
Nuclear Hotseat
651 episodes — Page 7 of 14
S10 Ep 462NH #462: New Mexico Nuclear Garbage Dump Approved by NRC Behind Covid Smokescreen – Kevin Kamps of Beyond Nuclear
New Mexico radioactive nuclear garbage dump approved by NRC behind Covid smokescreen –Beyond Nuclear’s Kevin Kamps (above) gives history, context, dangers, legal objections, and next steps.   This Week’s Featured Interview: New Mexico – so-called “interim” storage site for highly radioactive nuclear waste given go-ahead by Nuclear Regulatory Commission – and the fight against it...
S10 Ep 461NH #461: Chernobyl Fire, Chernobyl Anniversary, Covid19/Nuclear: Author Kate Brown, Timothy Mousseau
Chernobyl Fire – representation of radioactive smoke dispersion over Europefrom the 3+ week wildfire in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone This Week’s Featured Interviews: Kate Brown is the author of Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future. She is an historian of environmental and nuclear history at MIT and the author of Plutopia, which won...
S10 Ep 460NH #460: Covid19/Nuclear: Grand Canyon Uranium Mines Stimulus Money-Grab – Sierra Club’s Alicyn Gitlin
Covid19/Nuclear impacts felt even in the wilds of the Grand Canyon as uranium minescry crocodile tears in an attempt to grab stimulus money. Covid19/Nuclear UPDATE: This Week’s Featured Interview: Covid19/Nuclear impact – bad news in even more places.  Learn about the uranium industry Covid19 money-grab from Alicyn Gitlin.   She is with the Sierra Club...

NH #459: Covid19/Nuclear Weapons Connection: ICAN’s Alicia Sanders-Zakre + Limerick NPP Nightmare
Covid19/Nuclear – ICAN infographic demonstrating how this year’s nuclear weapons budget could be better applied to Covid 19 supplies and personnel This Week’s Featured Interviews Covid19/Nuclear Connection – Alicia Sanders-Zakre is the Policy and Research Coordinator at the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). She directs and coordinates research on the Treaty on the...
NH #458: Covid19/Nuclear Dangers: You Can’t Social Distance at a Nuclear Reactor – Arnie & Maggie Gundersen Call Out Industry Refueling, Safety Lies
Covid/Nuclear Dangers – More industry lies, problems revealed:Arnie Gundersen and Maggie Gundersen,interviewed by Nuclear Hotseat producer/host Libbe HaLevy This Week’s Featured Interview: Covid/Nuclear Dangers and Lies: As the Covid pandemic continues to ravage its way through society, the nuclear industry is placed in serious jeopardy of being able to maintain safety at its 98 U.S....

Ep 456NH #456: Covid19/Radiation Parallels + Radiation’s Disproportionate Impact on Women, Little Girls – Mary Olson
Covid 19/Radiation Parallels + Radiation’s Disproportionate Impact on Women, Little Girls – Mary Olson This Week’s Featured Interviews: A CoVid19 UPDATE – How is the growing pandemic impacting the nuclear and anti-nuclear world? A FINAL THOUGHT on on how the impact of CoVid19 may feel familiar to those who have been following nuclear issues, especially...
NH #455: Fukushima Anniversary SPECIAL: Voices From Japan 2020 – Tokyo Shimbun Reporter Takeshi Yamakawa
Nuclear Hotseat Voices from Japan - #Fukushima 9th Anniversary SPECIAL. Interview with Takeshi Yamakawa from the Tokyo Shimbun #Nuclear Power Reporting Team; radiation problems in the Exclusion Zone from Voices from Japan investigative reporter Yuji Kaneko; commentary by co-producer Beverly Findlay-Kaneko.

S10 Ep 454NH #454: San Onofre Radioactive Geyser Potential? Nuclear Engineer Paul Blanch + Susi Snyder, Don’t Bank on the Bomb
This Week’s Featured Interviews: San Onofre nuclear reactors on the coast of southern California continue to offer a smorgasbord of nightmares to the eight-million people living within 50 miles of its radioactive waste. Public Watchdogs, a San Onofre citizens oversight group, consulted with veteran nuclear engineer Paul Blanch about the feasibility of flooding of high...
NH #452: Anti-nuclear weapons, Anti-war Catholic Protestors Facing Prison: Kings Bay Plowshares 7 Defendants Patrick O’Neill, Martha Hennessey
Anti-nuclear, anti-war protestors from the Kings Bay Plowshares action. Front row (l-r) – Clare Grady, Elizabeth McAlister, Carmen Trotta, Martha Hennessy; Back row: Patrick O’Neill, Stephen Kelly SJ, Mark Colville. This Week’s Featured Interview: Anti-nuclear, anti-war – the Kings Bay Plowshares 7. These Catholic Peace Activists performed a peaceful action protesting the nuclear weapons aboard...
NH #451: Chernobyl Truth, World Health Org Lies: Alison Katz, Independent WHO
Chernobyl children’s gas masks. Listen here: [powerpress] Chernobyl – NOTE: We’re having computer problems at Nuclear Hotseat that are preventing production of a new show for this week. However, it gives us the opportunity to offer this classic episode of the show, deemed the most important interview we’ve ever done. We hope to have a...
NH #450: Radioactive 2020 Olympics Torch Run – WTFutaba? Beverly Findlay-Kaneko
Radioactive 2020 Olympics Torch Relay will run through Futaba, town next to Fukushima Daiichi, near former location of PR sign, “Nuclear Power: Energy for a Bright Future.” (pictured above) Runners and tourists will NOT be wearing decontamination garb, unless they’re smart – and if they’re really smart, they won’t be there.. This Week’s Featured Interview:...

S10 Ep 446NH #446: Tokyo 2020 Olympics – the Radioactive Truth: Dr. Alex Rosen, Int’l Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Tokyo 2020 Olympics – the Radioactive Truth: Dr. Alex Rosen, Int’l Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War This Week’s Featured Interview: The Tokyo Radioactive 2020 Olympics Dr. Alex Rosen is a German pediatrician who serves as the Chair, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) Germany. He and the organization are deeply...
NH #445: Nuclear Numnutz of the Year 2019 SPECIAL!
This Week’s Feature SPECIAL: Nuclear Numnutz of the Week is Nuclear Hotseat’s most popular feature – always good for a laugh, a head-shake at some freshly revealed nuclear absurdity, or to provoke a sense of outrage at how a single industry has been allowed to play so loose and fast with all our futures. So...
NH #442: Smug Stupid Los Alamos: Joni Arend’s Toxic Tour of Radioactive Manhattan Project Legacy Sites
Smug Stupid Los Alamos: A guide to the atomic hot spots – meaning REALLY hot – around the radioactive Manhattan Project legacy sites with Joni Arends of Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety. Pictured above: How much more smug can it get than boasting about atomic bombs and making radiation “jokes” on tee shirts for small...
NH #441: Nuclear Waste Warriors: USA National Activists Gather to Fight for Truth, Sanity in Radioactive Waste Storage
Nuclear Waste Warriors from around the United States gathered in Albuquerque, NM in November to brainstorm, strategize, and coordinate efforts and actions. This Week’s SPECIAL: Nuclear Waste Warriors from around the U.S. came together November 7-11, 2019, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to brainstorm, strategize, and coordinate work against the nuclear nightmares in their own backyards,...
NH #437: Navajo Birth Cohort Study finds Uranium Contamination in Navajo Women, Babies: Dr. Johnnye Lewis, Anna Rondon
Navajo Birth Cohort Study (logo above) discovered uranium in the bodies of more than one-quarter of the women and children studied thus far. This Week’s Featured Interviews: Navajo Birth Cohort Study toxicologist and principal investigator Dr. Johnnye Lewis explains the medical research that has been done so far on Navajo Nation women and their babies,...
NH #436: Radioactive Nuclear Waste Lies: San Onofre w/Donna Gilmore, Radiation vs. Radioactivity w/Dr. Gordon Edwards
Radioactive Nuclear Waste in Southern California: Google Maps image of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station‘s radioactive fuel rod storage canisters. Each one contains as much radiation as was released during the Chernobyl accident. Note the nearness of the Pacific Ocean. This Week’s Featured Interviews: Radioactive nuclear waste and the current lies regarding long-term storage...

NH #433: Childhood Leukemia Rates Soar for Kids Living near Nuclear Reactors: UK Researcher Dr. Ian Fairlie
This Week’s Featured Interview: Childhood leukemia rates near nuclear reactors shown to increase in 2014 report by Dr. Ian Fairlie. He is an independent consultant on radioactivity in the environment living in London UK and has studied radiation and radioactivity at least since the Chernobyl accident in 1986. He has a degree in radiation biology from Bart’s Hospital in...
NH #432: Nuclear Launch Codes + Impeachment Inquiry = ??? Garrett Graff, author, Raven Rock, on Govt’s Secret Plan to Survive while the Rest Of Us Die
Nuclear Launch Codes, referred to as the Nuclear Football, follow the president everywhere, carried by a military attache and stashed in a briefcase (pictured) making it possible for him to launch a nuclear strike at any country at any time. Yes, even now. Is there any recourse to this insanity, should Trump decide to go...
S8 Ep 423NH #423: Uranium Mining Disaster – Church Rock Uranium Tailings Pond Breach – 40th Anniversary SPECIAL, Pt. 2: Navajo Nation Elders & Activists Speak Out on Cancers, Contamination, Slow-Motion EPA Clean-up
Uranium Miner Larry J. King (center) explains the site of the 1979 Church Rock uranium tailings pond breach that dumped more than 94 million gallons of uranium contaminated waste water into the adjacent Puerco River – a nuclear disaster that, 40 years later, has yet to be cleaned up. Listen Here: [powerpress] This Week’s SPECIAL...
NH #422: Chernobyl Health Cover-Up, Lies by UN/WHO Exposed: Alison Katz, Independent WHO
Chernobyl liquidators in ineffective hazmat suits prepare to do battle with the nuclear monster unleashed. NOTE: Technical difficulties have prevented the uploading of the second of two specials on the 40th anniversary of the Church Rock uranium tailings pond disaster on Navajo Nation. The program was lost near the end of the editing process; it...
NH #421: Uranium Mining Disaster SPECIAL Pt. 1: Church Rock at 40, Navajo Nation Devastation Continues – Chris Shuey, Southwest Research and Information Center
Uranium mining disaster site: SRIC’s Chris Shuey on site at Church Rock, explaining the devastation of the 1979 uranium tailings pond spill of 94-million gallons of highly acidic radioactive waste into Puerco River on Navajo Nation land. This Week’s Featured Interview: Chris Shuey is Director of the Uranium Impact Assessment Program for Southwest Research and...
NH #420: Nuclear Earthquake Fears: If Ridgecrest 7.1 Quake had Happened Closer to Diablo Canyon Nuke Reactors, It Would Have Been Endgame for L.A. – Harvey Wasserman
Nuclear Earthquake fears for Diablo Canyon nuclear reactors (above) got kicked up by the 7.1 Ridgecrest quake on July 5. According to veteran activist Harvey Wasserman, if the quake had hit closer than its less than 200 miles from Diablo Canyon, Los Angeles and much of the world would have become “a radioactive dead zone.”...
NH #419: Radioactive Waste Storage Crisis SPECIAL: NUCLEAR NIMBY Targets New Mexico, West Texas: Kevin Kamps, Diane D’Arrigo, Leona Morgan, Karen Hadden
Radioactive Waste Storage – NUCLEAR NIMBY: Activists rally against the proposed Holtec-Eddy/Lea consolidated so-called “interim” nuclear waste dump in New Mexico – January, 2019 SPECIAL REQUEST: Next week, I will be traveling to Navajo Nation in New Mexico to cover the 40th anniversary of the Church Rock disaster, the uranium tailings spill. Over 94 million...
NH #417: Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Attacks Gundersen – Again! Plus SSFL/Woolsey Fire Update
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) doesn’t care for nuclear engineer/whistleblower Arnie Gundersen, seen here speaking on Three Mile Island Accident Reconsidered on March 27, 2019 (video link below) This Week’s Featured Interview: Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff and management don’t like whistleblowers, and somebody who probably ranks as their least favorite one is this week’s Nuclear...
NH #416: Radiophobia? Schmadiophobia! The Lie at the Heart of Nuclear Ignorance: Majia Nadesan – 8th Anniversary!
Radiophobia? Fear of radiation is worse than exposure to radiation? Lies and propaganda!! This Week’s Featured Interview: RADIOPHOBIA? Majia Nadesan rips this nuclear industry propaganda talking point to shreds and shows how it has been used against the people of Japan after Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and now Fukushima. She is a professor at Arizona State University...
NH #415: PILGRIM NUCLEAR SHUTDOWN! Celebrate, then on to Decommissioning Battles: Diane Turco, Mary Lampert
Pilgrim Nuclear Shutdown! One of the many demonstrations by Cape Downwinders that helped make the closure happen. This Week’s Featured Interviews: Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant in Plymouth, Massachusetts – the exact same design as the reactors that melted down at Fukushima Daiichi – permanently shut down as of June 1, 2019 after a long struggle...
NH #414: EMP “Stun Guns in Space” = No Grid, No Nuclear Reactor Controls – 60 Fukushimas in USA? Arnie Gundersen, Robert Manning on Electromagnetic Pulse Dangers
EMP – electromagnetic pulse – from nuclear blast in space over Ohio would fry electronic circuits in all nuclear reactor cooling systems from Chicago to the east coast – oh joy! This Week’s Featured Interview: A discussion of Electromagnetic Pulses – what they are, what they do, and what they would do to the U.S....
NH #412: Nuclear Divestment Campaign takes $$$ Out of Nuke Weapons Manufacturing – Susi Snyder of Don’t Bank on the Bomb + Three Mile Island Closing by Sept. 30! w/Eric Epstein, TMI Alert
Nuclear Divestment: Taking money out of the WRONG Financial Choice. Cover of the Don’t Bank on the Bomb pdf report on every company that manufactures components for nuclear weapons. This Week’s Featured Interviews: Nuclear divestment means institutional nuke investments are going down — and Susi Snyder explains how any one of us can join the...
NH #411: Indigenous Nuclear Genocide: Uranium Mining on Native Lands w/International Activists Candyce Paul, Leona Morgan, Ashish Birulee
Indigenous Nuclear activists (clockwise from upper left) Candyce Paul, webinar producers from the UK’s Stop New Nuclear, Ashish Birulee, and Leona Morgan This Week’s Featured Speakers: Indigenous Nuclear Genocide:  The start of the nuclear fuel chain is uranium mining, the weight of which comes down disproportionately on indigenous people, the poor and/or people of color ...
NH #410: Chernobyl #3: Harrowing Play-by-Play of an Ultimate Nuclear Disaster – Author Adam Higginbotham
Chernobyl play-by-play of how the disaster happened: new book by Adam Higginbotham This Week’s Featured Interview: Adam Higginbotham is the author of MIDNIGHT IN CHERNOBYL: The Untold Story of the World’s Greatest Nuclear Disaster, the first complete account of the catastrophe that encircled the world and helped precipitate the fall of the Soviet Union. Higginbotham...
NH #409: Chernobyl Radiation Cover-Ups & Deadly Truth: Kate Brown, author, Manual for Survival
Chernobyl radiation impact on a father and son This Week’s Featured Interview: Chernobyl Radiation’s true health impact revealed:  A very special interview with Kate Brown, author of Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future. She is an historian of environmental and nuclear history at MIT and the author of the Plutopia, which won...
S9 Ep 407NH #407: Three Mile Island 40th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL: Libbe HaLevy’s Trip Back to TMI – Gundersen, Epstein, Folkers, Layman, More!
Three Mile Island at 40 – TMI Vigil at the gates to the reactor facility, March 28, 2019, 3:57 a.m. Nuclear Hotseat producer/host Libbe HaLevy (right) commemorates her past. Listen Here: [powerpress] A very SPECIAL Nuclear Hotseat as producer/host Libbe HaLevy returns to Three Mile Island, site of the 1979 meltdown that changed her life. ...
NH #406: San Onofre Madness: Edison Lies, NRC Regulators Wimping Out – Nina Babiarz of Public Watchdogs + Langley, Aguirre, Gilmore
San Onofre Madness: nuclear waste storage in “lemon” of a Holtec system?No thanks!  We deserve better! This Week’s Featured Interview: Nina Babiarz is a board member of Public Watchdogs, a non-profit safety watchdog group which has worked closely on San Onofre issues. Among the testimonies given in front of Southern California Edison’s tightly controlled Community...
NH #405: Three Mile Island 40th Anniversary SPECIAL, Pt. 1 – Nuclear Terror, Radiation Lies
Three Mile Island button protest designed by Jules Feiffer NOTE:  I am currently in Harrisburg, PA, for events surrounding the 40th anniversary of the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island.  Today’s program, Nuclear Hotseat’s Annual TMI Anniversary SPECIAL, will be followed in two weeks by another SPECIAL, this one on the result of my...
NH #402: Fukushima Anniversary UPDATE SPECIAL #2: Activist Misao Redwolf, Journalist Carole Hisasue, Simply Info’s Nancy Foust, Nuclear Lecturer Dr. Caitlin Stronell, Filmmaker Tsukuru Fors Lauritzen
Fukushima Anniversary UPDATE SPECIAL: Japanese anti-nuclear activist Misao Redwolftakes a stand at the Friday night Tokyo demonstrations against reactor restarts. This Week’s Featured Interviews: Fukushima Anniversary coverage on Nuclear Hotseat continues with a series of interviews with on-the-ground activists from Japan and those who assist their work in the U.S. Misao Redwolf  is an Activist/Member...

S8 Ep 400NH #400: Nuclear Brexit: UK’s Hinkley C, Sellafield Nightmares w/Veteran Activist Nikki Clark
Nuclear Brexit marks the 400th episode of Nuclear Hotseat! This Week’s Featured Interview: Nuclear Brexit? This week, as Brexit looms over the United Kingdom, we learn about another pending boondoggle in that country: the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant proposed new build. What’s so wrong with this particular new nuke and what are activists...
NH #396: New Mexico Radioactive Waste Showdown: Don Hancock on WIPP and Proposed “Interim” Storage
New Mexico’s Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Carlsbad This Week’s Featured Interview: New Mexico’s Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) radioactive waste problems examined in Libbe HaLevy’s interview with Don Hancock, Executive Director of the Southwest Research and Information Center, a nuclear watchdog group headquartered in Albuquerque.  The group  focuses on the goings-on at WIPP,...
NH #395: “Nuclear: Dangerous, A Failed Technology” – Former Nuke Regulatory Chief Greg Jaczko Goes Rogue
Rogue Nuclear Regulator: Former Chair of the NRC, Greg Jaczko This Week’s SPECIAL Featured Interview: Greg Jaczko, the former Chair of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, has published an explosive new book: Confessions of a Rogue Nuclear Regulator.  In it, he gets honest with the American people about the dangers of nuclear technology, which he labels...
NH #394: UChicago Nuclear Die-In at Atomic Pile Commemoration – New Anti-Nuke Generation’s India Weston
UChicago’s Henry Moore Statue “Nuclear Energy” was surrounded by body outlinesrepresenting the civilians who were killed by atomic bomb blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Photos: Brittney Dorton This Week’s Featured Interview: UChicago’s India Weston, a remarkable young anti-nuclear activist, fills us in on the new-media way she first discovered the hidden nuclear history, how she grew...
NH #393: Numnutz of the Year 2018 – SPECIAL! – A Look Back at Nuclear Insanity
Numnutz of the Year starts out with the year’s first Numnutz of the Week –U.S. Strategic Command bares all with its (yuk yuk!) New Year’s Tweet! Feeling safe yet? This Week’s SPECIAL: A look back at 2018 through the lens of Nuclear Hotseat’s most popular feature, Numnutz of the Week.  Listen to the wacky antics...
NH #392: Anti-Nuclear Peace Nun Who Broke into “High Security” US Site to Protest Nuclear Weapons: Sister Megan Rice
Anti-nuclear peace nun Sister Megan Rice, upon her 2015 release from prison on sabotage chargesfor her peaceful break-in and protest – at age 82 – at the Y-12 “Nuclear  Fort Knox” This Week’s Featured Interviews: To celebrate the holidays, a reminder of one of 2015’s successes — the early release from prison of the anti-nuclear...
NH #391: Nuclear Fox Revealed! France’s Hervé Courtois of Nuclear-News, Rainbow Warriors
Nuclear Fox Hervé Courtois & Nuclear Hotseat’s Libbe HaLevy @ the Window Rock of Window Rock AZ This Week’s Featured Interview: Nuclear Fox – Hervé Courtois of France, aka D’un Renard, or “The Fox” – has been a steadfast provider of reliable nuclear  news, especially from Fukushima, since the first months after the disaster began...

S8 Ep 390NH #390: Uranium/Nuclear Devastation to Navajo Nation, Japan, India, Greenland? Ames, Iowa?!? International Uranium Film Festival SPECIAL
Norbert Suchanek & Marcia Olviera Gomez, OrganizersFilmmakers, Audience Members – and one Podcaster w/a Book –at the International Uranium Film Festival in Window Rock, Arizona. SPECIAL: International Uranium Film Festival Nuclear Hotseat went to the Capitol of the Navajo Nation in Window Rock, Arizona, to cover the International Uranium Film Festival – 22 films in...
NH #389: World Health Organization’s Fukushima, Chernobyl Lies: Alison Katz of Independent WHO
Montage of protesters at the headquarters of the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland,organized by Independent WHO This Week’s Featured Interview: Alison Katz, the head of Independent WHO (World Health Organization), continues to expose the lies and manipulations of perception regarding radiation impacts on health at Fukushima and Chernobyl.  A special Encore presentation from Nuclear...
NH #388: Santa Susana Field Lab/Woolsey Fire Radiation Dangers – Shocking History of Nuke Site Health Damage w/Epidemiologist Joseph Mangano
Santa Susana Field Lab – aerial photo of the start of the Woolsey Fire BREAKING: Arnie Gundersen and Maggie Gundersen of Fairewinds Energy Education have just released the protocols for collecting dust and dirt samples within 25 miles of the Santa Susana Field Lab for free testing for radioactivity. To download your copy of the...
NH #385: Nuke Films in Arizona & NM! Uranium Film Festival’s Norbert Suchanek + Filmmakers Rebecca Cammisa, Taylor Dunne, Eric Stewart
Nuke films from around the world featured in AZ and NM at Int’l Uranium Film Festival This Week’s Featured Interviews: Nuke films?  This man’s got ’em!  Norbert Suchanek is the Executive Director of the International Uranium Film Festival and talks about the upcoming screenings in Arizona and New Mexico. Rebecca Cammisa directed the award-winning documentary...
NH #384: Nuclear Weapons Fright! Trump’s INF Treaty Pull-out, Nuke War’s Impact – Robt Dodge of PSR
Nuclear weapons impact on Hiroshima’s ability to have a medical response after the bomb. This Week’s Featured Interview: Nuclear Weapons – With Trump abruptly announcing that the US is going to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, or INF, it seemed important that we find out exactly what that would mean, not only to...
NH #379: Chris Busby Strikes Back against Trumped-Up Attempted Arrest + Dawn Chapman on Good/Bad News re: N. St. Louis Toxic Landfills
Chris Busby in iconic – and so-called “suspicious” – beret. This Week’s Featured Interviews: Dawn Chapman, co-founder of the group Just Moms StL, has helped shepherd community protest of radioactive waste from Republic Services’ two landfills that had contaminated the neighborhood, back yards, even inside the houses where they and others live.  She provides background...
NH #378: Brunswick Nuclear/Hurricane Florence UPDATE w/Dave Lochbaum of UCS; Rocky Flats w/Leroy Moore
Brunswick Nuclear site map of vulnerability to flooding from ocean surge, Cape Fear River.From Dave Lochbaum powerpoint (available below) This Week’s Featured Interviews: BRUNSWICK NUCLEAR UPDATE – Dave Lochbaum, Director of the Nuclear Safety Project for the Union of Concerned Scientists, explains the safety status of Brunswick Nuclear Reactors 1 & 2, both the same...