man-made ecosystem look like on mars? Just how complicated could it possibly be? And are the human and societal issues just as complicated? Science communicators and authors Zach and Dr. Kelly Weinersmith ask and answer all of these questions and more!Check out: A City on Mars!The Weinersmith's article on Frontier Mythology and SpaceThe Weinersmith's paper in the journal Space Policy on Space CommunesBeaWolfSaturday Morning Breakfast CerealTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:30) Mars Ecology(00:47:28) Space Communes(01:11:59) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The superior Weinersmith, we almost have a Doctorate majority but not quite, having a PHD doesn’t make you smarter it just makes you poor and willing to suffer, back in my day Comic-Con was only 2 pence, we only just learned about high perchlorates on mars soil, all those images of glass habitats on mars would be SO DEAD, “this doesn’t sound appealing to me… to live under the dirt”, just rinse off all your dirt how hard could it be, the engineer brain thinking “if a problem is solvable then the problem is solved”, apologies to the rotating space colony community, space waste is a pain in the ass, cows aren’t efficient but BUGS are, Biosphere 1 is Earth, Lunar palace, there aren’t many experiments and we don’t really know how this all scales, if Sarah goes we’re fine and if I go I destroy the colony by BREATHING TOO MUCH, everything’s more complicated in space, Lungs help your facility PVNRT, humanity needs a plan B but “a backup that loses that much ground on human rights is not a backup i want!”, historiography of space: history of how we think about the history of space, being a wet blanket about frontier mythology - you are speaking to the right people, “there are beautiful dreams, but I feel like the beautiful dreams tend to crack when you look at them with a little more detail”, “cows are just a nonstarter in space”, goat cheese pizza was great for morale, finally we can stop poisoning ourselves with taro, vegans are great on mars, the only life threatening scorpion you can find the US makes it onto Noah’s ark, solar is great but not when there’s dust storms, we have dormant nuclear reactors in space, Simpson reactors, in conclusion: we’re not ready, it’s not as easy as making a terrarium, closed loop ecologies are not normal, who knows what happens 10 years in, “this is the problem with talking to Zach and I”, the superior Weinsersmith has subsumed the other in a violent coup, this isn’t a hypothetical: “there’s answers to these questions”, mars religion, you can’t take your barbies and go home on mars, literally no one wanted to do dish duty, SELL THEIR HOUSES TO WHO BEN FUCKING AQUAMAN, “being able to leave is HUGE for so many reasons”, “so Zach and I are both cowards”, speculating is good to imagine problems to avoid them which is maybe the least funny answer I’ve given, “you can’t jump back to roman law”, “I think the book is much better because of our conflicts”, going on research walks, we don’t have time for space law, “that’s not a common response Tom”Sources:A City on Mars!The Weinersmith's article on Frontier Mythology and SpaceThe Weinersmith's paper in the journal Space Policy on Space Communes

Losing your head isn't good, but what actually happens, and what can it tell us about animals, ethics, and bad science? And what is a constructed language, when does it fail, and when can it be use to make great... art? As they say, Ni Lernu Ĉion!Content Warning that today's science topic can be a bit grim, so if you want, you can skip ahead to 54:54Things we Talk About:Mike The ChickenSea Slug MovingThe Narmer PaletteTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:36) Don't Lose Your Head!(00:54:55) Constructed Languages(01:36:55) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:Pretty clear cut or chopped, did we need to write this down? why do you die when you lose your head? let’s start with a deep philosophical question: are we our brains? Tom clearly doesn’t know Mike the chicken, Mike was the original pitch for Charlotte’s Web, mooching some slugs, The Mystery of the Beheading of Elysia Marginata, capital punishment comes from beheadings, the guillotine could behead 20 people per hour, “the most gentle of lethal methods”, …do you guys not have the death penalty? ethics of rat euthanasia, Canavero’s bogus self published head transplants, like the language you’re speaking RIGHT NOW, Auxiliary Engineered and Artistic Languages, Tom falls into Ella’s Esperanto trap, Esperanto was banned and persecuted, the benefit of Esperanto is it has no culture, English is a language of exceptions, 1850 to 1920 people were going WILD constructing languages, none of us had heard of Volapük, “a language without umlauts sounds monotonous, harsh, and boring”, the language wars, a priest and an eye doctor trying to solve the tower of babel, Esperanto has “dipthongs - ugly!”, “rattling an hard bony R”, Artlang POP QUIZ, for Tolkeins the languages came first, english is a tapestry of languages and artlangs can convey that, the use of purposefully meaningless artlangs, soo soo! NOOT NOOT! boyhowdy! nonsense languages have universality, citing the pingu fan wiki, is penguinese more universal than esperanto??? Toki Pona, newspeak, “and that brings us strangely and sharply to the end of the topic”, appreciating real turtles and robot turtles.Sources:BBC: The Chicken That Lived For 18 Months Without a HeadBritannica: How Mike the Chicken Survived Without a HeadScientific America: Fact or Fiction?: A Cockroach Can Live without Its HeadNew York Times: Meet the Sea Slugs That Chop Off Their Heads and Grow New BodiesNewsWeek: Did Anne Boleyn Really Speak After She Was Beheaded? Here's the ScienceAmerican Historical Association: Narmer Palette2023 Paper: "The Most Gentle of Lethal Methods": The Question of Retained Consciousness Following Decapitation1975 Paper: EEG Evaluation of Humaneness of Asphyxia and Decapitation Euthanasia of the Laboratory Rat2013 Paper: Electroencephalographic Evaluation of Decapitation of the Anaesthetized Rat2011 Paper: Decapitation in Rats: Latency to Unconsciousness and the ‘Wave of Death’1991 Paper: Pain Perception in Decapitated Rat BrainNew Scientist: Head transplant carried out on monkey, claims maverick surgeon2019 Paper: First Human Head Transplantation: Surgically Challenging, Ethically Controversial and Historically TemptingThe Guardian: First Full Body Transplant is Two Years Away, Surgeon ClaimsThe Telegraph: First Head Transplant Successfully Carried Out on Monkey, Claims SurgeonVice: Head Transplant Surgeon Claims Human Brain Transplants Are 'Technically Feasible'2017 Paper: Surgical, eEthical, and Psychosocial Considerations in Human Head Transplantation---Constructed languages:Francois RabelaisInternational Auxiliary LanguagesEsperantoEsperanto 2: electric boogalooNative Esperanto SpeakersWhy Learn Esperanto:English language exceptionsCreating new words in EsperantoVolapükTrüth, Beaüty, and VolapükQuenyaQuenya CourseKlingon Language InstituteTGIF in SimlishHow Simlish was CreatedPenguinesePenguinese exampleAnimaleseAnimalese examplePolygon on AnimaleseToki Pona:Sapir–Whorf hypothesisExperimental languagesNewspeakNewspeak Dictionary

How have human beings evolved, and how could we evolve in the future? And what are some famous first messages, and what can we learn from looking at them?Images we Talk About:TelegramFirst Record ImageSecond Record ImageOther Record ImagesTom's Ingenuity ComicSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:15) Are We Still Evolving?(00:52:00) Famous First Messages(01:38:17) OutroWe also learn about:DANGER BOO BOO, Ella has her own discord?? homo sapiens were 300,000 years ago but humans were 2.5 million, homo sapiens coexisted with 8 other human species, homo habilis was chilling for a million years, the homo hunger games, neanderthals had sewing needles and clothing, they seem so human because they are, maybe it was our chins, it’s hard enough not to anthropomorphize other animals let alone other humans, humans were the same height 40,000 years ago, humans may have lost height from being shit at farming, we have smaller brains but that doesn’t mean we’re less smart, natural selection & mutation & gene flow & gene drift, the iphone gave us smaller jaws, melanin is about synthesizing that sweet sweet vitamin D, we have evolved the adaptation of diversity, physical appearance is mostly just vitamin D and warmth - that’s it, it’s not good genes vs bad genes, microevolution, “instead of a mass of clones, we are already starting to see a glorious riot of variations”, this is all speculation, “we’re very unpredictable”, hello world! I learned it by watching you!! shouting and switching places, Tom live writes fanfic, purpose & imagination & inspiration, no YOU hang up, WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT, hey is your daughter okay? tone poems, Ella bled for her art in *checks notes* We Will Rock You, the dynamic range of the alpine symphony, if found please return littered golden record to Earth, ooh criteria! images on the record are COPYRIGHTED, who knows if they’ll be in the public domain by the time aliens get it, the beauty of the calibration circle, pulsar map, Ella’s not inspired, Caroline inspires Ella a bit, mixing up the golden plaque and golden record, MIR LENIN SSSR, DISREGARD PREVIOUS MESSAGE USA FOREVERSources:Homo HabilisNatural History Museum on The Origin of Our SpeciesOther Human SpeciesThe Guardian on NeanderthalsWhy were homo sapians the winners?How have we changed?When did we become fully human?Factors Driving EvolutionFactors Driving Evolution 2The Role of Geography in Human AdaptationEarly Human Height EstimationGenetic DriftHas Human Evolution Topped?What will humans look like in 1 million yearsSickle Cell Anemia Scientific American No, humans have not stopped evolving ---All Wikipedia's Hello World ProgramsBell's Journals from Library of CongressWired on First Phone CallFirst Telegram from Library of CongressFirst Test Compacy DiscStephen Johnson What is a Tone Poem?Houston Symphony on Strauss's Tone PoemsBoston Sympohony Orchestra on Alpine SymphonyNASA on Voyager RecordNASA on Pioneer PlaqueFirst MIR Message to SpaceRay Tomlinson's First Email

How did eels evolve electricity? And when is "women's work" neither women's nor work?Images we Talk About:SocksMore SocksThimbleBagCrochet ArtTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:26) Evolving Electricity(00:51:13) "Women's Work"(01:38:46) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Happy moisturizer to all who celebrate, Ella’s just here for moral support, when did they put batteries in eels, someone's just statically charging these eels, what did we call electric eels before electricity? why would we think lightning and a fish are the same thing? the necrotizing torpedo and the torpor eel, Aristotle was a shite time traveler, “in all of humanity, if people think they can pout it up their asshole they will”, Allessandro Volta what a convenient name, electric fish gave us the battery not the other way around, the electric organ, when did electricity evolve? electric organ discharge, electrogenesis, it’s not an eel! get in line with the other animals that need their names fixed, 90% of an eel is electric organ, what does it feel like? turning fish to stone, shocks can function like a neurotoxin, the electric doublet can make fish twitch, Ella has a revelation, the physics is the biology, it’s all electric baby, magnetic animals 2 electric boogaloo, the domestic arts, This Woman’s Work, it was never always women’s work, old socks, but what does this have to do with men?? Ella predicts the British stealing a sock, male knitting guilds, knitting fishermen makes perfect sense, knitting was “compatible” with many kinds of life, mechanized knitting made it feminized, of course it’s always intersectionality, you know what’s appropriate for a woman is to do this thing we don’t need anymore, being demoted as an art form, “male art vs female craft”, Caroline’s just doing this topic to show their crochet is art, weaponizing the male ego to bring back knitting, bequeathing a valuable and symbolic thimble, Tom gets emotional over a salacious thimble, if that’s not art what is, also I can't believe you actually read all these thanks Sources:The Amazing Paper: The Torpedo Effect in MedicineAtlantic on Electric EelsAristotle on Electric EelsGreg Gbur on Electric Eels and PhysicsPiccolino's Great Paper on the History of Volta's ExperimentationNational Zoo Electric Eel FactsNYTimes on Electric Eel ShocksTremendous Eel Behavior Writeup from Kenneth CataniaReuters on Electric Eel EvolutionScience Paper on Electric Eel EvolutionAmber Plante on Electric CellsElectric Bacteria---Melissa Hilliard Potter TalkV&A: The history of hand-knittingThe Crafty Gentleman: The History of KnittingThis Is Gendered: Knitting"2012 Paper: Knitting as Dissent: Female Resistance in America Since theRevolutionary War"Cooper Hewitt: A Revolution In StockingsBrooklyn Museum: Women’s WorkArt Margins: Recrafting Futures: Feminist Practices of Material EngagementV&A Blog: ‘A Stitch in Time: Home Sewing Before 1900’NGV: The Power of ‘Women’s Work’: CraftivismPBS: Stitch by Stitch, A Brief History of Knitting and ActivismUniversity of Bath: #BreakTheBias: Is knitting a feminist issue?Harpy: The Art of Embroidery2014 Paper: Craftivism: The Role of Feminism in Craft ActivismThe Daily Utah Chronical: Lien: Female Rebellion and Why Craft Matters2016 Paper: Quiet Activism and the New Amateur

While we take our January break we're rebroadcasting our appearance on Creature Feature! Katie pulled out some of the wildest facts for us, so enjoy, thanks for your patience, and see y'all in 2 weeks!

It's our annual Q&A episode where we look back on 2023 and answer your questions to learn about our process, our favorite things, and each other!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Ella gets on the album, Dodie is very frog people music, pigeons fruit flies and sloths, our favorite topics of each others, black holes and microscopes and extinct animals, there’s one whole picture of Ella and Caroline, I need more than 5 seconds of this lady, Nessie Krampus and the Jersey Devil, Who the Hell is Edgar? the cursed 2nd spot in Eurovision, just do it! build a portfolio and experience and find local stuff in your area, alergic reaction to Tom’s joke, Australian Ella, card games, moved to tears by taskmaster, Skip & Loafer and Frieren, Baldur’s Gate is a 10/10, Caroline can read?? Under the Whispering Door and Life isn’t Binary, struggling through house of leaves, DRCL, Barbie and Evil Dead, i hate the sandpaper slide, field common questions, people do actually want to know about methodology, questions that are best answered by a different question, getting your own field explained to you, our school journeys, different kinds of learning, programming decision anxiety, getting to code for a thing you care about helps you learn, FUN! we’re actually ahead of schedule to learn everything, attacking Tom from different angles, seagul-gate, Ella producing with Jono in the studio, listening to Story Break at Lunch, let’s just say the Eras tour is going to be very interesting this year, putting it into the aether, if you want to change something you’ll do it tomorrow, the mellotron and babatone, distance, fun.

It's the HaLearnDays! The time of year when we share gifts of fun facts from us and friends of the show!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: I wish Katie and Alex were real, pooping every 20 minutes, a human creates 320 pounds of poop a year, when I think about dangerous, “when I think of dangerous bird boop”, cube pooped saves on the poly count, poopin and pleasin, Watching the Sky and Thinking a Thought, smuggling instruments to space, sonic boooooms, this is obviously a Caroline gift, The National Christmas Tree Association, liberals want you to burn your christmas trees, the ACTA is very different from the NCTA, bury me with my artificial tree in a cemetery under an artificial lawn, rudely scrutinizing a gift from Hank, Caroline’s read The Grinch who Re-tabulated a Fact they Got, $25 Barns & Noble Gift Card, Caroline and Ella negotiate money from Tom, identifying unwrapped baked goods in Japan, hot cross buns and melanoma, Ella Laterals us, British Scorpios can’t give blood in the US, we all definitely remember Ella was born in Germany, “destroying” cows, Janet pulled out all the stops with the science, vibrissae, wash bears, Ella ones up her fly sperm fact with Kangaroo Vaginas, whaaat’s the deal with the third vagina, false cloaca, kangaroos can house 3 kids at the same time, Ella’s in her kangaroo vagina era, our first favorite Tom piss on pity, running over Christ Tarrant’s foot, plougs and shootouts, should all our fun facts be forgot and days of old lang syne.Sources:Goose PoopGoose Poop 2 Electric BoogalooHow much do human poop?Why do geese poop so much?Wombat PoopGuiness World Records on First Song in SpacePavel PopovychNasa Wakeup Calls HistorySmithsonian Mag on Schirra & StaffordHarmonica from GeminiCleo's Video on Supersonic FlightSoil Association: Real VS FakeWashington Post: Are Real or Artificial Christmas Trees Better for the Environment?NOAA Sperm Whale InfoUN FAO Data on Human Seafood ConsumptionLower Estimate of Whale PopulationHigher Estimate of Whale PopulationSabrina's RomCom VideoPeople: When Harry Met SallyNew Yorker: The Pastry AI That Learned to Fight CancerVarsity: What do Bread and Cancer Cells Have in Common?FDA Blood Donation BanUTexas on Raccoon BrainsRaccoon Brains Compared to Other AnimalsPGC on Raccoons1963 Paper on DabblingKangaroos have 3 vaginasBob the Fish Video Essay on ITV TelethonBarbara Lisicki "The Day we Pissed on Pity"NDACA on the Block Telethon ProtestDisabled People's Archive on Block Telethon

What are the superheavy elements, and how did we make them? And what is public domain day, and why is next year's going to be so interesting?Things we Talk About:The Mickey Mouse CurveSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:17) Superheavy Elements(00:37:41) Public Domain Day(01:19:19) OutroWe also learn about: It’s like we’re in school again, ordering the periodic table before discovering the electron, Mendelev didn't even like electrons, the nucleus is an atomic juggling act, atomic high jinks, the Fermi paradox, the Fermi problem, the number of piano tuners in Chicago, smashing elements into new ones, that’s why it’s called nuclear physics, receiving a Nobel and then fleeing Italy then learning your Nobel was wrong, accidentally discovering nuclear fission instead, we all so Barbie we knew this was leading to bombs, uranium neptunium plutonium, nobody cared because they didn’t want to draw attention to this during WORLD WAR 2, how does this keep happening i thought i was smart, the radioactive avengers, metropolis, I only scream about ice cream for anticapitalist purposes, none of this is legal advice, you know the patent stealing guy Edison, trademarks patents and copyright, JK Rowling patented a new kind of transphobia, the US constitution mentions copyright, the Micky Mouse Curve, even Bobel winning economists agree copyright extension is bad, happy hbomberguy video day, YouTube sucks at Fair Use, Mr Boop, Night of the Living Dead on Wikipedia, we’re IP pilled, SO MANY DISNEY MOVIES ARE BASED ON PUBLIC DOMAIN STORIES, it’s not open season on Mickey, “he can be naughty”, canine enthusiasm is unprotectable by copyright, Pride and Prejudice but Mr Darcy is a Vape God, Frank Capra is proud that It’s a Wonderful Life grew in the public domain, “battle lines will have to be drawn”, which two elements would YOU smoosh together?Sources:Superheavy by Kit ChapmanHow to read the periodic table Fermi ParadoxFermi ProblemTimeline of chemical element discoveries ---Jennifer Jenkins' Amazing Post on Public Domain DayJennifer Jenkins Duke Law Article on Public Domain DayUS Patent and Trademark Office on DefinitionsJK Rowling is a TerfMore JK Rowling is a TerfAssociation of Research Libraries on Copyright TimelineNYTimes on Mickey Mouse Entering Public DomainThe Mickey Mouse CurveEconomists Argument Against Copyright ExtensionVariety's Review of Steamboat WillieNebula Founder Dave Wiskus on Fair UseEFF on Public DomainVerge on Enola Holmes CopyrightArgument Presented Against Enola HolmesThe Public Domain ReviewFlorence Welch Gatsby MusicalDick Cody Heese VideoBBC: It's a Wonderful Life's Public Domain JourneyWallace McLean's First Email about Public Domain DayKaryn Temple on Public Dommain

Submit your questions for our end of year Q&A episode at letslearneverything.com/question or in our discord!

Investigative journalist Amy Westervelt from Drilled asks us: what is carbon capture and is it good or bad or... complicated? What is the Atlas Network and why are they comically evil dark avengers of the climate world? And how do you go from recording a podcast in your car to creating an award winning podcast network?🎤 See Tom perform comedy in Brooklyn for Earth Alliance! 🎤Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:14) Carbon Capture(00:39:05) The Atlas Network/Podcasting(01:08:25) OutroWe also learn about: Emailing the local radio station “Would you like an over-aged intern”, Ella’s a climate change fan, natural carbon capture, compressed carbon is a lot more dangerous than it sounds, fracking with captured carbon, “there’s a lot of creative math happening”, direct air capture, carbon capture needs to happen WITH decarbonization, warming waters make crabs produce neurotoxins, unfreezing zombie viruses, a silver lining to the climate catastrophe is the worm broth, moving the goalposts to 2050, historian of past futures, people used to think fridges were weird, are we just giving up on eating slightly less meat, greenwashing, if you’re an oil company everything looks like a pipeline or a combustion engine, direct air capture is actually cool! even if I have 0 silver bullets I can kill a werewolf with 100 brass bullets, Anthony Fisher battery farming turtles origin story, reader’s digest version of Friedrich Hayek, having an evil meeting in a chicken battery farm, now they’re cooking with gas, Margaret Thatcher’s cameo, “what a horrible avengers this has been”, THEY LITERALLY INVENTED THE OVERTON WINDOW, they’re a real life conspiracy theory, Amy gets in a debate, “I have a very difficult mother so tense conversations, I’m good at them”, narratives in climate not just look at my chart! podcasts can communicate the people hidden in stories, producing a podcast in a car, “I want people to come away really pissed off”Sources:Mississippi Carbon Capture AccidentIPCC Carbon Capture ReportLatest IPCC ReportNature: "Carbon dioxide removal is an ineffective time machine"The New Report on when we’ll Cross the 1.5 Degree ThresholdThawed Zombie Bug VirusesRevived Worm BrothDrilled on The Atlas Network

Are we really all destined to turn into crabs? Why are there so many animal algorithms, and are they all legit? And just how many times have we been wrong about the lemming?Things we talk about:All the Crabs Caroline mentionsThe Big List of Animal AlgorithmsBoid VideoSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:03) Carcinization(00:42:00) The Animal Algorithm Mystery(01:25:46) The Many Lemming Lies(01:45:35) OutroWe also learn about: Endless forms most crab-like, the 2020 meme boom of carcinization, what is the extent of the carcinization crisis, watch it buddy you already got eight legs, hamburger style arthropod, BOY CAN I CAROLINE I'M GLAD YOU ASKED, it’s like CNN and Fox agreeing on something, crabs have ten legs my dude, vikavolt, crabs and false crabs and true Christians, its all human labels at the end of the day, crab shapes have evolved at least 5 times, the king, masked, coconut, and hermit crab, Ellen’s thinking like a crab, the leaf eating mangrove crab, the crab shape is good for many niches, guard your tasty bits, decarcinization, we should try decarcinizating our market share, I am THE crab researcher and y’all need to calm down, convergent evolution is like video game controller design, the Brazilian Aardvark, Ellen’s uncovering of this dark underbelly, this algorithm list is just a list of sleeper activation words, what is a metaheuristic swarm optimization algorithm? Craig Reynold’s Boids, the lateral line system, “ants aren’t smart, any colonies are”, multidimensional ants, coatis moving in the jth dimension, this is all super niche you can’t use multidimensional ants for every problem, no articles are talking about this this is Defunctland niche, Groth and the 2 Fairies, lots of these papers are not at all based on real biology, “cats do not form swarms”, the bee marriage algorithm is actually good! research for research’s sake is okay, lower your pitchforks but keep your pitchforks at the ready, things are shitty starting out i mean we named everything crabs, political cartoonists went wild for lemmings, we’ve been making shit up about lemmings for year, lemmings falling from the sky, Ole Worm’s pet coati, Popular Science’s lemmings returning to Lemuria, lemming population booms, lemmings are good swimmers, a truck full of the wrong species of lemmings, ALBERTA IS LAND LOCKED, lemmings are fight or fight, lemmings don’t explode, let’s unlearn everything about lemmingsSources:TheConversation: CarcinizationKnow Your Meme: CarcinizationNPR: Would Aliens Look Like Us?PBS Eons: Carcinization VideoNatural History Museum: Convergent Evolution2017 Paper: The Evolution of Eyes: Major Steps.2019 Paper: A Phylogenomic Framework, Evolutionary Timeline and Genomic Resources for Comparative Studies of Decapod Crustaceans2021 Paper- How to Become a Crab: Phenotypic Constraints on a Recurring Body PlanConservancy.org: The mangrove Tree CrabScientific America: Carcinization1997 Paper: Carcinization in the Anomura - Fact or Fiction?PopSci: Carcinization---The Coati Algorithm PaperList of Animal AlgorithmsCraig Reynold's Boid PaperBoids in FilmAnt Colony OptimizationSouthwest Airlines' Ant AlgorithmThe Amazing Review from Tzanetos & Dounias---Lemmings from the SkyOle WormThe Museum WormianumPopular Science's Lemuria ClaimsSnopes on Disney's Lemming FilmMore on Diseny's Lemming Film

Why do we get goosebumps when we hear nails on a chalkboard? Obviously aliens didn't make the pyramids, but how were they made and what does that teach us about humanity? And what's the story behind nessie and why the queer community loves cryptids?Things we talk about:Egyptian painting of using water to pull a statueVideo of modern people pulling a blockThe famous Nessie photographSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:59) Goosebumps(00:48:43) Not Alien Pyramids(01:23:13) Nessie and Cryptids(01:50:50) OutroWe also learn about: The bumpies you get on your skinnies, the gem trade can be pretty shitty!, Tom read 5 books for this, ahhhh! oh wait have I got goosebumps? the many and few names for goosebumps, piloerection, I just got objective chills, animal goosebumps, famous geologist and pigeon lover Charles Darwin, “I took a stuffed snake to the monkey house”, porcupine piloerection, gustatory stimuli, grima, it’s not ew it’s euggghh, Easy Lovery by Phil collins, Screaming Ape; Loop. the Head Wizard tm, biomimicry, nails on a chalkboard, Scraping Sounds and Disgusting Noises, (SOUNDBITE OF FINGERNAILS ON CHALKBOARD), so is that better or worse? I guess the kids are listening to screeching sounds for music, prehistoric chalkboard monster, ruining Ella’s spooky cold open, 118 pyramids! you’re both racist! when did the ancient aliens theory stated, von Daniken’s racist conspiracy, the racism in believing only wwhite people could make architecture, plumbobs! moving 5000 pound limestone blocks, the genius post ramp system, it took 100 years to realize the painting was showing how to move stuff with water, Gregory Marouard’s demonstration of moving a block, the Nile used to run right by the Giza pyramids, the mundane power of having a lot of people, 20,000 people to build the great pyramids, the oldest papyrus ever found: the diary of merer, the pyramid builders weren’t slaves, the bent pyramid, the plesiosaur, cryptids that turned out to be real like the thylacinem, fake cryptids, cryptid comes from cryptozoology in the 80s, Nessie swimming down the nile, you gotta try Irn Bru, Columba the Monk’s encounter with nessie from the 565 AD, Columba was a dual class monk cleric, Marmaduke’s hoaxes, hippo leg umbrella, the Nessie-sary search, eDNA, you pee you poop you die, eels in the loch, cryptids and the queer community, cyptids are the people’s mythology, token straight scientist friend.Sources:The Biology of FearDarwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsPorcupine PiloerectionThe Psychological study of Emotional PiloerectionChills in Different Sensory DomainsThe emotion of GrimaScraping Sounds and Disgusting NoisesNPR Chalkboard TranscriptsPsychoacoustics of a Chilling SoundPsychoacoustics of Chalkboad SqueakingAnatomy of the Ear---Medium Article on the "impossibility" of Giza PyramidsThe great pyramid of GizaPseudoarchaeology and the Racism Behind Ancient AliensTools Used in Ancient Egyptian ConstructionAncient RampsUsing the Nile for blocksSliding Friction on Dry and Wet SandThe Diary of Merer Papyri---Cryptozoology Museum: What is Cryptozoology?National Catholic Register: Story of the Loch Ness MonsterUniversity of Aberdeen: The PictsHighland Pictish Trail: Pictish StonesNew York Times: Loch Ness Fiction is Stranger than TruthLoch Ness Sightings WebsiteScience Focus: eDNA and Loch NessThe Guardian: eDNA and giant eelsDaily Mail: Psychology of Loch Ness Monster BelieversNessie is My Girlfriend! Cryptids and Queer PeopleVox "How the Babadook became the LGBTQ icon we didn’t know we needed"Cryptid Queer Icons

For our 2nd anniversary and our 50th episode (which it definitely is, don't check) we cooperatively tackled a topic folks have been asking us to do for ages: The Ig Nobel Prize!Check out our new merch! Hats! Posters! Mugs!Images and Videos we talk about:The Levitating Frog VideoThe Best of Miss Sweetie PooOcean Mixing Anchovy DiagramThe Grabbing Tentacle Robot VideoNecrobotic Spider DiagramNecrobotic Spider VideoThe Juke 8Daisuke Practicing his SpeechJoin our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:08:18) The Ig Nobel Prize(00:45:00) The 2023 Ig Nobel Winners(01:28:36) The Ig Nobel Peace Prize(01:59:09) OutroWe also learn about: Tom does an evil scientist laugh at Atto Seconds, Ella watch hours of Ig ceremonies, honoring achievements that make people laugh then think, the rotating category, six people have turned down the Nobel, comedy? with a question mark? trying to purposefully win an Ig is like recreating The Room, Limburger cheese, Andre Geim loves his Ig as much as his Nobel, “if people don’t have a very good sense of humor, they are usually not very good scientists either”, Roy Glauber the keeper of the broom ALSO WON A NOBEL, “all they wanted to ask about was that damn broom”, the 24/7 Lectures, Mandelbrot goading miss sweetie poo, Ella’s Favorite Ig-ventions, partially unboiling an egg on stage, Chernobyl Bra Face Masks, that laughing and crying human emotion, cadaver nose hairs with surprisingly few nose hair variations, we all stan replication, Tom’s dad was robbed of the Ig, boring teachers, backwards speakers, maybe their neurons work backwards, the taste of rocks, the trick condition, electric taste, sexism in the stanford toilet, statistically significant anchovy boning affecting the water column, the fish kama sutra, how can i turn that dead spider into a robot? necrobotics is surprisingly easy, anti peace prizes, Pauling’s Nobel burn on Teller, Tom gets recognized, Lal Bihari’s schemes to become undead, “Lal bihari died in 1976 but he is feeling much better”, MAMAAAA OOOoooOOOH, sweet caroline, working as a waitress, karaoke means empty orchestra, Shigeichi Negishi’s first machine, Inoue’s Juke 8 origin story, Inoue is up there with Jonas Salk for not patenting Karaoke, Inoue’s Ig Nobel standing ovation, I’m not going to cry, I just started crying what the fuck, don't tell Ella but Toms my favorite, sometimes three ding dongs can make a podcastSources:About the Ig NobelsMarc Abrahams articlesAndrew GeimLimburger CheeseKeeper of the BroomMiss Sweetie PooBest of Miss Sweetie PooWired Article: A Gala for Weird ScienceMark Hosteetler2019 Awards - Very Fun Watch2015 Awards - Even more Fun24/7 LecturesPast winnersMichigan Driving LawThe BlasterBra Gas Mask---Nose HairsCrowd Effects of Looking UpBored Students and TeachersArs Technica on the IgsBrain Patterns of Speaking BackwardsEating FossilsJamais Vu and Semantic SatiationElectric ChopsticksThe Stanford ToiletOcean Mixing from Spawning FishNecrobotic Spider Grippers---Marc Abrahams Nobel Thoughts Interview with Linus PaulingStanley Cohen Nobel Thoughts InterviewNYTimes on Lal BihariLal Bihari's Ig Nobel CeremonyMatt Alt on Shigeichi Negishi's First Karaoke Machine for KotakuDaisuke Inoue's Story told for Topic MagazineTime Magazine on Daisuke InoueDaisuke Inoue's Ig Nobel Ceremony

We all use Wikipedia, but how did it come to be? What's the first number to not have a Wikipedia page, and what does that say about math and humans? And what on Earth is Perpetual Stew?Follow Annie and Depths of Wikipedia on Instagam/Twitter/Tiktok!Images we talk about:Sloane's Gapnostalgia.wikipedia.comSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:07:33) The History of Wikipedia(00:50:16) The First Boring Number (01:12:09) Wikimania and Perpetual Stew(01:50:38) OutroWe also learn about: there’s more Wikipedia languages than google translate, Grendel would have loved Blackpink, how often do we think about the roman empire, the first encyclopedia was very wrong, all men think about is present Rome! Pliny’s child piss ab wrinkle cure, fortune did not favor the bold according to Pliny the younger, the encyclopedia Britannica, getting lazy on the later letter installments, door to door encyclopedia salesmen, Annie’s Mom’s excitement for the new encyclopedia, Encarta the forgotten digital encyclopedia, welcome to the 90s baby, webrings, soft core porn is the carcinization of the web, Jimmy Wale’s “Guy Oriented Search Engine” Bomis.com, the failed boring Nupedia, the wiki prefix from a Hawaiian bus, Cunningham’s Law, Wikipedia’s Bro culture, nostalgia.wikipedia.com, no search or sources on old wikipedia, it’s not easy but people were making this encyclopedia, this human element has always been a part of encyclopedias, Jimmy Wales got his admin privilages revoked by the community, the interesting number paradox, Ramanujan’s Taxi Cab Numbers, the OEIS sequence database, Sloane’s Gap, 20,067 sitting alone at lunch, a surprising recent number update, the notability standard of numbers, the highest negative number to not have a page is only negative 3!!! come to the dark side of the zero, the Wikimania, Annie is Taylor Swift at Wikimania, Ella’s years long Wikipedia War, Annie’s neuroscience journey, Annie’s Perpetual Stew, a stew love.Sources:Andrew Lih's Book "The Wikipedia Revolution"Pliny the Elder's Encyclopedia with Sun Shade Feet PeopleHistory of the Encyclopedia BritannicaThe Encarta EncyclopediaThe "Decline" of WikipediaJimmy Wales Guy Raz Interview---Scientific American The Most Boring NumberRamanujan's Taxi Cab NumbersThe OEISSloane's Gap PaperThe Notability Requirements for Number Pages---WikimaniaNYTimes on Perpetual Stew

What lies below the depths of the sea... and why should we stop being so afraid of it? Okay we know crystals can't heal you, but could they actually do... something? And why are time capsules more complicated than you'd think, and why should we love them anyway?Images/Videos we talk about:New Yorker Comic about the Deep SeaThe Phantom Jellyfish (warning for Thalassophobia)The Venus Flow Basket SpongeSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:04) The Abyssopelagic Zone(00:54:21) The Crystal Healing Boom(01:26:19) Time Capsules(01:54:18) OutroWe also learn about: The Zones of the Ocean, the midnight zone, the hadal zone in the trenches, Tom forgets that water freezes, cold water and thermal vents, pompeii worm’s bacterial jacket, chemosynthesis, the deep see adaptation alarm, pisolite, it’s a myth that more people have been to space than the bottom of the ocean, the challenger deep, deep sea and moon exploration were happening around the same time, we actually DO know more about the sea than the moon, the abyssal plains is half the planet… but people don’t care, thalassophobia, there are no amateur deep sea explorers, the enigmitization of the deep sea, deep sea gigantism, why not visit the deep and eat delicious foot long shrimp, phantom jellyfish, venus flower baskets symbiosis is WILD, 500 sea pigs facing in the same direction, the burglar alarm atolla jellyfish, artificial E Jelly lure, gelatinous little guys, “i thought that bit was gonna be way better than it was”, lateral line, the cusk eel is the deepest fish, whales dive deeper to send messages farther, marine snow, Ella pulls a Caroline, deep sea nodule mining, we can still like things and not believe in them scientifically, crystals DON'T date to ancient Egypt, amethyst hangover cure, to be fair they didn’t even know what crystals were, bad economic or healthcare pressures may push folks to crystals, crystals do actually have vibrational properties just not those kinds! the piezoelectric effect, quartz watches and pickups, paranormal powers placebo or priming, a great psych experiment where no one had to take LSD, we love a repeatable study, the real benefits of crystals from placebo and community, confirmation bias is powerful and good, actually harmful crystals, don’t give babies crystals for teething, gems are just shiny, you can ship of theseus the voyager topic from every time we mention it, foundation deposits weren’t exactly time capsule but were cool, leaving notes in houses, Time Capsules are optimistic and kind of silly, the dissappointed norweigan time capsule kids, deciding what to put in a capsule is really really tricky, what is sublime and what is trivial? taking a picture of a polroid, the interesting complications of time capsules, the time travel fever, “artificial special collections”, Tom’s own time capsule from 6th grade, good teachers are so good. Caroline’s gonna cry again!Sources:The Deep Ocean: Life in the AbyssThe Abyssal ZoneHow Do Animals Survive in the Deep Ocean?ChemosynthesisWe Know More About the MoonWe Know More About the Moon 2Gene FeldmanFear and loathing of the deep ocean: why don't people care about the deep sea?"Venus Flower Basket "Eye in the SeaHow We Found the Giant SquidHuman ImpactSpecies in the CCZ---The Guardian: American Anxiety Drives A Crystal BoomOprah Daily: Healing CrystalsStanford: Understanding People's Obsession with CrystalsTime: Do Crystals WorkLivescience: Crystal HealingOED: AmethystRobert Boyle: An Essay About the Origine & Virtues of Gems1981 Paper: Piezoelectric Effects in Quartz-Rich RocksPiezoelectricity and Its Applications2008 Paper: Prescribing “placebo treatments”: results of national survey of US internists and rheumatologistsThe New England Journal of Medicine: Why Unconventional Medicine?2010 Paper: Mystical Stones in Oncology: Crystal Healing Power or Perfect Nonsense?Stanford Medicine: Patient Mindset Matters in Healing and Deserves More StudyForbes Health: Healing CrystalsNationwide Children's: The Dangers of Amber Teething NecklacesIGS: Gemstone Toxicity Table---William E Jarvis Paper on Time CapsulesEgyptian Foundation DepositsMatt Novak Interview on Time CapsulesBoring Norwegian Time CapsuleAtlantic's "The Paradox of Time Capsules"History of Westinghouse Time CapsuleThe Book Inside the Westinghouse Time CapsuleScience Reporting on the Westinghouse Time CapsuleThe Local Michigain Time Capsule

Why are lawns so bad, and what could we grow instead? How much can we learn from an esoteric word like Psammophile? And why is the Guinness Book of World Records wonderful and terrible at the same time?Images/Videos we talk about:Snakes in SandThe Jerboa/Kangaroo Rat/Kangaroo MouseSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:44) Lawn Loathing(00:45:55) Spelling Psammophile(01:19:26) Guinness World Records(01:50:38) OutroWe also learn about: lawn enjoyer (derogatory), there are 6x more lawn than corn in the US, how we developed our lawn fetish in the 17th century, the pesticide and fertilizer boom after WWII, the more money and knowledge you have the worse lawns get for the environment, runoff powered sargassum seaweed, 30% of drinking water used for lawns, lawns aren’t even the best greenery for your mental health, “your granny cant push the lawnmower around” okay I don’t want her too! astroturf is even worse, when the sun engulfs the earth all that will remain is our plastic lawns, the no-mow-movement, the alternative lawn movement, make an animal crossing lawn! Ella and Caroline fail the spelling bee, what makes a word tricky, 3 letter words are the trickiest, Ella steals the word, ventifacts, sand actually holds water better, granular physics in a scorpion paper, sidewinder snakes drifting while doing the worm, snake scale fingerprint, ecomorphological convergence, the adorable Jerboa or Kangaroo Rat are in Dune unchanged, Jerboas can kick sand onto traps, foot drumming, “the rats would rather drum than fight”, sandy fungi, our childhood obsessions with Guinness records, people are weird! the origin of the Guinness World Records, I’ll prove to them who’s the fastest bird! the eccentric fact finding twin brothers, may we hope to turn heat into light”, the 4 types of Guinness world record, marketing records, the analog to digital downfall, over half of the top 100 brands have records, Guinness is a native advertising company, brands really need empowering, laundering governments apolitcally, most lightning strikes to a person, a good record makes you wonder Sources:Scientific American: The American Obsession with LawnsBBC: Should People Get Rid of Their Garden Lawns?Gardens Illustrated: The History of LawnsPsychology Today: The Strange Pstchology of the American LawnThe Guardian: Lawns Are Such A YawnJSTOR: Your Green Lawn is Harming the Environment2015 Paper: Lawn as a cultural and ecological phenomenon: A conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research2020 Paper: Lawns in Cities: From a Globalised Urban Green Space Phenomenon to Sustainable Nature-Based Solutions2005 Paper: Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United StatesNSF: Are Our Lawns Biological Deserts?2023 Paper: Rewilding in Miniature: Suburban Meadows Can Improve Soil Microbial Biodiversity and Soil HealthScientific American: How Fertilizers Harm Earth More Than Help Your Lawn2017 Paper: Is All Urban Green Space the Same? A Comparison of the Health Benefits of Trees and Grass in New York CityThe Guardian: Turf It Out: Is It Time to Say Goodbye to Artificial Grass?PlantLife: No Mow MayBBC: No Mow May Blamed for Rise in Hedgehog InjuriesUniversity of Cambridge: Can An Iconic Meadow Seed Wider Change?---538 Article on Spelling Bee DataJoseph White on Word Selection ProcessThe Wikipedia Page for PsammophileAmazing Paper on Psammophile Ecology and ScorpionsEnergy Cost of Walking/Running on SandNYTimes on Sidewinder SnakesSidewinder EcologySidewinder Microscopic Scale DifferencesJerboa EvasivenessJerboa Foot DrummingKangaroo Rat EcologyPsammophile Fungi---3 Months on a RollerCoasterImogen West Knights Guardian ArticleVox ArticlePlanet Money Podcast: Is Record Breaking BrokenGuinness MarketingIn the Interest of FairnessTurkmenistan ControversyGuinness response to John OliverFind Guinness Records Here

What previous scientific theories would turn into the ones we know today, and what can they teach us? Why is Tuberculosis still a thing in the modern age? And who were the Radium girls, and what did they give us?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:Oh Fuck Tom and Ella and Caroline, theory vs pseudoscience, scientific glow up, the LLE game show theme, any time Tom isn’t talking he’s doing a little dance, preformationism, tiny growing dinosaur gametes, miasma, spontaneous generation, the amber effect, Darwin couldn’t sleep thinking about geology, what a nerd, the expanding earth, every theory can be explained by little expanding dinosaurs, Marie Tharp’s “Girl Talk, revisiting Vulcan, planet mnemonics, Ella snipes the answer, an actual Einstein name drop, Einstein was so excited to think he could solve the mercury problem, my topic superseded yours, what is Tuberculosis, TB is at least 9,000 years old, when TB was romanticized (by the wealthy), “how interesting he looks in dying”, TOM STOP DANCING!, people think this is a disease of old but it’s not, antibacterial resistance could be as big a threat as climate change, 1 Billion people have latent TB, the real enemy once again is capitalism, novel’s rapid test, there’s no Return on Investment with TB research, unless you patent the cure, J&J COULD SELL IT FOR A QUARTER AND STILL MAKE A PROFIT, only 40,000 people have received bedaquiline in 11 years, evergreening a patent is Sinister, amnesty period of science in the misc topic, even with nobel prizes scientists didn't realize how dangerous this stuff was, the Curies are buried in led coffins, Curie’s legacy is “literally untouchable”, Will It Radium? Radium Schokolade, it’s rejuvenating! radium quackery, radium silk, the government said it MUST have radium if you’re advertising it does, alpha radiation mostly hurts when ingested, glowing radium dust dresses, surely THIS is how they got poisoned right?? touching the brush to the lips was a cost saving measure, radiation poisoning sucks, the US radium corp claimed the women were just suffering from syphilis, hiding scientific investigations, the radium girls fight against capitalism and make labor history, radium girls lead to an international nuclear treaty, but they still sold radium tonics! Byers’ photograph helped ban radithol, the podcast make you old.Sources:Wikipedias list of Superseded TheoriesMiasmaSpontaneous GenerationThomas Browne's Origins of ElectricityExcerpt on Amber from Yamamoto's "The Pull Of History"Scientific American on Darwin's GeologyCathy Barton on Expanding Earth TheoryMarie TharpHow Le Verrier came to Believe in VulcanRoyal Society: The Eclipse that Verified EinsteinNat Geo & Thomas Levenson on Vulcan and Einstein---TB PathologyTuberculosis: A Fashionable Disease?9000 Year Old TBThe Other PandemicTreating TBDiagnosing TBNovel ChegouBedaquiline ApprovalBedaquiline EfficacyBedaquiline CostBedaquiline patent---Science Museum Group: The Radium Girls Britannica: Radium Britannica: Marie Curie Nobel Prize: Marie Curie Physics awardsNobel Prize: Marie Curie- Overview The Atlantic: How We Realized Putting Radium in Everything Was Not the AnswerNature Chemistry: The Realities of RadiumCNN: When Beauty Products Were Radioactive Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity: Radithor Britannica: Radium GirlsLibrary of Congress Blogs: Radium Girls The Radium Girls Websit Inside Hook: Radium Girls Legacy NPR: Radium Girls Legacy

Special guests Alex Schmidt and Katie Goldin from Secretly Incredibly Fascinating and Creature Feature answer: Have birds ever been to space? Why does Katie love birds so much? And how did Alex bring about the bison emoji to everyone's phones?Things we Talk About:The Quails in Space video we watched over and overThe Club Winged Manakin's "Call"Katie's Snoopy ComicsSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:07:13) Space Birds(00:38:46) Birds & Bison Emoji(00:54:59) OutroWe also learn about: Birds have home field advantage here, DIY animal behavior major, baby elephant soccer coach, a big podcast stew, why can’t birds just fly to space, we all share one brain cell, the Karman line, Ruppell's griffon vulture once flew into a jet engine, or rather the engine ate the bird, vultures are actually clean birds, high altitude vultures have blood adaptations, don’t dope vulture blood, USA lost the birds in space race, space farming, cloacal docking with the ISS, the quails in space video breaks us, who will teach the first generation of space quails? Chernobyl birds, stop doing unjustified wars and send chernobyl birds to space, Chix in Space, Katie wants to put a hummingbird in space, Canadian goose alien, Katie’s childhood Wile E Cayoe trap, birds relatable alien adorably arrogant dinosaurs, club winged manakin stridulation calls, Alex’s 18 page bison proposal, bird aliens return to the feet of a bison emoji statue, how Katie met Alex, Katie’s Peanuts comics, all great friendships start with an amazing bit.Sources:Audubon: The Amazing Story of the Cold War Space-Egg RaceAudubon's Initially Mistaken Blog on Space BirdsSmithsonian on Bird Flight HeightSmithsonian Zoo on Ruppell's Griffon VultureNasa on the Edge of SpaceCornell Bird Lab on Japanese Quail

How long have we been searching for Gravitational Waves? What is the loneliest animal, and what does it mean to be lonely? And what really makes graffiti... graffiti?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:26) Gravitational Waves(00:41:01) The Loneliest Animal(01:14:17) Graffiti(01:45:21) OutroWe also learn about: Invisible ripples in spacetime that move at the speed of light and squeeze and stretch spacetime, Aristotle would have lost his mind at gravitational waves, Einstein’s theory of general relativity, gravity is bends in spacetime, Einstein’s 1915 prediction, gravitational waves are stupid… unless? pulsars are cosmic lighthouses, binary pulsars are two bowling balls dropped in a lake that we think are big enough to ripple to our shore, Einstein predicted them and then we found them, I found a math drawing in space, LIGO finding gravitational waves 100 years after Einstein’s theory, thank you Yano, gravitational waves click with Caroline, LIGO can measure 1/10,000th the width of a proton, measuring the collision of 2 black holes 1.3 billion years ago, International Pulsar Timing Array, the hum of the universe, the background hum of hundreds of thousands of black holes merging, hypothetical one dimensional cosmic strings, i thought you said this was silly, have you ever been alone in a crowded room, "I want to know what loneliness is to you Ella”, the elusive snow leopard, “just tell me how snow leopards fuck Caroline”, lonely ants live 11 times shorter, giving mirrors to make cows less lonely, the song of the Kauai Oo, lonesome George sold out, Albert the Albatross’s theme song, Albie the Albatross, finding 52 Blue the whale from declassified hydrophones, capitalism isolates animals too! are we projecting and processing loneliness onto conservation, Tom’s contractual Carly Rae Jepsen mention, graffiti used to only mean ancient graffiti, farts for the old man, I am Hiyya! Lysias is Handsome, is graffiti art? Kilroy was here, Faulkner wants to write a Kilroy was here, remember the writer and the reader and me, transient and permanent graffiti, NYC Subway Graffiti, “How did they do that?!”, graffiti as high art, Ivan + Hayley, local graffiti, Taki 183, Warren Robinett’s Atari graffiti, fuck you I was hereSources:LIGO: What are gravitational waves?The History of Gravitational WavesPulsarsWhat is LIGOLIGO 2015 DiscoveryCosmic ChirpsNANOGravInternational Pulsar Timing ArrayPulsar Timing ArraysThe NANOGrav 15 yr Data SetCosmic Strings---Snow Leopard Trust2022 Paper: Neurobiology of Loneliness, Isolation, and Loss: Integrating Human and Animal Perspectives2015 Paper: Social Isolation Causes Mortality by Disrupting Energy Homeostasis in Ants2019 Paper: Can Access to an Automated Grooming Brush and/or a Mirror Reduce Stress of Dairy Cows Kept in Social Isolation?Forbes: Companion Parrots May Be Less Lonely When They Phone Their Feathered FriendsGalapagos Conservancy: Lonesome GeorgeSmithsonian: Spix’s MacawThe Call of the Kauai OoBBC: No Romance for Lovesick AlbatrossRSPB: The Black-browed Albatross, Albie, at RSPB Bempton CliffsThe Guardian: Albie the AlbatrossNOS: Why Do Whales Make Sounds?Smithsonian: Maybe the World’s Loneliest Whale Isn’t So Isolated, After AllThe Guardian: The Search for the Loneliest Whale in the WorldPBS: Ship Noises Mute the Songs of Humpback Whales2018 Paper: Change in Singing Behavior of Humpback Whales Caused by Shipping Noise---UCL Jeanine Ancelet on History of GraffitiPenn Museum on Mayan GraffitiASOR on Ancient Near East GraffitiSmithsonian Mag on Pompeii GraffitiIAS on the Athenodoros GraffitiBoston College Pompeii Graffiti TranslationMuseum of Cycladic ArtTim O Gorman on KilroyWilliam Falkner at UVA Q&A TranscriptHistory of American Graffiti Authors on PBSColosseum GraffitiHarvard International Review on BanksyNYT Interview with Taki183Adam Clayton's Letter to AtariRobinett on Adventure Easter EggWired Interview with Robinett

How complicated is trying to scientifically study gender? Why does it feel like water get discovered on Mars every other month? And what's so great about these pigeons I see everywhere?Images we talk about:The Brain Gender ChartThe Jacobin PigeonThe Pouter PigeonSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:38) Gender Complexity(00:42:27) Mars Water Deja Vu(01:18:16) Pigeons(01:38:21) OutroWe also learn about: Caroline snipes Tom’s joke, let’s talk about sex, “I do it and I have one”, sex is a bimodal distribution, defining sex is like defining a tree, have you ever had a gender that… that…, women men girls and boys, gender as separate from sex, Money’s awful gender experiment, sample size: David, why haven’t they just tried… talking to people? Hasbro lobbying Big Hormone pink and blue brains have a lot of overlap, news of mars water is like news of the first gay Disney character, we found a full britta filter on mars, the first water on mars theory, Herschel thought people lived in the sun, all the things we’ve sent to mars, the “““first””” evidence of water on mars, “““recent””” water on mars, saying we found water on mars makes it sound like we’re tackling the same problem over and over, we’re learning all kinds of stuff about mars, yes there’s water on mars but first let’s define water, gender neutral martians, “sublimate” makes Caroline happy, there is sometimes and maybe water on mars, there definitely used to be water on mars, martian time periods, stop personifying mars Caroline, “the planet Vulcan’; the astronomers still watching intently”, the precovery of Pluto 15 years before its discovery, the rock dove became the pigeon, pigeons were domesticated multiple times, pigeons may be the first domesticated bird, 350 breeds of domesticated pigeons, met gala pigeon looks, endurance pigeons flying for 22 hours, homing pigeon navigation, reddit quotes, the pigeon origins of Reuters, these are kinds of jokes you can support with your donation, listener submitted comeback, world war pigeons, 36 Dickin Medals went to pigeons, feral domestic pigeons, pigeons are better pets than parrots, stress egg laying, Darwin loved pigeons.Sources:Sex and Gender by Archer and Lloyd, 2002.A Brief History of ‘Gender’Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl PEW: On Gender Differences, No Consensus on Nature vs. Nurture2008 Paper: The Nature and Nurture of Gender1993 Paper: Physical attractiveness of boys with gender identity disorder2019 Paper: Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientationCleveland Clinic: Androgens2022 paper: Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity2020 Paper: Brain Sex Differences Related to Gender Identity Development: Genes or Hormones?2020 Paper: Neuroscience and Sex/Gender: Looking Back and ForwardPBS: Map of Gender Diverse Cultures Article: Indigenous Tribes Embraced Gender Fluidity Prior to ColonisationMIT: Gender Pay GapSTEM Women: The Gender Pay Gap in STEM---Early Mars Ovservations and the CanalsWilliam Herschel on Mars to the Royal SocietyBasalla on Herschel's Sun People TheoryLowell to Nature on Life on MarsLowell's Mars Canal ObsessionList of Mars MissionsVox's Mars Water ArticleNasa 2015 Press ReleaseNasa 2017 Walk Back Press ReleaseNYTimes 2015 Water on MarsNYTimes 2018 Lake on MarsSpace.com 2022 Water could be Magma"Recent" Water Found on MarsAsk a Nasa Scientist "Is There Water on Mars"Stability of the Liquid Water Phase on MarsNasa on Mars In DepthSmithsonian Magazine Water on MarsNYTimes Planet Vulcan Reporting 1876The Precovery of Pluto---Wendall Levi: Pigeon GuyJacobin PigeonPouter PigeonSquabsGilbert & Shapiro: Pigeon DomesticationDomestic Pigeons PaperWhy Pigeons, Not Parrots

It's our first Best Of episode! We sat down to listen to and talk about the topics YOU told us were your favorites!Temporal Illusions! Eurovision! Dodos, and so much more! Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The handsome Dr. Ella Hubber, if a friend recommended this to you they’re amazing and didn’t start that orphanage fire, declaring Tom’s love for Carly in the first episode, the first “Comedy”, Tom’s Eurovision indoctrination, the grim Holiday Episode, *aggressively podcasts at man*, seeing Tom’s wheels spinning, Let’s Go To Therapy Together!

What are some of the wildest ways that eyes have evolved? What would happen if we got rid of all mosquitos, and how would we even do it? And how on Earth did some Canadians come to love bagged milk?Images we talk about:The Picture Tom had on his Dorm WallThe Sheep VideoSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:15) Eyevolution(00:44:03) Eliminating Mosquitos(01:18:11) Bagged Milk(01:41:18) OutroWe also learn about: Ella you’ve made it! it’s bagged milk all the way down, organs of extreme perfection and complication, misquoting Darwin, this is cliche because this is where this came from, Darwin’s clickbait, Eyevolution 2 Eyelectric BoogEyeloo, eye diagrams on Tom’s dorm wall, octopi are aliens, we are the ones with backward photoreceptors, you’re perfect just the way you are, horizontal and vertical pupils, cats have built in sunglasses, taller animals have rounder pupils, using the blur gradient for depth perception most, birds have circular pupils, compensatory cyclovergence in goats, horror writers have rotating goat eyes, w shaped pupils in cuttlefish, heart shaped pupils, frog pupils are a mystery, “I ought to conquer the cold shudder”, it’s just 1 mosquito species or 3,000, mosquitos are on every continent, vegetarian mosquitos, blood drinking mosquitos only drink blood to reproduce, I thought we were capri suns, *joke about women here*, palette, no plant requires mosquito pollination, the mosquito fish, mosquitos are delectable… uh… for fish, does every entomologist eat bugs, dark clouds of arctic mosquitos, cleaning pools just lacks that wow factor, mosquitos annoy caribou to death, the ecosystem would hiccup and move on, the invisible hand of mosquitos, nearly half of all people ever to live have been killed by mosquito disease, extirpation, the classic sterile insect technique has been used since the 1950s, you are the third person I’ve known whose had to sex fruit flies, “Ella’s Virgins”, filling mosquitos with good bacteria, spider venom fungus to brutally kill mosquitos, why are you here Sabrina, casual Ella lore drop about living in Canada, milk with the skin on, you don’t raw dog the milk bag, a heavy cold hacky sack, metric system looking pretty sexy, the metrication of Canada, this new fancy bag milk technology, too much marketing brain, demetricating, DIY bag milk, Sabrina’s got big misc energy.Sources: The Origin of SpeciesSerb & Eernisse on Cephalopod EyesDavid Holmes on the "Weird Wiring" of our EyesLabin & Ribak One Theory Why Our Eyes are Wired BackwardsThe Amazing Meta-Analysis of Pupil Shape from Banks et al.NPR Interview of Eye ResearchersW Shaped Pupil of CuttlefishPupil Diversity in FrogsDarwin's Leter to Asa---Ecology: A world without MosquitoesWhat would happen if we eliminated the worlds mosquitoesThe different types of mosquitoesMalaria FactsIrradiated mosquitoesGM MosquitoesWorld Mosquito ProgramMosquito Killing Fungus---CBC on Selling Milk in BagsMetrication - A Guide for Consumers (1974)Report on Canadian Metrication ProgressCBC on Canada's Bagged Milk History

Who is the most recent human we all share our DNA with? How can CRISPR be used to help the climate crisis? And what do telephones have to do with music?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:22) Mitochondrial Eve(00:39:21) Climate Change CRISPR(01:14:15) Telephone Music(01:47:15) OutroImages we talk about:Early Headphone AdvertisementWe also learn about: Dartboard topics, Most recent common female ancestor, that’s actually the topic! endosymbiotically engulfing mitochondria, every animal now has this little friend, a fly gets caught in a photocopier and now we can’t live without it, mitochondrial DNA is only passed down the female line, mitochondrial DNA mutates once every 8,000 years, mitochondrial eve may have existed 150,000 years ago, eve wasn’t alone but she was our common ancestor, the eve of sperm whales was only 10,000 years ago, for squids it was 35,000 years, “won’t somebody think of the men”, Y Chromosomal Adam may have come from 210,000 years ago, concestor, simulating the concestor in a simulation, it’s not really a family tree it’s a messy web that we can draw a triangle around, GMOs vs Gene Editing, cool rad interspersed short palindromic repeats, tell them about how repairs happen! just some extracurricular learning, tom guesses cow farts in one, fartless cows without editing the cows themselves, we could eat less meet or just genome edit our way out of this, blue ribbon cow fart judge, is this a bandaid? making plants work harder to absorb CO2, photosynthesis labor laws, it’s not just “eat more carbon” it’s also grow deeper roots, “adapting the world to suit our misuse, rather than trying to improve our own behavior”, who needs pesticides when you have ugly plants, the scientific community is carefully thinking about these things, head phones, switchboard operators, that’s so gool, tom puts the podcast on hold, the devil invented hold music, hold music and temporal perception. no music makes time slow down, the fans of hold music, Tim Carleton’s stereo mistake “yeah… sorry about that”, the vocal encoder, mmm whatcha say, “it is the identity of our artistic project”, Ella’s Sherlock ringtone, Dark Blue, a book about making ringtones, 346 certified gold ringtones, Beyonce is the ringtone queen, ringtone podcasts, can only hope we’re causing as many people bodily harm as possibleSources:No, a Mitochondrial “Eve” Is Not the First Female in a SpeciesOrigin of MitochondriaBiologos: Mitochondrial Eve and Y Chromosome AdamMitochondrial DNA and human evolutionAll About Mitochondrial Eve: An Interview with Rebecca CannMolecular ClockHaplogroupsGiant Squid Mitochondrial EveSequencing Y Chromosomes Resolves Discrepancy in Time to Common Ancestor of Males Versus FemalesThe 'extremely ancient' chromosomeMost Recent common ancestor---National Human Genome Research Institue: What is genome editing?GOV.UK: Plans to unlock power of gene editing unveiledNature: History of Agricultural Biotechnology: How Crop Development has EvolvedSynthego: History of Genetic Engineering and the Rise of Genome Editing ToolsBROAD Institute: Questions and Answers about CRISPR2021 Paper: Application of Gene Editing for Climate Change in AgricultureInnovature: Gene Editing Is A Key To Environmental Sustainability2021 Paper: EU policy must change to reflect the potential of gene editing for addressing climate change2019 Paper: Application of genetic modification and genome editing for developing climate-smart bananaUC Davis: Can CRISPR Cut Methane Emissions From Cow Guts?Article: Biotech company claims genetic selection can cut methane emissions in cattle2017 Paper: Is Editing the Genome for Climate Change Adaptation Ethically Justifiable?Cut and Paste - Francis Crick Institude---Headphone History from Smithsonian MagHold Music Technicalities from NPRThe Influence of Music on Temporal Perceptions in an on-hold Waiting SituationThis American Life Hold Music EpisodeTim Carleton's Opus No 1 from The AtlanticOpus No 1 in Mono and Carleton's CommentVocal Encoder PatentLogic Manual on Vocoder HistoryDaft Punk Vocoder InterviewBook on Ring TonesCNN Ring Tone Interviews from 2006RIAA Gold & Platinum RingtonesCNN on Phone Music

Tom threw out his voice screaming about the new Zelda game (not actually) so we're delaying the next episode. But! We're not shifting the release schedule so the next episode will still come out the Thursday after!In the meantime, check out the episode of Veritasium that Tom researched and wrote! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMQbHMgK2rw

What are the myths and facts around the hormonal birth control pill? Why are there two highest points on Earth, and does that teach us about our planet? And what are all the ways period products affect the world we live in?Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:04) The Pill(00:52:01) The 2 Highest Points on Earth(01:28:28) Period Products(01:49:10) OutroWe also learn about: Now that’s a rabbithole I can go down, taking half the pill makes you bi, LLE now played in health classes across the nation, the Ebers papyrus, they weren’t just using contraception they were communicating it, ancient Egyptian RAs, can’t get pregnant when you’re dead from mercury poisoning, the witch bull, bundling is the x games of abstinence, Tom definitely knows how the pill works, it’s not that men don’t know about women’s health it’s that women have to know about men’s health too, 1827 we discover the egg, 1843 confirmed conception happens when sperm enters the egg, the worlds fair of contraception, the American Birth Control League, Ella has a revelation, if I were a contraception and you took me I’d be an oral contraception, the original pill was 66x stronger to try to prove it was effective, bogus bad faith birth control studies, don’t well me, the Earth is squished because it spins, Team Everest vs Team Chimborazo, what the fuck is sea level, NERD I KNOW YOU’RE DOING MATH, nonbinary sex ed is just learning about mountains, 8,000 meters above Church, the air-sea interface, the metonic cycle of 19 years, carrying sea level, that’s what Tom gets for planning a joke, the geoid, a slide from Everest to Chimborazo, the death zone, our third ancient Egypt reference, Hypatia throws a pad, i got you a 100 rock that’s what you need right? the black hole of period history, you can’t abstinence periods, if you’ve used a sanitary belt join the discord! using WWII bandages, menstrual products vs the environment, the menstrual cup recommended by 3/3 members of the podcast, period poverty, the pink tax and the tampon tax, menstrual contact “turns new wine sour” “hives of bees die”, the stigma and cost of menstrual products, efforts to reduce period poverty, sniping review corner.Sources:Paper: The history of contraception: From ancient egyptians to the "morning after"NYT: In Ancient Times, Flowers and Fennel For Family PlanningNHS: Sex and contraception after birthThe Bull of Innocent VIIIMercury Policy MIT: History Of Mercury Use in Products and ProcessesBook: Encyclopedia of Motherhood, Volume 1Paper: Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old SouthUN: Contraceptive Use by MethodPBS: The Timeline of the PillVox: Where The Pill is FreePlanned Parenthood: History of the PillPaper: Return to fertility following discontinuation of oral contraceptivesPaper: “They Destroy the Reproductive System”: Exploring the Belief that Modern Contraceptive Use Causes InfertilityThe Guardian: Contraceptive Pill 'Can Lead Women to Choose Wrong Partner'Paper: MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptivesPaper: The impact of combined oral contraceptives on ocular tissues: a review of ocular effectsPaper: Oral contraceptive use in women changes preferences for male facial masculinity and is associated with partner facial masculinityPaper: Relationship Satisfaction and Outcome in Women Who Meet Their Partner While Using Oral Contraception---NOAA on the Tallest MountainNat Geo on Sea LevelBritannica Definition of Sea LevelBradshaw's History of English LevellingNOAA on the Metonic CycleVox on the GeoPolitics of SurveyingNOAA's New Datum for 2025GIS Geography on the GeoidESRI on the GeoidEverest's Death ZoneScientific American on the GeoidCiro Pabon on the Practicality of Sea Level---Menstruation Products in the Science MuseumHistory of The TamponThe Evolution of Menstrual ProductsEnviromenstrual Fact SheetWhich Period Products Are Best for the Environment?The Tampon Tax: Everything You Need to KnowTampon Tax AbolishedAction Aid: Period Poverty

Special guest Ellen Weatherford joins us to ask: just how interesting can water and fish be? And are there any pokemon inspired by strange but real animals? Check out Ellen's podcasts "Just the Zoo of Us" and "Spellbound and Gagged"Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: defining fish, “just be cool about it”, defining drowning, Ellen and Caroline teach Tom and Ella about where water oxygen comes from, history of breathing, where we’re going we don’t need bones, christmas tree worm, osmoregulation and ion gradients i love it and i wish i understood it better, keeping a salt backpack, gills and lungs, “sorry for the crisis”, I’ve been sleeping on fish, mmmmm actually gonna evolve back to the water, can I get a return on these lungs? but what we’re talking about is drowning. cold water more oxygen, arapaima, ding ding ding drowning yay! thousand mile dead zones, only some sharks need to move to breathe, Ram Ventilation vs Buccal Pumping at Coachella, buccal vs buckle, asmr buccal pumping, tuna need to swim or drown, letting arapaima rest in your arms, learning to love fish, Spiders and Commitment, alligators vs manatees, singing a B flat for gators, alligator snapping turtle, bringing Ellen to party, Wooper and Clodsire, the iberian ribbed newt, obliterating your future husband with a Whimsicott.Sources:WHO Definition of DrowningOrigin of Gills2022 Gill Ion Regulation PaperEvolution of LungsLung Conversion to Swim BladdersHow Fish Deal with SalinitySalmon OsmoregulationBullshark OsmoregulationCold Water Holds more OxygenHypoxia Adaptations in the Amazon RainforestAir Breathing ArapaimaGill RemodelingGulf of Mexico Dead ZoneHypoxia Task ForceTuna Ram Ventilation

Is there more to learn than to fear from toxic animals? How would we warn future humans about present dangers? And what are better ways for us to be buried? Things we mention:WIPP Mock Up ImagesSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:This ant can kill 1 million elephants, haven’t found a venomous mushroom… yet, a lot of my friends are toxic frogs, nom nom nom I eat poison, don’t touch shit, from none to death, the schmidt sting index, I want the data not the sting, what schmidts data was actually saying, some toxins don’t correlate with pain or lethality, venomous mammals are have in common that they’re disregarded, shrews beareth a cruel mind, arguably venomous slow lorises, expanding our definition of toxicity, letting tom load a joke, protecting the future from caroline’s savage burns, the waste isolation pilot plant, 573 known extinct languages, I can haz nuclear waste? skull and crossbones, cubed morphines, “this place is a message…this place is not a place of honor”, landscape of thorns, forboding blocks, it’s giving kiki, taking a photo on a spike for the gram, nucelar priesthood, ray cats, “they didnt really care what we said i think”, understanding our past to connect to our future, just leave a dvd of the mummy, we’ve been burying people for 120,000 years, inventing oven crypts in the 1800s, gotta workshop the name oven crypt, “I want to be in a big bone pit”, lots of places resuse plots, just walking past a pile of tombstones! blasting our relatives into the stratosphere, natural burials, fungus coffins, water cremation.Sources:Poison, Venom, ToxungensAtlas Obscura Schmidt Sting IndexNPR Justin Schmidt InterviewFirst Sting Index Paper: Hemolytic Activities of Stinging Insect VenomsEvolution of Stings and SocialityNYTimes Interview with SchmidtVenomous Mammals: A ReviewNekaris Paper on Loris Bites Between Each OtherLoris Venom for CommunicationLoris Venom for Cobra MimicryShrew Spit Tames Cancer CellsJustin Schmidt Obituary---The US Energy Department Waste Isolation Pilot PlantEPA What is Transuranic Radioactive Waste?Understanding Extinct Languages: When and Why They Die OffJolly RogerPirates, Poison, and Professors: A Look at the Skull and Crossbones SymbolExpert Judgement on Markers to Deter Inadvertent Human Intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot PlantSummary of WIPP Team A report with imagesVice: How to Warn the Future About Toxic WasteYucca Mountain Nuclear Waste RepositoryNevada Attorney General: The Fight Against Yucca MountainThe Ray Cat Solution---BBC: Death Rituals in the Animal KingdomBBC: What Happens When We Run Out of Space to Bury the DeadBBC: The World is Running Out of Burial SpaceA Thought Experiment by J. HarringtonForbes: Rising to Heaven Dawn: South Africa's Graveyard Generation Mourns IOL: What About the Ancestors Paper: The environmental pollution caused by cemeteries and cremations: A reviewEA: The Grave Issue of Pollution From Cemeteries Sending Your Ashes to SpacesSmithsonian: What is Water CremationAsk A MorticianAsk A Mortician: Water CremationAsk A Mortician: Green Burial Options

Apologies all, Ella's computer kicked the bucket, so we'll be back next week with a fresh episode!

IT'S THE MAX FUN DRIVE!!!See our Game Night Livestream Monday March 27th at 5pm EST!Get cool drive rewards and listen to our special bonus episode!Can Large Language Models be used for good in scientific fields? Could space smell... good? And what olympic events have we tried, abandoned, and completely forgotten about?Things we mention:Compulsory FiguresSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:Using ChatGPT to break up with your partner, it’s all very dry, you have to know the knowledge going in, LLMs are tools not databases, ChatGPT as a co-author, authorship carries accountability, Galactica was only public for 3 days, you can’t use galactica anymore happy??? racist protien AI, Protien and Chemistry Language Models are amazing, transparency with AI, the Bloom Project, ChatGPT emotionally ends the episode early, be funnier, in space no one can smell you smell, Venus smells like eggs, Tom volunteers to smell space, how smell works, don’t breathe if you’re driving, olfactory epithelium, 40 million olfactory neurons. a 40 million piece slimy jigsaw in my nose, asmr smells, 1 atom per cubic centimeter in space, Tim Peake’s answer, the smell of static, getting a refund for Tim’s answer, making ozone in space, sexy dying stars, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, your grill makes star smell, raspberries at the center of our universe, a number so big it makes you laugh, the IRAM telescope, one of the largest interstellar molecules, I’ll show you Tim Peake! I was looking for amino acids but now I know what the black hole cloud might smell like, combining all the smells into a cocktail, who knows what the rest of space smells like! No, I’m going to fight you Caroline, Koribos wins the entire Olympics, the rise in wells, ancient pump up music, armor racing a car with 4 minds of its own, the 5 month long Olympics, putting the figure in figure skating, dueling flash mob, the wonder of demonstration sports, goal ball, Olympic tiktoking, hurting Caroline and Ella with the art Olympics, write fanfiction for us, at least they had standards to not give medals, that’s my dad on a bike! trying can be more poetic than poetry.Sources:How ChatGPT worksWhat ChatGPT and Generative AI Mean for Science – NatureNature Biomedical Engineering PaperChatGPT: Five Prioroties for Research – NatureSpecialised LLMs – Toward Data ScienceGalactica Only Survived Three DaysMed-BERTNVIDIA Blog on Biology LLMsBloom: the Open LLM---TedEd: How Does Smell Work?Tim Peak- What Space Smells LikeAustralian Academy of ScienceIncreased complexity in Interstellar Chemistry 2009NASA: Comet 67P/ Churyumov-GerasimenkoSpace: Comet 67PSmithsonian: Asteroid 162173 RyuguScientific America: Four Great Scents From Outer Space---Hippias' History of OlympicsHugh Lee's Paper on the First Recorded OlympicsMET: Ancient OlympicsIOC: Chariot RacingOfficial Record of Early Olympics GamesLA Times: Compulsory FiguresSkating Scene: Compulsory FiguresWSJ: Compulsory FiguresEllyn Kestnbaum's Culture on IceRoyal Armories: Dueling at the OlympicsGliding at he OlympicsIOC: Horse SkijoringGoalball OriginsSmithsonian Mag: Art at the OlymO Sport Poem

Today we're rebroadcasting our appearance on Just the Zoo of Us as we prepare for an episode coming NEXT week for the MaxFunDrive! On this episode we combine our shows formats to bring you a full Topic, Question, and misc, all about one of the most misunderstood, intelligent, and rascally animals: the rat!Join Tom at a MaxFunDrive Meetup!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!