Rock Stock Channel

In this episode, Howard and Matt speak with Richard Seville, Executive Chairman of Advanced Energy Minerals (AEM), ahead of the company’s planned ASX listing (ticker: AEM). Chapters (00:00) Introduction (05:31) Richard's Path to AEM (08:18) What HPA Is & Main Uses (10:42) HPA Market Size & Growth (13:07) AEM Expansion Plans (14:48) Customer Qualification Process (18:11) Manufacturing Process Overview (21:54) Cost Curve Positioning (23:21) Low-Carbon Advantage (25:22) IPO, Capital Structure & Funding (30:27) Comparing AEM to Alpha HPA (35:40) Closing Remarks AEM IPO Prospectus: Drop us an email at [email protected] and we'll send it over. Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ Richard is best known in the lithium industry for founding and leading Orocobre, taking it from a sub–$25m market cap IPO through project build-out, major corporate combinations, and ultimately to a transaction involving a global major. In this interview, we focus on AEM’s strategy in high purity alumina (HPA)—a niche but important industrial material used in sapphire/LED substrates, semiconductors, and emerging battery applications. We cover: - What HPA (4N / 5N purity) is and where it is used in the modern economy - Market size and growth expectations, including supply dynamics and China’s role - AEM’s Québec-based brownfield turnaround of an HPA plant acquired out of insolvency - The company’s current operating status and capacity expansion roadmap (Stage 1 and Stage 2) - How customer qualification works in HPA markets (including typical timelines) - AEM’s process overview (hydrometallurgy + calcining steps) and key cost inputs - The company’s positioning on the global cost curve, including access to low-cost hydro power - The role of low-carbon intensity in customer decision-making and procurement - IPO timing, funding history, balance sheet position, and views on future dilution risk - How AEM compares with other ASX-listed HPA peers, including differences in project stage and financing approach Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we’re joined by Keith Phillips for a wide-ranging, data-driven discussion on lithium markets, battery economics, and critical minerals strategy as 2026 approaches. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:05:24) CATL Restart And Lithium Prices (00:07:45) Solid-State Battery Reality Check (00:12:02) Battery Costs: What's Next (00:15:02) Lithium Demand Forecast Pitfalls (00:17:56) EV Battery Size And Mass Market (00:22:52) Autonomy And Battery Demand (00:24:17) Power Metals Deal Update (00:25:29) Q2 Metals And Cisco Overview (00:27:59) Rio Tinto Quebec Strategy (00:30:09) Faster Permitting In Canada (00:31:18) Picking Winners In Lithium Projects (00:35:29) Offtakes Vs. Traders (00:38:53) US Critical Minerals Funding (00:45:09) What's Truly "Critical" (00:47:35) Where To List A Lithium Company (00:55:02) Surge-Evolution JV And 2026 Plans (01:03:43) SLR Breakdown Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ We begin with a deep dive into the Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR), explaining why price volatility—not geology—is the biggest constraint on Western lithium investment, and how China’s pricing power via CATL, BYD, and the G-FEX exchange has reshaped the global market. We discuss price floors, market stabilization, and why lithium sits at the center of energy security, industrial policy, and the emerging “electrostate” economy. From there, we analyze near-term lithium price drivers, including delays to Chinese supply restarts, seasonal demand patterns, and the growing role of energy storage systems (ESS). We examine battery technology trends, including semi-solid and solid-state batteries, falling battery costs, and what consumer price sensitivity means for EV adoption, battery size, and lithium intensity. The conversation also tackles a critical forecasting issue: whether lithium demand is being overstated due to unrealistic assumptions around battery chemistry and average EV battery size. We compare LFP, mid-nickel, and high-nickel batteries, and discuss how China’s mass-market EV model differs from Western assumptions. Keith shares insights from his experience as a former lithium CEO, including how to evaluate lithium projects, the importance of location and permitting timelines, the realities of offtake agreements versus spot sales, and how government funding and capital markets shape project outcomes. We also discuss Quebec’s growing role in hard-rock lithium, Q2 Metals’ Cisco project, Rio Tinto’s conversion strategy, and the outlook for permitting reform in Canada. We close with a market update on recent deals, including Power Metals and Surge Battery Materials, and discuss where institutional interest in lithium may return as prices stabilize and policy priorities shift. This episode is designed for investors, industry professionals, and policymakers looking for a clear, grounded view of lithium markets, battery economics, and the strategic decisions shaping the next phase of the energy transition. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

We've released a major new RK Equity policy white paper: The USA Strategic Lithium Reserve A Modern SPR for the Lithium Age Read the full white paper here: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ Lithium prices have swung 10–15× in the past two cycles, driven largely by China’s dominance of chemical conversion. This volatility makes it extremely difficult for Western projects—no matter the geology or management—to reach Final Investment Decision. After the House critical minerals hearings this fall, one important idea was missing from the policy conversation: A Strategic Lithium Reserve — an SPR-style buffer for lithium. The SLR is simple and market-driven: • Buy carbonate when prices fall below sustainable incentive levels • Release during spikes, disruptions, or export threats • Stabilize the chemical margin without price floors or technology favoritism • Enable private capital to finance new Western supply And critically: This can begin within months at today’s low prices. The white paper outlines the cost model ($3–7B) and how a three-phase implementation could stabilize the market and diversify supply chains across the Western Hemisphere. If you find the analysis valuable, please share it with colleagues in policy, industry, or the investment community. Your support helps bring this idea into the national conversation. Thanks for reading, Howard Klein RK Equity

The discussion opens with a detailed assessment of Rio Tinto's Lithium Strategy Day—its updated demand outlook, cost assumptions, expansion plans in Argentina and Canada, and the organizational shift aligning lithium with the aluminum division. Howard and Matt examine implications for hard-rock supply, brine dominance, and potential M&A in Quebec. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:01:46) Rio Tinto Strategy Overview (00:15:19) Q2 Metals Drill Results (00:18:03) NOA Lithium and Brine Scarcity (00:20:12) Europe: EMH and Vulcan News (00:27:02) Rare Earth Supply Risks (00:31:00) Solar Growth and Silver Demand (00:32:40) Physical Silver Squeeze (00:35:47) Closing Remarks (00:37:14) 121: NOA Lithium Brines (00:40:42) Q2 Metals in Quebec (00:42:39) Geopolitics & Critical Minerals (00:43:49) Permitting Challenges (00:45:08) Argentina's Mining Climate (00:47:17) U.S. Battery Strategy (00:49:18) Canada's Role (00:50:51) Importance of Copper (00:53:51) Hawke's Point Investment Approach (00:55:24) NOA PEA Highlights (00:57:52) Q2 Resource Growth (00:59:06) Hawke's Commodity Picks (01:03:34) Lithium Market Outlook (01:05:38) M&A Environment (01:10:39) Market Sentiment The conversation then turns to Q2 Metals and its standout drill results at the Cisco Project, which we see as one of the strongest hard-rock intercepts in recent years. Matt explains why the geology, scale, metallurgy, and infrastructure advantages could differentiate Cisco from other Canadian projects. We also discuss lithium brine dynamics—especially in Argentina—highlighting growing interest from major producers and why standalone brine assets may be increasingly scarce and undervalued. We also analyze Europe's shifting approach to critical minerals, including recent EU-backed financing for lithium projects and the continent's push to secure its own battery materials supply chain despite limited upstream resources. We close with a broader view across critical minerals: tightening physical silver markets, the strategic significance of heavy rare earths, and copper's central role in electrification, AI infrastructure, and energy transition technologies. At the end of the video, viewers will also find a separate 121 panel discussion featuring NOA Lithium Brines, Q2 Metals, and Hawke's Point Capital, where the panel explores lithium brine development in Argentina, early-stage discovery value in Quebec, permitting pathways, jurisdictional dynamics, and investor perspectives on project economics and global critical minerals supply chains. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down with John Passalacqua, CEO of First Phosphate (CSE: PHOS), to discuss one of the most overlooked segments of the energy transition: the phosphate supply chain for LFP batteries. As investors increasingly focus on lithium, nickel, and cobalt, phosphate has quietly emerged as a potential bottleneck for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery production outside of China. Chapters (00:00) Intro (05:39) John's Background (06:56) LFP Supply Chain Steps (09:34) Igneous vs. Sedimentary Phosphate (12:59) Project Infrastructure (15:08) Studies and Development Timeline (16:39) Offtake Strategy (19:33) Competitive Landscape (20:37) Permitting Process (23:07) Government Support (24:37) Strategic Partnerships (27:00) Project Economics (29:45) 2026 Milestones (30:35) Closing Remarks First Phosphate's Investor Presentation: https://firstphosphate.com/FirstPhosphateDeck_english.pdf Drawing on our research and recent work in the battery materials sector, we explore why igneous phosphate resources—such as First Phosphate's Bégin-Lamarche project in Quebec—may play a critical role in supplying purified phosphoric acid (PPA), a key precursor for LFP cathode materials. John walks us through the six-step integrated mine-to-cathode value chain, the distinctions between igneous and sedimentary phosphate, and why high-purity phosphate is essential for battery-grade chemistry. We also examine the company's business model, drilling progress, feasibility timeline, offtake strategy, infrastructure advantages, and how First Phosphate is positioning itself to support North America's growing demand for LFP-based battery energy storage systems (BESS). The conversation includes a detailed look at the company's PEA economics, permitting pathway, government engagement, and strategic partnerships across the supply chain. For investors tracking the electrification trend, critical minerals, and the rapid shift toward LFP chemistry in stationary storage and EVs, this discussion provides context on a market segment that has received limited attention but may prove strategically important over the coming years. Topics Covered - Why phosphate may become a bottleneck in the LFP supply chain - Differences between igneous and sedimentary phosphate and why purity matters - North America's opportunity to onshore the LFP value chain - First Phosphate's development timeline and project economics - Offtake agreements, partnerships, and financing considerations - Policy and permitting environment in Quebec - How LFP growth ties into broader electrification and grid storage trends About First Phosphate (CSE: PHOS) First Phosphate is advancing a vertically integrated LFP materials supply chain in North America, focused exclusively on high-purity igneous phosphate for battery-grade applications. The company has raised approximately C$44M to date and continues to advance its flagship project toward feasibility. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Howard and Rodney sit down with Keith Coughlan, Managing Director of European Metals Holdings (EMH), for a detailed discussion following a major development in Europe's lithium sector. The Czech Republic has approved up to €360M in grant funding for the Cinovec lithium project, Europe's largest hard-rock lithium resource. This funding follows the earlier $36M Just Transition Fund grant and reinforces Cinovec's designation as a strategic project under both the Czech government and the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA). Chapters (00:00) Intro (03:11) EMH Market Context (08:39) Cinovec Overview (11:19) Permitting & EIA Timeline (12:44) DFS & Project Funding (13:29) €360M Grant Breakdown (15:16) Determining Final Grant Amount (16:30) Project Comparisons (18:24) Offtake & OEM Interest (21:32) Funding Options (23:27) Valuation & Ownership (26:56) Potential Partners (29:44) Market Perspective (31:16) Project Execution & Staffing (35:21) Utilities & Energy Storage Demand (36:24) Closing Remarks With geopolitical urgency surrounding critical minerals supply, the EU is preparing to unveil its new Resource EU plan, aimed at strengthening regional access to lithium and other essential raw materials. Europe's reliance on Asian supply chains, China's recent export controls, and accelerating U.S.–EU competition for strategic projects all form the backdrop for this conversation. Keith provides updates on: - The scope and significance of the €360M grant - Progress toward the Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) - Recent advances in permitting, including preliminary mining permits across the full ore reserve - The timing and process for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - Project funding pathways involving the EIB, EU critical minerals financing, export credit agencies, and potential offtake partners - Comparisons to peer projects such as Thacker Pass, Vulcan, Standard Lithium, and others - The role of EMH's 51% partner ČEZ, one of Europe's largest utilities We also explore market sentiment around EMH, valuation gaps across the lithium sector, and the broader implications of utility involvement, energy storage demand, and Europe's evolving industrial policy. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap, Howard, Matt and Rodney dig into the state of the lithium market, energy storage demand, and the broader critical minerals landscape against a rapidly changing macro and geopolitical backdrop. They unpack why there is still no agreed historical lithium supply dataset, how a 20% spread in 2024 supply estimates can distort every long-term forecast, and why Chinese and China-controlled supply (especially in Africa) is likely being underestimated by many Western brokers. In the second part of the video, Howard speaks with Washington, DC lobbyist Ben Steinberg of Venn Strategies and the Battery Materials & Technology Coalition about how U.S. critical minerals and battery policy is evolving one year into the new administration. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:03:30) Lithium Data Inconsistencies (00:05:55) Supply Models and Inventory Issues (00:10:08) Supply Outlook to 2027 (00:10:50) China's Lithium Supply Impact (00:11:30) Inventory Trends and Prices (00:13:40) Analyst BESS Forecast Critiques (00:18:27) Growth of Energy Storage (00:20:40) Exxon and U.S. Brine Projects (00:22:21) Rio Tinto's Lithium Strategy (00:25:44) U.S.-China Relations (00:31:54) Critical Minerals Market Outlook (00:35:20) Interview with Ben Steinberg (00:37:37) Clean Energy Policy Overview (00:39:16) Understanding 45X Incentives (00:40:34) Solar, Wind, and Battery Role (00:42:22) Shifts in Federal Energy Leadership (00:46:21) Pentagon Deal-Making and Leadership (00:50:48) Battery Policy Silence on EVs (00:52:43) DOE Reorganization and New Leadership (00:55:22) Musk, Grid Capacity, and Policy (00:58:20) Autonomy and Upcoming Legislation (01:00:01) Tariffs, FDI, and Trade Strategy (01:04:07) How Projects Get Federal Attention (01:07:30) Vulcan Deal Context (01:09:45) Nuclear Strategy and Minerals (01:11:26) What's Coming in Year Two (01:12:20) Closing Remarks Also Discussed The besties walk through Matt's latest supply models out to 2027, seasonality and inventories in China, and how lithium prices have been tracking inventory moves rather than trading "randomly." They critique recent analyst work from Goldman Sachs and Canaccord on EV and BESS (battery energy storage system) demand, highlighting why flatlining BESS growth after a couple of strong years looks unrealistic given grid needs, AI-driven power demand, and booming ESS build-outs. They also touch on Exxon's Smackover lithium ambitions, slower-than-hyped timelines for U.S. brine and geothermal projects, and what Rio Tinto's likely focus on low-cost brine assets could mean for hard-rock projects in Quebec. The conversation broadens into U.S.-China relations, tariffs, rare earths, and why recent equity market weakness in critical minerals may be over-discounting a "kumbaya" scenario rather than the continued strategic competition that policy still implies. In the second part of the video, Ben & Howard discuss the "one big beautiful bill," the role of the 45X production tax credit, DOE reorganization around critical minerals and batteries, the growing focus on energy and AI dominance, and how agencies like the Department of War, DOE, Commerce, EXIM and DFC are coordinating on mineral-by-mineral strategies and dealmaking. Ben also explains the new emphasis on foreign direct investment from allies (Japan, Australia, South Korea, the Middle East) into U.S. critical mineral and processing projects, and what companies need in place—offtake, private capital, strategic partners—to be taken seriously in Washington. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode we sit down with Craig Shesky, CFO of The Metals Company (TMC), following his participation at Benchmark Minerals Week in Los Angeles. With growing global interest in critical minerals, deep-sea resources, and U.S. strategic supply chains, we discuss what investors should understand about the evolving regulatory landscape, funding outlook, and TMC's path toward its target of commercial production in Q4 2027. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (02:26) TMC Update Overview (03:25) Benchmark Week Insights (06:29) NOAA Rule & Permitting (08:37) US-Japan Rare Earth Partnership (09:58) Copper Added to US Mineral List (11:08) Cash Position & Funding (12:51) Path to 2027 Production (16:32) Government Coordination on Minerals (18:54) Industry Funding Landscape (20:18) Closing Remarks Episode Summary We begin with the latest insights from Dmitry Silversteyn of Water Tower Research, whose updated note on TMC highlights the company's current cash position, warrant structure, and capital requirements for upgrading the Hidden Gem vessel alongside Allseas. Craig provides additional context on how TMC views funding needs, potential warrant proceeds, and the company's confidence in maintaining its development timeline. From Benchmark Week, Craig shares observations on industry sentiment, increased attendance at deep-sea mining sessions, and the level of interest from battery manufacturers, automakers, and institutional investors. We also discuss the role of the International Seabed Authority, emerging U.S. regulatory approaches, and the implications of NOAA's draft rule aimed at streamlining seabed exploration and commercial recovery permits. Our conversation explores a number of themes important to investors: - U.S. and allied government coordination on critical minerals - The growing strategic interest in seabed resources - TMC's position within the broader EV and energy-transition supply chain - Copper's inclusion on the U.S. Critical Minerals List - Funding pathways from federal agencies and potential strategic partners - Key milestones to watch as TMC progresses toward 2027 We also touch on recent geopolitical developments, major capital commitments into minerals and metals globally, and what these signals mean for deep-sea mining as an emerging industry. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

A major focus of this week's Rock Stock Recap is the shifting supply-demand outlook for lithium. We examine commentary from Albemarle, SQM, Pilbara Minerals, Lithium Argentina, and others speaking at the Deutsche Bank conference. Themes include: accelerating ESS demand, underinvestment outside China, tightening carbonate/hydroxide inventories, and updated price forecasts from analysts now acknowledging materially stronger near-term fundamentals. We also unpack the implications of Ganfeng's chairman suggesting lithium prices could rise back toward RMB 150,000-200,000/ton if battery demand grows above 30%. Chapters (00:00) Intro (02:56) IperionX Update (03:39) Sigma Lithium Overview (06:06) CATL & Price Movements (07:11) Lithium Demand Drivers (08:20) Analyst Price Forecasts (09:17) Macro Environment Impact (10:41) Project Economics & Costs (11:34) Producer Commentary (16:10) China Market Manipulation (19:12) PLS & Supply Strategy (23:59) ESS & Battery Growth (25:10) 2026 Lithium Outlook (28:51) Bitcoin & Liquidity (31:30) Closing Remarks (33:07) Q2 Metals (37:14) NOA Lithium Brines (44:27) Atlantic Lithium Quick Links - Sigma Lithium Earnings Call: https://vimeo.com/1138183087?share=copy&fl=sv&fe=ci - China Market Manipulation Report: https://www.congress.gov/119/meeting/house/118668/documents/HHRG-119-ZS00-20251119-SD001.pdf Episode Summary After a busy week meeting more than 25 companies at the 121 Mining Conference in London and participating in Deutsche Bank's 10th Annual Lithium Supply Conference, we share fresh insights from developers, producers, and policymakers shaping the sector. We discuss recent updates from Q2 Metals, NOA Lithium Brines, and Atlantic Lithium - three developers with meaningful corporate news. We also address heightened market attention on IperionX and Sigma Lithium after recent short-seller activity, and what company responses tell us about sentiment and positioning. We explore U.S. policy momentum as congressional hearings increasingly spotlight China's role in lithium price formation and potential market manipulation. With major U.S. and Australian policymakers pushing for new supply-chain tools, including infrastructure support and bilateral task forces, we discuss timelines and what investors should watch through 2026. Beyond lithium, Rodney provides macro context around liquidity, quantitative tightening, equity volatility, and signals from Bitcoin and other hard assets. We also touch on new U.S. policy ideas being floated—from 50-year mortgages to auto-loan interest deductibility—and how these proposals may influence consumer behavior and EV demand. To close the episode, we revisit auction signals from Liontown, PLS's strategic positioning, and early indications of a potential market inflection as some developers consider selling lower-grade material such as middlings - historically a sign of improving underlying conditions. Stay tuned after the discussion for short interview excerpts with Q2 Metals, NOA Lithium Brines and Atlantic Lithium. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode of our "Getting to Know You" series, we sit down with Grid Metals' CEO Robin Dunbar and cesium market veteran Austin Devaney to explore one of the rarest and least understood critical minerals: cesium. Grid Metals (TSXV: GRDM) is advancing its newly financed cesium-lithium project in southeast Manitoba, alongside ongoing nickel-copper-PGM exploration in partnership with Teck Resources. Chapters (00:00) Intro (03:13) Robin's Background (03:57) Austin's Background (05:32) How Cesium Is Mined (07:48) Rarity of Cesium (08:27) Cesium Demand & Uses (10:40) Fast-Growing Applications (11:50) Global Supply & Critical Status (13:46) Evaluating Cesium Resources (15:37) Cesium Pricing (17:41) Grid Financing (18:20) Falcon West Drill Plan (19:10) Historic Results (20:47) Project Infrastructure (21:46) Supply Constraints (23:15) Cesium in Solar Tech (24:27) Exploration Potential (25:44) Low CapEx Advantages (27:41) Other Grid Projects (29:09) Closing Remarks As some of you may know, our channel was among the first to highlight the renewed interest in cesium following last year's discovery success at Power Metals' Case Lake project. Since then, the market narrative has been evolving - with fresh attention from PMET Resources and the newly announced critical mineral designation for cesium in both Canada and the United States. In this interview, we speak with Robin about Grid's recent $4M financing, drill permits, and the upcoming program targeting high-grade pollucite at Falcon West - located just off the Trans-Canada Highway with proximity to the operating Tanco cesium processing plant. Austin brings decades of experience in the alkaline earth metals sector, including leadership of Albemarle's cesium business, and provides valuable insight into how cesium is mined, processed, priced, and used across drilling fluids, catalysts, x-ray systems, defense technologies, and emerging photovoltaic applications. We also discuss the scarcity of global cesium resources, the structure of a market historically controlled by only a few producers, and what investors should look for when evaluating early-stage cesium opportunities. Robin provides updates on Grid's other assets, including its lithium resource in Manitoba and the Makwa nickel-copper-PGM project currently being drilled under a joint venture with Teck. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap, we (Howard, Matt and Rodney) break down POSCO's joint venture with Mineral Resources at Wodgina and Mt Marion, and what that valuation is telling us about where lithium equities may be mispriced. Chapters (00:00) Intro (02:59) POSCO-Mineral Resources JV (05:46) POSCO's Conversion & Upstream Strategy (07:44) POSCO's Global Lithium Buying Spree (09:49) ESS Outlook & Benchmark Debate (12:04) Solar Growth & Lithium Demand (14:00) ESS to the rESScue - New Lithium Forecast (17:39) Midstream Funding, Policy & Project Cancellations (20:13) Batteries, National Security & the AI Race (24:26) Lithium Price Rally & Seasonality (27:27) China Costs, Lepidolite & Raw Material Tightness (31:12) Brines, DLE Progress & AME as Bellwether (34:02) Rare Earths & Critical Minerals Opportunities (35:22) London 121 Conference & Meetings (36:27) Critical Minerals Supercycle & Wrap-Up (38:04) Surge Battery Metals (38:16) Hiring Cassidy & Associates (39:07) Meetings in Washington (40:09) Funding Discussions (40:53) U.S. Critical Minerals Deficit (41:37) China Trade Concerns (42:18) Loan Programs Office Insights & Permitting (45:00) Australia Partnership & JV Update (46:08) Expanding Critical Minerals List (47:12) Battery Policy Priorities (48:26) Greg's Background (49:13) Lithium Market Sentiment (50:08) Closing Remarks We walk through: - Why POSCO is paying a substantial premium to current market valuations for upstream lithium assets - How this deal fits into POSCO's broader hydroxide, cathode and ex-China conversion strategy - What it could imply for hard-rock vs brine valuations and for names like Lithium Argentina, NOA and other brine developers From there, we revisit our recent conversations with Iola Hughes (Benchmark) and Jigar Shah, and debate energy storage system (ESS) demand versus consensus. We compare installations vs shipments, discuss inventory build-up, and why we remain structurally bullish on battery energy storage alongside EVs. We also cover: - The latest "ESS to the rESScue" style forecasts and what higher ESS numbers could mean for lithium balances in 2025-2027 - U.S. policy shifts: DOE loan cancellations, the midstream funding gap, and how batteries are increasingly being framed as a national security and AI/datacenter issue - Recent lithium price action, Chinese raw material tightness, CATL's supply situation and what we're seeing in the cost curve - DLE progress at key South American brine projects and why some assets are emerging as bellwethers for the technology - How producers and select developers (including Q2 Metals and other critical minerals names) are trading against this backdrop We also flag our upcoming participation at the 121 mining conference in London, where we'll be meeting a range of lithium, copper, graphite, silver, tin and other critical mineral companies as part of our broader "critical minerals supercycle" work. The episode concludes with a short update from Greg Reimer of Surge Battery Metals, focused on: - Surge's recent PEA and pending JV with Evolution Mining - His meetings in Washington, D.C. with senators' offices, congressional staff and agencies - How U.S. policymakers are thinking about lithium, Nevada claystone, Fast-41 permitting, and potential funding tools (DOE Loan Programs Office, Department of Defense, Commerce, etc.) - Why U.S. critical mineral policy and trade tensions with China matter for early-stage lithium developers like Surge Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

Here's our (Howard, Matt, and Rodney) summary of today's conversation with Rod Colwell, CEO of Controlled Thermal Resources (CTR), about the new subsidiary American Critical Resources (ACR) and the path to U.S. lithium and critical-minerals supply from California's Salton Sea (aka "Lithium Valley"). Chapters (00:00) CTR Salton Sea News & Listing (02:26) Rod's Background & Project History (04:51) Salton Sea vs. Other Brine Plays (07:03) Handling Complex Brine & DLE Setup (11:45) Why Spin Out American Critical Resources (13:41) Market Shift, Lithium & AI Demand (16:11) CapEx, Multi-Mineral Potential (18:12) FID, Equipment & 2027-2029 Timeline (20:07) Studies, Permitting & OEM Offtake (24:57) Funding Strategy for $2B Build (27:13) U.S. Policy, Geothermal & Security Angle (35:37) Data Centers, Power & DLE Flow (43:47) Closing Remarks What we cover - ACR formation & listing plan: Board-approved, targeting a U.S. public listing (NASDAQ/NYSE) in mid-2026 to house CTR's critical-minerals platform. - Why a separate listing? Distinct investor bases for geothermal power and minerals; clearer value proposition for each. - Resource & flowsheet: Super-heated geothermal brine (~600°F wellhead) provides power and process heat. CTR emphasizes pretreatment (iron/silica removal) and polymetallic recovery (zinc, manganese, silver, others) before DLE. Rod cites 700+ hours of steady-state DLE runs at 70–80°C and focus on a single, integrated flowsheet. - Scale & footprint: ~6,000 acres under control; high brine flow rates; plan to scale from tens of MW to gigawatt-class geothermal over time. - Permitting status: Local permits in hand; FAST-41 track with one remaining Clean Water Act federal item outstanding. - Commercial partners & markets: Strategic relationships with GM and Stellantis (flexible offtake pathways). Separate CTR deal framework with Baker Hughes for ~560 MW of geothermal targeted at data centers/AI; active PPA discussions. - Products beyond lithium: Pathways for zinc & manganese (incl. sulfate micronutrients), silica (cement/hardscape uses), potash, plus investigation of cesium/rubidium and rare earths. Rod cites a target ~108 kt/yr combined stream for certain metal products as part of the initial scope. - Process chemistry shift: Re-optimizing toward lithium carbonate (lower capex vs. hydroxide), removing ~$110m from capex vs. prior design assumptions. - Capex, timing & volumes: Approx. $2.0B total for Stage 1 (includes power, pretreatment, polymetallics and lithium). Stage 1 target: ~25 ktpa LCE + ~50 MW power; COD mid-2027 (power) and 2028 (lithium & polymetallics); potash in 2029. FID ~12 months from financing completion. - Financing: CTR has ~$285m raised to date from ~260 accredited/sophisticated investors. Current private raise $150–200m; overall equity stack ~ $600m alongside 60–70% project debt contemplated. Key investor angles we probe: - Salton Sea vs. Smackover and other brines: different chemistries; CTR's edge is process integration, temperature management, and pretreatment quality. - Execution focus: Long-lead equipment already staged (e.g., steam turbine/generator, separators, switchgear) to accelerate the power-first schedule. - AI/datacenter pull-through: Baseload geothermal plus stationary storage demand could become a second growth engine beside EVs. - Domestic supply & national interest: FAST-41 status, White House engagement, and broader U.S. critical-minerals onshoring themes. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

Battery economics are changing fast - and with them, the balance of power across EVs, storage, and supply chains. In this episode, we (Howard, Matt, and Rodney) sit down with Iola Hughes (Benchmark Minerals Intelligence) to unpack what matters most for investors across batteries, energy storage, and EVs. Chapters (00:00) Intro (05:01) ESS Demand to ~20%+ Share (07:19) Giga-Scale Projects Driving Growth (10:09) Iterative Storage Tech, LFP Prices (12:38) Sodium-Ion's Limited Role (15:43) Global EV Update (China, EU, U.S.) (18:15) Policy Headwinds, U.S. EV Reset (21:16) China EVs Led by Cost Parity (24:13) U.S. Cell Plants Pivot to Storage (28:39) Investment Flow Into Storage (30:05) OEM Pullbacks, Storage as Outlet (30:55) Robo-Taxis (33:12) Lithium Price (34:34) Drones, Commercial Vehicles (37:53) Batteries Near "Good Enough" (42:08) AI/Data Centers, Supply Chain Gaps (47:33) Wrap-Up What we cover - BESS vs. EV demand outlook: Benchmark's latest view puts energy storage at ~20% of battery demand today, peaking near the high-20s % before stabilizing around ~25% by 2030 as EV adoption re-accelerates in select markets. - Giga-scale storage projects: Rapid shift to 1–4+ GWh sites is moving the needle far more than residential/UPS use cases; 2024 saw a sharp jump in the number and size of grid-scale deployments. - Technology trajectory: Expect iterative (not "moonshot") gains—container/system engineering, thermal management, and faster charging—while LFP cell pricing shows a recent uptick. - Sodium-ion reality check: Interesting for extreme temperatures and pilot hybrids in China, but LFP remains the benchmark for most projects due to cost/scale advantages. - Global EV snapshot: China leads on cost parity and volumes; Europe benefits from policy support; the U.S. trend is mixed with lower 2030 penetration forecasts vs. a year ago. - Policy & incentives: U.S. storage demand benefits from ITC and the domestic content adder; however, midstream bottlenecks (cathode/anode) challenge IRA 45X qualification for LFP. - Korean pivot to storage: LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, and SK are redirecting U.S. capacity toward ESS as EV forecasts moderate—supplying integrators (e.g., Tesla, Fluence) and direct utility/data-center demand. - AI/data-center load: Batteries increasingly support grid access and reliability; near-term examples point to ESS bridging power needs while generation/transmission catch up. - Commercial vehicles & niches: China's battery-swap heavy-duty model is scaling; elsewhere adoption is policy-led and gradual. Drones/humanoid robots are monitored but not yet demand drivers. - Lithium price context: Benchmark's team remains constructive on ESS/EV volumes while seeing supply dynamics cap near-term price upside; potential recovery timelines are discussed. Why it matters for investors - Storage is becoming a core asset class: Bigger projects, faster build times, and improving system economics expand the investable universe across developers, integrators, component suppliers, and upstream materials. - Follow the midstream: Cathode/anode localization is the key swing factor for IRA-eligible economics and margins in North America. - Watch China cost parity & exports: Cost leadership shapes global pricing, product mix (LFP), and the competitive position of ex-China players. - Policy risk & opportunity: European CO₂ rules, U.S. incentive design/eligibility, and potential U.S.–China arrangements could meaningfully alter supply chains and valuation frameworks. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

What does America's new "warp speed" push on critical minerals and batteries actually mean for investors trying to pick winners? In this episode, we (Howard and Matt) sit down again with Jigar Shah - former head of the U.S. Department of Energy's Loan Programs Office, co-founder of Generate Capital, and one of the clearest voices on how policy, capital and technology come together in clean energy - to unpack what we're calling America's "Belt and Road" moment for critical minerals and energy infrastructure. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:02:39) U.S. "Warp Speed" Industrial Policy vs China (00:05:21) Jigar's New Work & Demand Flexibility (00:06:53) Grid Peak Problem & Storage Economics (00:08:54) Batteries, Politics & "Don't Poke the Bear" (00:14:18) IRA vs "One Big Beautiful Bill" (00:24:49) Juniors, DoD Offtake & Stockpiles (00:26:39) China's Rare Earths Overreach (00:31:41) U.S. Battery/Cathode Innovation Path (00:36:26) Tariffs, Timelines & Capital Formation (00:42:52) Partnering with China (or Not) (00:48:38) Price Floors, CFDs & Infrastructure (00:52:51) MP, Vulcan & Deal Transparency (00:55:55) U.S. Lithium Export Vision (01:05:12) DOE Deal Cancellations (01:07:09) Canada's Role in Friend-Shoring (01:10:32) Outro Read my Lithium-ion Bull Issue 108: Critical Minerals at Warp Speed: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull/status/1986116081086308431 For retail investors trying to make sense of the sudden U.S. push on lithium, rare earths, battery materials, transmission, and reshoring, this is a useful reality check. Jigar walks through how the DOE model under Biden is evolving under the current administration - with the Department of Defense/War and the new Office of Strategic Capital now taking a bigger role - and why that's changing the offtake, financing and exit environment for both large miners and juniors. What we cover: - Why Washington is moving at "warp speed" to friend-shore supply chains for lithium, rare earths, magnets, and advanced manufacturing. - How U.S. industrial policy has shifted from pure decarbonization to energy security and economic resiliency - and what that means for project selection. - Why batteries and demand flexibility are, in Jigar's view, still the cheapest way to meet new AI/data-center load, even when some commentators avoid saying "batteries" out loud. - The tension between big OEMs wanting to deal with large, de-risked miners and the reality that many critical mineral markets are still junior-heavy and thinly traded. - The emerging U.S. playbook around strategic stockpiles / government offtake as an alternative to IRA-style demand credits. - How China may have overplayed its hand on rare earths, creating more political room for North America, Australia and Europe to build parallel supply chains. - The difficult but investable timeline: this is not a 1-2 year fix - it looks more like a 5-10+ year buildout - but public capital is now signaling in the right direction. - Why project stability, rule clarity and transparent selection criteria still matter for capital formation in mining and midstream processing. We also probe Jigar on the canceled DOE-linked deals, the sudden $1.4B "VC-style" critical minerals announcement, and how investors should think about price floors, contracts-for-difference, and socialized infrastructure versus preserving mining upside. If you follow U.S.-China minerals competition, EV/battery supply chains, or the politics behind U.S. loan and grant decisions, this episode gives you context that's hard to find. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

We (Howard, Matt & Rodney) sit down with Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) CEO Ernie Ortiz and Libra Energy Materials (CSE: LIBR) CEO Koby Kushner for an update on lithium royalties and early-stage exploration. Chapters 📖 (00:00) Introduction (03:45) Zijin Production & LRC Impact (06:27) Cesium Upside (Power Metals) (08:37) Finniss Restart: Site Visit (12:02) BP33 Underground Focus (13:10) WA: Capex Pullback & Ramps (14:42) Share Buybacks Overview (17:10) Valuing Royalties (P/NAV, IRR) (21:06) Pipeline: Cash-Flowing Deals (23:27) Thacker Pass Litigation (25:29) Supply, Inventories, Prices (28:12) ESS Demand Surge (30:49) Policy Tailwinds (US/AU/AR/CA/BR) (33:26) Price Floors & Data Centers (36:58) Closing: Diversified LRC Exposure (38:00) Libra Energy Materials: New Advisors (40:06) OTCQB Listing (40:48) Brion Brazil Acquisition (42:37) Brazil Exploration (45:15) Brazil Timeline (45:40) Quebec Program (47:59) Ontario Update (50:13) Athena Gold Plan Lithium Royalty Corp Highlights 🔑 • LRC near-term catalysts: 3Q (Catamarca, Argentina) has commenced Phase 1 (~20ktpa), with a potential Phase 2 adding ~40ktpa. LRC holds a ~0.9% gross royalty. Management expects 2026 to be the first meaningful revenue year as production ramps. • Cesium exposure: Through a 2% gross revenue royalty on Power Metals, LRC has upside to cesium—an emerging battery and grid material—with a 2026 start targeted. • Core Lithium restart: Site visit validated the shift to the BP33 underground plan aimed at lower operating costs. Recent financing (~$50M) plus ~205kt of unencumbered offtake could support a restart when prices recover. • Royalty valuation & buybacks: Following a royalty sale to Triple Flag (US$28M), LRC repurchased ~9% of its float at attractive levels. Ernie discusses P/NAV and IRR as core valuation frameworks, noting LRC trades at a discount to mature royalty peers as its assets advance toward cash flow. • Optionality: Thacker Pass royalty litigation continues, with potential outcomes not yet included in analyst models. Timing for next legal step expected H2’26/’27. • Market signals: Lithium inventories are drawing down, spodumene appears to be stabilizing, and ESS demand remains robust. Management sees improving fundamentals heading into 2026. LIBR Snapshot 🔑 • Brazil expansion underway: LIBR acquired a private Brazilian portfolio (~30 projects, majority lithium-focused). Early prospecting has begun, including in Minas Gerais near established producers. • Targeting methods tailored to Brazil: Due to weathering that removes lithium at surface, LIBR is using geochemical indicators and historic workings to refine drill targets. • Quebec fieldwork launched: Two James Bay–area projects (including “Wegucci”) are being evaluated via helicopter-supported reconnaissance to confirm pegmatite scale. • Ontario earn-in advancing: A major partner is funding a staged C$33M earn-in across three projects. Initial commitments have been met; assays pending. • Athena Gold holding: LIBR holds ~44M shares and plans a measured approach to any future monetization aligned with drill milestones. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we (Howard, Matt & Rodney) sit down with former Canaccord metals & mining analyst turned operator Eric Zaunscherb - now Chair of Critical Elements Lithium and Executive Chair at GR Silver Mining (GRSL) - to assess where we are in the cycle for TSX/TSXV juniors, gold, silver, and lithium, and what that means for retail investors. What we cover (for investors) 🔍: Cycle context: Eric’s slide deck tracks seven prior junior-mining recoveries over 43 years. The average up-cycle ran ~38 months with ~+180% magnitude; by his math, today’s move (which started in Q4-2023) still screens mid-cycle on both duration and magnitude. Gold & silver dynamics: Why precious metals typically lead; how currency debasement and cleared inventories intersect with silver’s dual role (precious + industrial). We discuss silver’s by-product supply, recent volatility, and why it tends to outperform late in the move - and underperform on reversals. Valuations you rarely see: EV per P&P reserves, M&I, and global resources across silver developers vs. gold peers - why silver reserves aren’t getting a premium yet (capital scarcity for build-outs), while gold developers have started to be rewarded. Lithium reality check: Identified resources have doubled since 2022 (mostly DLE/clays), but commercial output remains anchored in hard-rock and salar brine. Developer multiples haven’t re-rated alongside gold/silver - creating scarcity value for conventional, financeable assets. Quebec focus: Critical Elements’ Rose project optionality, the Nisk/Lion area (optioned to Power Metallic), and why Quebec’s clean grid + jurisdiction matter to Japan/Korea offtakers. Energy storage (BESS) is the swing factor: Matt explains why most forecasts underestimate solar + storage, how grid constraints and fast-build lead times pull storage demand forward, and what that implies for lithium incentive pricing. Policy & capital flows: AUS-US cooperation, potential shared infrastructure, and growing private/DFI capital for critical minerals. Mini-segment: Alicia Mil(lne) - Q2 Metals update (Korea/Japan roadshow, assays pending incl. Hole 44: 457 m pegmatite intercept). Guidance: Q1 inferred resource, PEA work to follow; four rigs currently turning. Why this matters (our take) 🤝: - Know where we are in the cycle to size risk across producers vs. developers. - See how capital availability is shaping valuation spreads (especially silver). - Distinguish conventional, buildable lithium from higher-tech-risk stories. - Treat BESS as a second demand engine (alongside EVs) with policy and grid tailwinds. 🔔 If you find this useful, subscribe for our weekly(ish) Rock Stock Recaps and interviews. ✉️ Join the list for Matt’s blogs/Lithium-ion Bull: https://rkequity.com/ Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Chapters (00:00) Intro (04:25) About Guest (05:34) TSXV Recovery Cycles (07:57) Cycle Drivers (09:30) Silver's Dual Role (11:05) Inventories & Volatility (13:10) Silver Supply Constraints (15:07) Silver's Bigger Swings (15:46) Valuing Silver Developers (18:36) Gold vs. Silver Valuations (19:33) Gold Macro Setup (22:45) Lithium Valuation Reset (24:55) Resources vs. Supply (26:52) Quebec Lithium Snapshot (30:56) Strategics: Korea & Japan (34:29) Trump/Australia Agreement (37:42) ESS Demand Drivers (43:58) Distributed Energy Resources (48:28) Transmission Bottlenecks (51:37) Wrap-Up (51:57) Q2 Metals Update (54:13) Drilling Highlights (Hole 44) (54:55) Upcoming Milestones (56:28) Financing Snapshot Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein #TSX #TSXV #Gold #Silver #Lithium #CriticalElements #GRSilverMining #Quebec #BESS #EnergyStorage #Solar #Pilbara #POSCO #Q2Metals #Q

In this episode, I (Matt Fernley, Battery Materials Review) sit down with Cormac O’Laoire (Electrios Energy) to dissect what LME Week signals for battery materials and how policy, supply chains and technology choices could shape returns for investors over the next 12–24 months. We compare the sharply divided lithium outlooks we heard in London with on-the-ground demand indicators in China, Europe and the Rest of World, and outline the datapoints I’m watching (especially inventories) before turning more constructive. Key topics discussed - LME Week takeaways: why analyst views on lithium are further apart than I’ve ever seen, and the inventory declines I need to see before calling a turn. - EV demand mix: China’s scrappage scheme dynamics, BEV vs PHEV trends, and the importance of ROW growth and Chinese exports (e.g., BYD). - China export controls: implications of restrictions on advanced LFP and graphite; Western exposure to Chinese anode material and the case for building an NMC-led supply chain outside China. - Funding gap: why lithium, graphite/anode, high-purity manganese and parts of nickel struggle to get financed at current China-linked prices—and where policy tools (e.g., floors) might help. - Chemistry choices in the West: NMC/MCA vs LFP, and the emerging use of mixed-chemistry packs for performance and cost. - Sodium-ion reality check: cost/performance hurdles, hard-carbon anode bottlenecks and why SIB scale is likely to stay niche near term vs LFP. - Graphite spotlight: ExxonMobil’s move into synthetic graphite via Superior Graphite—what it could mean for non-Chinese anode supply if capex and feedstock line up. - ESS momentum: China’s aggressive multi-year targets, Middle East mega-projects, and the risk of near-term tightness in cells as grid storage scales. Who should watch: retail investors following lithium, graphite/anode materials, nickel/manganese, cell makers, EV OEMs and grid-scale storage. Expect an even-handed discussion focused on fundamentals, policy and investability rather than hype. Further reading: Detailed data, charts and monthly commentary are in Battery Materials Review: https://www.batterymaterialsreview.com/ #lithium #graphite #batteryMaterials #EVs #energystorage #LFP #NMC #sodiumion #BYD #China #LMEWeek #commodities #investing Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Chapters (00:00) Introduction (01:24) LME Week: What Stood Out (03:08) Lithium Outlook Split & Inventory Watch (07:23) EV Demand: China vs Rest of World (09:59) China Export Controls (LFP & Graphite) (13:00) The Funding Gap in Battery Materials (17:31) Chemistry Choices: NMC/NCA vs LFP (20:32) Sodium-Ion Reality Check (24:59) Graphite Spotlight: ExxonMobil's Superior (27:49) China Market: Scrappage, Inventories, BEV vs PHEV (32:11) ESS Boom: China Targets & Global Impact (36:43) Closing Remarks Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down with Ajanth (Aj) Saverimutto, Managing Director of Wildcat Resources (ASX: WC8), to discuss the company’s Tabba Tabba lithium project in Western Australia, recent exploration at Bolt Cutter Central, and what the latest pre-feasibility study (PFS) implies for costs, scale, and timelines. What we cover - Project overview: Why Tabba Tabba’s location near Port Hedland and tier-one Pilbara lithium mines matters for logistics and costs. - Acquisition story: How Wildcat secured the asset and accelerated drilling to reach resource, reserve and PFS milestones. - PFS takeaways: Base-case design, contingencies, strip assumptions, and the rationale for a staged ramp-up. - Costs & scale: Headline Capex/Opex, targeted 5.5% spodumene concentrate, recoveries, and throughput steps (2.2Mtpa → 4.5Mtpa). - Mining plan: Predominantly open pit with later underground; implications for mine life and cash flow sequencing. - Exploration upside: Early results at Bolt Cutter Central (stacked pegmatites) and potential additions from Chewy/Han/Hutt and tantalum. - Funding pathways: Debt, offtake/prepay, strategic and government options—and what counterparties are engaging. - Market context: How Pilbara cost curves, sentiment, and recent moves by majors frame risk and opportunity. Key numbers discussed (from the interview) - Capex (incl. pre-strip): ~A$680m (base case). - Unit costs: ~US$541/t C1 and ~US$650/t AISC (FOB basis discussed). - Production profile: Stage 1 ~300kt/y SC5.5 ramping to ~600kt/y in Stage 2. - Recoveries: ~70–80% (with conservative haircut in PFS). - Mine life: ~17 years initial plan (with potential extensions). - Mining mix: ~79% open pit / 21% underground over life. - Balance sheet & history: Last equity raise Nov 2023 (~A$100m @ A$0.76); cash balance discussed at ~A$55m at time of interview. About the guest AJ is a mining engineer and accountant with senior ops experience at Freeport-McMoRan’s Grasberg and BHP. He previously restarted and sold the Beta Hunt nickel-gold mine before joining Wildcat. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty ) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments ) Chapters (00:00) Introduction (03:25) AJ's Background (05:35) Tabba Tabba Acquisition (07:30) Bolt Cutter Discovery (09:40) PFS Highlights (11:51) Capex, Opex & Output (13:17) Resource Upside (14:27) Mining Plan (15:23) Metallurgy & Recoveries (17:58) Funding Pathways (19:01) Near-Term Catalysts (20:23) Competitive Edge (23:11) Market Context (25:47) Investor & Offtake Interest (29:42) Global Counterparties (30:48) Government Support (31:39) Closing Remarks Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we (Howard & Rodney) sit down with Water Tower Research (WTR) equity analyst Dmitry Silversteyn to unpack the critical minerals landscape for retail investors—what matters now in lithium, nickel, rare earths, and where U.S. policy could steer capital next. We discuss China’s latest export restrictions, the growing focus on onshoring/friend-shoring and processing capacity, and why permitting and downstream infrastructure may be more decisive than simply finding ore in the ground. We also take a measured look at The Metals Company (TMC): what the new PFS implies, execution and permitting risks (including the NOAA pathway), and how partnerships with Allseas, PAMCO (Japan) and Korea Zinc fit into a potential nickel supply solution that avoids high-impact terrestrial mining. Finally, we revisit the lithium market—inventory overhang, price stabilization, and where U.S. dollars may flow across clay, DLE/geothermal, brine, and hard-rock projects—plus the role of government grants, loans, and potential equity stakes in catalyzing private investment. What we cover - China’s export curbs and implications for MP Materials, Lithium Americas, and U.S./Five Eyes supply chains - Why processing capacity (hydroxide/sulfate, magnet materials, etc.) is the bottleneck—and a policy priority - TMC strategy: resource scale, pilot results, PFS assumptions, partnerships, and competitive lead - Key risks: scale-up, offshore uptime/weather, market acceptance, and regulatory timelines - Lithium outlook: demand normalization, pricing, and comparative risk across clay vs. DLE vs. brine vs. hard-rock - How U.S. funding signals (grants/loans/equity) can de-risk first-of-a-kind projects and crowd in private capital Guest Dmitry Silversteyn, Equity Analyst, Water Tower Research — chemical/process engineering background and two decades in equity research (coverage across TMC, Albemarle, SQM/FMC/Livent, and broader battery materials). Mentions & tickers (non-exhaustive) LAC, ALB, SQM, MP, TMC, ABAT, PLL, SGML, LIRC (TSX), plus references to Korea Zinc, Allseas, PAMCO and various U.S./Canadian/Australian lithium and graphite names. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Chapters (00:00) Introduction (02:40) Dmitry's Background & WTR (05:49) China Export Curbs & Processing (09:06) Onshoring vs. Friend-Shoring (14:28) Government Role: Permits & Funding (15:59) First-Of-A-Kind & Equity (18:23) TMC Overview & Offshore Analogy (19:06) TMC PFS: Key Takeaways (22:31) Nickel Outlook & Indonesia (24:37) Processing: PAMCO & Korea Zinc (27:06) Policy Tailwinds & Backers (28:43) TMC's Lead Over Rivals (31:20) Key Risks & Acceptance (34:20) Permitting & Timeline (37:45) TMCs Funding Path (41:28) Lithium Market Reset (47:29) U.S. Lithium: Paths & Capital Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap episode, we discuss key trends in the commodities and critical minerals markets, focusing on lithium, copper, silver, and emerging investment opportunities. Joined by guest Tom Woolrych from Deutsche Rohstoff, we delve into topics like the evolution of lithium markets, the potential of new discoveries in Quebec (Q2 Metals), and why certain lithium equities have lagged despite strong market signals. They also explore the strategic importance of graphite, niobium, and other niche metals, as well as the ongoing developments in global geopolitics affecting commodity prices. Tom shares his expertise on "geo-alpha" investing, discussing how to identify early-stage discoveries and capitalize on underexplored opportunities. The conversation also covers the challenges and opportunities in the copper and silver markets, with a focus on supply disruptions and the evolving demand for these metals. Additionally, we highlight key insights into Argentina’s lithium brine assets, the impact of China’s export curbs on critical materials (rare earths, graphite), and the role of government-backed funding for junior companies in scaling niche metals projects. This episode is a must-watch for retail investors interested in understanding the complexities of the commodities market, particularly in the context of the ongoing energy transition and the global race for critical minerals. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:04:08) About Tom Woolrych (00:08:18) Patriot vs. Q2: Known vs. Early Discovery (00:10:01) Modeling Q2: Pegmatite and Maiden Resource (00:16:55) Lithium Market: Lagging Equities & Q2 Upside (00:18:29) Patriot's Cesium Hype vs. Reality (00:19:58) Wildcat Update: Logistics & Fast-Track Potential (00:21:12) Deutsche Rohstoff's Strategy: Almonty's Success (00:24:07) Copper & Silver: Shifting Focus from Gold (00:29:52) Niobium & Rare Metals: Strategic Importance (00:31:23) Iron Ore: West Africa & Market Trends (00:32:21) Gold vs. Bitcoin: Central Bank Influence (00:35:18) Dollar's Role: Geopolitics & Hedging (00:37:10) Big Miners: Undervalued & Poised to Rerate (00:41:20) Supercycle: Different Commodities This Time (00:44:04) Argentina: Brines, Macro Trends, & Mispricing (00:49:54) China Export Curbs: Rare Earths & Graphite (00:55:10) Geopolitics: Negotiations & Supply Security (01:03:30) Closing Remarks Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down with Gabriel Rubacha, CEO of NOA Lithium Brines (TSXV: NOAL), to discuss the Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) for NOA’s Rio Grande project in Argentina and what it may mean for investors following lithium brines, cost curves, and capital pathways. We cover: - PEA headline items: ~4.7 Mt LCE resource at ~520 mg/L, a two-train development (20kt + 20kt LCE), conservative use of proven evaporation with DLE optionality to be re-evaluated at PFS, and a first-phase pre-production CapEx of ~$706M. - Route selection & flexibility: Base case carbonate; evaluating lithium chloride as a staged approach that could trim CapEx/OpEx by ~30–35% and potentially fund a downstream carbonate plant at lower elevation. - Operating profile: Blended grade approach; north/northeast zones 600+ mg/L, central salar ~400–500 mg/L. Management frames costs as mid-pack for Argentina today, targeting a first/second quartile global position as the project matures. - Scaling & timelines: Phase 1 infrastructure helps scheduling more than headline CapEx; PFS targeted before end-2026 with workstreams in pumping wells, freshwater, southern drilling, lab testwork, and DLE options. - Funding & partnerships: Intention to advance toward PFS, then consider strategics/operators to bring the asset into production. Clean Elements (major shareholder) as a contrarian backer of Argentine brines; discussion of tight share register and recent placements. - Regional context: Proximity to Mariana (Ganfeng); broader Argentina investment climate and how policy signals and elections intersect with mining capital. - Market discussion: Why Aussie lithium equities often move earlier than North American names; U.S. policy signals around Lithium Americas and knock-on effects; China supply narratives (mine licensing cadence) and our inventory read (~35–40 days) into year-end with typical restocking after Chinese New Year. Guest: - Gabriel Rubacha — CEO, NOA Lithium Brines; prior roles include board/operating positions at Lithium Americas and leadership at Minera Exar JV with Ganfeng in Argentina. Tickers Mentioned (context only): TSXV: NOAL, TSE: LIRC (Lithium Royalty Corp), plus references to producers/developers in Argentina and Australia. Sponsors (thanks for supporting investor education): - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. | Website - https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X - https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). | Website - https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X - https://x.com/USCFInvestments Chapters: See the chapter list in this video for quick navigation to PEA details, cost/CapEx discussion, chloride vs. carbonate, PFS roadmap, funding options, regional comps, and the broader lithium market segment. (00:00) Introduction (04:00) PEA Summary & Design (06:26) CapEx, OpEx & Timeline (07:23) Chloride vs. Carbonate (09:47) Phase 2 & Infrastructure (11:03) Grades & Geology (12:08) Cost Curve Position (13:50) Funding & Partners (16:45) PFS Plan & Milestones (18:26) Nearby Projects (19:17) Shift to Market Talk (19:59) U.S. Backing Impact (22:00) China/Australia Equity Dynamics (25:13) Brine vs. Hard Rock Valuation Gaps (27:51) Clean Elements' Bet (29:23) Argentine Brines Value (30:51) Argentina Investment Climate (32:48) Politics & Reforms (34:30) Uncertainty & Sentiment (35:08) China Supply & Licenses (37:13) Inventories & Demand (38:07) Closing Remarks For investor resources and Matt’s blog on valuation gaps in Argentine brines, visit https://blog.rkequity.com/. For inquiries or meeting requests (including the upcoming London 121 dates mentioned), contact [email protected] Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we (Howard & Rodney) sit down again with Graham Harris, Chairman of Surge Battery Metals (TSXV: NILI | OTC: NILIF), for a focused update on the Nevada North Lithium Project (NNLP) and recent corporate developments relevant to retail investors. We cover: - Project Update & PEA Context: A brief recap of the June PEA and how the current workstream is geared toward the upcoming Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS). - Exploration & By-Products: Why the team is now assaying for rubidium and cesium, how those tests fit into the 9-hole fall drill program, and what would be required for any by-product economics to matter. - Drill Program & Timeline: The fall infill program (targeting high-grade zones, ~600 ft depths) aimed at upgrading resources for the PFS, with drilling expected to wrap late Oct/early Nov (weather permitting). - Land & Water Access: New LOI/MOU elements around private land access and water rights with Salmon River, plus ongoing collaboration to balance hydrology, grazing, and project needs. - Consolidation of Ground: Closing the remaining Texas Spring claims to improve siting options for future infrastructure. - Evolution Mining LOI: A non-binding JV framework to consolidate mineral interests and fund PFS activities, subject to final structure/tax work and definitive agreements. - Balance Sheet & Funding: A C$5M financing (closing Oct 5, no JV close condition), ~C$7M cash balance, and expectations that PFS costs are funded by the prospective JV partner. - Sector Backdrop: Market reaction to recent Lithium Americas headlines and broader U.S. policy signals around domestic critical minerals—and what that could mean for Nevada sedimentary lithium projects. Why watch: If you follow early-stage lithium developers, this conversation provides clear milestones to track—assay scope expansion, infill drilling results, permitting/de-risking steps, JV finalization, and the path to PFS. Tickers Mentioned: Surge Battery Metals — TSXV: NILI | OTC: NILIF Lithium Americas — NYSE/TSX: LAC (context) Key Topics for Search & Discovery: lithium stocks, Nevada lithium, clay-hosted lithium, Surge Battery Metals NILI NILIF, Evolution Mining JV, lithium PEA vs PFS, rubidium cesium by-products, mining water rights Nevada, retail investor lithium, critical minerals policy USA Chapters: See timestamps in the video for: company update, by-product assays, drill program, land & water agreements, Evolution LOI, financing, and sector context. Learn more about Surge Battery Metals (NILI): - Website: https://surgebatterymetals.com/ - X (Twitter): https://x.com/SurgeBattery - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/surge-battery-metals-inc/ If you found this content valuable, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment! 📖 Chapters (00:00) Introduction (03:07) Rubidium and Cesium Results (04:16) Byproduct Potential (04:54) Texas Spring Claims Acquisition (05:56) Land and Water Agreements (08:55) Drill Program & PFS Timeline (10:44) Evolution JV Terms (13:15) Evolution Partnership Benefits (15:20) Capital Raise & Funding Status (17:09) U.S. Critical Minerals Support (20:40) Surge's Positioning & PFS Goals 🌍 Links - Read Matt’s research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ - Learn more about USCF: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ - Learn more about Lithium Royalty Corp: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap, we break down what retail investors need to know across lithium, copper, and broader commodities as of September 26. We discuss why lithium equities rallied despite "lower-for-longer" price calls, how China's evolving policies on strategic minerals (and growing recycled supply) may limit oversupply, and what shrinking market surpluses could mean for pricing once inventories normalize. We also cover the knock-on effects from Freeport's Grasberg disruption on copper balances, and practical ways to gain exposure via commodity ETFs versus single-name miners. We examine energy storage as a structural demand driver - highlighting rapid unit-size and cost shifts (e.g., large-format ESS builds and BYD leaks), the importance of BMS and safety regulations, and scenarios for 2030 storage demand and lithium requirements (LCE). We compare the U.S. and China policy backdrop, note Argentina's improving signals for lithium names, and discuss why passive under-allocation to commodities and rising global liquidity (M2) can fuel fund flows into hard assets. Key topics we cover: - Lithium: sector rally, Lithium Americas sentiment, Goldman Sachs supply/demand vs price path, inventory overhangs, recycling growth, China's supply curbs. - Copper: Grasberg outage, inventories, smelting capacity, tariffs/flows, and using CPER/COPX versus producer risk. - ESS & Renewables: AI-driven power needs, solar-plus-storage momentum, unit scaling, safety/BMS/regulatory catch-up, 2030 LCE implications. - Macro & Flows: passive underweight to commodities, U.S. retail dynamics, site-visit takeaways, Argentina tailwinds, liquidity and hard-asset rotation. Tickers mentioned: LAC, LTHM, SQM, ALB, SGML, TMC, USCF (commodities ETFs), CPER, COPX, FCX, BYD, CATL, Anglo, IVN, INR, SLI, ASN. Commodities & themes: lithium, copper, uranium, rare earths, ESS, AI power demand, China policy, Argentina lithium, recycling, inventories, cost curves, tariffs. 🔔 If you found this content valuable, don't forget to subscribe, like and comment! 📖 Chapters (00:00) Intro (05:53) Goldman Lithium View (08:01) Prices, Inventories, Risks (11:23) Demand, Cost Curve (12:18) China Oversupply Controls (14:43) Copper Shock: Grasberg (19:36) Copper: ETFs vs Miners (21:58) Secular Commodities Case (25:44) U.S. Flows & Site Visits (28:24) MinRes, Steel/Iron Ore Check (31:16) AI Power: Solar + Storage (34:28) ESS Demand, Safety, Rules (38:58) US-China & Transition (43:26) Liquidity & Hard Assets (46:15) Closing Remarks 🌍 Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ - Learn more about USCF: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ - Learn more about Lithium Royalty Corp: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

Lithium Americas: Could This Be Their "MP Materials Moment"? Howard and Matt break down the latest news on Lithium Americas (LAC), which is up over 100% on speculation that the U.S. government (DOE Loan) may take an equity stake in its Thacker Pass project. We explore what a potential public-private partnership could mean for lithium prices, investor sentiment, and valuations across the U.S. lithium sector — including names like Ioneer (ASX: INR) and Anson Resources (ASX: ASN). We also dive into Matt’s latest RK Equity blogs, covering two key topics for investors: 🔹 Aluminum Market Outlook: Matt explains why aluminum may have already turned the corner structurally, despite 20 years of underperformance. We discuss how China’s production cap could reshape supply dynamics, how solar, EVs, and grid buildouts are driving secular demand, and why aluminum inventories are critically low. Matt shares ideas on ways retail investors might gain exposure — from producers like Alcoa (AA) and Norsk Hydro (NHYDY) to upstream bauxite plays and ETFs like USCF’s Sustainable Battery Metals Fund (ZSB). 🔹 China Policy Shifts: We unpack recent legislative and regulatory changes in China, including the Mineral Resources Law and new competition rules, and what they mean for critical minerals like lithium and rare earths. These moves could tighten global supply and support higher prices — a key theme for investors focused on EV supply chains and energy transition commodities. 🔔 If you found this content valuable, don't forget to subscribe, like and comment! 📖 Chapters (00:00) Introduction (00:50) Lithium Americas & DOE Loan (02:29) Aluminum Market Outlook (03:36) China's Aluminum Supply Shift (05:26) Production Caps & Supply Crunch (06:42) Aluminum Demand From EVs & Solar (07:18) Aluminum vs. Copper Price Forecast (08:10) Top Aluminum Stock Ideas (09:58) USCF ZSB ETF for Aluminum Exposure (11:23) China Policy & Critical Minerals (14:38) Rare Earth Quotas & Price Impact (16:30) Closing Remarks 🌍 Links - Read Matt’s research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ - Learn more about USCF: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down with John Love, CEO of USCF Investments, the newest sponsor of Rock Stock Channel, to explore how investors can use commodity ETFs to diversify their portfolios and gain direct exposure to key market trends. USCF is best known for the United States Oil Fund (USO) but also offers funds focused on copper (CPER), sustainable battery metals (ZSB), gold with income (USG), and broad commodities (SDCI). John walks us through the history of USCF, its role as a pioneer in the commodity ETF space, and how it differentiates itself through innovation and a focus on futures-based strategies. We discuss why investors might prefer commodity exposure over equity proxies, the benefits of diversification, and how USCF’s systematic approach helps simplify futures investing for everyday investors. We cover four funds we believe retail investors should have on their radar: - CPER (United States Copper Index Fund) – for direct exposure to copper prices - USG (Gold Income Fund) – gold plus an options overlay for potential income - ZSB (Sustainable Battery Metals Strategy Fund) – targeting the metals powering electrification - SDCI (Broad Commodity Fund) – a rules-based, diversified commodity index strategy We also talk about current investor sentiment, the role of commodities in portfolio construction, and whether we may be entering a new commodity supercycle driven by electrification, AI infrastructure, and global demand growth. Learn more about USCF: - Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ - X (Twitter): https://x.com/uscfinvestments If you found this content valuable, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment! 📖 Chapters (00:00) Introduction (03:49) USCF Edge & Strategy (06:24) Why Commodity ETFs (08:38) CPER: Copper Exposure (12:57) USG: Gold + Income (15:22) ZSB: Battery Metals (19:45) SDCI: Broad Commodities (24:14) Backwardation vs. Contango (29:54) Sentiment & Flows (34:21) Closing Remarks Links 🌍 - Read Matt’s research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we broadcast from Rockefeller Center and dig into three areas retail investors are asking about: rare earths valuation, titanium & advanced manufacturing (IperionX: IPX), and lithium market volatility—with updates from The Metals Company (TMC) and Lithium Royalty Corp (LIRC). 🔍 What we cover: - Rare earths—how to value early-stage names: Matt explains why NdPr-equivalent (neodymium–praseodymium) is a better lens than Total REO, and how we compare companies using market cap per contained NdPr-equivalent rather than headline grades alone. - IperionX site visit takeaways: Scrap-to-titanium, additive manufacturing and fasteners opportunity; why execution risk is falling; and how a “Bessemer moment” for titanium could reset costs versus aluminum/stainless. - TMC regulatory progress: NOAA confirms application compliance and priority rights; we discuss timelines, executive-order context, and what “big needle-mover” funding could look like in the U.S. framework. - Battery chemistry mix: Where nickel chemistries sit versus LFP as autonomy and energy density needs rise; manganese’s role (LMR) and the potential to produce manganese sulfate from nodules. - Lithium market now: CATL lepidolite restart chatter, demand growth still tracking ~high-20s % y/y, Chinese capex decelerating, and why restarts and cost curves matter for price formation through 2026–27. - Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE): Asset-by-asset reality check—costs and capex can be higher than conventional routes; not automatically first-quartile on the cost curve. - Royalty model for retail investors: LIRC’s portfolio (e.g., Sigma Lithium) and why royalties can provide exposure to Argentine brines and production growth while reducing operating cost risk. Learn more about IperionX (IPX): - Website: https://iperionx.com/ - X (Twitter): https://x.com/iperionx Learn more about The Metals Company (TMC): - Website: https://metals.co/ - X (Twitter): https://x.com/themetalsco Learn more about Lithium Royalty Corp (LIRC): - Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ - X (Twitter): https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty If you found this content valuable, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment! 📖 Chapters (00:00) Introduction (03:15) Rare Earths: NdPr Valuation (08:20) IperionX: Scrap-to-Titanium (18:03) Heavy Rare Earth by-products (23:41) TMC: NOAA Compliance & Timeline (26:19) TMC: Priority Rights & Scale (27:47) Manganese & LMR Batteries (30:42) Industry Signals: Lockheed & Partners (33:01) Nickel vs LFP; Autonomy (35:55) U.S. Funding Paths & Structure (43:05) Lithium Royalty Corp Overview (45:09) Exposure to Argentine Brines (46:53) Volatility: CATL, Demand, China CapEx (50:56) DLE: Costs, CapEx, Fit (56:18) Restarts & Cost Curve (58:56) Price Recovery Outlook 🌍 Links - Read Matt’s research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

We are redistributing over latest discussion on X Spaces as a Rock Stock Channel episode, sharing where we think we are in the lithium & rare earths cycle, what’s changed, and how we’re positioning as RK Equity for a potential “risk-on” turn in mining equities. In this conversation, Howard, Matt and Rodney (with guests including YJ Lee, Chris Berry, Tom Woolrych, Jody Dahrouge, Christopher Williams and others) walk through what matters now for retail investors across lithium, rare earths and broader critical minerals. What we cover: - Macro & sentiment: Why risk appetite is re-emerging across gold, uranium, Bitcoin and critical minerals—and how policy (IRA, infrastructure/CHIPS, deregulation/reshoring) may shape capital flows and listings. - Lithium demand vs. supply: Normalized inventories, China supply-cut narratives, and why demand (EVs + grid-scale storage) is the swing factor. We discuss falling battery costs, global price competition, and EV penetration beyond China into emerging markets. - BESS is breaking out: How grid batteries could be the “next trillion-dollar business” and what multi-year storage growth implies for LCE demand. - Processing drives cost curves: A clear explainer on DMS vs. flotation for hard-rock—capex/opex, grind size, recoveries, and real-world lessons (e.g., Sigma’s DMS-only, whole-of-mine float cases). Jurisdictional deep-dives: - Quebec/Ontario hard-rock: Permitting realities, low-cost hydro power, conversion “missing middle,” and why project geometry (thickness, dip, heterogeneity) matters. - Brazil: Low-cost power, DMS suitability, and why the country has the raw materials stack to host more of the battery supply chain. - Conventional brines (Argentina/Chile): Why high-grade salar projects can be through-cycle low-cost—and why the market may be mispricing them relative to hard-rock. - DLE—promise vs. timeline: Where it fits (including boosting recovery on conventional brines), technical pitfalls (feed variability, oilfield impurities), and realistic scale-up expectations. - Rare earths primer: MP Materials’ U.S. push, magnet REEs (NdPr, Dy, Tb), ionic clay vs. hard-rock deposits, purity challenges, and the role of defense vs. broader tech/e-mobility demand. Companies & themes mentioned (not recommendations) MP Materials (NYSE: MP), Lynas Rare Earths (ASX: LYC), Sigma Lithium (NASDAQ/TSX-V: SGML), Pilbara Minerals (ASX: PLS), Core Lithium (ASX: CXO), Patriot Battery Metals (TSX: PMET | ASX: PMT), Winsome (ASX: WR1), Frontier Lithium (TSX-V: FL), Galan Lithium (ASX: GLN), Lithium Argentina (NYSE: LAR), NOA Lithium (TSX-V: NOAL), Wildcat (ASX: WC8), Lithium Ionic (TSX-V: LTH), Atlas Lithium (NASDAQ: ATLX), Talon Metals (TSX: TLO), Rio Tinto (NYSE: RIO), BYD, CATL—plus topics like SPACs, EV truck adoption, and restocking into year-end. Why it matters for retail investors: - Cost & flow-sheet choices (DMS vs. flotation) can make or break project economics. - BESS + EVs expand the addressable market faster than many models assume. - Jurisdictional power costs & permitting (e.g., Québec hydro) directly impact margin. - Conventional brines may offer mispriced, through-cycle optionality. - Rare earths remain strategically important—focus on magnet REEs and realistic ramp timelines. Stay connected: - Follow on X: Rock Stock Channel: https://x.com/rkequityrocks Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley - Read Matt’s research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for our Lithium-ion Bull newsletter at https://rkequity.com/ - Subscribe on YouTube / Spotify / Apple Podcasts for Rock Stock Channel updates. 📖 Chapters (00:00:00) Market Backdrop (00:10:00) Lithium Inventories & China Restocking (00:15:00) EV Price War, BYD Exports & BESS Surge (00:19:00) Rare Earths Reset: MP Deal & Demand (00:32:00) Ionic Clay REEs: Brazil/Africa (00:52:20) Quebec Hard Rock: Q2 Metals, Patriot (01:08:20) Quebec Edge: Permitting, Power, By-Products (01:13:40) The “Missing Middle”: Bécancour Refining (01:36:20) Demand Outlook: EVs, Storage, Heavy Trucks (01:51:00) DLE Reality Check: China & Brines (02:05:00) Argentina Brines: Low Cost, Mispricing (02:09:20) Brazil DMS Edge & WA Developers (02:17:40) Closing Thoughts & Rio Watch-Items 🌍 Links Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney, Matt and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klei

Lithium Market Reset? August Scoreboard, Price Drivers & Developers To Watch (with Howard, Rodney & Matt) After a bullish summer for mining equities, we break down the August 31 lithium scoreboard, the bounce in chemical producers and spodumene names, and what really matters next for lithium prices. We cover inventories in China, the impact of CapEx cuts, and why low-cost producers and DMS-only developers may be the best risk/reward right now. This episode also features a catchup interview with Q2 Metals' (TSXV: QTWO) CEO, Alicia Milne, and VP Exploration, Neil McCallum following their September 4th press release on the Cisco Lithium Project in Quebec, Canada. Topics include: Q2’s C$26M financing, increased drill activity with multiple rigs, upcoming assay results, infill drilling strategy, and the roadmap toward their first mineral resource estimate (targeted Q1 2026). Neil details the latest metallurgical testing (HLS/DMS), recovery rates, and next steps in bulk sampling, while Alicia outlines marketing and investor outreach plans across Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, New York, London, and Zurich. What You’ll Learn: - Market Check: Why the rally looks more like a technical correction than a new supercycle—so far. - Price Drivers: Why falling inventories (days of supply in China) matter more than headlines. - Strategy: Focus on low-cost brine & hard-rock producers and DMS-only developers (lower CapEx/opex). - CapEx Crunch: How investment slowdowns set up supply tightness 2–4 years out. - Energy Storage Boom: Solar + BESS economics improving fast; tech leaps from 2 MWh to 5–9 MWh containers. - Due Diligence: Watch cash flow vs. reported costs—reporting standards vary widely in lithium mining. - Q2 Metals Deep Dive: Financing, drill program ramp-up, Cisco exploration update, metallurgical test results, and global investor roadshow plans. Companies & Themes Mentioned: Producers/Developers: Lithium Argentina, Sigma Lithium, Atlantic Lithium, Q2 Metals, Lithium Ionic, Atlas Lithium, Core Lithium, Sayona–Piedmont (NAL), Vulcan, Standard Lithium, POSCO. Topics: DMS vs. flotation, DLE brine, spodumene, inventories in China, incentive prices, CapEx cuts, EV batteries, BESS, solar + storage, rare earths (MP Materials, Lynas). 👍 If you value independent lithium analysis, hit Like, subscribe, and turn on notifications. 💬 Tell us which developer you think is most undervalued—and why. 📖 Chapters (00:00) Introduction (03:18) Bottom Call & Scoreboard (04:26) YTD Leaders & Equity Signals (05:10) Strategy: Low-Cost Producers & DMS (07:40) Price Outlook: Inventories & Incentives (09:38) Capex Cuts & 2-4 Year Setup (11:06) Solar Boom & Storage Demand (14:45) Mining Margins & Reporting (16:37) Scoreboard Segments, Raises & M&A (20:38) Vetting Developers & Key Names (24:31) Quebec: Sayona-Piedmont & NAL (27:11) Q2 Metals (30:16) Assay Results and Exploration Strategy (33:25) Winter Drill Program and Resource Estimate Goals (34:35) Assays Beyond Lithium (35:39) Metallurgical Testing and Results (37:41) Next Steps in Metallurgy and Bulk Sampling (41:57) Exploration Focus and Upcoming News Flow (43:31) Permitting, Camp Development, and Operations Update (44:14) Marketing and Global Investor Outreach (45:30) MRE Timeline (45:46) Closing Remarks 🌍 Links - Read Matt’s research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ - Catch our 2.5-hour Spaces replay with 1,500+ listeners: https://x.com/i/spaces/1kvJpMDgAyLxE - For Q2 Metals research coverage (Canaccord, Argonaut), email: [email protected] - Q2 Metals Website: https://www.q2metals.com/ - Follow Q2 Metals on X: https://x.com/Q2Metals | LinkedIn: https://ca.linkedin.com/company/q2-metals-corp Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

Howard and Rodney return with another Rock Stock Channel update, speaking with Lithium Universe (ASX: LU7) Chairman Iggy Tan. In this interview, we cover the company’s evolving strategy as it balances long-term lithium ambitions with a new entry into solar panel recycling and silver recovery. Lithium Universe began with the goal of building a lithium carbonate refinery in Bécancour, Quebec, supported by a completed DFS. While awaiting a lithium market recovery, the company has diversified through the acquisition of global rights to a PV cell recycling technology developed at Macquarie University. This innovation could unlock value by separating solar panel materials efficiently and recovering silver at scale. Key topics discussed: - Lithium Universe’s counter-cyclical approach to lithium refining in Canada - Why margins in lithium conversion remain robust despite market volatility - The scale of end-of-life solar panel waste and silver recovery potential - Details of Macquarie University’s microwave and electrochemical recycling process - Outlook for silver demand, supply deficits, and pricing trends - Upcoming milestones: pilot work, potential partnerships, and grant applications - Broader lithium supply-demand dynamics in North America, Europe, and China With a market cap of ~A$16 million and a share price up nearly 3x from its June placement, Lithium Universe offers investors exposure to both critical battery metals and emerging recycling opportunities. 📖 Chapters (00:00) Introduction (01:48) Iggy Tan's Lithium Background (02:59) Lithium Universe Strategy and Refinery Plans (05:13) Economics of Lithium Conversion Outside China (07:30) Global Push for Renewable Energy and PV Adoption (09:03) Solar Panel Waste and Recycling Opportunities (10:57) Macquarie University Recycling Technology (16:05) Commercialization and Global Expansion Plans (16:57) Next Steps: Pilot Plant and Partnerships (17:43) Milestones for Investors (6-12 Months) (19:40) Lithium Market Dynamics: Supply, Demand, and Recovery (23:23) Closing Remarks 🌍 Links LU7 Website: https://www.lithiumuniverse.com/ Follow on X: https://x.com/lithiumuniverse | https://x.com/TanIggy RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In August 2025's Recharge podcast, co-presenters Matt Fernley (Battery Materials Review) and Cormac O'Laoire (Electrios Energy) discuss some of the recent key talking points in the battery industry, including: - The China lithium shutdowns, their impact on the industry and outlook - Development on US tariffs and anti-dumping duties in the battery supply chain, with a particular focus on graphite and anode materials - The MP Materials/DoD deal and potential impacts on the battery chain - What do price floors mean for materials markets and projects? - EV sales update and discussion - Discussion on commercial vehicle sales CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:01) Lithium Prices and Chinese Regulations (06:55) Impact on Supply and China's Strategy Shift (12:33) US Tariffs on Graphite and Anode Materials (18:00) Graphite Industry Outlook & Silicon Anodes (23:53) US Defense, Rare Earths, and Price Floors (36:50) Global EV Market Trends & BYD Expansion (42:58) Commercial EV Growth and Battery Swapping _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, I attended The Metals Company Strategy Day to gain a first-hand look at the company’s progress, leadership, and investor perspectives. Over the course of the event, I heard from a diverse group of board members, early backers, and strategic advisors—many of whom have deep backgrounds in energy transition, large-scale infrastructure, and venture capital. Their insights underscored why TMC is pursuing a unique opportunity in deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and processing, and how the company is positioning itself as a pioneer in a new resource industry. Management and board members discussed the long-term need for critical minerals, the regulatory path ahead, and the steps taken to de-risk the project both offshore and onshore. Several speakers noted that TMC has moved from capital-heavy to capital-light strategies, with partnerships, careful cost management, and targeted debt financing helping to weather challenging market conditions. Importantly, the company recently announced a $23.6 billion net present value across its Nori-D and U.S. seabed mining areas—marking a major milestone in its journey toward production. Throughout the day, it was clear that retail investors remain a vital part of TMC’s shareholder base. Many attendees have been supporting the company for years, through both market highs and lows, and their conviction was evident. The management team made a point of recognizing this group’s role in spreading awareness, countering misconceptions, and keeping the conversation active in investor communities. If you’re a retail investor following the critical minerals space—or simply interested in how an emerging industry can reshape global supply chains—this Strategy Day offered valuable insight into both the opportunities and the challenges ahead for The Metals Company. If you found this discussion valuable, please subscribe, like, and comment. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (01:56) Board of Directors (16:13) OG Investors (29:02) Retail Investors Award Ceremony (31:16) Brian Paes-Braga (33:22) Andrei Karkar (41:23) Gerard Barron (43:47) Nasdaq _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we interview Koby Kushner, CEO of Libra Energy Materials (CSE: LIBR), a new lithium exploration company focused on hard rock projects in Canada. We cover the company’s lean growth strategy, key lithium assets in Ontario and Quebec, the $33M earn-in deal with KoBold Metals, and its approach to M&A in today’s buyer’s market. Topics include: - Low-cost, high-impact exploration methods - Insider ownership and shareholder alignment - Infrastructure advantages for bulk lithium production - Criteria for funding and building lithium projects in Canada - Expansion opportunities beyond Canada - Upcoming exploration results and acquisition plans A must-watch for retail investors following lithium stocks, Canadian mining, and the battery materials sector. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:02) Koby's Background (04:16) Lean Business Strategy for Surviving Market Downturns (09:02) Insider Ownership and Major Stakeholders (10:43) Focus Beyond Lithium and Critical Metals Potential (12:06) $33M Earn-In Deal with KoBold Metals (14:57) Key Neighbors and Competitive Landscape (16:08) Overview of Other Owned Projects (18:59) Infrastructure Advantages for Hard Rock Lithium (21:08) Criteria for Successful Lithium Projects in Canada (23:06) Acquisition vs. Greenfield Exploration Strategy (24:57) Expansion Beyond Canada (25:47) Maintaining a Clean Share Structure (27:47) Upcoming Milestones and Investor Updates _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Rodney and I sit down with Craig Shesky, CFO of The Metals Company (TMC), to unpack the key takeaways from TMC’s recent Nasdaq Strategy Day, the release of its first-ever nodule reserves, and the detailed Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS). Howard opens with a recap of the event’s unique mix of investor engagement, global shareholder turnout, and industry partnerships, while Rodney leads Craig through the numbers, timelines, and business strategy. Craig outlines the PFS results, including an 18-year mine life, $5.5 billion NPV, low C1 cash costs for nickel due to strong byproduct credits, and the plan for capital-light development using existing assets. The discussion covers the expected Q4 2027 production start date, the role of key partners like Allseas and Korea Zinc, and the roadmap for building U.S.-based refining capacity. We also examine commodity price sensitivities, how TMC’s position on the cost curve offers resilience in volatile markets, and the opportunities arising from global supply challenges—particularly in nickel. Craig provides insight into the Phase Two Initial Assessment for expanded resource areas, projecting significant additional NPV potential, and shares the latest on the commercial recovery permit process, including regulatory engagement at multiple levels of the U.S. government. Whether you’re a long-term TMC shareholder or following the critical minerals space for the first time, this conversation offers a clear, grounded look at the company’s strategy, economic outlook, and operational milestones ahead. If you found this discussion valuable, please subscribe, like, and comment. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (07:21) PFS Overview and First-Ever Nodule Reserves (10:24) Capital-Light Development Model and Partnerships (15:01) Commodity Price Sensitivity and Market Outlook (18:12) Timeline to First Commercial Production in 2027 (21:00) Phase Two Expansion and Initial Assessment Highlights (25:06) Commercial Recovery Permit Application Update (26:14) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Howard and Matt are joined by Former Bear, Chris Robb from Chris Robb Consulting and Uber Bull, YJ Lee of Arcane Capital for an in-depth discussion on the current state of the lithium market and where it could be heading. Chris, with a background in commodity trading and equity analysis, offers insights into the dynamics of lithium pricing, incentive prices needed for new projects, and challenges facing unconventional lithium sources like sedimentary clays and Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE). He emphasizes that even with lithium prices rising, careful project selection remains essential, as high-cost projects may still face difficulties without significant government support. YJ, known for his bullish demand forecasts, provides a thorough analysis of lithium demand driven by rapidly growing electric vehicle (EV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) markets. Drawing on his extensive tracking of global lithium mines and detailed modeling, YJ argues that current demand growth could significantly outpace supply in the coming years, creating potential investment opportunities. The conversation explores critical themes, including: - Forecasts for lithium demand and supply through 2030 - Prospects for unconventional lithium technologies (DLE, sediments, geothermal) - Views on incentive pricing and realistic price scenarios - Implications of geopolitical factors and strategic government investment - The outlook for mergers and acquisitions in the lithium space Both guests share nuanced perspectives on how retail investors might position themselves during this critical period in the lithium market cycle. If you found this discussion valuable, please subscribe, like, and comment. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00:00) Introduction (00:04:03) Positions & YJ's Bull Case (00:08:32) Price Bottom vs. Upside Debate (00:14:30) Demand vs. Supply & Role of BESS (00:22:03) Storage Tech Improvements (00:24:13) EV Adoption & Battery Sizes (00:31:23) Supply Economics & Incentive Prices (00:47:38) Strategic Supply & China/West Split (00:55:42) Key Players & M&A Outlook (01:05:29) Price Momentum & Investment Takeaways _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 Chris' website: https://crobbconsulting.com/ RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, I'm joined by two top analysts from TD Cowen, John Miller and David Deckelbaum, to discuss the evolving landscape for critical minerals, renewable energy, and commodity markets under the Trump administration's "Big Beautiful Bill." John provides valuable insights from Washington DC, exploring the significant shifts in U.S. government policy related to energy dominance, critical minerals, and recent legislative changes. We discuss the impacts of the administration's executive orders, permitting hurdles, and how the Department of Defense (DOD) is stepping in to strategically support domestic critical mineral projects. David shares his expertise from New York, giving an investor-focused perspective on how these policy changes are affecting key equities in lithium, rare earths, and energy markets. We dig into the sophisticated recent deal between MP Materials and the DOD, discuss the dynamics affecting lithium pricing and oversupply concerns, and explore implications for lithium companies such as Albemarle, Lithium Americas, Lithium Argentina, Piedmont, and Lithium Royalty Corp. We also cover broader investment themes, including whether the recent market recovery in commodity and battery-related stocks has staying power, and how developments in AI, robotics, and trade policy with China could shape the market narrative going forward. This conversation is designed to help retail investors better understand the complex dynamics at play in the critical minerals sector, providing context for informed investment decisions. If you found this interview valuable, please subscribe, like, and comment. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction and Commodity Market Rebound (04:03) Trump Administration's Energy Policy Toolkit (09:37) Permitting Challenges and Renewable Project Delays (14:11) DOE Loan Program Office and Energy Dominance Financing (19:18) Expiration Timeline for Critical Minerals Tax Credit (20:37) DOD Funding for Critical Minerals and Defense Partnerships (31:33) Heavy Rare Earth Sourcing and Recycling Solutions (41:39) David's Coverage of Key Lithium Companies (48:02) Lithium Market Interest and Short Covering Trends (55:40) Trump-Elon Relations and China Trade Deal Implications _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Howard and Matt sit down with Alicia Milne, CEO of Q2 Metals, and Neil McCallum, VP of Exploration, for an in-depth discussion on recent developments at the company's flagship Cisco lithium project in Quebec’s James Bay region. Key topics discussed include Q2's recently announced exploration target, estimating lithium mineralization at Cisco between 215 and 329 million tons grading between 1% and 1.38% Li₂O, making it potentially one of the largest undeveloped lithium projects globally. We also explore Q2's successful upsized financing of CAD $26 million through a charitable flow-through structure—a transaction significantly oversubscribed by institutional investors and notably executed without warrants or hold periods, highlighting strong investor interest. Neil provides detailed insights into the geology of the Cisco project, discussing current drilling plans, expected timelines for a maiden resource estimate, mineralization extent, and logistics advantages due to Cisco’s proximity to existing rail infrastructure. The discussion offers clarity on Q2’s pathway to ownership of the property and addresses investor questions around potential future dilution and upcoming milestones. For more detailed research reports from Canaccord and Argonaut, please contact us at [email protected] Visit Q2 Metals online at: https://q2metals.com If you found this interview valuable, please subscribe, like, and comment. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (04:17) Upsized CA$26M Financing & Institutional Participation (09:51) Introduction to Neil (11:05) Geological Rationale and Drill Spacing (14:15) Mineralization Extent and Drilling Plans (19:19) Property Ownership and Option Structure (20:31) Cisco's Size in Relation to Peers (23:03) Maiden Resource Timeline and Upcoming Results (24:15) Infrastructure and Logistics Considerations (25:58) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13 Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we are delighted to welcome our friend and industry expert, Matt Fernley, as a new partner at RK Equity. Howard and Rodney discuss with Matt the dynamics shaping today's critical minerals market, including lithium, rare earths, aluminum, and high-purity manganese. Matt shares insights gained over 25 years as a geologist and equity analyst, highlighting key opportunities in both underappreciated commodities and emerging sectors driven by technological innovation and geopolitical shifts. We explore why a diversified ex-China supply chain is essential for the future of critical minerals, detailing how recent developments in lithium pricing signal potential market recoveries. Matt provides an in-depth analysis of the rare earth market, specifically focusing on the strategic importance of magnet metals such as neodymium and dysprosium. We also discuss the investment prospects in aluminum and bauxite, highlighting factors contributing to tightening supply and increasing demand. Rodney and Matt delve into high-purity manganese, an essential yet underfunded battery material poised for significant growth, and high-purity alumina's critical role in battery technology advancements. The discussion concludes with perspectives on current lithium market trends, insights into recent price movements, and potential catalysts for sustained recovery. We invite viewer suggestions for commodities or stocks to cover in future episodes. Contact us at [email protected] and visit rkequity.com to subscribe to our monthly Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter. Follow Matt Fernley on LinkedIn and X (@matt_fernley) for further analysis and industry updates. Thank you for watching. Please like, comment, subscribe, share and click the notification bell to stay informed on critical mineral investment trends. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Special Announcement: Matt Fernley Joins RK Equity (01:19) Market Context and RK Equity's Investment Strategy (03:04) Parallels with Early-2000s Super Cycle and Emerging Thematics (05:42) Guest Spotlight: Matt Fernley's Career Highlights (10:42) Emerging Opportunities in Specialized Industrial Metals (19:07) Rare Earths: Valuation Metrics and US Strategic Developments (25:58) Comparing Rare Earths and Lithium Markets (30:34) Aluminum: Supply Caps, Inventory Lows, and Investment Outlook (35:34) Specialized Battery Materials: High-Purity Manganese and Alumina (41:43) Lithium Market Update: Short Covering Rally and Outlook (49:04) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode of Rock Stock Channel's "Getting To Know You" series, I speak with Bruce Richardson, Executive Chairman and CEO of Anson Resources (ASX: ASN | OTC: ANSNF). We explore Anson's strategic positioning within the North American lithium landscape, with a detailed discussion on their flagship Green River Project located in Utah's Paradox Basin. Bruce shares his extensive background, highlighting his and the management team's deep experience in China and critical minerals. We discuss why Anson pivoted from its initial graphite ambitions to focus on lithium brine extraction, driven by favorable economics and strategic market demand shifts, especially considering recent geopolitical factors. The conversation then centers around Anson’s recent partnership milestones, including a newly signed Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with South Korean lithium producer POSCO and successful direct lithium extraction (DLE) pilot results in collaboration with Koch Technology Solutions. Bruce explains the distinct advantages of the Green River site, including its impressive infrastructure, relatively straightforward permitting process, high-pressure brine reservoirs, and low impurity profile. We also address Anson’s ongoing plans, including resource expansion drilling, further feasibility studies, final permitting stages, and the company's financing strategy—covering their LOI from the U.S. Export-Import Bank and potential corporate partnerships and offtake agreements. Finally, Bruce touches on Anson’s additional non-lithium assets, including uranium and vanadium at Yellow Cat, and other critical mineral projects in Western Australia, providing insight into potential value-unlocking strategies. This interview aims to help retail investors better understand Anson Resources' unique position in the evolving lithium industry, particularly within the increasingly important context of North American energy security. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:27) Management Team Background & China Expertise (03:30) Strategic Pivot to Lithium and Utah Focus (04:30) Discovery of Paradox Basin Lithium (05:33) Transition Strategy to Green River Project (07:57) Green River Site Attributes & Approvals (09:46) Resource Economics & CapEx Outlook (15:08) Brine Purity & Extraction Advantages (18:29) POSCO Partnership MOU Overview (23:08) Koch Technology Pilot Plant Results (26:29) De-Risking Steps & Path to Final Investment Decision (28:12) Permitting Progress (30:24) Financing Strategy & Offtake Agreements (32:26) Other Critical Minerals Projects (34:52) Anson's Role in the US Lithium Market (40:27) Potential US Listing? (41:08) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode myself and Rodney sit down again with Chris Evans, CEO of Winsome Resources (ASX: WR1), for an in-depth discussion on the latest developments within the company and the broader lithium market environment. We cover Winsome’s current valuation and share-price performance, reflecting on factors behind the significant market downturn, particularly within Canadian lithium equities. Chris provides insights into the strategic rationale behind Winsome’s decisions on the Renard diamond mine option—originally seen as a potentially transformative, low-capex opportunity—that the company now cautiously approaches amid changing market conditions. We also explore Winsome’s flagship Adina lithium project in Quebec, highlighting its advantages such as high-grade ore, favourable strip ratios, and simple processing via Dense Media Separation (DMS). Chris updates us on the permitting process, emphasizing recent positive regulatory developments that offer a clear path forward despite challenging market dynamics. Additionally, Chris shares details about Winsome’s promising cesium exploration activities at the Sirmac-Clapier property, noting upcoming exploration milestones and emphasizing Canada’s strategic position in the global cesium market. Finally, we touch on Winsome’s current cash position, its careful cash-preservation strategy, and the potential scenarios for strategic partnerships involving the Quebec government and other stakeholders. As always, this conversation is meant to offer retail investors measured insights into Winsome Resources, the lithium and critical minerals sector, and the nuances of project advancement in challenging markets. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (06:50) Renard Option Overview & Partnership Dynamics (12:56) Adina Project Strengths & Standalone Value (14:13) Renewable Energy Storage Demand Outlook (17:45) Adina Environmental Permitting Update & Impact Assessment Pathway (20:03) Cesium Exploration Program at Sirmac-Clapier (23:53) Financial Position & Cash Management Strategy (26:56) Strategic Investment Landscape (29:44) Renard Option Deadline (35:56) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 Previous Winsome Resources' Episodes: 1. Power Metals and Winsome Resources at PDAC 2025: https://youtu.be/F9EgOFPclx8 2. Winsome Resources' C$1 Billion Lithium Play: High Returns, Low Risk - Chris Evans: https://youtu.be/8mlGlQMrtE4 3. On Site with Winsome Resources: https://youtu.be/bwpjaY98w5E RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, I speak with veteran battery journalist Steve LeVine (The Electric) and critical materials expert Matt Fernley (Battery Materials Review) about the implications of former President Trump's recently passed "Big Beautiful Battery Bill." We unpack the nuances of this landmark legislation, highlighting why some experts see it as potentially transformative for U.S. battery and critical mineral industries, despite mixed reactions from the broader clean-energy sector. Steve shares insights on how, despite reductions to EV tax credits and renewable energy incentives, the bill allocates significant Department of Defense (DoD) lending authority aimed at boosting domestic battery capacity and possibly enabling strategic joint ventures with Chinese battery makers. The discussion deepens into recent headlines involving MP Materials ($MP) and the Department of Defense's groundbreaking decision to become the company's largest shareholder, alongside a 10-year price-floor commitment for rare-earth magnets. Matt provides critical insights on what this unique development could mean for the broader critical minerals sector and addresses whether similar support mechanisms might emerge for lithium, nickel, graphite, and other essential materials. We also briefly touch on Tesla’s evolving market challenges, political dynamics around U.S.-China collaboration, and the future of robotaxis and autonomous systems, with Steve providing measured skepticism around near-term impacts. This conversation is timely for retail investors seeking clear, nuanced analysis of how recent U.S. policy shifts could reshape investment opportunities across battery technology, critical minerals, and clean energy markets. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00:00) Introduction (00:00:51) Overview of Trump's Big Beautiful Battery Bill (00:03:07) Steve's Optimistic Take on Battery Provisions (00:07:15) Ford-CATL Licensing Deal and Local Content Rule Revisions (00:08:11) Chinese Partnerships and U.S. Manufacturing Capacity (00:14:53) Supply Push vs. Demand Pull Without EV Incentives (00:22:11) Raw Materials and Critical Minerals Strategy (00:25:43) DoD's Rare Earth Investment (MP Materials) and Price-Floor Mechanism (00:41:54) Tesla, Robotaxis, and Political Dynamics (01:04:42) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 The Electric: https://www.theinformation.com/features/the-electric Battery Materials Review: https://www.batterymaterialsreview.com/ RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Rodney and I sit down with Raju Daswani (CEO) and Grace Asenov (Base Metals & Energy Editor for North America) of Fastmarkets to discuss key takeaways from their 17th annual Lithium & Battery Raw Materials conference held recently in Las Vegas. We review current market sentiment, including the short-term concerns surrounding oversupply and investor caution, while exploring reasons for longer-term optimism. The conversation covers the strategic importance of developing North American and Western supply chains, particularly in regions like Arkansas, Nevada, and Canada. We examine policy dynamics under the Trump administration, China's continued dominance, and the delicate balance Western companies must strike between competition and cooperation. We also discuss growing demand drivers beyond electric vehicles, such as Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and emerging applications tied to AI. The discussion includes insights into the evolving landscape for lithium financial markets, with exchanges like ICE and CME playing an increasingly important role in price transparency. Retail investors interested in lithium, critical minerals, and broader energy-transition themes will find valuable perspectives on where the industry currently stands, the implications of recent geopolitical developments, and how different regions—including Latin America, Canada, and the Middle East—are positioning themselves for future growth. Stay informed, and remember to keep a long-term perspective as the lithium market continues to mature. Don't forget to like and subscribe to Rock Stock Channel and leave a comment below. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (00:45) Market Sentiment and Key Growth Drivers (01:53) Short-Term Oversupply Fears and Funding Challenges (07:33) US Policy Impact and the Need for Regulatory Consistency (12:53) Building Western Supply Chains: Arkansas & Canada (14:30) China's Dominance and the Case for Strategic Partnerships (18:06) Technological Innovations: AI, DLE, and Supply Chain Efficiency (20:56) Key Demand Drivers: Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage (25:08) Strategic Lithium Stockpiling (30:45) Exchange Contracts and Market Maturity (36:47) Regional Highlights and Future Outlook (49:43) Closing Event Reflections (55:50) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, I sit down with Georgia Tolley at the Fastmarkets Lithium Supply and Battery Raw Materials Conference in Las Vegas to discuss my perspectives on the lithium market and my journey through volatile cycles in mining investment. We cover how I first got involved in lithium and natural resources, sharing insights from my experience working closely with industry legends like Robert Friedland. I address some common misconceptions, particularly around lithium's volatility, and why retail investors should approach it differently from traditional commodities. I also discuss current investor sentiment toward lithium globally, highlighting opportunities and challenges in today's market. Additionally, we explore investment options for retail investors, including ETFs and individual lithium equities, providing context on how to navigate the current downturn and position effectively for future growth. Finally, we touch on my experience growing the Rock Stock Channel and the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter, highlighting how sharing market insights can support informed investment decisions. Thank you for watching, don't forget to subscribe, like and feel free to leave your thoughts in the comments below. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:54) Career Beginnings and First Foray Into Mining Finance (05:08) Embracing Market Volatility and Key Lessons (09:29) Misconceptions and Market Perceptions of Lithium (10:48) Media Attention and Future Coverage of Lithium (12:19) Global Investor Sentiment on Lithium (14:34) Investment Products: Lithium ETFs (15:34) Rock Stock Channel, Newsletter & Community Engagement (19:47) Key Takeaways and Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Rodney and I share insights from our recent attendance at the Fastmarkets Lithium Conference in Las Vegas. We interviewed several key industry players to provide you with a detailed update on current trends, strategic developments, and the overall market sentiment in the lithium and battery metals sector. We spoke with Iggy Tan from Lithium Universe, who discussed their competitive advantage in lithium carbonate refining due to Quebec’s access to low-cost hydropower and strategic proximity to North American lithium resources. Rick Anton, Chairman of Savannah Resources and Euro Manganese, emphasized the importance of local engagement and strategic partnerships, outlining significant progress in Portugal and the Czech Republic. Daniel Abdo from Sigma Lithium highlighted Brazil’s strong position in the lithium industry, emphasizing its low-cost, renewable energy infrastructure and diplomatic neutrality. YJ Lee from Arcane Capital provided a bullish outlook, forecasting substantial growth driven by energy storage and increased adoption of electric trucks. On the exploration side, Alicia Milne from Q2 Metals updated us on their promising new discoveries in Quebec, while JP Vargas from Galan Lithium and Gabriel Rubacha from NOA Lithium Brines discussed their progress with high-grade brine projects in Argentina, notably attracting strategic investments from Clean Elements. Overall, despite current market headwinds, the sentiment among these experienced industry leaders remains cautiously optimistic, driven by innovation, strategic positioning, and strong long-term demand fundamentals. Enjoy the discussion, and don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more detailed insights into the battery metals market. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:11) Lithium Universe - Iggy Tan (11:36) Savannah Resources/Euro Manganese - Rick Anton (20:25) Sigma Lithium - Daniel Abdo (24:33) YJ Lee - Arcane Capital (35:28) Q2 Metals - Alicia Milne (41:29) Galan Lithium - JP Vargas (48:02) Noa Lithium Brines - Gabriel Rubacha _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

Welcome to the Surge Battery Metals Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) webinar! Hosted by Greg Reimer (President and CEO, Surge Battery Metals), this informative session was moderated by Howard Klein and Rodney Hooper from RK Equity. We discussed Surge Battery Metals' PEA, highlighting the economic potential of the Nevada North lithium project. Key Highlights: - An after-tax NPV of $9.2 billion. - Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 22.8%. - Quick payback period of 4.7 years. - High lithium grades (average over 4,000 ppm, peaking at 4,807 ppm), setting a new standard for lithium clay projects. - Low operational cost (OPEX) of $5,970 per tonne LCE, one of the lowest among peers. - Life of mine exceeding 40 years, utilizing just 31% of the total resource. - Sustainable mining and processing strategy, featuring low waste (strip ratio: 1.16:1) and efficient use of water. - Robust project economics even at conservative lithium price assumptions. Howard and Rodney also provided essential insights into the lithium market, emphasizing the growing demand for lithium beyond electric vehicles, including energy storage and technology sectors. They highlighted the strategic importance of domestic lithium supply in the U.S. and explored the evolving landscape of strategic partnerships and investment opportunities. This webinar is essential viewing for investors, analysts, and industry stakeholders interested in the future of lithium production, strategic mineral security, and the rapidly evolving energy storage markets. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and leave your comments below for more updates! CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction And Webinar Overview (01:33) Market Supply And Demand Outlook (04:35) US Lithium Supply And Government Funding (07:04) PEA Economic Highlights (08:17) Capital Expenditure And Operating Costs (09:15) Mine Plan And Resource Overview (10:51) Operating Cost Breakdown (11:35) Processing Flow Sheet And Beneficiation (12:46) Production Profile And Grade Trends (15:10) Sensitivity Analysis And NPV Range (15:56) Investor Q&A On Economics And Technical Factors (28:44) Permitting Status And Regulatory Outlook (30:35) Financing Strategy And Strategic Partnerships _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 Surge Battery Metals Website: https://surgebatterymetals.com/ RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

Join Howard as he moderates an insightful panel discussion exploring "Investing in the Future: Funding the Energy Transition & Balancing Supply and Demand." With over 23 years in the mining and metals sector and a keen focus on electric metals, Howard brings together industry experts to share their perspectives on critical minerals, market dynamics, and strategic investment opportunities. Panelists include: - Jay Chmelauskas, CEO of Camino Corp, who discusses the strategic pivot from gold and lithium to copper, highlighting the significant supply-demand dynamics driving copper’s future growth, particularly from projects in Chile and Peru. - Farhad Abasov, Chairman & Director of Millennial Potash, shares insights from his extensive experience in lithium and potash, explaining why potash is gaining geopolitical importance and detailing the advantages of their project in Gabon, West Africa. - Tate Sullivan, Managing Director and Equity Research Analyst at Maxim Group, offers his outlook on critical minerals like niobium, copper, and rare earth elements, emphasizing growing interest from generalist investors in projects aligned with strategic national interests. - Bela Onken, Director of KfW IPEX-Bank, highlights how institutional lenders are crucially supporting global mining projects essential for the energy transition, emphasizing copper’s critical role and increasing demand driven by electrification and renewable energy. The panel covers: - Market opportunities and risks within copper, potash, lithium, and rare earth sectors. - How geopolitical factors and national strategic interests shape investment trends. - Perspectives on evolving capital market dynamics, including North American and European approaches. - Insights into funding mechanisms, from institutional lending to strategic partnerships and government involvement. Whether you’re an investor, industry professional, or curious about the energy transition’s impact on global resource markets, this discussion provides valuable insights into the future of critical minerals and strategic investing. Don't forget to like, comment and subscribe to Rock Stock Channel for more in-depth discussions, expert insights, and industry news. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Overview (02:24) Introduction to panelists (03:48) Camino's pivot from gold to copper (07:14) Millennial Potash's story (09:47) KfW's focus (14:28) What are generalist investors looking at and why? (17:28) Camino's journey to building a producing mine (21:56) Will American utility companies in America invest upstream in juniors? (26:57) Perspectives on the Canadian capital markets (33:35) Impacts of the Canadian election (37:28) The dynamic between the TSX and the US (40:04) European critical minerals policies (44:19) Chinese and US negotiations (49:10) Strategic partnerships between the US and African countries (51:09) Trump's executive orders and new capital (56:09) Why invest in Camino and Millennial _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, I attend the Benchmark Giga USA 2025 event in Washington, DC, interviewing key lithium industry experts: Iola Hughes (Benchmark Minerals), Ken Brinsden (Patriot Battery Metals: $PMET), Ian Rodger (Jindalee Lithium: $JLL), and Bill Willoughby (Century Lithium: $LCE). We discuss the cautious yet optimistic sentiment among industry insiders, highlighting robust demand drivers such as stationary energy storage, hybrid vehicles, and technological advancements in battery systems. Despite current oversupply and policy uncertainties, especially related to tariffs and incentives, there's significant focus on enhancing domestic lithium production and processing capabilities in the U.S. Retail investors should note the experts’ views on the resilience of the lithium market amid geopolitical and legislative risks and consider which market indicators signal future growth. Stay tuned as I continue bringing detailed updates and insights directly from industry leaders shaping the lithium market. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (01:20) Benchmark Minerals - Iola Hughes (08:13) Patriot Battery Metals - Ken Brinsden (18:17) Jindalee Lithium - Ian Rodger (22:41) Century Lithium - William Willoughby _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Howard Klein, founder of RK Equity and a seasoned analyst specializing in lithium and battery metals, shares insights into the evolving landscape of critical metals investing. Interviewed by Tim Gerdeman and Dmitry Silversteyn of Water Tower Research, Howard discusses the impact of recent declines in lithium, cobalt, and nickel prices, and how these shifts affect funding and valuations of junior resource developers. Howard addresses the challenges companies face in raising capital in the current environment, exploring alternatives such as strategic partnerships, private capital, and government-backed initiatives. He emphasizes the importance of understanding policy developments, as government funding and strategic decisions significantly influence the future of the battery metals sector. Additionally, Howard highlights promising North American lithium and nickel projects, including Thacker Pass, Talon Metals, and The Metals Company, among others, and evaluates their potential in the context of U.S. government initiatives aimed at bolstering domestic critical metals supply chains. This discussion provides retail investors with a clear, measured perspective on current market dynamics, government policies, and practical considerations when assessing investments in lithium and related battery metals. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:05) Howard's Background (04:33) Impact of Battery Metal Price Declines on Project Financing (09:02) Funding Strategies for Developers Amid Depressed Commodity Prices (13:50) Strategies to Stimulate Domestic Critical Metals and Manufacturing Infrastructure (19:18) Promising North American Critical Metals Projects to Watch (25:14) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 Water Tower Research Website: https://www.watertowerresearch.com/home RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we welcome back Matt Fernley, respected industry analyst and author of the Battery Materials Review (available: https://www.batterymaterialsreview.com/), to explore the state of the lithium market amidst an ongoing bear cycle. Matt shares insightful perspectives on lithium pricing trends, highlighting that while short-term oversupply may keep prices subdued, we might be closer to the bottom than many expect. Together, we discuss the impact of rising inventories, the necessity of production cuts for price recovery, and the nuances of China's lithium industry—specifically, how misconceptions about processing costs and environmental practices could influence global market dynamics. Matt identifies opportunities in low-cost lithium producers, noting attractive valuations in certain North American-listed companies compared to their Australian counterparts. He specifically mentions Sigma Lithium and Lithium Argentina as notable investments due to their operational efficiencies and robust growth outlook. We also delve into broader battery material trends, discussing how significant advances in energy storage technologies are reshaping market expectations, particularly in renewable energy and grid storage applications. For investors interested in diversifying beyond lithium, we highlight promising niche battery materials including high-purity manganese and graphite, both of which face potential supply bottlenecks that could create compelling investment scenarios. We also touch upon emerging geopolitical developments, including the implications of recent peace initiatives in the DRC and Zimbabwe's policy changes towards intermediate lithium products. Join us for a detailed yet accessible discussion on the lithium market, battery materials, and how investors might strategically position themselves in this volatile yet opportunity-rich sector. Be sure to follow Matt Fernley on LinkedIn and X (Twitter) at @matt_fernley for additional insights. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (03:38) Medium-Term Price Outlook & Cost Base Analysis (05:39) Oversupply Risks, Production Cuts & Inventory (12:12) Advances in Energy Storage & LCOE Economics (17:22) Chinese Lithium Production: Cost, Byproducts & Environment (26:08) Capital Constraints & Financing Dynamics (29:19) Key Equity Picks: Lithium Argentina & Sigma Lithium (35:21) Diversification into Niche Battery Materials & Manganese (38:54) Policy, Intermediate Processing & Hard Rock Development (41:09) Are ASX listings overvalued? (53:34) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down once again with Craig Shesky, CFO of The Metals Company ($TMC), for an informative discussion on the company's recent strategic developments: The Metals Company has experienced significant changes and milestones over the past year, highlighted by recent strategic equity investments and important partnerships. Craig provides detailed insights into the $85 million strategic investment by Korea Zinc at $4.34 per share, highlighting the confidence and validation this brings to TMC’s business strategy and its critical role in supplying essential battery metals—nickel, manganese, and cobalt—to the U.S. market. Craig also discusses the revised sponsorship agreement with the Pacific Island nation of Nauru, emphasizing the strategic geopolitical importance of Pacific Island states and TMC’s commitment to fair economic collaboration. Additionally, the conversation touches upon the recent appointment of two influential directors, Alex Spiro and Michael Hess, strengthening TMC’s expertise in regulatory, legal, and investment arenas. Craig underscores the significance of partnerships, particularly with Allseas, who have continued investing significantly, reflecting their confidence in the future of deep-sea mining. Howard and Rodney also explore the evolving market landscape for battery technologies, notably the lithium-manganese-rich (LMR) batteries being championed by companies like General Motors, signaling strong future demand for manganese sourced sustainably through deep-sea nodules. For retail investors seeking detailed and timely insights into the strategic trajectory of TMC and its role within the evolving global battery materials supply chain, this episode offers measured, in-depth, and valuable analysis. For further details, visit https://metals.co/ and follow The Metals Company on X @themetalsco CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:23) Wolfe Nomura Conference Highlights & Government Support (04:25) Revised Nauru Sponsorship & Korea Zinc Equity Agreements (09:17) Board Appointments & Governance Enhancements (11:38) Allseas Partnership & Operational Readiness (15:01) OEM Engagement & Lithium-Manganese-Rich Battery Outlook (17:34) Closing Remarks _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 Previous TMC Interviews: TMC is the Solution to Critical Raw Material Supply for the US | Craig Shesky: https://youtu.be/1v0Wugwvcrk US Permitting Path for The Metals Company w/ Craig Shesky: https://youtu.be/uYRdCcWDwKo Noa Lithium Brines, The Metals Company and Solis Minerals at PDAC 2025: https://youtu.be/UDUDPgIQP1M Vancouver Resource Investment Conference 2025 Critical Mineral Snippets: https://youtu.be/9-7NO4sBv1M Deep Sea Treasure: The Metals Company - w/ Craig Shesky: https://youtu.be/uXHeo2yXfUY Getting To Know You: The Metals Company. w/ Craig Shesky: https://youtu.be/6K-kpl7aN5Q RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down with Ken Hoffman, a seasoned expert in the lithium and battery materials space, formerly at McKinsey & Company. Ken brings deep insight into the current state and future trajectory of the lithium market, drawing from his recent engagements across the Middle East, Chile, and China. We cover a wide range of timely and critical topics for investors, including: - The divergence in sentiment between global markets and why the Middle East is emerging as a strategic hub for battery supply chain investment - Lithium price cycles and how the current downturn compares to previous ones - Demand growth driven not only by EVs but increasingly by stationary storage and data centers - The role of China in shaping global lithium pricing and inventory cycles - Technological advancements in battery chemistry, pack design, and refining methods - Why sodium-ion batteries may not be the threat some believe—and why lithium demand is likely being underestimated - The outlook for key producing regions, including Chile and its evolving government strategy - How the West’s slower project financing contrasts with China’s strategic investment model - Where pricing could go over the next 1–3 years based on historical patterns and macro trends This conversation is particularly relevant for retail investors looking to better understand the structural dynamics behind lithium's volatility, the role of government policy, and the long-term case for battery metals amid the global electrification shift. CHAPTERS 📖 (00:00) Introduction (02:42) Lithium Price Cycles and Market Outlook (07:03) Growing Demand and China vs Western Production Dynamics (11:51) EV Market Trends and Advanced Battery Pack Technology (16:51) Long-Term Lithium Demand Forecasts and Beyond (26:00) Lithium Chemistry: LFP, High-Nickel, and Sodium-Ion Competition (33:41) Innovative Lithium Processing: Novalith's Carbonic Acid Method (35:39) Middle East Energy Storage Projects and Regional Strategies (45:34) Chilean Lithium Industry: SQM, Codelco, and Political Context (51:41) Lithium Pricing Mechanics, Quality Premiums, and Recovery Outlook _________________________________________________ Links 🌍 RK Equity Website: https://rkequity.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast: Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq?si=a4ca356c45394648 X (Twitter): Howard: https://twitter.com/LithiumIonBull Rodney: https://twitter.com/RodneyHooper13 _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Rodney and Howard are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein