Short Circuit

For the fourth year in a row, the Institute for Justice has teamed up with the University of North Carolina Federalist Society Chapter to preview cases for the Supreme Court’s upcoming term. IJ’s Justin Pearson and Erica Smith join with UNC Professor Andy Hessick to share their wisdom on what’s interesting, and what may get even more interesting, in the months to come. iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL2ZlZWRzLnNvdW5kY2xvdWQuY29tL3VzZXJzL3NvdW5kY2xvdWQ6dXNlcnM6ODQ0OTMyNDcvc291bmRzLnJzcw?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTsdf7z5bsAhXbhXIEHWCfCZwQ9sEGegQIARAM Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/short-circuit-149.pdf Justin Pearson, https://ij.org/staff/justin-pearson/ Erica Smith, https://ij.org/staff/esmith/ Andy Hessick, https://law.unc.edu/people/andrew-hessick/ Brownback v. King, https://ij.org/case/brownback-v-king/

Will former White House Counsel Don McGahn ever testify to the House Judiciary Committee? That partly depends on how you squint when reading the Declaratory Judgment Act. University of Texas law professor (and Twitter Laureate of federal jurisdiction) Steve Vladeck checks off the justiciability boxes and tells us it didn’t use to be so complicated. Meanwhile, cities continue to hate billboards, and the Supreme Court continues to not speak as clearly as it could, even in cases involving content-based restrictions on speech. Bob McNamara explains why you have to read a sign to see if it’s “on premises.” iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#…odkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Short-Circuit-147-Transcript.pdf IJ Legal Intensive: https://ij.org/ijs-legal-intensive/ Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/6402FB14D0F73EDD852585D5005DA953/$file/19-5331-1859039.pdf Reagan National Advertising v. City of Austin, http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/19/19-50354-CV0.pdf Steve Vladeck, https://law.utexas.edu/faculty/stephen-i-vladeck Robert McNamara, https://ij.org/staff/robert-mcnamara/ Anthony Sanders, https://ij.org/staff/asanders/

Rejoining us after a very long break is Rob Johnson, who has some things to say about the Anti-Riot Act and a case finding part of it overbroad and unconstitutional. The case comes out of a prosecution of some racist rioters who attended a Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville in 2017. Also, Rob Frommer tells us a tale about a woman who spent a decade in prison for a crime she did not commit, and that there was plenty of evidence she did not commit before she was imprisoned. Despite all this, prosecutorial and qualified immunity do their best to bar her access to justice. Plus, learn a bit about what happened when the Hanoverians took over from the Stuarts. iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#…odkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Short-Circuit-146-transcript-1.pdf United States v. Miselis, https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/194550.P.pdf Weimer v. County of Fayette, https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/191823p.pdf The Riot Act, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8142/8142-h/8142-h.htm Robert Frommer, https://ij.org/staff/rfrommer/ Robert Johnson, https://ij.org/staff/rjohnson/ Anthony Sanders, https://ij.org/staff/asanders/

Can a city hold on to your car for three years for no reason? Unfortunately, the Sixth Circuit seems to think the answer is “yes,” although over a fiery dissent. This week Wesley Hottot presents Nichols v. Wayne County and the team muses about the application of a case from 1978 and whether it even applies in Detroit anymore. Also, Paul Sherman takes us into campaign season with a campaign through campaign finance (and administrative) law with CREW v. FEC. Click here for a transcript.

What brings all lawyers together? Hatred of PACER. Some nonprofits challenged the fees the federal courts charge for accessing court filings on the electronic records system. And they won. Kind of. But this doesn’t mean you get to stop paying to see legal documents. This week Diana Simpson explains the history of accessing court documents via modem, where those fees go, and how the Federal Circuit interpreted some obscure statutory language. Also, Congress has never defined the term, but for well over a century Congress has barred immigrants who are likely to become a "public charge." Can the Department of Homeland Security adopt a definition of the term that will render way more people inadmissible? The Fourth Circuit said yes, and went on to opine on the continuing controversy over “nationwide injunctions.” Adam Shelton discusses that case, as well as a couple other recent cases from the Second Circuit—on the exact same issue—and a different injunction case from Puerto Rico. iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#…odkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Short-Circuit-144-Transcript.pdf National Veterans Legal Services Program v. United States, http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/19-1081.OPINION.8-6-2020_1631951.pdf A Week of Universal Injunctions, https://ij.org/cje-post/a-week-of-universal-injunctions/

Religious freedom v. anti-discrimination and a promise not to do bad things. iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#…odkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/short-circuit-143.pdf Jamison v. McClendon: http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2020/images/08/04/jamison-v-mcclendon.pdf New Hope Family Services v. Poole: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/19-1715_opn_formatted.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTURBeU1qWTJNalUxTURrMyIsInQiOiJOR3BaVTdkZFFDbndIbWJ1T0VtSmp2N1wvQmVienRrVXQ3YnN5N1wvSTJzZVY4S2R3YjBNUDZBTk5pUXFXT3dYRExVKzBkWXdcLzhJNDIzRFY2QjhwbmhXeEdFaDlrNTlSTlROZlcwNGxwbkhKOXEzaUN2ckl1eVJRZjZRdGRPdWMwUyJ9 Speech First v. Killeen: http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2020/D07-28/C:19-2807:J:Brennan:condis:T:fnOp:N:2554247:S:0 Walter Olson: https://www.cato.org/people/walter-olson

Excessive home foreclosures and parking fines. iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#…odkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Short-Circuit-142-edited.pdf Rafaeli, LLC v. Oakland County, https://courts.michigan.gov/Courts/MichiganSupremeCourt/Clerks/Recent%20Opinions/19-20-Term-Opinions/156849.pdf Pimentel v. Los Angeles, https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/07/22/18-56553.pdf Christina Martin, https://pacificlegal.org/staff/christina-martin/

A police pizza raid and Fourth Amendment fireworks in the Fourth Circuit iTunes: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shor…uit/id309062019 Spotify: podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCq…Ehed/overview Stitcher: www.stitcher.com/podcast/institut…ce/short-circuit Google: play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#…odkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Short-Circuit-141-edited.pdf Chicago Freedom School complaint: https://peopleslawoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/1-CFS-Complaint-Filed.pdf 4A fireworks: https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/184233A.P.pdf

End times at the sheriff's department and Euclidean policing. Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/short-circuit-140.pdf iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-circuit/id309062019 Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCqDbZTI7kIws11kEhed/overview Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/institute-for-justice/short-circuit Google: https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Iz26kyzdcpodkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Sheriff case: https://ecf.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/20/06/191213P.pdf Police brutality case: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/20a0185p-06.pdf

A Week of Heavy Lifts: Closing Down Gyms in Michigan and a High-Profile Prosecution in DC. Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Short-Circuit-139_otter.ai-final.pdf iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-circuit/id309062019 Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCqDbZTI7kIws11kEhed/overview Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/institute-for-justice/short-circuit Google: https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Iz26kyzdcpodkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Gym Injunction: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/09915820907.pdf Gym Injunction stayed: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Document.pdf Mike Flynn: https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/79798A0FA0633B7985258591004DD3E7/$file/20-5143-1848728.pdf

A bunch of bad apples. Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Short-Circuit-138.pdf iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-circuit/id309062019 Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCqDbZTI7kIws11kEhed/overview Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/institute-for-justice/short-circuit Google: https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Iz26kyzdcpodkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Case 1: http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/unpub/19/19-40217.0.pdf Case 2: https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/182142.P.pdf Case 3: http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201812061.pdf Case 4: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/20a0161p-06.pdf

Qualified Immunity and George Floyd iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-circuit/id309062019 Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/podcast/1DFCqDbZTI7kIws11kEhed/overview Sticher: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/institute-for-justice/short-circuit Google: https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Iz26kyzdcpodkfm5cpz7rlvf76a Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Qualified immunity FAQ: https://ij.org/frequently-asked-questions-about-ending-qualified-immunity/ Cato Institute on QI: https://www.unlawfulshield.com/ Anya's USA Today op-ed on QI: https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/05/30/police-george-floyd-qualified-immunity-supreme-court-column/5283349002/ West: https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/west-v-winfield/ Baxter: https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/baxter-v-bracey/

Ever wonder what it's like to argue at the Supreme Court? In a special episode, Anya Bidwell interviews four IJ attorneys who have been in the hot seat. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/short-circuit-136_otter.ai-FINAL.pdf Kelo: https://ij.org/case/kelo/ Bennett: https://ij.org/press-release/arizona-campaign-finance-release-6-27-2011/ Espinoza: https://ij.org/case/montana-school-choice/ Timbs: https://ij.org/case/timbs-v-indiana/

Constitutional guarantees during emergencies. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Right to counsel: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/19-1778_opn.pdf Wisconsin’s stay-at-home order https://www.wicourts.gov/sc/opinion/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=260868

Is the Supreme Court finally going to do something about qualified immunity? Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Is Qualified Immunity Unlawful? https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13555&context=journal_articles West: https://ij.org/case/west-v-city-of-caldwell/ King: https://ij.org/case/brownback-v-king/ Zadeh: https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/zadeh-v-robinson/ Jessop: https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/jessop-v-city-of-fresno-california/ IJ's Jessop amicus: https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1021/138419/20200317143611916_39525%20pdf%20Gammon.pdf

Forcing kids to attend crummy schools and forcing prisoners to stay in a COVID-infested prison. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] The right to a basic minimum education: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/20a0124p-06.pdf Medically vulnerable inmates (district court order): https://www.acluohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020-04-21-022-PI-Order.pdf Medically vulnerable inmates (Sixth Circuit ruling): https://www.acluohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/2020-05-04-023-Order.pdf

A prostitution sting, alcohol, and government debt collectors. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Arresting a reporter: http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2020/D04-20/C:19-1945:J:Rovner:aut:T:fnOp:N:2504353:S:0 Arresting the flow of alcohol: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/20a0119p-06.pdf Robocalls: http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/181588.P.pdf IJ's robocall amicus: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Barr-v-AAPC-Amicus.pdf

The Real RBT and the King's Bench (in Pennsylvania) Approves COVID-19 Restrictions. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] SSI benefits in Puerto Rico: http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/19-1390P-01A.pdf Pennsylvania COVID restrictions: http://www.pacourts.us/assets/opinions/Supreme/out/68MM2020mo%20-%2010439399799476700.pdf

No suing the feds for hiding Jeffrey Epstein’s non-prosecution deal, no suing the feds for killing cows in a quarantine, and no suing over government speech. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Short-Circuit-130.pdf Non-prosecution agreement: http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201913843.pdf Fever tick quarantine: http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/19/19-40077-CV0.pdf Janus table turning: http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2020/D04-07/C:19-1349:J:Rovner:aut:T:fnOp:N:2498138:S:0 Lynching grand jury records: http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201715016.enb.pdf Anthony Pitch's book on the Moore's Ford lynching: https://smile.amazon.com/Last-Lynching-Anthony-S-Pitch/dp/1543627471?sa-no-redirect=1

Fines & fees, completed misdemeanors, and jail debit cards. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Sherwood, Ark fines and fees: https://ecf.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/20/01/182982P.pdf IJ's Sherwood en banc petition: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Williams-Petition-File-Stamped.pdf Completed misdemeanors: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/20a0088p-06.pdf Jail debit cards: https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/03/16/18-35735.pdf

Did you know your city might go bankrupt because it doesn’t respect property rights? Strong Towns, Zoning, and Engineering Licensing Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Transcript: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Short-Circuit-128_otter.ai-FINAL.pdf Charles “Chuck” Marohn, Strong Towns https://www.strongtowns.org/contributors-journal/charles-marohn Strong Towns (the book): https://www.strongtowns.org/book Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/365/ Oregon Engineering Speech: https://ij.org/case/oregon-engineering-speech/

A cert grant, a cert petition, sanctuary cities, and pilfered Spanish gold. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Cert grant: https://ij.org/press-release/u-s-supreme-court-will-hear-police-accountability-case/ Cert petition: https://ij.org/case/miami-forfeiture-attorneys-fees/ Sanctuary cities: http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/19-1802P-01A.pdf Gold bar: http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201813282.pdf

Cert petitions, a prison shank public records request and an arrest for being a smart mouth. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Prison shank: https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/0/0EE1E9783C2A9C9D8525852700504E8C/$file/18-5068-1832659.pdf Smart mouth QI: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/20a0083p-06.pdf Carousel Farms: https://ij.org/case/woodcrest-homes-inc-v-carousel-farms-metro-dis/ Task Force accountability: https://ij.org/case/brownback-v-king/ Police theft: https://ij.org/press-release/police-stole-225k-in-cash-and-coins-and-the-courts-said-okay/

Double jeopardy, the Air Force’s effective ban on deploying HIV-positive airmen, and leaving supplies in the desert for migrants crossing the border. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Double jeopardy: https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/opinions/2019OctTerm/170263.pdf New Yorker: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/14/three-trials-for-murder Air Force & HIV: http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/191410.P.pdf Leaving supplies in the desert: https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6763128/2020-02-03-Hoffman-DE22-Order-Reversing.pdf

Lynching & grand jury secrecy, property destruction during a wrongful arrest, and a minimum wage fight. Use iTunes? itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/short…cuit/id309062019 Use Android (RSS)? feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundclo…247/sounds.rss Newsletter: ij.org/about-us/shortcircuit/ Want to email us? [email protected] Andrew Fleischman: https://www.rossandpines.com/attorneys/andrew-s-fleischman/ Eric Segall: https://law.gsu.edu/profile/eric-j-segall/ Michael Wells: http://www.law.uga.edu/profile/michael-l-wells Anya Bidwell: https://ij.org/staff/anya-bidwell/ Cases: Lewis v. Governor of Alabama (panel): http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711009.pdf Lewis v. Governor of Alabama (en benc): http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711009.enb.pdf Glenn v. The State: https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Glenn-v.-The-State.pdf Pitch v. United States: http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201715016.pdf

Prohibitions on excessive fines date back at least as far as Magna Carta in 1215, and the U.S. Constitution has barred excessive fines since 1791. But the Supreme Court has only recently begun to interpret what the Excessive Fines Clause means, and it wasn't until 2019 that the Court said the Clause applies to the states. On this episode: the story of how the Supreme Court finally began to incorporate the Bill of Rights rights against the states and the history of excessive fines.