
Political Breakdown
763 episodes — Page 4 of 16
Republican State Sen. Brian Jones on the Change He Wants for California
Republican State Sen. Brian Jones heads the Senate GOP caucus, and represents parts of San Diego County-- a decidedly purple Southern California district. After stints in both houses of the legislature, He's serving his final term in Sacramento. Although Republicans make up a minority of lawmakers at the state capital, they've made headway in recent months pushing against Democrats on issues like public safety. On this episode of Political Breakdown, Sen. Jones joins hosts Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer in studio at KQED's San Francisco office. His appearance comes just a day after Governor Newsom unveiled his updated budget proposal for the coming fiscal year. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Freshman Congressman Derek Tran on His Balancing Act in a Purple District
In November, Orange County Congressman Derek Tran became the first Vietnamese American to represent Little Saigon in Washington, D.C. Tran barely defeated Republican incumbent Michelle Steel, helping Democrats flip three California House seats from red to blue. Scott and Marisa talk with Tran about representing a very purple district and his father's harrowing story as a refugee after the Vietnam War. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
AP White House Reporter on California’s Image in D.C.
On Thursday, the House of Representatives voted to rename the Gulf of Mexico as the Gulf of America. The administration has barred journalists from The Associated Press from the White House press pool for refusing to adopt the renaming in its coverage. Scott and Marisa are joined by The AP's White House reporter Chris Megerian to discuss the president's renaming orders, including his plans to announce whether the U.S. will start referring to the Persian Gulf as the Arabian Gulf. Plus, they dig into California’s influence and reputation in D.C. and Governor Gavin Newsom's balancing act with the Trump administration. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Two Opposing Takes on Trump
Marisa and Scott talk to two Golden State politicians representing California in Washington, D.C. First, they're joined by Republican Congressman Kevin Kiley, who represents the state's third congressional district, which spans most of the California-Nevada border. Kiley is an ally of the president and shares his perspective on Trump's agenda including deportation flights and federal budget cuts. Later, they're joined by Senator Adam Schiff for a very different take on how the Trump administration’s policies are impacting California Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Democrats Desperately Seek a Winning Message
The Political Breakdown team is reporting from Washington D.C. all this week. Today, Scott and Marisa sit down with Senator Alex Padilla at his office building on Capitol Hill to discuss the Trump administration’s actions on deportations and immigration, including the recent appearance of ICE agents at two elementary schools in Los Angeles. Then, they sit down with Suzan DelBene, who represents Washington State’s first congressional district and also chairs the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC). They talk about Democrats' plan to win back the House next year. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Kamala Harris Breaks Her Silence
After months of laying low, former Vice President Kamala Harris steps out with a speech in San Francisco, taking aim at President Trump and warning of a constitutional crisis. Plus, the Trump administration is taking aim at sanctuary city laws limiting local law enforcement's cooperation with federal immigration agents. Scott, Marisa and Guy discuss all that on this Friday roundtable. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Her Parents Couldn’t Vote in the South. Now She’s California’s Top Election Official
California’s Secretary of State Shirley Weber is speaking out against federal Republican policies and proposed laws she says will disenfranchise voters. Weber is the daughter of southern sharecroppers and knows what voter suppression looks like. Her grandfather was never given the opportunity to vote and her father didn’t cast a ballot until his 30s, after fleeing a lynch mob in Arkansas and moving to California when Weber was a toddler. She joins Marisa and Scott to discuss threats to voting rights in the U.S. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Check out KQED's New Show Hyphenación
Join host Xorje Andrés Olivares and guests to explore what it means to live within a hyphenation. Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to have easy conversations about hard things: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. Hyphenación—where conversation and cultura meet! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Rep. Eric Swalwell on Trump’s First 100 Days
One hundred days into President Donald Trump's second term, East Bay Representative Eric Swalwell joins Marisa to discuss how his party should be responding. In 2012, Swalwell was elected to represent Hayward, Livermore and Pleasanton in Congress and helped lead both impeachments of Trump. He's become a frequent critic and target of the president and his allies. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Do Democrats Have an Age Problem?
In San Francisco, the county Democratic Party this week adopted resolutions aimed at repositioning themselves on issues like public safety, education and, most controversially, possible age limits for elected officials. Meanwhile in Los Angeles, Mayor Karen Bass is trying to overcome the damage from being out of the country when the devastating fires struck her city while also dealing with a huge budget deficit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Controversial New Oceanfront Park Could Cost This SF Supervisor His Job
Joel Engardio built his political profile by backing the successful recalls of members of San Francisco's Board of Education and its progressive district attorney. Now he may be facing a recall of his own. Engardio, who represents the city's Sunset District on the Board of Supervisors, is being targeted for backing a voter-approved ballot measure that permanently closed most of the Great Highway to car traffic. In its place: Sunset Dunes, a newly opened park that's drawn both praise and protest. Scott talks with Engardio about the new park, the recall effort against him and his career in San Francisco politics. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Is This What a Constitutional Crisis Looks Like?
President Donald Trump faces lawsuits over his actions on immigration, mass firings, funding threats and tariffs. But are his administration’s showdowns with the courts are heading to a constitutional crisis? Scott and Marisa are joined by Ilya Somin, who teaches law at George Mason University and is the chair of constitutional studies at the Libertarian Cato think tank in Washington. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
California Takes Trump to Court Over Tariffs
After weeks of trying to make nice with the president, Governor Gavin Newsom and Attorney General Rob Bonta head to court, saying Trump’s unilateral tariffs are messing up California’s trade-dependent economy. Scott, Marisa and Guy discuss California’s latest federal lawsuit against the Trump administration. Plus, KQED's Alex Hall joins to discuss the results so far in the Oakland mayoral election, which is still too close to call. The first batch of votes favor former City Councilmember Loren Taylor over former Congresswoman Barbara Lee, but there are still tens of thousands more ballots to be counted. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
California Responds to Trump’s Attacks on Higher Education
President Donald Trump is targeting higher education. Colleges and universities in California are feeling the heat as the administration threatens funding, cancels student visas, pressures schools to end diversity programs and cracks down on pro-Palestinian campus protests. Scott and Marisa are joined by the Los Angeles Times reporter Jaweed Kaleem to discuss how California schools are responding to the latest federal policies. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
With Trans Athletes Under Attack, What Does Fairness Look Like?
Cal Calamia is a nonbinary transmasculine runner and an activist who has successfully pushed to create nonbinary running categories in some of the world’s largest marathons. Calamia joins Marisa in studio to dig into the debate over transgender participation in sports. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
The Port, the Panthers and Oakland Politics
With Tuesday's Oakland mayoral special election just days away, Marisa and Guy are joined by Oakland resident and KQED Forum co-host Alexis Madrigal. Madrigal is the author of a new book, “The Pacific Circuit: A Globalized Account of the Battle for the Soul of an American City," about how the port of Oakland and global commerce shaped the city and its residents. They discuss the city's history and upcoming election. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Barbara Lee Says She’ll Set Oakland On a Path to Success
Barbara Lee is running for mayor of Oakland in next week’s special election. If she wins, it would be the capstone of a long and storied political career that took her from the East Bay to Sacramento and Washington D.C., where she spent nearly three decades in Congress. Lee joins Marisa and Guy in studio to discuss why she wants to lead Oakland now, as the city faces a significant budget deficit and ongoing challenges related to public safety, homelessness and more. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Why This SF Law Firm is Taking on the President
President Donald Trump is going after big law, slapping sanctions and punishments on firms whose past work or lawyers he doesn’t like. Although several big firms have capitulated to Trump, others are fighting back — including San Francisco firm Keker, Van Nest & Peters. Marisa joins the firm's co-founder and partner John Keker at his San Francisco office to discuss why the law firm is willing to put its own business at risk to take on the president. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Democrats Stand Firm Against Bills Targeting Trans Athletes
The debate over transgender athletes was the focus of a heated hearing in Sacramento this week. California lawmakers rejected two bills sponsored by Republicans that would have limited trans high school athletes from participating in girls' sports. The San Francisco Chronicle's politics reporter Sophia Bollag joins Scott and Guy to discuss the "Capitol showdown." Plus, former U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra announced his bid to become California's first Latino governor. Becerra sued the Trump administration 120 times as attorney general of California and enters an already crowded field of Democratic candidates. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Mayoral Candidate Loren Taylor on Why He’s the Best Choice to Lead Oakland
On April 15th, Oakland voters will elect a new mayor to finish out recalled mayor Sheng Thao's term. One of the leading candidates is former city councilmember Loren Taylor. Taylor narrowly lost to Thao three years ago and faces former Congresswoman Barbara Lee in the special election. Scott and Guy are joined in studio by Taylor to hear why he thinks he has what it takes to lead Oakland at a time when the city is facing some tough challenges, including serious budget problems and concerns over public safety. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Trump's April 2nd "Liberation Day"
President Trump is promising that tomorrow will be “Liberation Day” when he rolls out another round of tariffs. California, a major trading partner with Mexico and Canada, is right in the cross hairs of the tariff tumult. Scott is joined by Christopher Thornberg, an economist and founding partner of Beacon Economics, to unpack the impact on California industries. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Tesla Owners Get Special Protected Status From Trump
As Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency guts the federal workforce, Tesla’s electric cars have a major brand problem, triggering protests at Tesla dealerships and reports of vandalism of Tesla cars. Scott, Marisa and Guy discuss the fallout and the Trump administration's response. Plus, Democrats are buzzing over journalists Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson's book "Abundance," which spells out how liberals have become their own worst enemy. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
He’s Challenging Nancy Pelosi — and the Democratic Party
Democrats are trying to figure out a way forward after their bruising ballot box defeat last fall. Some in the party are pushing for a new generation of leadership, saying the current gerontocracy hasn’t kept up with the political reality. One such person challenging the party establishment is Saikat Chakrabarti, who announced he's running for Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi's seat in 2026. Chakrabarti made his fortune as an engineer at the payment platform Stripe, before leaving the tech industry to enter politics. He worked for Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign and helped get Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez elected to Congress, briefly serving as her chief of staff. Chakrabarti joins Marisa and Scott to offer his take on how Democrats can find their way out of the political wilderness. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Democrats Focus Their Message on GOP Cuts to Medicaid
As Republicans avoid town hall meetings with their constituents, Democrats are happily filling the void. Silicon Valley Congressman Ro Khanna visited three Republican congressional districts this past weekend, warning that Republican cuts to Medicaid will hit them especially hard. Scott and Marisa are joined by Guy, who is in Bakersfield where he attended one of Khanna's town hall gatherings on Sunday. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Rep. Ro Khanna on How Democrats Should Fight Back
Silicon Valley Congressman Ro Khanna has emerged as a leading voice in the Democratic party. Khanna was elected to Congress in 2016 and his district covers parts of Silicon Valley including the headquarters for companies like Elon Musk's Tesla factory. Khanna has emerged as a different kind of Democrat: an economic populist who criticizes his party for losing touch with its core principles while offering a path forward after last year's election. As he prepares to hold town hall meetings in three Republican congressional districts in California, Khanna talks with Scott and Marisa about his party’s future. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Katie Porter Promises to “Cut the B.S.” in Run for Governor
Former Orange County Congresswoman Katie Porter is running for governor in 2026. The populist consumer advocate and law professor made a name for herself in Congress, grilling CEOs with her famous "Whiteboard of Justice." However, Porter lost last year's U.S. Senate race. Porter joins Marisa and Scott to share her pitch for governor. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
UK’s Ambassador to the US on Dealing With Trump
President Donald Trump has threatened longtime allies north and south of the border and thrown into question trans-Atlantic relations with Europe. This is the fraught diplomatic environment that the United Kingdom’s new ambassador to the U.S. Lord Peter Mandelson has just stepped into. Scott and Marisa are joined by Ambassador Mandelson to discuss the U.K.’s emerging role in Europe and dealing with President Trump. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
What’s Katie Porter’s Lane in the 2026 Governor Race?
A much anticipated entry into the 2026 governor’s race is making waves in California. Feisty Orange County Democrat and former congress member Katie Porter jumped into an already-crowded field this week, shaking up a race where President Trump looms large. And there’s a big unknown out there … will Kamala Harris also decide to run? Scott and Marisa talk it through with Politico senior politics reporter Melanie Mason. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
San José Mayor Matt Mahan's Aggressive Plan to Tackle Homelessness
San José Mayor Matt Mahan has made an aggressive push to tackle homelessness in his city, including a new proposal to let police arrest people who repeatedly refuse offers of housing. Scott and Marisa sit down with the Mayor to dig into his new plan. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Could GOP Spending Cuts Cost Republicans the House?
Some of the closest House races in recent elections have been in the Central Valley. Many of those congressional districts are truly purple – including the one near Bakersfield where incumbent Republican David Valadao held on to win reelection in November. Scott and Marisa are joined by Valadao’s former chief of staff Tal Eslick, now a consultant in the Central Valley. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Newsom Splits With Democrats on Trans Athletes in Sports
A new podcast by Gov. Gavin Newsom made national headlines this week when Newsom, a longtime supporter of LGBTQ rights, told his guest, right wing talk show host and social media influencer Charlie Kirk, that he thinks it’s unfair for transgender athletes to participate in girls' sports. Scott, Marisa and Guy analyze the comment, the fallout and what it says about the Democratic party’s thoughts on rebranding. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
How Trump 2.0 Has Embraced Project 2025
During his campaign for president last year, Donald Trump consistently disavowed Project 2025, the right wing blueprint to remake the U.S. government. But since taking office, he’s been aggressively implementing many tenets of the controversial plan. Scott and Marisa discuss Trump's embracing of the plan and what it means for democracy with Ben Raderstorf, policy advocate at the nonpartisan organization Protect Democracy, which is dedicated to pushing back against authoritarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Check out Close All Tabs!
KQED's newest podcast, Close All Tabs, is out now! Tech journalist Morgan Sung spends most of her day online—so you don’t have to. Each week, Morgan tackles a new topic that might seem niche on the surface but is destined to impact our lives—both online and off. She pulls from experts, creators, and history to add context to the trends and depth to the memes. And she’ll wrestle with as many browser tabs as it takes to explain the cultural moment we’re all collectively living. Find Close All Tabs wherever you listen to podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Homeless Shelters Rife With Chaos, Assaults, Scandals – and Little Accountability
Emergency shelters are often the first stop for unhoused people living on the streets. But a new investigation by CalMatters found shelters are unsafe and unsuccessful at getting residents into permanent housing. Their comprehensive review of shelter performance found a system often mired in chaos and scandals. Lead reporter Lauren Hepler joins Scott and Marisa to talk about what they found. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Promises, Plans and Wishful Thinking in Oakland Mayoral Forum
Voters in Oakland will face a big decision in April. A special election will determine who will be the city’s mayor following the recall of Sheng Thao last year. The candidates include former Congressmember Barbara Lee and former City Councilmember Loren Taylor, who almost beat Sheng Thao three years ago. They participated alongside several other candidates in a forum Wednesday night. Scott, Marisa, Guy and KQED's Alex Hall discuss the issues facing the next mayor and what's at stake for Oakland. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
What’s Behind Trump’s Bromance with Putin?
On the eve of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky’s visit to the White House, Marisa and Scott check in on how a shift in U.S. policy is impacting the Ukraine-Russia War as well as Europe and America's allies more broadly. They're joined by Eric Bazail-Eimil, a national security reporter and co-author of Politico's "National Security Daily" newsletter. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Are Democrats Finally Finding Their Footing?
Democrats have been struggling to respond to President Trump and Elon Musk’s rampage through the federal government. But California Representative Robert Garcia has become a leading critic of Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency and an example of one strategy to push back. Scott talks to Garcia about his approach. Then, Scott is joined by Vox senior politics reporter Christian Paz to discuss the most effective messaging strategies. Should Democrats make a populist appeal aimed at middle class voters worried about their privacy and economic well-being? Or should they focus on a defense of the system and democratic norms? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Republicans Seek to Weaken California’s Sanctuary Law
As the Trump Administration continues to slash federal funding, one of San Francisco’s crown jewels is in the crosshairs. Decades ago, the Presidio National Park was converted from an Army base to public open space, housing, restaurants and non-profit organizations. Scott and Marisa discuss why Trump is trying to dissolve the Presidio Trust, which oversees the park. Then, they're joined by Guy to talk about the bill introduced by Republican lawmakers to weaken California's sanctuary laws, making it easier for law enforcement to cooperate with federal ICE agents. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
An Assault on Science
One month into the new Trump administration, research funds have been frozen, data has been taken down and scientific discourse censored. Now, with vaccine skeptics in positions of incredible power, including Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the future of scientific research and healthcare access appears uncertain. Marisa and Scott discuss the state of American science with The Atlantic staff writer Katherine Wu. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Winners and Losers in Republican Budget Blueprint
House Republicans have laid out a blueprint for the first federal budget under President Trump’s second administration. It calls for massive tax cuts, lifting the debt ceiling and deep cuts to programs like Medicaid. Scott and Marisa talk with New York Times congressional correspondent Catie Edmondson about the politics of cutting programs for low-income Americans to pay for tax cuts for the richest. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Trump Allies Weigh Running for Governor of California
As Kamala Harris considers her political future, including a possible run for governor of California, allies of President Trump are also weighing a bid for the Golden State's top job. Scott, Marisa and Guy discuss the campaign from Riverside County Sheriff Chad Bianco and possibly Trump's national security envoy Richard Grenell. Plus, are we seeing an inflection point on the Bay Area's response to homelessness? Decisions in San José and Fremont suggest local governments are taking more aggressive measures to remove encampments in public spaces. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Trump Allies Weigh Running for Governor of California
As Kamala Harris considers her political future, including a possible run for governor of California, allies of President Trump are also weighing a bid for the Golden State's top job. Scott, Marisa and Guy discuss the campaign from Riverside County Sheriff Chad Bianco and possibly Trump's national security envoy Richard Grenell. Plus, are we seeing an inflection point on the Bay Area's response to homelessness? Decisions in San José and Fremont suggest local to governments are taking more aggressive measures to remove encampments in public spaces. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Is Trump Hungary for Power?
President Donald Trump’s moves to consolidate power have some observers comparing the U.S. to Hungary, where Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has enacted an authoritarian playbook. Marisa and Scott talk with Vox senior correspondent Zack Beauchamp, who's covered Orbán's rise. Later, they're joined by California's Lieutenant Governor Eleni Kounalakis, who was the U.S. ambassador to Hungary when Orbán returned to power in 2010. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Will Trump’s Lawsuits, Threats and Allegations Have a Chilling Effect on Journalism?
The Federal Communications Commission, led by President Trump's appointee Brendan Carr, is investigating San Francisco radio station KCBS for its coverage of a recent immigration enforcement action in San Jose. Plus, Carr is calling for an investigation into NPR and PBS for allegedly airing commercials and suggested the public broadcasters could be stripped of their federal funding. Scott and Marisa are joined by Ben Mullin, media reporter for The New York Times, to talk about the chilling effect the FCC's legal actions could have in newsrooms. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
After Years of Attacks, Newsom Tries Flattery on Trump
After years of attacking President Donald Trump, Governor Gavin Newsom heads to Washington D.C. with compliments, gratitude and a request for Los Angeles wildfire recovery money. Plus, Attorney General Rob Bonta announced he won't run for governor, saying he's got his hands full taking on Trump. Scott and Marisa talk with Dustin Gardiner, co-author of Politico's California Playbook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Elon Musk’s Power Grab
Since President Trump’s inauguration, Elon Musk has moved at breakneck speed to seize power, cut government spending and install loyalists in government. Journalist Zoë Schiffer wrote a book on Musk's track record transforming Twitter, Extremely Hardcore: Inside Elon Musk’s Twitter, and says he's following a similar playbook on the federal government. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
OpenAI Responds to DeepSeek
Within the United States, San Francisco-based OpenAI, which released ChatGPT in 2022, is at the leading edge of AI technology. Until very recently the U.S. was seen as the clear global leader in artificial intelligence. But last week's release of a low cost, high performance AI model called DeepSeek by a Chinese startup sent the U.S. stock market reeling. Scott talks with OpenAI's Chief Global Affairs Officer Chris Lehane to discuss AI’s potential, its future and competition from China. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Democrats Delay Funding to Trump-proof California
Governor Gavin Newsom had called on the state legislature to add millions of dollars to the state budget for lawsuits against President Trump. But this week, that plan hit a snag in Sacramento. Scott, Marisa and Guy discuss why Assembly Democrats decided to delay votes on this funding. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Trump's Campaign Against Trans People
President Donald Trump made demonizing transgender people a core tenet of his political pitch, and his administration has wasted no time enacting a series of executive actions to strip trans people of their rights. Marisa and Scott talk to Imani Rupert-Gordon, the president of the National Center for Lesbian Rights, about how advocates are fighting back. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Senator Padilla Sounds the Alarm on FBI Nominee Kash Patel
President Trump's nomination of Kash Patel to lead the FBI has Democrats and even some Republicans sounding the alarm. Patel has promoted conspiracy theories including false claims about stolen elections and is promising to shut down the FBI headquarters in Washington. Scott and Marisa talk with Senator Alex Padilla ahead of tomorrow's Judiciary Committee confirmation hearing for Patel about why he sees Patel's nomination as "offensive." Plus, Scott and Marisa discuss the Trump administration’s effort to freeze trillions of dollars in federal grants and loans. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices