History of Africa

As Andrianjaka passes his stable but poor kingdom to his grandchildren, they undertake an enormous project to improve the agricultural output of Imerina. Their largest project, consisting of the miles of canals and terraces of Betsimitatra, would go on to transform the destiny of Imerina's history. This project, completed using the fanampoana system of conscript labor, would forever transform the demographics of Imerina by kicking off a decades-long trend of rapid Merina population growth. Support the show

Despite being the younger of Ralambo's sons, Andrianjaka inherited the kingdom of Imerina due to his brother's board gaming addiction. He would make the most of this time, with some of the most important developments during his rule including: the foundation of Madagascar's most important city in Antananarivo, the canonization of religious practices surrounding the sampy, and the final expulsion of the remaining Vazimba from the kingdom. Support the show

In the early 17th century, a raiding party of Sakalava soldiers entered Imerina. King Ralambo, faced with an existential threat, was forced to rely only on a combination of his own wit and divine assistance from the idol Kelimalaza. According to the Tantara, Kelimalaza assisted Ralambo in all of his shocking victories over his larger and better-equipped enemy armies. Support the show

While Imerina is our primary focus this season, they were far from the pre-eminent power in 18th Century Madagascar. In today's show, let's learn about the first empire to truly dominate Madagascar, the equally fascinating and enigmatic kingdom known as Sakalava. Since our show is primarily told from the Merina perspective, they will be the primary "antagonists" of this season. However, don't get it twisted: the Sakalava kingdom and its people were so much more than mere enemies of the Merina. Support the show

Of all seven of the king's children, Ralambo was the only son to survive into adulthood. Emerging into a world through a miraculous birth, Ralambo's rule would be miraculous in its own right. From transforming his country's views on marriage, completely rewriting its system of religious worship, and setting up the foundations of its future class system, Ralambo's rule could be argued to be the true beginning of the Merina Kingdom. Support the show

With Rangita deceased, it is now time for her sons to live up to her promise to cooperate and share power. Which lasts about as long as you'd expect. With his brother dead, Andriamanelo now has to decide the direction of his rule. He will certainly make a lasting impact. Support the show

In today's episode, we examine the Vazimba, the mysterious original inhabitants of inland Madagascar. Are they fact, fiction, or somewhere in between? Support the show

This episode charts the numerous hypotheses and perceptions of Madagascar's confusing early history of migrations, its place in the economic system of the ancient Indian Ocean, and the demographics that eventually became the ancestors of the Malagasy. Support the show

Today, we take our first steps into the history of Madagascar by looking at some unique features of the island itself, including the various topological and climatic regions within, as well as its unique flora and fauna. Support the show

By the 1810s, the militant stage of the Sokoto Revolution was coming to an end. The Commander of the Believers, Usman Dan Fodio, had vanquished his enemies. What had started as a small social movement led by a charismatic iterant teacher had conquered the largest contiguous territory in the entirety of Africa. And, according to Fodio, this new state would be no ordinary empire, but a righteous state that carried on the legacy of the Prophet Muhammad himself. His imamate would be a government worthy to call itself Muhammad's successor: the Sokoto Caliphate. However, this would prove to be no easy task. Join us for our final part of our examination of the Sokoto Revolution, in which we take a critical and close look at the consequences of Fodio's world altering movement, as well as the monumental progress and suffering that define its legacy. Support the show

Just as tensions are heating to a fever pitch between Usman Dan Fodio and the Gobirawa Monarchy, the sudden death of Sarki Nafata seems like a sign of future relief. The young prince Yunfa, a former student of Fodio, comes to the throne. However, Yunfa's ascent would not mark the end of tension between the Jamaa and Gobir. Rather, it was the final step in the escalation of Gobir into a state of civil war that would eventually envelope all of Kasar Hausa. Support the show

In this episode we trace the beginnings of the empire of Gobir, the early life of Usman Dan Fodio, his intellectual and political influences, and the beginning of his rise to prominence during the rule of Sarki Bawa. Support the show

In the early 19th century, Northern Nigeria underwent a dramatic social, political, economic, and religious transformation. The cause: a revolution. Led by the charismatic Shehu Usman Dan Fodio, a small army of revolutionaries managed to topple the centuries-old kingdoms of Kasar Hausa and replace them with a new order. The Sokoto Caliphate was born. How did this happen? How should we view the Sokoto Revolution in retrospect? Was the Sokoto Revolution a violent jihad led by dangerous terrorists, the ideological ancestors of Boko Haram? Were they men and women fighting for freedom and dignity against wicked despots? And, perhaps the most pressing question of all: is there even a difference between a terrorist, revolutionary, and freedom fighter? Join us on our first special mini-series chosen by the topic of our patreon supporters: the Fulani Jihad of Usman Dan Fodio. Support the show

In 1900, the War for the Golden Stool began when Ashanti militia companies attacked the occupying British garrisons and pushed them out of Asanteman. The few that remained were trapped in Fort Kumasi and besieged from all sides by Ashanti militiamen. What came next is the most famous war in Ashanti history, the War of the Golden Stool. Would this war turn out to be the easy victory that the British expected? Or would the Ashanti win a victory to ensure that their nation and culture survived? Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As the War of the Golden Stool intensifies, the British suffer their biggest defeat in Ghana since Nsamankow at the Battle of Kokofu. Despite this unexpected defeat, the British re-evaluate their strategy and, between a daring escape attempt by the colonial governor and a readjustment of battlefield strategy, the British manage to reverse their floundering war effort. But even if the war is a defeat, that doesn't make it a loss. The tough fighting of the War of the Golden Stool will leave a lasting impression on both the Ashanti and the British. The war's legacy will ensure the survival not only of the Ashanti nation and monarchy, but the survival of traditional monarchies all of British Africa. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Outside of Ghana, Yaa Asantewaa is the most famous Ashanti historical figure by a wide margin. The queen-mother of Ejisu is widely cited as the pre-eminent symbol of Afro-feminism, a black African woman who advocated for the position of women and led Ashanti society in its last major resistance against British colonialism. These depictions, while not necessarily incorrect, miss out on much of the context behind the rise of Yaa Asantewaa. They also often misunderstand the purpose of the rebellion she led, her role within that rebellion, and the context behind its beginning. So, who was Yaa Asantewaa? Why did she become such a dominant figure in Ashanti history? And how did the war of the Gold Stool begin? Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After finally putting an end to the gruelling Ashanti Civil War, Agyeman Prempeh I goes to work trying to repair his country's economy through the importation of new industries. But, his reign is cut short by the gradual escalation of tensions between his kingdom and the British Empire. Accompanying blog post: https://historyofafricapodcast.blogspot.com/2022/08/s3e28-prempeh-last-independent-king-of.html Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Tired of his despotic abuse, a coalition of disgruntled Ashanti elites overthrows Asantehene Mensa Bonsu. Rather than ushering in a new era of peace and prosperity, Mensa Bonsu's impeachment marked the beginning of an unprecedented period of misery and violence in the Ashanti Kingdom. In this episode, the Ashanti state falls apart into a brutal civil war. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As the dust settles from the bloody war against Juaben, Asantehene Mensa Bonsu begins the hard work of trying to bring his crumbling empire back to a state of relative repair. Aiding him in this task is the radical reformer Owusu Ansah, a British-educated diplomat turned political advisor. As the duo struggles to reform the Ashanti Empire's civic and educational structures, the rise of a reactionary witch-hunting cult led by a charismatic demagogue threatens to destroy what's left of the fabric of Ashanti civilization. Quick note. Yes, I messed up pronunciation again. I should have been saying Domankama, not Domankwama. No idea where the w came from, it's not even written that way in the script lol. Oops. Check out the History of Yorubaland Podcast! https://www.buzzsprout.com/1977603: Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the aftermath of the catastrophic Third Anglo-Ashanti War, Asantehene Kofi Kakari desperately tries to bring Ashanti finances into a state of normalcy and gets impeached for his efforts. The responsibility to stop the imminent economic and political collapse of the Ashanti Empire falls to Kakari's brother, an obscure prince named Mensa Bonsu. His first challenge comes when Juaben, the second most important city in the entire empire, and Adansi, the capital of Ashanti gold mining operations, try to secede from the Ashanti fold. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As the Ashanti armies retreated back across the Pra River, Kofi Kakari and the Ashanti legislature were forced to admit defeat. They offered to concede on all of the British demands. However, the British commander Garnet Wolesly was not willing to accept these terms. Despite the pleas of others in the British colonial authority, Wolesly decided that there was only one way that the Anglo-Ashanti Wars would end: with the complete destruction of the Ashanti Empire. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1873, Ashanti crowds celebrated as the nation's army marched through the streets of Kumasi. This army was en route to leave the city in a southern direction, where they would invade the British protectorate and force the British to relinquish their claims on Elmina. This celebration would not last long, as the Ashanti offensive of 1873 would soon devolve into a major military humiliation, and open the gates for a far worse fate to befall Asanteman. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When the British annexed the Dutch Gold Coast in 1872, a new conflict kicked off between the Ashanti and British Empires. Allowing the British to possess a complete monopoly on the Ghanaian coast was not an acceptable option for the Ashanti government. In response, the Ashanti government debated its next move. Would it be war? Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1867, Asantehene Kwaku Dua passed away suddenly after four decades of ruling the Ashanti Empire. Shortly after, roving gangs of royal executioners would begin massacring thousands of civilians in Kumasi. Amidst this chaos and violence, an unlikely candidate ascended to the golden stool: a previously minor prince named Kofi Kakari. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Much more obscure than its earlier and later wars, the second Anglo-Ashanti war is certainly a fascinating topic. This brief conflict almost ended the British colonial project in Ghana altogether. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Following the disastrous rule of Osei Yaw Akoto, the Ashanti Empire was not in its best spot. The refugee crisis of the people of Juaben was on the verge of boiling over into a full-blown civil war, the economy was in terminal decline, and an ever-growing number of Ashanti workers and peasants were becoming relegated to debt slavery. Into this mess rose Kwaku Dua, an obscure diplomat of vague royal birth but with a reputation as a great military and civic leader. He will institute radical reforms to try and save his empire, solving some problems while creating entirely new ones along the way. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After his humiliating defeat at Katamanso, the asantehene Osei Yaw Akoto attempts to drown his sorrows in Akpeteshie. However, as the king's behaviors become increasingly unhinged, a crisis begins to envelop the Ashanti Empire, leading to the first foundation of New Juaben. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After decimating a British invasion force at the Battle of Nsamankow, the asantehene Osei Bonsu passed away. The responsibility to finish his war fell to his younger brother Osei Yaw Akoto, who will struggle to live up to the enormous expectations created by his brother's success. At the coming Battle of Katamanso, the British and Ashanti will face off one final time, and the outcome of this battle will determine Ghana's future. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1822, two empires clashed in the coastal forests of southern Ghana. When the British Empire dissolved their West African trade company, the previous treaties signed between the Ashanti and the company were made void. The British began to establish treaties of submission with the Ashanti's Fante vassals, provoking the Ashanti kingdom to war. Osei Bonsu mobilized his armies and the two most powerful empires that the region had ever seen met in a true war for the first time. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout the show, we've covered the lives of Ashanti kings, queens, bureaucrats, merchants, and religious elites. What about the Ashanti average working-class Kwadwo? This episode attempts to paint a picture of the lives, labor, leisure, and education of the average Ashanti subject. *Disclaimer* This episode covers a sensitive issue, namely enslavement. While, obviously, we all have great passion and interest in Ashanti history, we shouldn't let this fascination turn into infatuation. It's paramountly important to be honest about the realities of the past, even when these realities make us uncomfortable and question our own relationship to the past. Enslavement as a series of global institutions is tragically a part of the grand human history, and worthy of reflection and condemnation. Rather than engaging in self-congratulatory moral grandstanding about how much we've progressed as a species, personal shame over the actions of our ancestors, or, god forbid, historical denialism to sanitize our image of the past, I personally believe that the most productive moral discussion to have regarding the history of enslavement is one of moral improvement. Think: what are some institutions we rely on today that future generations might find condemnable? What aspects of our own societies cause undue suffering that we justify as necessary or natural? And, of course, what can we do to improve our own moral standing in the eyes of history. If you are interested in further research on the topic, here's some good reading: Buying Freedom by Kwame Anthony Appiah and Martin Bunzl Friendly Assistance: Archetypal Pawnship in Pre-Colonial Akan Society by Kwabena Adu-Boahen The Marriages of Abina Mansah: Escaping the Boundaries of ‘Slavery’ as a Category in Historical Analysis by Trevor Getz and Lindsay Ehrishman in the Journal of West African History. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Osei Bonsu's rule has already seen the most significant Ashanti conquest in decades, but he's far from done. When the Fante and Akyem rise up in rebellion against Ashanti overlordship in 1811, the asantehene mobilizes another army to reassert control over the south. Meanwhile, a brewing diplomatic crisis in the north, stimulated by the creation of a second golden stool, provoke the Ashanti to assemble the largest army in their history to subjugate their northwestern neighbor. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In pursuit of rebellious nobles who gravely insulted his family and people, the asantehene Osei Bonsu invades the rival Fante Confederacy. After winning and unprecedented victory over the Fante, his army faces a soon to be recurring foe for the first time: the British Empire. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

With his place on the golden stool in a tenuous position, the young asantehene Osei Kwame secures his power through a series of purges of the Ashanti government. But, despite firmly entrenching his allies in power, Kwame's downfall will come not because of his governmental policy, but his personal religious views. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the years following the death of the reformer king Osei Kwadwo, the Ashanti Empire once again regressed into a period of political instability. In 1777, two factions vied to place their favorite candidate on the golden stool. The two factions generally fell along lines of class and religion. On the one hand, the entrenched nobility and governmental establishment supported Konadu Yaadom, a politically ambitious woman who acted as the bridge between multiple dynastic families. On the other hand, the emerging class of non-noble bourgeoisie, less entrenched political elites, and Muslims supported the young and Muslim-sympathetic prince of Mampong, Osei Kwame. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Asantehene Osei Kwadwo attempts to reintegrate the lost Ashanti conquests of Wasa and Akyem. To do this, he must pry them away from their premiere ally - the Fante confederation. To show good will to the Fantes, he sends his close relatives, Osei and Danso, to the Fantes as hostages. However, when relations between the two states deteriorate and war seems to approach, Osei and Danso are suddenly put into grave danger. Yep, it's basically a political drama from 18th Century Ghana. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The late 18th Century was a period of revolutions throughout the world, and the Ashanti Empire was no different. After the unpopular asantehene, Kusi Obodom, is impeached and removed from power, a new king is elected by an assembly of citizens in Kumasi. The newly elected asantehene, Osei Kwadwo, will prove himself to be the most energetic, active, and radical reformer in Ashanti history. His rule will go down in history as the Kwadwoan Revolution, and no institution in Ashanti society will go unchanged. From the institution of a meritocratic government, to the creation of two new legislatures, the Ashanti Empire would never be the same after Kwadwo's reign. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Ashanti's Akwamu allies, after decades of gradual decline and infighting, are conquered by emerging Dahomey Empire. Later, when the Ashanti catch the Dahomey supporting their enemies in the south, the hawkish Ashanti nobleman Appiah Odankua urges the Asantehene to order a punitive invasion of Dahomey. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When the old Asantehene passes away, the regional governors and bureaucrats of the Ashanti Empire find that their tensions can no longer be contained to political meddling. The Ashanti are soon engulfed in a true civil war for the first time. The man who emerges from this war the victor, Kusi Obodom, will prove to be one of Ashanti's most well regarded, if not necessarily its most effective, ruler. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

With Osei Tutu killed in action, the Ashanti descend into an extended succession dispute. As chaos envelopes the Ashanti, their capital is sacked by a foreign invasion, leading to a compromise to enstool a new king. The new asantehene was a teenager named Opoku Ware. While nobody knew it yet, the teenage king would eventually go on to double the empire's territory and lead the Ashanti to an early peak. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the small village of Feyiase, the Ashanti and Denkyira armies would clash. The outcome changed the history of Ghana and the world. However, while Osei Tutu's leadership on the battlefield would be his most famous trait, his legacy runs even deeper than that. Join us as we discuss not only his conquests, but his forward thinking civic reforms that ensured that his empire would outlive him. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After returning to his capital of Kumasi after years in exile, the new king of the Oyoko Tribe, Osei Tutu, begins constructing a new army to fight the inevitable war against his Denkyira foes. He will be aided by his own group of Akwamu advisors and bodyguards, and will succeed in turning the Ashanti army from a collection of feudal mercenaries into a united, professional, tactically modern military. But what did this new Ashanti Army look like? Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On this episode, we look at the humble beginnings of what would eventually become the Ashanti empire, including the origins of its dominant tribal family, the beginnings of Ashanti unity, and the foundation of its most important city. At this early state in the Ashanti Empire's metamorphosis, the Ashanti were still ruled by independent city states. However, one city state, Kumasi, was slowly establishing itself as the political, economic, and military hegemon of the Ashanti. Apologies if there was anymore background noise than usual, or if there are problems related to volume. As mentioned last episode, I'm undergoing a pretty intense change in my life right now, so your support of the show, whether financially or through your patience with these changes, is greatly appreciated. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During this episode, we will track the evolution of the town of Jukwaa from small trading post into the capital of the largest empire that southern Ghana had ever seen. We'll also closely examine and dissect the impact of the arrival of European merchants on the Ghanaian coast, the economic effect of trade with Europe on West Africa, and the origins of the slave trade. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Before the meteoric rise of the Ashanti Empire of southern Ghana could begin, first the region of Ghana had to be peopled. And, throughout the 10th to 14th centuries, the region was settled by multiple waves of new migrants, including the ancestors of the Akan, Dagomba, and Ga-Dangbe. Learn how, why, and to what affect these people migrated to Ghana, as well as the implications that these migrations had on the rest of West African history. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This is just a short little episode that answers some viewer questions about Aksum, including questions about the Ge'ez language, the Aksumite-Roman relationship, and Ethiopian saints. Also features an announcement regarding next season. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Gudit, the princess of a cadet branch of the Aksumite Royal family, was betrayed, tortured, and exiled from the city of Aksum. In exile, she plots a scheme to take her revenge. At Gudit's hands, the Aksumite empire will collapse not with a whimper, but with a bang. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After decades of restoring the Aksumite Empire to glory, Nigusa Nagast Degna Djan is dead, and his system will not last. However, what happened to his sons is mired in unreliable histories and later propaganda. Join us for the latest episode of the History of Africa Podcast, where we attempt to dissect and navigate the historical minefield of late Aksum to determine what really happened in the Ethiopian Highlands of the 10th Century. How do great civilizations fall? In this three part sub-season on the final fall of the Aksumite Empire, we will examine the causes, effects, and legacy of the fall of the Aksumite state. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Aksum's seemingly unending civilizational decline is finally reversed. The new Negus, Degna Djan, formulates a plan to reclaim the power of the autocratic kings of old and weaken the power of the church. With this power secured, he begins a prolonged series of successful wars against Aksum's neighbors, including the Agaw, Amhara, Omotic peoples, and Somalis. However, no matter the successes of his reign, Degna Djan also has an unfortunate legacy of setting into motion the events that would lead to the eventual decline and death of the Aksumite Empire. Notre Dame Stories Stories highlighting Notre Dame’s work to be a force for good in the world. Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout the 8th until the 10th centuries, Aksumite society changed immensely. Once a powerful, centralized empire, Aksum increasingly evolved into a decentralized, feudal state. Where once the Negus was an unchallenged hegemon, they now had to frequently contend with rivals for power within the priestly and landowning classes. However, not everyone took these changes lying down. The Aksumite merchant class, in a desperate attempt to reverse their dwindling powers, began a series of aggressive naval wars in the Red Sea. From the Dahlak islands to the port of Jeddah and even the island of Socotra, Aksumite merchants desperately tried to reassert their power. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After centuries of thoroughly dominating the commerce and trade of the Red Sea, the powerful merchants of Aksum have finally met their match. After a devastating raid from the caliphate on the port city of Adulis, the Somali merchants will finally gain the opportunity they need to equal and even surpass the Aksumite trade monopoly. To learn more about the topic and African history more generally, check out the new blog post. Support the show Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices