From the publisher
The flag of Venice uses one symbol—the Lion of Saint Mark—but in two modes: 1. Lion with an open book (LIBER) Book shows the words “Pax tibi Marce, evangelista meus.” This is the peace-time flag. Symbolises Venice as a lawful, commercial, diplomatic republic. Used on state buildings, merchant ships, and most civic occasions. 2. Lion with a sword The lion holds a drawn sword instead of an open book. This is the war-time or military flag. Used historically by the Venetian navy and army. Symbolises defence, sovereignty, and martial authority.