Stars on Suspense (Old Time Radio)

Whether she was in a supporting role opposite Cary Grant or Gregory Peck or in the lead, Cathy Lewis' performances on Suspense were always top notch. We'll hear her on a desperate mission to save a man's life in "Dead Ernest" (originally aired on CBS on August 8, 1946). Then she's trapped in a car teetering on the edge of a cliff in "The Bridge" (originally aired on CBS on August 17, 1958). And as a bonus, we'll hear her with Marie Wilson in a comedy episode of My Friend Irma (originally aired on CBS on December 29, 1947).

One of the best heavies in Hollywood, Henry Daniell crossed swords with Errol Flynn and played Moriarty to Basil Rathbone's Sherlock Holmes. Appropriately, Daniell appeared as a pair of scoundrels when he visited the Suspense microphone. First, he's a professional blackmailer confronted by his victims in "The Dealings of Mr. Markham" (originally aired on CBS on June 28, 1945). Then, he's a scientist with some unusual theories about murder in "The Last Letter of Dr. Bronson" (originally aired on CBS on August 15, 1946).

We're saluting the master of big screen suspense for his birthday with one of Alfred Hitchcock's classic films recreated for radio. It's his 1946 romantic spy thriller Notorious, where a beautiful young woman is recruited by the government to seduce and spy on a Nazi in hiding. Ingrid Bergman reprises her screen role, and she's joined by Joseph Cotten in this Lux Radio Theatre presentation (originally aired on CBS on January 26, 1948).

It's the 300th episode of Stars on Suspense! To celebrate, I'm going back to the first year of "radio's outstanding theater of thrills" to share six of my favorite shows from that initial year of Suspense. First, Orson Welles takes a cross-country road trip in "The Hitch-hiker" (originally aired on CBS on September 2, 1943), followed by "The Kettler Method," a tale set in an insane asylum on a dark and stormy night (originally aired on CBS on September 16, 1943). Then, Paul Stewart investigates a murder in Trinidad in "A Passage to Benares" (originally aired on CBS on September 23, 1942) and a young man tries to stay alive to win big money in "Will You Make a Bet with Death?" (originally aired on CBS on November 10, 1942). Finally, Peter Lorre is a jealous husband with murder on his mind in "Till Death Do Us Part" (originally aired on CBS on December 15, 1942) and Bela Lugosi is a scientist with a plan to create murderers in "The Doctor Prescribed Death" (originally aired on CBS on February 2, 1943).

Our seventh season begins with Chester Morris, a star whose career spanned the silent and sound eras of Hollywood. But after a big run in the 20s and 30s (including an Oscar nomination), Morris found himself in B-movies by the 40s. His career got a shot in the arm when he was cast as reformed jewel thief turned detective Boston Blackie in a popular film series. Today, we'll hear him as a safecracker out for revenge on the partner who betrayed him in "The Strange Death of Gordon Fitzroy" (originally aired on CBS on November 28, 1946). Then, he reprises his signature role in the first episode of the Boston Blackie radio show (originally aired on NBC on June 23, 1944).

We say goodbye to Richard Widmark, as the star of Kiss of Death and Pickup on South Street stars in his final episodes of Suspense. First, he's a soldier on a secret mission to Cuba on the eve of the Spanish-American War in "A Message to Garcia" (originally aired on CBS on September 14, 1953). Then, Widmark plays a gambler who's about to lose it all at home but who can't help betting big on one last hand in "The Card Game" (originally aired on CBS on April 19, 1954). And as a bonus, we'll hear him as "The Man Who Couldn't Die" from Inner Sanctum Mysteries (originally aired on CBS on February 12, 1946).

Best known to radio listeners as Peg Riley, long-suffering wife of Chester A. on The Life of Riley - and to traumatized movie fans as the voice of Bambi's mother - Paula Winslowe was one of radio's busiest and best actresses. We'll hear her as an amnesia victim who may also be a murderer in "Lost" (originally aired on CBS on October 14, 1954). Then, she co-stars with Virginia Gregg and Irene Tedrow in "Goodbye, Miss Lizzie Borden" (originally aired on CBS on October 4, 1955) - a story of what might have happened after the infamous forty whacks. Finally, we'll hear Paula Winslowe alongside William Bendix in The Life of Riley, where Riley and Peg are running against each other in a local election (originally aired on NBC on November 2, 1946).

To generations of classic movie fans, Richard Conte is instantly recognizable as Don Barzini, longtime rival of Don Corleone in The Godfather. But before that role Conte had spent years in war movies, noir dramas, and TV shows - co-starring with Jimmy Stewart, Victor Mature, and Frank Sinatra. We'll hear Conte as a boxer with Peter Lorre as his murderous manager in "Of Maestro and Man" (originally aired on CBS on July 20, 1944). Then, Conte is a private eye hunting for the killer of a bookie in "Win, Place, and Murder" (originally aired on CBS on April 24, 1947). Finally, he plays Wyatt Earp in a western drama from the Hallmark Playhouse (originally aired on CBS on March 24, 1949).

In a king-sized crossover, Sam Spade hopped from his weekly detective series to headline an hour-long episode of "radio's outstanding theater of thrills." William Spier produced and directed both shows, and when the time came to relaunch Suspense as an hour-long show, Spier enlisted Dashiell Hammett's gumshoe to make an appearance. Howard Duff and Lurene Tuttle reprised their roles of Sam and his loyal secretary Effie in "The Kandy Tooth," an original radio sequel to The Maltese Falcon that first aired as a two-parter on The Adventures of Sam Spade and was recreated for Suspense (originally aired on CBS on January 10, 1948). But first, we'll hear The Maltese Falcon recreated for the Screen Guild Theatre (originally aired on CBS on September 20, 1943) featuring Humphrey Bogart, Mary Astor, Peter Lorre, and Sydney Greenstreet.

Born into a family of performers, Joan Bennett enjoyed great success on stage and screen in her own right. She won acclaim from audiences and critics in everything from ingenue parts to roles as film noir temptresses and doting mothers. But her film career came to an abrupt end after her jealous husband attempted to murder a man he considered a romantic rival. We'll hear Joan Bennett as a woman falling for one of her husband's music students in "Overture in Two Keys" (originally aired on CBS on January 16, 1947). Then, she's accused of the murder of her boss's wife in "Statement of Mary Blake" (originally aired on CBS on May 4, 1950). Finally, we'll hear Joan Bennett recreate one of her best screen roles as The Woman in the Window is recreated for Hollywood Star Time (originally aired on CBS on November 23, 1946).

Leon Ames broke out with his portrayal of Judy Garland's dad in Meet Me in St. Louis, and he played several outwardly stuffy but inwardly sweet dads - and showed off a dry wit - in movies and TV shows through the 1980s. We'll hear him in his one and only visit to Suspense as a businessman who overhears a murder plot when he plays hooky from the office in "An Evening's Diversion" (originally aired on CBS on July 4, 1946). Then, Ames co-stars with Vanessa Brown in an adaptation of Sinclair Lewis' novel Main Street for The NBC University Theatre (originally aired on NBC on July 30, 1948).

The singing star of The Great Ziegfeld returns to the podcast as we listen to Virginia Bruce's final appearances on Suspense. First, she's afraid she's being stalked by a man who's supposedly still in prison in "The Night Man" (originally aired on CBS on October 26, 1946). Then, Ms. Bruce is a lonely housewife who falls for a handsome - and mysterious - new handyman in "Knight Comes Riding" (originally aired on CBS on May 22, 1947). Click here for two more of Virginia Bruce's Suspense shows. And click here to hear her opposite Robert Young in the Suspense drama "Celebration."

Nancy Coleman got her start in the casts of radio soap operas before she hit the Broadway stage and the big screen. We'll hear her as a young woman who may be losing her mind in "Fear Paints a Picture" (originally aired on CBS on April 13, 1943). Then, she co-stars with George Murphy in a tale of a couple who decide to kill to collect an early inheritance in "Too Little to Live On" (AFRS rebroadcast from February 7, 1946). Plus, Nancy Coleman stars in "The Second-Hand Pistol," a cautionary tale from the syndicated series Crime Does Not Pay.

George Coulouris arrived on the Broadway stage from London and soon struck up a friendship with a young Orson Welles. It led to a long professional relationship as Coulouris appeared in Welles' plays, his radio dramas, and his classic film Citizen Kane. Outside of his work with Welles, Coulouris found success on stage and both the big and small screens in the States and in England. We'll hear him as a professor caught in a murder plot in "The Last Detail" (originally aired on CBS on July 5, 1945). Then, he's a con man with his eye on an inheritance in "The Long Shot" (originally aired on CBS on January 31, 1946). We'll also hear him as debonair detective Bulldog Drummond in the 1941 audition recording that brought the character to radio.

In this bonus show, I'm sharing my four favorite episodes of Suspense starring the great Vincent Price. First, he co-stars with Ida Lupino in "Fugue in C Minor," a Victorian-era chiller from Lucille Fletcher (originally aired on CBS on June 1, 1944). Next, Price and Lloyd Nolan go on a "Hunting Trip," but only one man will come back alive (originally aired on CBS on September 12, 1946). Then, Claude Rains joins Vincent Price in the hunt for a serial strangler in "The Hands of Mr. Ottermole" (originally aired on CBS on December 2, 1948). Finally, Price stars in one of the scariest old time radio shows of all time - "Three Skeleton Key" (originally aired on CBS on November 11, 1956).

In her final appearances on Suspense, singer Margaret Whiting found herself menaced by a pair of deranged villains. First, in "Never Follow a Banjo Act," she's a cabaret singer on tour with a knife-loving psychopath (originally aired on CBS on March 2, 1958). Then, as a carhop, she accepts a ride home from a dangerous stranger in "Drive-In" (originally aired on CBS on June 14, 1959).

Before he was one of seven castaways stranded on Gilligan's Island, Jim Backus showed off his dramatic chops in two episodes of Suspense. Backus leaves Mr. Magoo behind - first as a blind man marked for death by the mob in "See How He Runs" (originally aired on CBS on April 19, 1959). Then - co-starring with his wife Henny - he plays a man plunging deeper into mental illness in "Pages from a Diary" (originally aired on CBS on August 19, 1962). We'll also hear him as Alan Young's haughty romantic rival in an episode of The Alan Young Show (originally aired on NBC on May 16, 1947) and as a tailor with an unusual problem in Richard Diamond, Private Detective (originally aired on ABC on February 9, 1951).

Oscar-winner Paul Lukas takes his final bow on the podcast as a blind man who witnesses a murder in "A World of Darkness" (originally aired on CBS on January 20, 1944). Then, he recreates the performance that won him his Best Actor prize in "Watch on the Rhine" on Academy Award (originally aired on CBS on August 7, 1946).

He made a name for himself in swashbuckling, sword and sandal movies, but Tyrone Power wanted to be more than a romantic hero. After his military service, he sought to leave the fencing of Zorro behind and embraced darker, more complex roles in movies like Nightmare Alley and Witness for the Prosecution. We'll hear him as a man accused of a murder he didn't commit in "The Guilty Always Run" (originally aired on CBS on March 29, 1954). Then, he joins Jack Benny and Mary Livingstone for an evening at a Paris nightclub in The Jack Benny Program (originally aired on CBS on December 4, 1949).

Robert Ryan was a classic big screen heavy, a memorable menace in Crossfire, Bad Day at Black Rock, and more. He was a terrific tough guy, but offscreen, he was a pacifist who supported the civil rights movement and opposed McCarthyism. We'll hear him opposite Ruth Warrick in the sixty-minute Suspense drama "Beyond Reason" (originally aired on CBS on February 21, 1948).

The worlds of Ray Bradbury jump from the page to the airwaves with four old time radio adaptations of his stories. First, a ventriloquist's dummy holds the key to a murder case in "Riabouchinska" (originally aired on CBS on November 13, 1947). Next, a little girl tries to save a woman in danger, but no one believes "The Screaming Woman" is real (originally aired on CBS on March 1, 1955). Finally, we'll hear a pair of Bradbury's classic sci-fi tales adapted for the airwaves. First, his novel "The Martian Chronicles" is presented on Dimension X (originally aired on NBC on August 18, 1950). And a group of astronauts wonder if "Mars is Heaven" on X Minus One (originally aired on NBC on May 8, 1955).

Best known today as humanity's last hope in Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Kevin McCarthy lent his voice to a pair of Suspense thrillers in the later years of the program. First, he plays a juror whose wife has been kidnapped to sway his vote in "After the Movies" (AFRS rebroadcast from September 6, 1959). Then, he fights for his life in a sinking ship in "Dead Man's Story" (AFRS rebroadcast from May 15, 1960). Finally, we'll hear him in the dual role of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in a production of The CBS Radio Mystery Theatre, part of the brief revival of network radio dramas (originally aired on CBS on June 18, 1974).

The wonderful character actor Everett Sloane steps back into the spotlight in three stories from "radio's outstanding theater of thrills." We'll hear him as a highway patrol cop in a dangerous mountain chase in "Speed Trap" (AFRS rebroadcast from December 8, 1957). Then, Sloane is a scientist with doubts about working on a weapon of war in "The Voice of Company A" (originally aired on CBS on August 3, 1958). Finally, he plots a murder at sea and plans to disguise it as a boating accident in "Blood is Thicker" (AFRS rebroadcast from July 5, 1959).

Paul Douglas came out of the world of announcing and sportscasting to a successful career on the stage and screen. He went from announcing a World Series to starring in movies like It Happens Every Spring and Angels in the Outfield before his untimely passing. We'll hear him as a postmaster hunting for a mail bomb in "Fragile - Contents Death" (originally aired on CBS on February 1, 1951). Then, he's a newspaper columnist caught up in the middle of a spy hunt in "Man Alive" (originally aired on CBS on November 24, 1952).

The "first lady of Suspense" returns to the podcast! We'll hear Agnes Moorehead in another production of the series' most famous drama "Sorry, Wrong Number" (originally aired on CBS on September 6, 1945). Then, she stars in an adaptation of Charles Dickens' eerie story "The Signalman" (originally aired on CBS on March 23, 1953).

Before he sang his way through 1776 as Benjamin Franklin, Howard Da Silva was a busy screen and stage actor earning raves for his villainous turns on Broadway and on the big screen. We'll hear him as a cop on the trail of a cocky killer in "You Take Ballistics" (originally aired on CBS on March 13, 1947). Then, he recreates his screen role as a tyrannical ship's captain as the Lux Radio Theatre presents Two Years Before the Mast (originally aired on CBS on September 22, 1947).

Whether she's making us laugh or keeping us in Suspense, we love Lucille Ball. In this spotlight episode, we'll hear my three favorites from her six visits to "radio's outstanding theater of thrills." First, she's a dance hall girl trying to stay out of the clutches of a serial killer in "Dime a Dance" (originally aired on CBS on January 13, 1944). Then, she's a hold-up artist who accidentally preys on a deadlier predator in "A Little Piece of Rope" (originally aired on CBS on October 14, 1948). Finally, she co-stars with her then-husband Desi Arnaz in "The Red-Headed Woman" (originally aired on CBS on November 17, 1949).

In his final appearances on Suspense, Victor Mature played an infamous Mexican outlaw and an undercover cop who falls for a gangster's girlfriend. We'll hear the star of My Darling Clementine and Kiss of Death in "The Love and Death of Joaquin Murrieta" (originally aired on CBS on February 16, 1953). Then, he gets too close to a beautiful - and dangerous - woman in "The Girl in Car Thirty-Two" (originally aired on CBS on March 15, 1954).

June Duprez broke out as a star in her native England in films like The Four Feathers and The Thief of Bagdad. Unfortunately, when she crossed the pond to Hollywood, mismanagement by a producer and her agent kept her from landing big roles. We'll hear her recreate one of her screen performances in "The Brighton Strangler" (originally aired on CBS on December 21, 1944). Then, she's a reclusive actress sharing her life story in "A Thing of Beauty" (originally aired on CBS on December 28, 1944). Finally, she is a woman on a dangerous train trip with her unstable husband in "Your Devoted Wife" (originally aired on CBS on June 20, 1946).

Actor, Rat Packer, and one-time presidential brother-in-law Peter Lawford made his final visit to Suspense in an adaptation of Wilkie Collins' "A Terribly Strange Bed" (originally aired on CBS on June 7, 1954) - the final episode of the show to be sponsored by Autolite. We'll also hear him co-star with Shirley Temple and Arthur Treacher in "First Love" from the Screen Guild Theatre (originally aired on May 14, 1945). Click here to read the original Collins short story.

Marsha Hunt began her career in Hollywood in the 1930s, but she was blacklisted after she took a stand against McCarthyism and the Communist witch hunt in Hollywood. Though she continued to act in films and television, she rededicated her life to philanthropy and activisim, and she's still with us today. We'll hear her as a long-suffering niece who sees an opportunity to get rid of an abusive (and wealthy) aunt in "Pink Camellias" (originally aired on CBS on December 27, 1945). Then, she's a woman with no shortage of lovers, a husband she doesn't love, and a murder plan in "Self Defense" (originally aired on CBS on October 16, 1947).

Charles Ruggles was best known to audiences for his comedic roles in Bringing Up Baby and It Happened on Fifth Avenue, but he was also the guest star on the very first episode of Suspense. We'll hear the star in "The Burning Court" (originally aired on CBS on June 17, 1942), an adaptation of the mystery novel by John Dickson Carr. Then, he stars in Dorothy L. Sayers' "Suspicion" (originally aired on CBS on February 10, 1944).

In his final Suspense appearance, big screen baddie Dan Duryea plays a hold-up man turned murderer who has to dispose of a very inconvenient eyewitness in "Remember Me?" (originally aired on CBS on April 7, 1952). We'll hear him in that old time radio thriller, plus an episode of his radio police procedural The Man from Homicide. Duryea stars as Lt. Lou Dana in a radio mystery originally aired on ABC on July 16, 1951.

Stage and screen John Hodiak returns to the podcast in two more old time radio thrillers. First, he's a fast-talking hustler who joins a group of bank robbers in "The Big Heist" (originally aired on CBS on December 1, 1952). Then, he's a deep sea diver on a treasure hunt for a lost Spanish galleon in "Gold of the Adomar" (originally aired on CBS on January 19, 1953).

In this bonus episode, we're celebrating the life and career of the late, great Betty White. The legendary Emmy-winning actress started her showbusiness career in radio, and we'll hear one of her on-air performances. She co-stars with Fibber McGee and Molly in "Advice to the Lovelorn," a romantic comedy from Family Theatre (originally aired on Mutual on October 30, 1947).

In his only appearance on Suspense, sharp-tongued satirist Henry Morgan showed off his dramatic chops. He plays a man who suspects a neighbor is a murderer in "Dream Song" (originally aired on CBS on November 6, 1947). Then we'll hear his trademark comedy in The Henry Morgan Show (originally aired on ABC on February 19, 1947).

For our annual bonus holiday episode, we'll hear Robert Mitchum reprise his big screen role as The Lux Radio Theatre presents Holiday Affair (originally aired on CBS on December 18, 1950). Laraine Day co-stars in this romantic Christmas comedy about the sparks that fly when a department store clerk with big dreams meets a single mom and secret shopper.

For our final regular episode of 2021, we welcome Joseph Cotten back to "Stars on Suspense" for two old time radio thrillers, including a Christmas story from "radio's outstanding theater of thrills." First, he's a sideshow performer who's grown tired of his boss's tyrannical behavior in "Carnival" (originally aired on CBS on January 28, 1952). Then, Cotten is first mate on a ship bound for the Canadian Arctic to find a pair of ships lost in the ice in "Arctic Rescue" (originally aired on CBS on December 22, 1952).

Note: No intro for this show; I'm still battling back from a cold and my voice isn't radio-ready. We're revisiting the performances of Peter Lorre in this bonus show, and I've selected my favorites of his six visits to "radio's outstanding theater of thrills." First, he's a jealous husband with a devious plan for dealing with his young wife and the man she loves in "Till Death Do Us Part" (originally aired on CBS on December 15, 1942). Then - just in time for the holidays - Lorre plots a murder but a surprise gift from his victim may thwart his plans in "Back for Christmas" (originally aired on CBS on December 23, 1943).

Note: No intro for this episode, as I'm fighting a cold and a froggy throat. Mexican-American actress, dancer, and activist Margo returns to the podcast for her final visit to "radio's outstanding theater of thrills." It's an episode where she shares the stage with Elsa Lanchester and Janet Beecher. They star in "Finishing School" (originally aired on CBS on December 30, 1943). Then, Margo takes Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy on a tour of Mexico in an episode of the ventriloquist's NBC variety show (originally aired on NBC on March 16, 1947).

Fay Bainter made Hollywood history in 1938 when she became the first performer nominated for two acting Oscars in the same year - winning the Best Supporting Actress award for Jezebel. But before that, she was a Broadway star whose performances on the stage paved the way to her work on the big screen. We'll hear her in "The Lucky Lady" (originally aired on CBS on February 14, 1946) and "Life Ends at Midnight" (originally aired on CBS on May 8, 1948).

After he introduced stories on Suspense as the "Man in Black," Joseph Kearns moved into starring roles on radio's outstanding theater of thrills. We'll hear him in "The Case for Dr. Singer," a tale of atomic espionage ripped from the headlines (originally aired on CBS on June 28, 1951). Then, he's one of history's most notorious murderers in "A Story of Poison" (originally aired on CBS on September 13, 1955). And as a bonus, we'll hear him as an arrogant murderer who concocts a less than perfect alibi in "The Sheriff's Assistant" from The Whistler (originally aired on CBS on April 7, 1947).

During a wartime break in her acting career, Sarah Churchill worked on the planning of the British invasion of North Africa, and she served as an unofficial advisor to her father Winston - who just happened to be prime minister. After the war, she returned to the stage and screen, but struggles with alcoholism cut short what should have been a long career on both sides of the pond. We'll hear her in her one and only visit to Suspense - an adaptation of Charles Dickens' "The Signalman" (originally aired on CBS on November 4, 1956). Then, she saddles up and heads west with Jack Benny in an episode of his comedy program (originally aired on CBS on March 5, 1950). Finally, she leads us an audio tour of her home in "Portrait of London" from The CBS Radio Workshop (originally aired on CBS on July 20, 1956).

Over the course of his long career, character actor Jerome Cowan prosecuted Santa Claus and took a bullet to kick off The Maltese Falcon. We'll hear him in his only visit to Suspense as a crooked lawyer out to frame his law partner in "Mortmain" (originally aired on CBS on July 31, 1947). Then, he co-stars with Madeleine Carroll in Noel Coward's "Tonight at 8:30" from Best Plays (originally aired on NBC on August 30, 1953).

In this bonus episode, we're saying goodbye to Dean Stockwell, the Oscar-nominated star whose career stretched over seven decades in Hollywood who passed away on November 7th. From his earliest days as a child star in the 40s to his work with David Lynch, his Golden Globe-winning turn on Quantum Leap and his many memorable screen turns, Stockwell was always a compelling presence in a film or TV show. While he never made a visit to Suspense, Stockwell did appear on other radio anthologies, and we'll hear two of them: "Hans Brinker" from Family Theatre (originally aired on Mutual on November 8, 1950) and "Home's Not a Place" from Stars Over Hollywood (originally aired on CBS on June 7, 1952).

Ann Sothern's career on the stage and screen stretched six decades from bit parts in the 20s to an Oscar nomination for her final performance in 1987. She was most famous for her ten B-picture comedies as brash but lovable showgirl Maisie and for a pair of TV sitcoms that earned her four Emmy nods. We'll hear her in her only Suspense appearance - "Beware the Quiet Man" (originally aired on CBS on August 12, 1948). Then, she recreates her signature screen role in Maisie Was a Lady on The Lux Radio Theatre (originally aired on CBS on November 24, 1941).

Richard Widmark takes on the role of Iago, one of Shakespeare's most complex characters, in this ambitious two-part adaptation of Othello (originally aired on CBS on May 4th and 11th, 1953). Widmark is joined by Suspense director Elliott Lewis as Othello and Cathy Lewis as Desdemona in this production featuring Verdi operas and an all-star cast of radio character actors.

For this year's final bonus Halloween show, we're taking a trip to Transylvania. Orson Welles and The Mercury Theatre On the Air present a spine-tingling adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula (originally aired on CBS on July 11, 1938).

With Halloween right around the corner, we welcome Herbert Marshall back to the podcast in a pair of old time radio chillers. First, he has the title role in an adaptation of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" (originally aired on CBS on November 3, 1952). Then, Marshall stars in a one-man show - the tale of terror called "The Waxwork" (originally aired on CBS on March 1, 1959).

Late at night, Jeanette Nolan takes the long way home all by herself as a killer stalks her town. Ray Bradbury's terrifying short story becomes a classic radio horror tale in "The Whole Town's Sleeping" (originally aired on CBS on June 14, 1955).