"News From The Future" with Dr Catherine Ball

Podcast transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it.Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available globally in paperback, audiobook, and ebook formats. Amazon link here.We think you’ll get something life changing from it.Today we are talking about something a bit controversial - Infant SleepEnjoy!Infant sleep is one of the most misunderstood aspects of child development, with countless myths and misconceptions that can leave parents confused and overwhelmed. From the idea that babies should sleep through the night by a certain age to whether motion naps are restorative, these beliefs often stem more from cultural norms and commercial sleep programs than from scientific evidence. Let’s break down five of the most common myths about infant sleep and explore what research actually tells us.To start, the notion that most babies “sleep through the night” is far from accurate. While parents often see this as a milestone, studies consistently show that night wakings are normal and persist well into toddlerhood. For example, a large Norwegian study involving over 55,000 infants found that nearly 70% of six-month-olds woke at least once during the night, and even at 18 months, more than 25% were still waking. Similarly, a 2020 Finnish study of 5,700 babies found that three- to eight-month-olds woke an average of more than twice per night, 12-month-olds woke 1.8 times, and 18- to 24-month-olds woke about once per night.It’s important to note that these findings are based on parental reports, which may underestimate the true number of wakings. Parents might not always notice when their baby wakes briefly. When more objective methods, such as video recordings, are used, the data show even higher numbers. A 2001 study using video monitoring revealed that three-month-olds woke an average of three times per night, six-month-olds 3.5 times, nine-month-olds 4.7 times, and 12-month-olds 2.6 times. However, the good news is that as babies approach their second birthday, these night wakings tend to decrease naturally. By two years of age, only about 25% of children wake during the night.That said, while frequent night wakings are common, they’re not always “normal.” The belief that children will continue waking unless they’re “taught” not to ignores the fact that most infants naturally consolidate their sleep over time. It also risks overlooking potential underlying health issues that could disrupt sleep. For instance, iron deficiency, which affects around 15% of toddlers in the U.S., has been linked to restless sleep and frequent night wakings. Other conditions, such as food allergies, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and ear infections, can also contribute to unsettled sleep. Additionally, sleep disorders like obstructive sleep apnea affect up to 6% of children and can cause frequent waking, particularly between the ages of two and six years. These examples highlight the importance of considering medical factors if a baby’s sleep seems unusually disrupted.Another widespread misconception is the idea that most babies need 12 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night. This belief has been popularized by the “7-7” schedule, which assumes that anything less than 12 hours is inadequate. However, research suggests that this idealized schedule doesn’t reflect the reality for most children. An Australian study of 5,000 babies found that children from infancy to nearly five years old slept an average of 11 hours at night—not 12. Even the youngest group in the study, aged four to six months, averaged about 11 hours of nighttime sleep.Sleep patterns also vary widely across cultures, challenging the notion of a universal “ideal” sleep duration. For instance, one study found that babies in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the U.S. slept around 10 hours per night on average, while babies in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and India slept closer to nine hours. These differences reflect cultural norms and parenting practices rather than biological needs. Even in societies that promote the 7-7 schedule, organizations like the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommend total sleep (including naps) of 12-16 hours for four- to 12-month-olds and 11-14 hours for one- to two-year-olds. They don’t specify how much of this sleep should occur at night, and some researchers question the scientific basis for these recommendations.The idea that motion naps—such as those taken in a stroller, sling, or car—are less restorative is another myth that lacks scientific support. In fact, some research suggests that motion naps may even be beneficial. A study on two-month-olds found that rocking helped babies fall asleep more easily and reduced crying. Similarly, babies with obstructive sleep apnea experienced fewer obstructive events when sleeping on rocking matt

Podcast transcript: Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it.Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now globally and available as a paperback, audiobook, and ebook. We think you’ll get something life changing from it. 5 star reviews are flying in.Amazon link here.Today we are talking about something a bit controversial - sleep banking Enjoy!The concept of “sleep banking” has been stirring up discussions lately, both in scientific circles and among wellness enthusiasts. It’s an intriguing idea: rather than just catching up on sleep after a period of deprivation, what if you could stockpile extra hours of rest before a demanding stretch to offset future sleep loss? Advocates claim this strategy can enhance focus, improve athletic performance, and help you stay sharp during periods of reduced sleep. But does it really hold up under scrutiny? Let’s explore the science, the debates, and the practical takeaways.First, picture this: it’s the weekend, and you finally have the chance to sleep in after a long, exhausting week. Many of us take this opportunity to “catch up” on lost sleep, treating it as a way to recover from those early mornings and late nights. But some researchers are flipping this narrative. Instead of playing catch-up, they propose that we might be better off “banking” extra sleep in advance of busy or sleepless periods. Could this proactive approach really work?The idea of sleep banking isn’t new. It was first introduced in 2009 by researchers at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in the U.S. Led by Tracy Rupp, who is now at Utah State University, the team sought to find ways to help soldiers maintain alertness and cognitive performance during missions where sleep was scarce. The analogy they used is simple: just as you’d deposit money into a bank account to avoid overdraft fees, sleep banking involves adding extra hours of sleep to your “account” to prevent cognitive and physical deficits when sleep deprivation inevitably hits.In their study, Rupp and her colleagues worked with 24 military personnel, dividing them into two groups. One group was allowed seven hours of sleep per night, while the other got 10 hours of sleep nightly for a week. After this initial phase, both groups were subjected to severe sleep restriction—just three hours of sleep per night for several nights—before returning to a more typical eight-hour schedule. The results were telling: those who had banked extra sleep performed better in tests measuring alertness and cognitive function during the sleep-deprived phase. This suggests that the additional rest acted as a buffer, helping the brain and body better cope with the lack of sleep.The concept is gaining traction beyond the lab, particularly among wellness enthusiasts on platforms like TikTok. Many users advocate for sleep banking as a way to prepare for long-haul flights, major work events, or other high-stress situations. They see it as a kind of safety net, a proactive measure to maintain mental and physical performance during demanding times. But while the idea is appealing, it’s not without its critics.One major point of contention among researchers is whether sleep banking works if you’re already carrying a significant “sleep debt.” Rupp and her team believe it can, but they emphasize the importance of paying off sleep debt as soon as possible. In other words, while sleep banking might help mitigate the effects of future sleep deprivation, it’s not a substitute for addressing chronic sleep deficits.Elizabeth Klerman, a professor of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, offers a different perspective. She argues that sleep isn’t like a piggy bank where you can build up a surplus. Instead, she likens it to a credit card: you can accumulate debt, but you can’t store up extra credit in advance. Klerman’s skepticism is rooted in experiments where participants were given more time in bed but didn’t actually sleep longer. According to her, the idea of sleep banking assumes that people can sleep when they’re not tired—a claim she says lacks robust evidence.Klerman is also concerned about the potential implications of promoting sleep banking as a viable strategy. She warns that it might encourage people to justify sleep deprivation, believing they can “make up for it” later. This, she argues, could have serious consequences for health and well-being, as sleep is essential for everything from immune function to mental health. While Klerman does advocate for catching up on lost sleep when possible, she cautions against long naps. Anything over 45 minutes, she says, can lead to sleep inertia—that groggy, disoriented feeling you get when waking up from a deep sleep.So, where does this leave us? The science of sleep banking is still evolving, and the

Podcast transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it.Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it.Amazon link here: https://amzn.to/3PSgoFfToday we are talking about something a bit controversial - How Billionaires sleep!Enjoy!The sleep technology industry is experiencing a revolutionary transformation, with America’s elite performers and tech leaders spearheading a new approach to rest that prioritizes optimization through cutting-edge technology. This shift represents a dramatic departure from the previous decade’s celebration of minimal sleep, replacing it with a sophisticated, technology-driven approach to achieving optimal rest.The financial investment in this space is staggering, with Silicon Valley billionaires having poured over $5 billion into longevity startups over the past 25 years. The smart bed market alone demonstrates the scale of this revolution, valued at $3.38 billion in 2024 and projected to reach $5.51 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate of 6.30%. The broader sleep tech devices market is even more impressive, valued at approximately $27 billion in 2025 and expected to reach $30.74 billion in 2026.Smart mattresses stand at the forefront of this technological revolution, with companies like Eight Sleep leading the way. Their products have garnered attention from tech luminaries including Mark Zuckerberg and Elon Musk, offering features that extend far beyond traditional mattress functionality. These systems incorporate heating and cooling technology, sleep tracking capabilities, vibrating mattress covers, adjustable bed bases, hydro-powered blankets, and climate control pillows. Users can fine-tune their bed’s temperature, receive personalized sleep insights without wearing additional devices, adjust their bed’s position, and wake up gradually through in-bed vibrations rather than jarring alarms.Eight Sleep’s recent securing of $100 million in Series D funding from strategic investors, led by founders Matteo Franceschetti, Massimo Andreasi Bassi, and Alexandra Zatarain, suggests even more innovative developments are on the horizon. This substantial investment indicates the industry’s confidence in the future of smart sleep technology.In the realm of sleep tracking, the Oura Ring 4 has emerged as the premier choice among tech elites. Mark Zuckerberg specifically uses it to monitor his sleep cycles and heart rate, ensuring he achieves eight hours of sleep nightly. Sleep advocate and Huffington Post co-founder Arianna Huffington has also endorsed the device, praising its tracking capabilities. While a new Oura Ring model isn’t expected in 2026, other manufacturers like Garmin and Apple are likely to introduce competing innovations.The industry continues to evolve with new entries like WisMedical’s Tedream Patch, a sophisticated sensor system that attaches to multiple body points to replicate full sleep lab studies at home. The anticipated Luna Band is positioned to compete with existing players like Whoop in the wearable sleep tracking market.Vagus nerve stimulation represents another frontier in sleep technology. These devices target the main nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system, with influential figures like Mel Robbins and neuroscientist Andrew Huberman promoting their benefits for sleep and relaxation. Tech entrepreneur Bryan Johnson, known for spending $2 million annually on longevity protocols, has endorsed the Pulsetto stimulator, as documented in his Netflix series about defying aging. The upcoming WillSleep patches combine non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation with biosignal tracking, promising relief for insomnia sufferers.Sleep headbands represent the cutting edge of sleep technology, with brands like Elemind, Somnee, and Muse leading the category. These devices use acoustic stimulation to slow brain activity and incorporate sophisticated sensors for monitoring brain activity, heart rate, and circulation. The technology has attracted significant investment from Village Global, backed by Jeff Bezos, Reid Hoffman, and Bill Gates. Elemind Technologies’ success is particularly noteworthy, with $3.1 million in top-line sales and 20% month-over-month growth in late 2025.The integration of artificial intelligence into sleep technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated. Current AI applications offer personalized sleep coaching based on individual metrics, and this capability is expected to expand significantly. The medical applications of consumer sleep devices are also growing, with products like the Apple Watch receiving FDA clearance for sleep apnea detection, a trend that’s likely to continue across other brands.The price point

Podcast TranscriptHello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it.Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it.Today we are talking about something a bit controversial - Daylight Savings TimeEnjoy!The biannual ritual of changing our clocks has far more significant health implications than most people realize. While that extra hour of sleep in autumn might seem like a welcome gift, research reveals a complex web of health effects tied to these time shifts, from increased heart attacks to higher rates of depression and traffic accidents.Daylight Saving Time (DST) was first implemented in the UK during World War One in 1916, primarily to conserve energy and maximize daylight during working hours. Today, this practice affects roughly 70 countries and more than a quarter of the global population. In the United States, which formally adopted DST in 1966, clocks change on the second Sunday in March and first Sunday in November, while in the UK, the changes occur on the last Sunday in March and October.The most concerning health impacts occur during the spring transition when clocks move forward. A 2014 U.S. study found a startling 24% increase in heart attacks on the Monday following the spring time change. This finding isn’t isolated – similar patterns have emerged in studies across Sweden, Croatia, Germany, Brazil, Finland, and Mexico. A comprehensive meta-analysis showed an average 4% increase in heart attacks following the spring transition, highlighting the widespread nature of this health risk.The negative effects don’t stop there. Research has documented increased stroke rates in the weeks following the spring change. Mental health is also affected, with a 2020 study showing exacerbation of mood disorders, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Road safety becomes a serious concern too, with U.S. studies showing a 6% increase in fatal traffic accidents in the weeks after springing forward, attributed to the nation struggling with the loss of one hour of sleep.The underlying mechanism for these health impacts relates to our circadian rhythms – our body’s internal 24-hour clock. Professor David Ray from the University of Oxford explains that sunlight is the primary signal our brain uses to synchronize this internal clock. The pineal gland produces melatonin at night when light levels fall, making us sleepy, while morning light triggers cortisol release for wakefulness. This delicate balance is disrupted when we artificially shift our schedules.Spring’s clock change disrupts this system in multiple ways. Evening light interferes with melatonin production, making it harder to fall asleep, while darker mornings mean people wake up before their bodies are naturally ready. A 2024 study of over 11,000 UK residents found that while people lost about 65 minutes of sleep on the spring transition Sunday, there was evidence of catch-up sleep in subsequent days, suggesting some ability to adapt to the change.The impact of disrupted circadian rhythms isn’t limited to clock changes. Shift workers provide a stark example of the long-term effects of living against our natural rhythms. Research shows they experience higher rates of mental and physical illness, including increased rates of diabetes, obesity, coronary heart disease, and cancer. They also have shorter life expectancies on average. Even people living on the western edge of time zones show similar health risks due to the constant slight misalignment with natural light cycles.The autumn transition, while generally considered less problematic, isn’t without its effects. People typically only gain about 33 minutes of extra sleep, not the full hour, and continue to lose sleep throughout the following week. Danish research spanning 1995 to 2012 found an 11% increase in major depressive episodes in the 10 weeks following the fall time change, suggesting seasonal mood impacts.However, there are some positive aspects to the autumn transition. Professor Joan Costa-i-Font from the London School of Economics tracked 30,000 individuals over 30 years and found some health benefits associated with the fall change, including increased energy levels and improved mood. People reported feeling better and happier with the additional sleep opportunity. Nevertheless, these benefits weren’t sufficient to offset the negative impacts of the spring transition.The economic impact is substantial – Costa-i-Font’s research suggests that changing clocks twice yearly costs economies over €750 per capita annually. The disruption goes beyond immediate health effects, as the professor notes that while an hour might seem insignificant, the synchronized shift of entire population

Podcast Transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it. Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it. Today we are talking about the power of mindset over sleep and rest.. and feeling restedEnjoy!The complex relationship between sleep quality and mindset reveals that feeling refreshed isn’t just about logging specific hours in bed. Research increasingly demonstrates that our perception and beliefs about sleep might be equally important as the actual time spent sleeping, challenging traditional assumptions about what constitutes a “good night’s rest.”Nicole Tang, director of the Warwick Sleep and Pain Lab, emphasizes that sleep quality extends beyond nighttime hours. The events before and after sleep, combined with how we interpret our sleep experience, significantly impact our feeling of restfulness. This understanding builds on decades of research showing that psychological processes are primary drivers of insomnia, with disrupted sleep often stemming from elevated psychological arousal.A particularly intriguing phenomenon called “paradoxical insomnia” demonstrates this mind-body connection. Studies reveal that between 8% and 66% of insomnia patients report poor sleep despite objective measurements showing normal sleep patterns. While insomnia’s risks are very real, this disconnect between perceived and actual sleep quality suggests that our mindset about sleep significantly influences how tired we feel.The modern sleep industry, valued at $78 billion and growing, often promotes rigid rules about sleep duration as crucial for well-being. However, the exact relationship between sleep duration and long-term health remains unclear. Research typically shows associations rather than direct causations, and many studies produce mixed results. For instance, respiratory problems might cause both poor sleep and health issues, making it difficult to determine which factor drives the other.David Samson, an evolutionary anthropologist, challenges contemporary sleep assumptions through his research on hunter-gatherer societies. These communities typically get between 5.7 and 7.1 hours of sleep per night – less than industrial societies – and experience more fragmented sleep patterns. Yet remarkably, less than 3% report trouble falling or staying asleep, compared to up to 30% in industrial societies. Most notably, these societies lack even a word for “insomnia” in their languages.Researchers at the University of Oslo further question the notion of a “sleeplessness epidemic,” arguing that sleep needs are dynamic and adaptable. They emphasize that there isn’t a universal optimal amount of sleep that applies across all situations and times. Instead, sleep requirements vary based on environmental, cultural, psychological, and physiological factors.Rigid beliefs about sleep can create destructive patterns. People with insomnia often hold inflexible views about sleep requirements, such as believing they must get seven hours to function. These beliefs increase anxiety about sleep, making it harder to achieve restful slumber and potentially amplifying fatigue the next day. Many overestimate both their sleep needs and the impact of poor sleep on their functioning.The proliferation of sleep tracking devices might inadvertently worsen sleep anxiety. Research demonstrates this through a revealing study where insomnia patients received fake sleep feedback supposedly from smartwatches. Those told they slept poorly reported more fatigue, decreased alertness, and worse mood compared to those told they slept well – regardless of their actual sleep quality.Performance can also be influenced by sleep perception. In one laboratory study, participants who slept five hours but thought they slept eight showed faster reaction times than those who knew they’d slept five hours. Conversely, those who slept eight hours but thought they’d slept five demonstrated slower reaction times than those aware of their eight-hour sleep.Tang’s research reveals that our evaluation of sleep quality fluctuates throughout the day. When people engage in enjoyable activities or physical exercise, their perception of the previous night’s sleep often improves, despite the actual sleep period remaining unchanged. This suggests that current activities and mood significantly influence how we view our past sleep quality.To improve sleep experience, experts recommend several evidence-based strategies: practicing standard sleep hygiene (avoiding alcohol and caffeine, maintaining regular bedtime), adopting a less rigid approach to sleep expectations, and maintaining regular activities despite sleep quality. Understanding that multiple night wakin

Podcast Transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it. Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it. Today we are talking about jet lag, sleep, and the Australian Open Tennis.Enjoy!The demanding world of professional tennis presents unique challenges when it comes to managing jetlag, with players constantly crossing multiple time zones throughout the season. The international tennis calendar spans an impressive 29 countries across five continents, leading male players to accumulate a combined 2.3 million kilometers of travel in the 2024 season alone, according to ATP data. This makes tennis players among the most frequently traveling athletes in professional sports.The physical and mental toll of crossing time zones affects even the most elite players, who often must compete shortly after landing, regardless of their sleep status. As Filipino player Alexandra Eala candidly explains, “If you’re running on three or four hours of sleep, you are going to play. You have to adjust.” This reality is particularly challenging for players from geographically isolated regions, like Australian Tristan Schoolkate, who grew up in Perth, considered the world’s most isolated major city.The effects of jetlag are particularly pronounced at major tournaments like the Australian Open, where players arrive from various time zones and must quickly adapt to perform at their peak. The challenges include disrupted sleep patterns, physical fatigue, and the need for rapid acclimatization to new conditions. These factors become even more critical in tennis, one of the most physically demanding individual sports.Players have developed sophisticated strategies to combat jetlag’s effects. Twenty-four-time major champion Novak Djokovic follows a meticulous routine that includes “over-hydrating” during flights with a special mixture of water, lemon, mint, and salt. Upon arrival, he implements a three-step process: walking barefoot on natural ground for grounding, taking an Epsom salt bath, and watching the sunrise the next morning to reset his circadian rhythm.The use of supplements to manage sleep patterns has become common among players, though this approach carries significant risks. Natural herbal tablets containing ingredients like valerian, hops, chamomile, and passionflower are popular choices. However, the use of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, has led to serious consequences for some players. Six-time Grand Slam champion Iga Swiatek received a one-month ban in 2024 after a contaminated melatonin supplement resulted in a failed doping test. Similarly, Stefanos Tsitsipas attributed his poor performance in the 2023 French Open quarter-final against Carlos Alcaraz to the effects of melatonin.Following her experience with supplement-related issues, Swiatek now advocates for a more natural approach to managing jetlag. She finds that transitioning from Europe’s winter darkness to Australia’s abundant sunshine provides a natural reset for her body clock. However, the early morning wake-ups can still pose challenges, as British player Cameron Norrie discovered when he found himself wide awake at 3 AM in Brisbane, distracted by Premier League matches and his fantasy football team’s performance.Players have developed various personal coping mechanisms. British player Francesca Jones deliberately stays awake during her entire 24-hour journey to Australia, using strategic sleep deprivation to reset her body clock. Spain’s Paula Badosa relies on ice-cold water in the morning to jumpstart her system, while many players, including Schoolkate, depend heavily on Melbourne’s renowned coffee culture for their caffeine boost.The medical implications of frequent long-distance travel extend beyond mere fatigue. According to NHS guidance, jetlag can trigger a range of symptoms including sickness, indigestion, mild anxiety, and concentration problems. Sports scientist Stephen Smith of Kitman Labs emphasizes that the combination of dehydration, inflammation, and fatigue from air travel significantly increases injury risk, particularly affecting players’ range of movement and mobility.Travel conditions play a crucial role in recovery. First-class passengers who can lie flat during flights have a distinct advantage over those in economy seating, where restricted space can impede physical recovery. This disparity particularly affects lower-ranked players like Schoolkate, who continues to travel economy due to financial constraints. He recounts playing at Indian Wells after arriving from India just 36 hours before his match, experiencing severe fatigue and coordination difficulties.The physical demands of te

Podcast Transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it. Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it. Today we are talking about a recent and pioneering sleep improvement trial in the UKEnjoy!The South Yorkshire NHS has launched a pioneering sleep improvement trial that’s transforming how healthcare workers rest and recover. This groundbreaking program, unprecedented in the health service, demonstrates the organization’s commitment to addressing workforce wellness through innovative approaches. The initiative comes at a crucial time when healthcare worker fatigue has become an increasingly pressing concern.The scale of the problem became evident when the trial revealed that 85% of participating staff members reported chronic tiredness before the intervention began. This startling statistic underscores the widespread nature of sleep-related challenges among healthcare professionals. The trial, which included more than 300 NHS employees, achieved remarkable success, with 75% of participants experiencing measurable improvements in their sleep quality, according to comprehensive data from the South Yorkshire NHS Integrated Care Board (ICB).The program’s methodology was carefully designed to address multiple aspects of sleep health. Participants received specially engineered pillows designed to promote better sleep posture and support. The trial went beyond simply providing equipment - it incorporated detailed sleep assessments through comprehensive surveys that examined sleeping positions, habits, and patterns. This thorough approach ensured that interventions could be tailored to individual needs.A cornerstone of the program was the involvement of sleep posture expert James Leinhardt, whose expertise brings considerable weight to the initiative. Leinhardt’s background includes 15 years of experience within the NHS, specifically working with patients dealing with complex injuries. His transition to educating people about sleep and spinal health has proven invaluable in this context, allowing him to address both the theoretical and practical aspects of sleep improvement.The trial’s impact is powerfully illustrated through the experience of Jane Baker, a 55-year-old educational mental health practitioner from Barnsley who works in Doncaster. Despite not working traditional shift patterns, Baker had been struggling significantly with sleep quality. Her symptoms were typical of many healthcare workers - difficulty falling asleep, trouble maintaining sleep throughout the night, physical pain, and elevated stress levels. Most concerning was that even with adequate time spent in bed, she consistently woke up feeling exhausted.Baker’s participation in the program began when she responded to a work email about the trial. Her initial assessment involved completing an extensive questionnaire that included various visual aids to help identify sleeping positions. This detailed survey formed the basis for a personalized consultation with Leinhardt, during which they analyzed her sleep patterns and posture.The assessment revealed that Baker’s sleep difficulties were significantly influenced by incorrect sleeping positions, which were contributing to her physical discomfort. Through the program, she received specific guidance on modifying her sleep posture, including the strategic use of additional pillows to address hip pain and improve neck alignment. These seemingly simple adjustments led to dramatic improvements in her sleep quality.The results of these interventions were transformative for Baker. She reports significantly easier sleep onset, freedom from pain upon waking, and an overall more relaxed state. This outcome exemplifies the program’s potential to create meaningful change in participants’ lives through targeted, evidence-based interventions.The South Yorkshire NHS ICB’s decision to launch this program reflects a broader understanding of the connection between workforce health and healthcare delivery quality. By addressing health inequalities within their workforce through innovative programs like this sleep trial, they’re taking a proactive approach to staff wellness that could serve as a model for other healthcare organizations.The program’s success has not gone unnoticed in the broader healthcare community. Its nomination for the Workforce and Wellbeing Initiative of the Year category in the Health Service Journal awards represents significant recognition of its innovative approach and positive outcomes. The upcoming awards ceremony in London on March 19th will determine if the program receives this prestigious acknowledgment.This trial’s success has important implications for the

Podcast Transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it. Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it. Today we are talking about interesting facts from the history of sleep. Enjoy!Sleep deprivation affects millions globally, with an estimated 50-70 million Americans struggling to get adequate rest. This widespread issue has even been labeled an epidemic, but understanding both modern science and historical sleeping patterns offers valuable insights for improving our sleep quality.The concept of “two sleeps” or biphasic sleep, rediscovered by Professor Roger Ekirch in the 1990s, reveals a fascinating historical pattern that challenges our modern assumptions about normal sleep. For thousands of years, people naturally divided their sleep into two distinct periods. They would have a “first sleep,” wake for several hours during the night to engage in various activities from household chores to socializing, and then return to bed for a “second sleep” until morning. This historical pattern suggests that waking up in the middle of the night isn’t necessarily a disorder but could be a natural human sleep rhythm. Understanding this can help reduce anxiety for those who experience middle-of-the-night wakefulness.Our sleep requirements fluctuate with the changing seasons, a fact supported by recent scientific research. A comprehensive German study demonstrated that people experience longer periods of both REM and deep sleep in December compared to June. REM sleep, the most active sleep stage characterized by dreaming and increased heart rate, and deep sleep, crucial for physical repair and memory consolidation, both show seasonal variations. This natural rhythm suggests we should adjust our sleep expectations throughout the year rather than maintaining rigid year-round schedules.Napping emerges as a powerful tool for cognitive enhancement and brain health when done correctly. A 2023 study revealed that regular nappers maintain larger brain volumes as they age, potentially delaying brain aging by three to six years. This is particularly significant as reduced brain volume has been linked to conditions like Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. The key to effective napping lies in precise timing and duration – keeping naps to 15 minutes or less and scheduling them for mid-afternoon. These “power naps” can improve mental performance for up to three hours after waking without disrupting nighttime sleep patterns.However, not all brief sleep episodes are beneficial. Microsleeps – unconscious episodes lasting mere seconds – pose serious dangers, particularly while driving. Research from Japan found that three-quarters of truck drivers involved in collisions showed signs of microsleep before the accidents. These dangerous episodes often indicate chronic sleep deprivation, with studies showing that just two weeks of six-hour nights can produce as many microsleeps as complete sleep deprivation. This highlights the crucial importance of maintaining adequate regular sleep patterns.Historical sleeping arrangements differed dramatically from our modern preference for private bedrooms. Until the 19th century, communal sleeping was the norm, with people regularly sharing beds with friends, colleagues, and even strangers. This practice provided both warmth and social interaction, though it came with challenges like shared parasites and morning breath. This historical perspective helps us understand how our current sleep environments and expectations have evolved.Sleep quality proves to be as crucial as quantity, if not more so. The brain’s glymphatic system, responsible for clearing out accumulated toxins and debris, functions optimally when sleep timing aligns with our natural circadian rhythms. While seven to nine hours is the general recommendation, the timing and quality of that sleep significantly impact its restorative effects. Maintaining consistent sleep schedules helps optimize this natural cleaning process.The evolution of sleeping arrangements reveals much about human ingenuity and social development. Medieval people often slept in “box beds” – enclosed cupboard-like structures that provided warmth but limited space and fresh air. These sleeping-cupboards, while cramped, served as practical solutions for keeping warm in poorly heated homes. Later, “tick” mattresses stuffed with straw or leaves became common, though they often harbored actual ticks, fleas, and other pests. The Victorian era introduced particularly harsh solutions for the homeless, including coffin-beds and hanging ropes for rest, highlighting the social disparities in sleep comfort throughout history.Modern sleep science emphasizes

Podcast transcript:Hello and Welcome to News From The Future, spoken by the eleven labs audio clone of Dr Catherine Ball.In this new short series we will be focussing on Sleep. We all do it, and we all recognise when we have not had enough of it. Dr Cath’s new book The Future of Sleep is out now and available in paperback from Amazon as well as on Kindle, and hopefully on Audible. We think you’ll get something life changing from it. Today we are talking about something a bit controversial - Sleep Banking. Enjoy!Sleep banking has emerged as a fascinating concept in sleep science, suggesting that we might be able to prepare for future sleep deprivation by getting extra rest beforehand. This approach, which has gained significant attention in both scientific circles and social media, raises important questions about how our bodies process and utilize sleep.The concept of sleep banking was formally introduced in 2009 through groundbreaking research at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring. The study, spearheaded by Tracy Rupp, who now continues her work at Utah State University, focused on military applications but has broader implications for civilian life. Their methodology was rigorous: they divided 24 military personnel into two distinct groups, with one group allocated seven hours of bed time nightly while the other received ten hours. The following week, both groups faced significant sleep restriction, limited to just three hours in bed each night, before returning to a standard eight-hour schedule.This military-focused research opened up new possibilities for understanding how pre-loading sleep might affect performance during periods of intense activity or sleep deprivation. The implications extend far beyond military applications, potentially benefiting various sectors where sleep deprivation is a common challenge, such as healthcare, emergency services, and high-pressure corporate environments.The scientific community, however, remains divided on several crucial aspects of sleep banking. One major point of contention centers on whether sleep banking can effectively help individuals who are already experiencing sleep debt. While Rupp’s team suggests that banking sleep can be beneficial even for sleep-deprived individuals, they emphasize the importance of addressing sleep debt promptly. This perspective has gained traction among some researchers who see potential in the strategic use of extra sleep before anticipated periods of sleep restriction.Elizabeth Klerman, a prominent voice in sleep research and professor of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, presents a compelling counter-argument. She fundamentally challenges the concept of sleep banking, likening sleep more to a credit card system than a traditional savings account. Her research indicates that while people can accumulate sleep debt, they cannot build up a sleep surplus. This conclusion stems from experiments where participants, given extra time in bed, failed to actually sleep longer when they weren’t naturally tired.The popularity of sleep banking has surged on social media platforms, particularly TikTok, where wellness influencers promote it as a strategy for managing jet lag, preparing for demanding work periods, or creating a buffer against anticipated sleep loss. However, this popularization may oversimplify the complex biological mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness.Klerman raises significant concerns about the potential misuse of sleep banking concepts. She warns that people might use the idea to justify intentional sleep deprivation, believing they can compensate with previous good sleep. This misconception could lead to dangerous practices where individuals undervalue their immediate sleep needs, potentially compromising their health and cognitive function.When it comes to recovering from sleep loss, experts do support catch-up sleep but with important qualifications. Afternoon naps, for instance, should be limited to 45 minutes or less to avoid sleep inertia – the disorienting grogginess that often follows longer naps. This recommendation helps people manage their sleep recovery without disrupting their regular sleep patterns or nighttime rest.Research indicates that modest increases in sleep duration can be beneficial for most people, with an extra 30 minutes per night showing positive effects. However, it’s crucial to note that regularly requiring more than 12 hours of sleep might signal underlying health issues that warrant medical attention. This observation highlights the importance of distinguishing between healthy sleep patterns and potential sleep disorders.The implications of sleep banking research extend into practical applications for organizational management. Companies dealing with shift work, international travel, or high-intensity project periods might benefit from understanding the limitations and possibilities of sleep management. This knowledge coul

Podcast transcript:Welcome to News From The Future, with the AI Voice Clone of Dr Cath. Please subscribe to my substack and follow me on Linked In for more Futurist insights.The Doomsday Clock, have you heard of it? it is humanity’s most sobering timepiece, has just moved to its most dangerous position ever: 85 seconds to midnight. This isn’t your typical clock - it doesn’t track hours or minutes of the day, but rather humanity’s proximity to potential catastrophe. Since its creation in 1947, it has served as both warning system and wake-up call for civilization.The concept of “midnight” represents the theoretical point where human civilization makes Earth uninhabitable through its own technologies. Think of it as an annual physical exam for our species, with the clock hands indicating how critical our collective condition has become. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, based at the University of Chicago, maintains this metaphorical timepiece through their Science and Security Board - a panel of leading experts in nuclear physics, climate science, and technology. These scientists don’t just track obvious threats; they analyze existential risks that could fundamentally alter or end human civilization as we know it.The clock’s history reveals dramatic swings that mirror humanity’s choices. In 1947, it started at 7 minutes to midnight, reflecting post-World War II tensions. The first major crisis came in 1949 when the Soviet Union tested its atomic bomb, pushing the clock to 3 minutes to midnight. By 1953, both the US and Soviets had tested hydrogen bombs - weapons thousands of times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb - moving the hands to 2 minutes to midnight. This marked what would be the danger threshold for most of the Cold War era.But there’s hope in this timeline. The most optimistic moment came in 1991, when the clock was set back to 17 minutes to midnight - the furthest it’s ever been from catastrophe. The Cold War had ended, the Soviet Union dissolved, and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) promised massive reductions in nuclear arsenals. It seemed like humanity had chosen a more rational path, with international cooperation replacing nuclear brinksmanship.That optimism proved short-lived. Since 2010, we’ve witnessed a steady march toward danger. In 2018, we returned to the 2-minute mark, largely due to increased nuclear rhetoric and deteriorating international relations. The year 2020 marked our first move into “seconds” territory, and now, in 2026, we’ve reached the unprecedented 85-second mark, surpassing even the darkest days of the Cold War.The Bulletin cites three major factors driving this latest adjustment. First, there’s the growing “nuclear shadow” - ongoing conflicts involving nuclear-armed states and the expiration of crucial arms control treaties between the US and Russia. The situation in Ukraine and recent strikes in the Middle East involving nuclear-capable nations have heightened tensions considerably. For the first time in over three decades, there’s serious discussion about resuming explosive nuclear testing, which could trigger a new arms race.Second, global climate action is falling short of what’s needed to prevent catastrophic warming. While green technology continues to advance, political commitment to carbon reduction goals is weakening. The Bulletin specifically points to the “erosion of international cooperation” and major powers’ failure to honor Paris Agreement commitments. This backsliding on climate action comes at a crucial moment when scientists say we have limited time to prevent irreversible damage to Earth’s climate systems.The third factor represents a new threat: the AI-powered “information armageddon,” as Nobel laureate Maria Ressa describes it. The Bulletin expresses grave concern about artificial intelligence being used to amplify disinformation at unprecedented scales. Their reasoning is clear - if we can’t agree on basic facts, how can we possibly address global challenges like pandemics or negotiate peace? This technological threat to truth itself represents a new kind of existential risk, one that could paralyze our ability to respond to other critical challenges.However, Alexandra Bell, the Bulletin’s CEO, emphasizes that this isn’t a death sentence - it’s a wake-up call. The 1991 reversal proves we can turn back the clock when people demand change. The key is converting concern into action, and the Bulletin outlines specific steps that individuals can take to make a difference.First, demand accountability from elected officials. Don’t just ask if they care about nuclear disarmament or climate change - ask specifically how they’re voting on these issues and push for support of arms control treaties like New START. Write to your representatives and make it clear that these existential threats matter to their constituents.Second, examine where your money goes. Check if your bank or pension fund invests in fossil fuel expansion or nuclear weap

Podcast Transcript:Hello there and welcome to Dr Cath’s CES specials at News From The Future. This is Dr Cath’s AI voice clone by eleven labs. Get in touch if you’d like to know more about Dr Cath’s business Vox HelixSamsung’s First Look 2026 event unveiled an ambitious vision for AI-integrated living, showcasing innovations across their entire product ecosystem. The presentation established Samsung’s mission to become a companion for AI living by leveraging their vast scale of approximately 500 million devices shipped annually across multiple categories.The company’s AI strategy centers on embedding artificial intelligence throughout their product lineup while maintaining strong privacy protections through Samsung Knox and Knox Matrix security platforms. Their approach combines on-device AI for privacy and real-time processing with cloud AI for more complex tasks, creating a foundation for seamless multi-device intelligence.In the television segment, Samsung introduced their most advanced AI-powered lineup yet, headlined by the new 130-inch Micro RGB display. This premium TV represents the pinnacle of display engineering, featuring microscopic red, green, and blue diodes that produce what Samsung claims is the purest and most natural color reproduction available. The company’s commitment to display innovation has led to over 830 million TVs sold over 20 years of market leadership.The Vision AI Companion, Samsung’s TV intelligence system, has seen remarkable adoption with a 25% uptake rate within three months of launch - seven times faster than previous AI services. This system enables advanced features like AI sound control for sports broadcasts, allowing viewers to modify or remove commentary and background noise. The platform also provides personalized content recommendations and can seamlessly share information with other connected devices, such as sending recipes to kitchen displays.Samsung’s audio innovations include new HDR10+ Advanced support, launching with Amazon Prime Video content, and expanded Q Symphony technology for coordinated sound across devices. The company also introduced the Music Studio Wi-Fi speaker series, designed in collaboration with renowned designer Irwan Buhulk, featuring high-resolution audio and instant music play functionality through Spotify integration.In home appliances, Samsung demonstrated significant advances in AI integration. The Family Hub refrigerator received a major upgrade through partnership with Google Gemini, expanding its food recognition capabilities and introducing new features like Food Note, which tracks consumption patterns and provides smart grocery recommendations. The company’s commitment to reliability includes providing seven years of software updates for smart appliances and implementing AI-powered preventative maintenance through their Home Appliance Remote Management system.The Bespoke AI laundry combo showcased improved efficiency with faster cycles and larger capacity, addressing common pain points like forgotten laundry transfers. The new AI Jetbot Steam Ultra vacuum cleaner incorporates advanced obstacle detection and home monitoring capabilities, powered by a Qualcomm Dragon Wing AI chipset and 3D dual obstacle sensors.A significant development in the home appliance sector is Samsung’s partnership with Hartford Steam Boiler Insurance, introducing smart home insurance savings based on connected device data. This program, which showed promising results in initial US pilot testing, aims to reduce premiums by leveraging smart home technology to prevent costly incidents like water damage.In digital health, Samsung Health is evolving to provide comprehensive personal health coaching across four key areas: sleep, physical activity, nutrition, and mental health. The platform will incorporate data from various devices to monitor vital signs and health indicators, particularly focusing on cardiovascular health through metrics like vascular load, blood oxygen, and ECG measurements.The company announced plans to develop cognitive health monitoring capabilities through Galaxy devices, aiming to help identify early signs of cognitive change through behavioral analysis. While emphasizing this isn’t meant for diagnosis, the feature will be released in beta in select markets to help families make informed decisions about seeking professional guidance.Throughout the presentation, Samsung emphasized their commitment to ethical AI development and investment in future technology leaders. Through programs like Samsung Innovation Campus and Solve for Tomorrow, the company is working to empower students and communities with AI skills while encouraging innovative solutions to real-world challenges.The event concluded with a strong emphasis on Samsung’s unique position in delivering integrated AI experiences through their vast ecosystem of connected devices. Their vision extends beyond individual products to create a cohesive, intelligent environment that enhances

Podcast transcript:Welcome to the ongoing special series of innovations discovered by Dr Cath on her recent trip to the CES technology show in Las Vegas. This is the AI audio clone of Dr Cath powered by eleven labs.... let me know if you’d like to learn more about Dr Cath’s business Vox Helix.Boston Dynamics and Hyundai Motor Group showcased their latest developments in robotics and AI at CES 2026, marking a significant milestone in humanoid robot technology. The presentation revealed Atlas, their advanced humanoid robot, alongside strategic partnerships with industry leaders including Google DeepMind.The event began with a demonstration of Boston Dynamics’ Spot robots performing a dance routine, setting the stage for Dr. Merry Frayne to introduce their vision of “human-centered AI robotics.” This concept emphasizes robots that perceive and interact with the world similarly to humans, working collaboratively with people rather than replacing them. The company has already demonstrated success with their Spot robot, which has been deployed to hundreds of customer sites across 40 countries, performing tasks like data collection and industrial facility monitoring. Their Stretch robot, launched in 2023, has successfully unloaded over 20 million boxes in warehouses, proving the practical application of their technology.The new Atlas humanoid robot represents their most ambitious project yet, with impressive technical specifications that set new industry standards. The robot features 56 degrees of freedom with fully rotational joints, human-scale hands equipped with tactile sensing in fingers and palms, and 360-degree camera vision for comprehensive environmental awareness. Atlas can lift up to 110 pounds and reach heights of 7.5 feet, making it suitable for various industrial applications. It’s designed to operate in challenging conditions, with water resistance for washdowns and functionality across temperatures from -4° to 104°F. The robot can operate continuously for four hours before automatically navigating to a charging station to swap its own batteries.A key innovation is Atlas’s learning capability - most tasks can be programmed within a day, and through their Orbit platform, skills learned by one Atlas can be shared across the entire fleet. The robot’s design prioritizes safety and efficiency, with joints that can rotate 360 degrees, allowing for more efficient movement than human limitations would allow.Production plans reveal the scale of their ambitions. The entire 2026 supply has already been allocated to Hyundai Motor Group and their AI partner, with plans to expand customer base in 2027. A cornerstone of their strategy is the Hyundai Robotics Metaplant Application Center (RMAC), which will serve as a data factory for training humanoid skills in manufacturing environments. The partnership aims to establish a robotics factory capable of producing 30,000 robots annually.Hyundai Motor Group’s involvement brings significant manufacturing expertise and scale. Their three-step development approach focuses on accelerating robot skill learning, training on factory data, and utilizing RMAC as the central engine for experimentation and validation. The company’s Group Value Network leverages specialized expertise across affiliates: Hyundai Motor Company and Kia provide manufacturing infrastructure and process control, Hyundai Mobis develops high-performance actuators, and Hyundai Glovis optimizes logistics and supply chain operations.The presentation introduced an innovative Robots-as-a-Service model, offering a subscription-based approach that reduces upfront costs and accelerates return on investment. This service includes installation, over-the-air software updates, hardware maintenance, and remote monitoring and control, making robot deployment more accessible to potential customers.A significant announcement came with the partnership between Boston Dynamics and Google DeepMind. This collaboration aims to integrate Gemini’s advanced AI capabilities with Atlas robots, working toward creating what they term “the world’s best robot foundation model.” The partnership seeks to develop humanoids that can understand and interact with the physical world naturally, learning from experience and generalizing to new situations. Google DeepMind’s Gemini Robotics models will bring advanced embodied reasoning and action generation capabilities to directly control the robots.The implementation roadmap outlines key milestones: RMAC opening in August 2026, global Atlas rollout beginning in 2028, and the achievement of complex assembly capabilities by 2030. The initiative emphasizes proving capabilities in industrial applications before expanding into domestic settings, ensuring safety and reliability through real-world testing and validation.Throughout the presentation, speakers emphasized that these robots are designed to complement rather than replace human workers. The focus is on handling dangerous, repetitive, and phys

Podcast Transcript:Welcome to News From The Future Special Editions with Dr Cath working hard at the CES in Vegas. This podcast is produced using the AI voice clone of Cath by eleven labs. Cath was so happy to be in the audience today when Abi, the aussie robot was shown on stage in the Agetech section of the massive trade show. Here is a summary of what was discussed.Abbie is an innovative companion robot created by Andromeda Robotics, conceived during the pandemic by founder Grace Brown while she was a mechatronics student in Australia feeling lonely in her dorm room during the pandemic. This experience led her to research loneliness, particularly among elderly populations, which became the driving force behind Abbie’s development. The robot represents a creative solution to address what health experts, including the U.S. Surgeon General, have identified as a critical health issue - loneliness, which can be as damaging as smoking 15 cigarettes daily.The robot serves as an emotional companion, particularly in senior living facilities where residents often face long periods of isolation despite being in a communal setting. Abbie can speak over 90 languages, enabling meaningful connections with residents who may have lost their ability to communicate in their second language due to cognitive decline. A powerful example shared was of a resident who could only speak Mandarin - Abbie became his conversation partner, leading to him sharing Chinese poetry and drawing other curious residents to observe their interactions. This unexpected outcome addressed not just linguistic isolation but also created new social connections among residents.Abbie’s design is intentionally approachable and child-sized, featuring colorful components and expressive eyes that invite engagement. The robot’s appearance evolved partly by chance - during initial development, Grace had access to various colored materials for 3D printing, resulting in a vibrant, multi-colored design that proved highly effective at engaging residents. The robot can both participate in group activities - leading music sessions, dancing, and blowing bubbles - and engage in one-on-one conversations. During group sessions, Abbie has been known to spark impromptu dance parties, with residents and staff joining in the festivities.A key feature of Abbie’s technology is its memory capability. The robot maintains detailed records of previous interactions, remembering personal details about residents to create more meaningful ongoing relationships. This can be achieved either through facial recognition technology or through staff input via an accompanying app. This memory function allows Abbie to maintain conversation continuity and show genuine interest in residents’ stories, even when they’re repeated multiple times - something that can be challenging for human caregivers managing multiple residents.The robot operates on a subscription model, currently costing around US $5,000-6,000 per month per unit, making it more practical for institutional settings where multiple residents can benefit. While primarily focused on aged care facilities now, Andromeda has broader ambitions for future applications, including potential use in hospitals and private homes. The company has already received inquiries about personal use, particularly from families interested in providing companionship for children.A next-generation version called Gabby is already being deployed in some facilities. Slightly taller than Abbie but still child-sized, Gabby incorporates additional sensors and enhanced capabilities aimed at enabling more autonomous operation within care facilities. These improvements allow Gabby to navigate facilities more independently and potentially make autonomous visits to residents’ rooms when directed by staff.The impact of these companion robots extends beyond simple entertainment or basic interaction. Staff members have reported unexpected benefits, such as learning new approaches to difficult conversations with residents. In one notable case, staff adopted Abbie’s method of discussing sensitive topics like the passing of family members with residents experiencing memory loss, finding the robot’s approach more effective than their previous methods.The technology has shown particular promise in addressing various forms of isolation - physical, mental, and linguistic. Statistics indicate that approximately 40% of nursing home residents rarely receive visitors, with many receiving none at all. Abbie helps fill this gap, providing consistent companionship and engagement during the many hours when structured activities aren’t taking place.Currently headquartered in San Francisco for their U.S. operations, Andromeda faces high demand, with a growing waitlist for their robots. The company is taking a measured approach to expansion, learning from their current deployments while working toward making the technology more accessible for individual home use in the future. Their amb