Endurance Innovation

Sports aerodynamicist Ingmar Jungnickel joins the show to discuss AiRO, a new CFD-based aero analysis tool built for bike fitters and coaches. He outlines why traditional wind-tunnel and field-testing approaches struggle with cost, complexity, and repeatability, and explains how recent advances in computing and AI now make high-fidelity CFD practical at the fit-studio level. The discussion highlights AiRO’s emphasis on breadth of exploration—rapidly testing wide parameter ranges—rather than pursuing ever-higher fidelity in isolated conditions.Key Points Ingmar’s background spans wind-tunnel work, velodrome testing, CFD development, and elite projects with Specialized, the German Cycling Federation, and U.S. Speed Skating. Conventional aero tools—wind tunnels, track testing, field testing, PIV, and ultrasonic tomography—are limited by scalability, environmental control, rider repeatability, and cost. AiRO’s core components include:a parametric human model fitted from simple photographs and basic anthropometrics,a digital-twin rider posture controlled through ~18 intuitive sliders,fast, cloud-based CFD simulations. AiRO’s strategic focus is breadth over depth: enabling broad parameter sweeps, positional permutations, and large-scale exploration that would be infeasible in a tunnel or on a track. Digital repeatability eliminates rider-movement noise, one of the main sources of error in physical aero testing. Current limitations include the absence of textured-surface modelling (aero socks, advanced skinsuits) and single-yaw simulations, though both are technically feasible as compute economics improve.Links & Resources AiRO: https://airo.app Contact Ingmar Jungnickel: [email protected] AiRO Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/airo_app/

Michael welcomes UK-based triathlon coach and data analyst Russ Cox to unpack Ironman’s major overhaul of its World Championship slot allocation system. Drawing on his 14 years of statistical modeling and 16 years of coaching experience, Russ explains how Ironman’s shift from participation-based to performance-adjusted qualification is reshaping who gets to Kona — and what that means for athletes, coaches, and the broader triathlon community. The origins of Coach Cox’s Ironman results database and its evolution from manual HTML scraping to modern race analytics Key environmental and geographic factors influencing Ironman course speed (heat, humidity, elevation, wind, road surface) The 2024–25 transition from the legacy slot allocation system to Ironman’s new performance-adjusted ranking model How adjustment factors are derived from the top 20 % of Kona finishers by age group Implications of a single combined men’s/women’s pool and early evidence of gender and age-group skew Why 50–54-year-old men have disproportionately benefited, and how that may (or may not!) self-correct over time Effects on athlete race choice, qualification strategy, and how coaches can advise under the new framework Practical guidance on interpreting adjusted times and using Russ’s online tools to benchmark Kona qualification potential. Coach Cox Website – Ironman Stats & Qualification Tools Coach Russ Cox on Instagram Ironman Rules for Qualifying

This week, Michael welcomes Jamie Pugh, co-founder of EXO Analytics and senior lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University. Jamie’s research focuses on carbohydrate metabolism and the role of gut function during endurance exercise. The conversation explores the novel means that EXO Analytics brings lab-grade carbohydrate oxidation testing to athletes, the physiological insights behind carb intake, and the practical implications for fueling strategies in training and racing.Key Takeaways What EXO Analytics Measures: EXO tests how much of the carbohydrate an athlete consumes during exercise is actually used by the muscles, using stable-isotope tracers and indirect calorimetry. Why It Matters: Understanding exogenous carbohydrate oxidation helps athletes personalize fueling to avoid both under-fueling and gastrointestinal distress. Individual Variation Is Wide: Even among trained athletes, optimal carbohydrate use ranges from about 60 to 120 grams per hour, with little correlation to performance level. Gut Training & Adaptation: While athletes can improve tolerance to carbohydrate intake, current evidence doesn’t confirm that “gut training” increases absorption efficiency—though it likely improves comfort and logistics. Beyond the Lab: EXO’s home-testing kit combines breath sampling and portable metabolic measurement, offering a simplified way for athletes to assess real-world fueling capacity.To learn more, visit exoanalytics.co.uk or follow Jamie on Instagram at @jamiepughperformance.

This week, we welcome Joe Staunton, owner of Ceyrest Performance, a coaching and sport consulting company. Joe, with a background in archaeology and anthropology, offers a unique perspective on endurance sports, decision-making, and the evolving role of coaching. The conversation covers how evolutionary traits influence modern choices, the impact of information overload, and the practical application of data and AI in athletic training. Evolutionary Context of Decision-Making: Human biology has remained largely unchanged for tens of thousands of years, while society has rapidly evolved. Our capacity for shared knowledge and cooperation is a key evolutionary advantage. Mismatch Theory and Modern Challenges: We face issues because we live in environments unfamiliar to our evolutionary adaptations, such as constant information consumption and altered living patterns, impacting well-being and decision-making. Simplicity in Training & Nutrition: A core principle for both training and nutrition is simplicity. Focusing on fundamental elements, such as uncomplicate workouts and correct, periodized fueling is often more impactful than complex strategies. AI's Role in Coaching: AI is transforming coaching by automating data analysis, allowing coaches to prioritize the human element of their work—building relationships, providing guidance, and fostering intrinsic motivation.To learn more, follow Joe on Instagram.

Sam Barley, a bike fitter, aero tester for Body Rocket and triathlon coach is on the show to discuss aerodynamic testing and how it shapes bike fit. He shares how he moved from traditional bike fitting to aero-guided fit. Sam reveals surprising findings from testing top athletes, showing that what looks fast isn't always best and that real-world aero gains can differ from expectations. The conversation also covers how athletes balance getting more aero with staying comfortable and powerful for races on varied terrain.Key Takeaways Aero Testing is Key: Sam uses tools like Body Rocket for precise aerodynamic measurement. Surprising Results: Testing shows that sometimes higher positions are faster, and typical aero gear might offer smaller gains than expected. Comfort vs. Speed: It's vital to find an aero position that a rider can maintain comfortably and powerfully throughout a race. Race-Specific Setup: Elite athletes adjust their aero positions based on specific race courses and demands, not just one "fastest" setup. Practical Advice: For better aerodynamics, focus on your bike's adjustability and integrate hydration/nutrition into your aero setup during training.Give Sam a follow on Instagram: fittedbysamThe study on the aero impact of shuffling by Callum Barnes.

For this episode we welcome Ronan McLaughlin, Senior Tech Editor for Escape Collective and host of the Performance Process and Geek Warning podcasts. Michael and Ronan delve into the world of performance optimization in cycling, covering everything from aerodynamic testing nuances to higher-level strategies for improvement. Key insights include: Ronan's meticulous aero and rolling resistance testing and the 'why' behind his painstaking approach. The complexity of aerodynamic testing, and the myriad of factors that can influence results and conclusions. Ronan's philosophy around iterative improvements over silver-bullet, "fastest" setups Outside the box thinking for for performance gains

Michael and Andrew welcome professional triathlete and coach Miranda Tomenson to the podcast. Miranda shares her experience prepping for and racing the IM NA Championship in the Woodlands TX, Texas, a notoriously challenging race for athletes just shaking off winter. Following that chat, Michael and Andrew discuss their observations from the race expo and course, focusing on bike technology trends and an interesting calculation related to performance in the heat. Miranda's heat prep in training, including the construction of a makeshift heat chamber using a portable greenhouse around her indoor trainer. On race day, she encountered gastrointestinal issues during the run, which impacted her calorie absorption and ability to maintain pace. Miranda utilized the "Cool Bottle" during the bike segment, reporting that it helped provide cooling through contact points and the wet sleeve, in addition to its large fluid capacity. Michael and Andrew observed trends in bike technology at the event, including the prevalence of integrated and custom front-end cockpits on high-end bikes and the design of the new Ventum Tempus bike. Discussion on helmet design trends notes wider frontal profiles intended to integrate with the rider's shoulders and improve aerodynamics. Andrew presents a calculation showing that the difference in air density between 20°C and 30°C can equate to a power difference of approximately 8 watts at 40 km/h, potentially saving around three and a half minutes over an Ironman bike course. The episode concludes with a brief interview segment featuring professional triathlete Lauren Brandon, a veteran of Ironman Texas.

Cycling coach Marinus Petersen returns to revisit bicarbonate supplementation tips and to discuss training around the first lactate threshold (LT1).  Petersen shares his views on intensity domains, the importance of LT1, and how he incorporates this concept into his coaching. Bicarb Neutralization: A discussion on whether mixing bicarbonate with acidic substances like jelly or jam neutralizes its effectiveness. Petersen argues that the acidity of the stomach far outweighs any pre-ingestion neutralization. Practicality of Bicarb Use: The challenges of using bicarb in conjunction with a regular work schedule, and tips for timing bicarb intake around workouts. Importance of LT1: Petersen considers LT1 the most critical metric for an athlete due to the significant difference in fatigue levels when training above or below it. Measuring LT1: Lactate testing to accurately determine LT1, using 10-minute stages with 10-watt increments to pinpoint the threshold. Coaching Considerations: A discussion on the challenges of balancing structured training with the enjoyment of riding, allowing flexibility in training as long as the intensity of endurance rides stays below LT1. Sub-LT1 Work: Considerations for aerobic training at very long durations at well below LT1 vs. relatively shorter bouts just below LT1.

Our guest this week is Marinus Peterson of Kilowatt Coaching. Marinus is an accomplished cyclist and coach with a wealth of knowledge on endurance training. In this episode, we explore the importance his approach to developing VO2max. Oh, and bicarb Jell-O. Highlights include: The Importance of VO2max: VO2max underpins the ceiling of how high you can get your LT1 and FTP/critical power, making it a crucial focus for any training cycle. Anaerobic Capacity and VO2 Max: how anaerobic capacity training can improve the effectiveness of VO2max work. Double Days for VO2max: Double days, featuring high-cadence VO2max intervals, can be a potent tool for maximizing central adaptations and achieving significant fitness improvements - in the right context. High Cadence Training: Training at a higher cadence (20 RPM above natural cadence) when doing VO2max work can lead to greater oxygen consumption and allow for more intervals with less fatigue. Supplementing with Sodium Bicarbonate: Marius's supermarket recipe for a DIY bicarb supplement that doesn't cause gastric distress.Follow Marinus at his Instagram page.

Lauren Thomas and Ian Marling from Maurten join us to present findings - old and new - for efficacy of bicarb supplementation in the endurance sport context. We explore the unique advantages of Maurten's bicarb system and how their hydrogel and mini-capsule formulation solves the classic problem with bicarb supplementation: GI distress.Key Points: The role of bicarbonate in buffering blood pH and its impact on athletic performance. Insights into the potential benefits of bicarb for various endurance sports, from cycling to ultra-marathons. Practical strategies for using bicarb in training and racing, including timing and dosage. The science behind Maurten's bicarb system and its unique delivery method. Discussion of the cost justification for Maurten system.Learn more about Maurten and their bicarb product here.

Body Rocket founder Eric DeGolier joins Andrew and Michael to delve into the complexities of aerodynamic measurement in cycling, challenging the limitations of traditional methods. We explore the inherent flaws in existing technologies that rely on indirect measurements and discuss Body Rocket's  approach that directly measures drag force.For more info, follow Body Rocket at their website and on Instagram and read the preprint of the University of Kent study validating the technology.

Listeners to the podcast get $50 off the purchase price of the Cool Bottle before DEC 31! Use code COOL2024.Coach and podcaster Mikael Eriksson joins Michael to explore into the world of endurance sports and the constant influx of new training methods, technologies, and nutritional advice. We discuss how to navigate the overwhelming amount of information and separate the useful from everything else. The Impact of Social Media: Social media can be a double-edged sword. While it can be a great source of information, it's also a breeding ground for misinformation and oversimplification. Evaluating Information Sources: Consider the credibility of the source, the depth of the information, and the potential bias. The Importance of Context: A training method that works for one athlete may not work for another. Consider factors like training level, age, and specific goals. The Role of Anecdotal Evidence: While anecdotal evidence can be helpful, it's important to weigh it against evidence-based research. Mikael’s rubric for evaluating utility: A step-by-step guide to making sure the intervention or technology is useful for you.Resources: Mikael's podcast: That Triathlon Show Newsletters: David Lipman's substack, Manuel Sola's substack Instagram: bradstulberg, stevemagness, knowledgeiswatt, ylmsportscience, gudiol (in Swedish) Podcasts: The Physical Performance Show, The Training Science podcast, On Coaching, The Triathlon Hour Books: The Nature of Training, Antifragile, Peak Performance, Science of Running, Factfulness

One of our favourite guests from the pre-hiatus days is back to talk about: The Power of Collaboration: Discover how Bjorn's connections with other experts, like Javier Sola, have shaped his understanding of training and performance. The Endless Pursuit of Knowledge: Explore Bjorn's philosophy of continuous learning and how it drives his coaching approach. The Science of Training: Dive into the latest research on muscle fiber types, the Hickson protocol (an oldie but goodie), and the impact of different training modalities on performance. Fueling the Engine: Discuss the importance of nutrition and hydration in endurance sports, including the role of carbohydrates and the optimal intake strategies. The Future of Training: Explore emerging trends in training technology and how they can be used to optimize performance.

Michael and Andrew reveal the Cool Bottle - their (plus Phil Hare's) project that will allow any cyclist with aero extensions to have on-bike per-cooling. Andrew takes us from the birth of the concept, through design iterations, manufacturing hurdles, to final product. To learn more about the Cool Bottle and pre-order yours at a pre-launch price of $149 USD, visit our site and use code COOL2024 at checkout.

Former pro triathlete and PhD candidate Antoine Jolicoeur-Desroches speaks with Andrew and Michael about training and racing in hot conditions and his two studies on popular devices: the Omius headband paper and the CORE Body Temperature sensor paper. We cover: advantages and limitations of the Omius headband and potential use cases combining pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies  combining internal and external cooling strategies advantages and limitations of the CORE body temperature sensor and use cases influence of motivation on response to increased core temperature during exercise, especially in elite athletes. 

Lindsey Hunt of Precision Fuel & Hydration joins Michael to talk about his research into sweat, his novel sweat rate calculator, and his recommendations for maximizing performance in hot conditions. Lindsey covers:-sweat rate and replenishment strategies-why dehydration is a more serious performance limiter in hot conditions-passive and active heat training for acclimatization and performance-in-race strategies for controlling core temperatureListen also to our Episode 116 interview with PF&H founder Andy Blow to get a deeper understanding of the role of electrolytes and carbs in hydration.

We're back! 

2:30 we are testing the Supersapiens CGM4:45 what is Supersapiens and what are continuous blood glucose monitors6:45 installing the CGM sensor9:30 the Supersapiens ecosystem16:30 the control system of blood glucose18:45 Actionable learnings in ‘flattening the curve’Take a walk after a mealApple cider vinegar??Food orderCaffeine23:00 use in training29:30 use outside of training30:45 the drawbacksKeeping the sensor mounted35:00 iPhone 14 sat phone feature41:30 a study on how cold weather impairs immune function of the human nose

Endurance Innovation is now on Patreon! Have a peek at our page and show us some love.1:45 meet John Buckley of Streamlines and Velosense8:15 the birth and current state of the Streamlines Aeros aerometer 17:00 on aerometer accuracy and repeatability in outdoor testing26:00 the Forma rider position sensor34:15 on the individuality of helmets and head positions37:30 on the pitfalls of displaying real-time CdA and the challenges involved in doing so46:30 possible use cases of real-time CdA despite its handicaps 50:30 Streamilines data analysis56:15 a brief discussion of the effect of tire temperature on rolling resistanceKeep up with Streamlines on their website. Follow Velosense on Instagram.