GPnotebook Podcast

Hepatitis C was once considered a chronic, life-limiting condition with difficult treatments and significant stigma. Today, it is one of the great success stories of modern medicine: curable in the vast majority of patients with short courses of well-tolerated oral therapy. Yet, thousands of people in the UK remain undiagnosed. In this first episode of a series on hepatology and hepatitis, Dr James Waldron is joined by Dr Rik Fijten (GP Partner, Hepatitis C GP Champion for Bexley and GP Clinical Fellow in Gastroenterology) to explore why hepatitis C matters to primary care now more than ever. Together, they discuss who should be tested, how to interpret results, what happens after diagnosis and the central role GPs play in the NHS Hepatitis C Elimination Programme. This practical, confidence-building conversation focuses on normalising testing, reducing stigma and being curious, helping primary-care clinicians identify patients who could benefit from life-changing treatment.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/infectious-disease/ep-200-hepatitis-c.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Gastric cancer is often described as a disease in decline, yet it remains one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. For many GPs, it is a diagnosis that still arrives late, cloaked in vague symptoms and missed opportunities for early intervention. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson takes a deep, clinically focused look at gastric cancer, from its evolving epidemiology and underlying biology to modern approaches in diagnosis, staging and treatment. He also explores why outcomes differ so dramatically across regions, how molecular insights are reshaping its therapy and what this disease continues to teach us about prevention and early detection.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/gastroenterology/ep-199-gastric-cancer.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a diagnosis most GPs encounter regularly, yet its familiarity often disguises its true impact. As the most common cancer in humans, BCC shapes clinical workload, healthcare costs and patient quality of life far more than its low mortality rate suggests. Although it is frequently described as slow growing and low risk, delayed recognition or inadequate treatment can lead to significant local destruction, functional impairment and disfigurement. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson takes a closer look at BCC beyond the surface, exploring its clinical variability, underlying biology and evolving management strategies.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/oncology/ep-198-basal-cell-cancer.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Glaucomas are a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. They encompass a range of disorders, including primary open-angle, angle-closure, normal-tension and secondary glaucomas, each with distinct pathophysiology, risk factors and clinical presentations. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at how elevated intraocular pressure drives optic nerve damage and also examines cases where pressure remains normal. He considers diagnostic strategies, including tonometry and visual field testing, and emphasises the importance of early detection. Finally, he covers glaucoma management, from pharmacologic therapy and laser procedures to surgical interventions and minimally invasive options, highlighting individualised approaches for each subtype.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/ophthalmology/ep-197-glaucoma.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at acute laryngitis, a condition that is both common and deceptively complex. Often dismissed as a simple cold-related voice change, acute laryngitis actually offers GPs insights into airway physiology, vocal mechanics and clinical reasoning. Understanding the nuances of this condition is essential. We look at its typical presentation, from sudden hoarseness and vocal fatigue to dry cough, and discuss red flags that signal more serious pathology. We also consider infectious and non-infectious causes, management strategies and the subtle ways patient behaviour and environment can influence recovery.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/ear-nose-and-throat/ep-196-acute-laryngitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Cirrhosis represents the end stage of chronic liver injury, characterised by fibrosis and regenerative nodules that disrupt normal liver architecture. While the liver can compensate for years, patients often remain asymptomatic until complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding or hepatic encephalopathy arise. Understanding cirrhosis involves exploring its pathophysiology, systemic manifestations, diagnostic tools and management strategies. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson discusses how chronic insults from viral hepatitis, alcohol or metabolic disease lead to progressive fibrosis, the development of portal hypertension and multisystem involvement.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/gastroenterology/ep-195-liver-cirrhosis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain, accounting for up to 15% of foot complaints requiring professional care and affecting both athletic and sedentary populations. It is best understood as a mechanically driven, degenerative condition resulting from repetitive loading that exceeds the plantar fascia’s capacity for repair, rather than a purely inflammatory process. Key risk factors include abnormal foot biomechanics, limited ankle dorsiflexion, posterior chain tightness, obesity and prolonged weight-bearing. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at the epidemiology and pathophysiology of plantar fasciitis, reviews key clinical features and examination findings, discusses differential diagnoses and appropriate investigations, and outlines evidence-based management strategies, with a focus on practical guidance for primary-care clinicians.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-194-plantar-fasciitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Barrett’s oesophagus sits at the crossroads of gastroesophageal reflux disease and oesophageal cancer, making it a condition every clinician should understand. Although most patients with Barrett’s will never develop malignancy, it remains the only identifiable precursor to oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a cancer with rising incidence and high mortality. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at how chronic reflux reshapes the oesophageal lining, who is at greatest risk and how modern surveillance and endoscopic therapies have transformed management. He also discusses evolving guidelines, emerging technologies and practical implications for everyday clinical practice.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/gastroenterology/ep-193-barretts-oesophagus.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as a frozen shoulder, reviewing its epidemiology, risk factors and underlying pathophysiology, as well as typical clinical presentations, disease staging and key examination findings that aid diagnosis in primary care. Diagnostic challenges, differential diagnoses and the role of imaging and injections are covered, alongside management strategies, prognosis and indications for surgical intervention, with particular attention to patients with diabetes and endocrine disorders who experience more severe and prolonged disease.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-192-adhesive-capsulitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Intertrigo is an inflammatory condition of opposing skin surfaces, driven by friction, heat and moisture that weaken the skin barrier and invite secondary infections, especially Candida and bacteria. It affects all ages, from infants with diaper dermatitis to older adults with limited mobility. It is more common in hot climates and in patients with obesity or diabetes. Clinically, it presents with symmetrical erythema that may progress to maceration, fissures, discharge and secondary infection. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, with cultures or potassium hydroxide testing when needed. Management focuses on reducing moisture and friction, treating infections and using gentle barrier protection. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at how to identify and manage this condition, which is commonly seen in primary care.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/dermatology/ep-191-intertrigo.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Chondromalacia patella (CMP), sometimes called “runner’s knee”, is a degenerative condition involving softening and breakdown of the patellar articular cartilage, most often due to abnormal patellofemoral mechanics, muscular imbalance or repetitive micro-trauma. It commonly presents with anterior knee pain worsened by stair descent, squatting, running or prolonged sitting. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation supported by imaging (especially magnetic resonance imaging) to assess cartilage integrity and patellar alignment. Most patients improve with long-term conservative therapy focused on quadriceps strengthening, hip stabilisation and activity modification. Surgical intervention is reserved for persistent, symptomatic cases or significant maltracking. Early recognition helps prevent progression to patellofemoral osteoarthritis. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at how best to recognise the condition in our surgeries and the best plan of action for our patients.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-190-chondromalacia-patella.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Intermittent claudication is a hallmark symptom of peripheral arterial disease and reflects widespread atherosclerosis. It presents as predictable exertional leg pain caused by inadequate blood flow during exercise. The pain location helps localise arterial stenosis and diagnosis relies on history, examination and the ankle–brachial index, with imaging reserved for intervention planning. Management focuses on cardiovascular risk reduction, smoking cessation, supervised exercise therapy, antiplatelet treatment and statins. Revascularisation is considered only when symptoms continue to limit lifestyle despite optimal therapy. Although limb loss is uncommon, cardiovascular mortality is high, making systemic risk management essential. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson gives an overview of the condition and looks at how best to diagnose and manage it.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/cardiovascular-medicine/ep-189-intermittent-claudication.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Pityriasis versicolor is a fungal condition caused by overgrowth of Malassezia – a yeast that is commonly found on the skin in most people. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman discusses the clinical findings that become visible when there is overgrowth of this yeast and explores the treatment options available to manage initial and recurrent episodes.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/dermatology/ep-188-pityriasis-versicolor.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In this episode, Dr Hannah Rosa, Dr Kate Chesterman and Dr Roger Henderson invite you to join them for the annual GPnotebook quiz. The GPnotebook education team have been reflecting upon all that they have learnt over the past 12 months, in both their day-to-day clinical work and through delivering GPnotebook Study Group meetings. This quiz is based on the facts that they have found the most useful, interesting and sometimes surprising. So, have a pen and a piece of paper ready and give it a go!Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/general-information/ep-187-quiz-of-the-year-2025.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Olecranon bursitis is the inflammation of the bursa overlying the olecranon process, presenting as localised, fluctuating posterior elbow swelling that necessitates clinical differentiation between aseptic (traumatic, crystalline) and septic aetiologies for appropriate management. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman discusses the risk factors for olecranon bursitis as well as its diagnostic features. The differences in presentation between septic and non-septic cases are explored, and the management of both is reviewed. Also included are the criteria for secondary-care involvement and advice that we can pass on to patients to try to prevent recurrent episodes of this condition.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-186-olecranon-bursitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is classified into two main types: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for most cases and the more aggressive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Early detection is crucial for improving outcomes, but symptoms often emerge late in the disease course. In episode 126, Dr Hannah Rosa looked at the challenges of diagnosis, reviewed guidelines and latest research and discussed when to continue investigations after a normal chest X-ray. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson gives an overview of detecting lung cancer in primary care and looks at treatment – including newer options for some late-stage cancers.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/oncology/ep-185-lung-cancer.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Parvovirus B19 (slapped cheek syndrome) is a common and usually mild, self-limiting viral illness. Certain populations, such as pregnant women and their unborn babies, those who are immunocompromised or those with underlying haematological conditions, are at increased risk of complications as the virus can affect red blood cell production. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman explores the common signs and symptoms in healthy individuals, as well as discussing the investigation and management of those at higher risk of complications.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/infectious-disease/ep-184-parvovirus-b19.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop (either immediately or delayed) following exposure to a stressful event or situation of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature. It is characterised by four groups of symptoms: intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood and alterations in arousal and reactivity. These symptoms must persist for more than 1 month and cause functional impairment for a diagnosis to be made. Its presentation is often comorbid with conditions such as depression, anxiety, anger and substance use disorder. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at the aetiology of PTSD, its assessment, treatment options and prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/psychiatry/ep-183-post-traumatic-stress-disorder.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Melanoma is among the most common forms of cancer – and causes of cancer-related death – among young adults. Its prevalence in this group has been associated with sunbathing and sunbed use. Reducing exposure to ultraviolet light is critical in the primary prevention of melanoma. Clinical features of lesion asymmetry, border irregularity, colour variability, diameter and evolution over time should raise suspicion for melanoma and prompt further assessment with dermoscopy. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at melanoma, including the different types and how to recognise them, referral criteria, treatments and prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/dermatology/ep-182-melanoma.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In this episode, Dr Hannah Rosa and Dr Will Hinchliffe (Consultant in Renal and General Medicine working in the north-east and north Cumbria) discuss the management of hyperkalaemia in primary care. They break the management down into six steps, so that when you are next faced with blood test results that show a raised potassium level, you will know exactly what to do. They first discuss who needs admission into hospital, then how to manage hyperkalaemia in the community and finally the role of potassium binders.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/renal-medicine/ep-181-management-of-hyperkalaemia-in-primary-care.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In this final episode of a four-part series on HIV and primary care, Dr James Waldron is joined again by Dr Grace Bottoni (HIV and Hepatitis C GP Champion, Lewisham) and special guest Darren Knight (CEO of George House Trust). Together, they explore the importance of language in healthcare and how reducing HIV-related stigma is key to increasing engagement with primary care, improving lives and helping to prevent HIV transmission. This conversation brings together clinical insight, lived experience and practical strategies for making HIV care truly inclusive.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/infectious-disease/ep-180-rethinking-hiv-reducing-hiv-related-stigma.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Paraesthesia is an indication of an abnormality that impacts the sensory pathways at any point from the peripheral sensory nervous system right up to the sensory cortex. The essential tool for the diagnosis of this condition is obtaining a concise patient history. This history must accurately reflect the patient's experience, including the provoking and alleviating factors, along with any existing concurrent conditions, such as diabetes and all treatments that might potentially lead to neuropathies. Treatment is based on the relevant diagnosis and mechanism to address the cause. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson discusses paraesthesia, covering its causes, investigations and treatment.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/neurology/ep-179-paraesthesia.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

A tremor is defined as an involuntary rhythmic oscillation of one or more body parts, mediated by alternating contractions of reciprocally acting muscles. Tremors typically affect the upper extremities but can also affect the head, chin, voice or legs. Although some tremors may be mild and cause little impact to quality of life, requiring no treatment, others may impair activities of daily living or occupation, which may lead to embarrassment and social withdrawal. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson gives an overview of the different types of tremor, looking at ways of distinguishing them and how each is usually managed.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/neurology/ep-178-tremor.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Postnasal drip is a condition where excess mucus from the nose and sinuses accumulates and flows down the back of the throat. This can lead to symptoms such as throat clearing, coughing, a scratchy or sore throat, hoarseness and bad breath. Common causes include allergies, colds, sinus infections, weather changes, acid reflux and irritants such as smoke. Treatment typically involves managing the underlying cause through medications such as antihistamines, decongestants and nasal sprays, as well as maintaining proper hydration. If symptoms persist for more than 10 days or are accompanied by fever or discoloured mucus, medical evaluation is recommended to rule out infections or other issues. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson provides an overview of these areas to help us easily diagnose this common problem in our surgeries.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/ear-nose-and-throat/ep-177-postnasal-drip.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are storage, voiding and post-micturition symptoms affecting the lower urinary tract. LUTS can significantly reduce men's quality of life and may point to serious problems in the urogenital tract. The pathogenesis of LUTS is multifactorial and can include one or several diagnoses, commonly benign prostatic obstruction, nocturnal polyuria (polynocturia) and detrusor muscle instability. LUTS are common and not necessarily a reason for suspecting prostate cancer. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson gives an overview of male LUTS, including investigations, referral criteria and treatment options.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/urology/ep-176-lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Scabies is a condition that can cause significant distress due to the intense itching associated with the condition and concerns about social stigma. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman discusses the risk factors for contracting scabies, the signs and symptoms associated with the condition, preferred treatment options and indications for involving secondary care.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/dermatology/ep-175-scabies.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Acute cholecystitis is often seen in primary care patients and is a major complication of cholelithiasis. Symptomatic gallstones occur in up to 10% of patients before developing cholecystitis. Patients typically present with pain and localised tenderness, with or without guarding, in the upper right quadrant. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson provides an overview of this common problem, looking at its risk factors, causes, symptoms, investigations and the treatment options available, as well as the prognosis and advice to give our patients to help prevent recurrence.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/gastroenterology/ep-174-acute-cholecystitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are potentially life-threatening and have a poor prognosis if ruptured. Arterial aneurysms are defined as a permanent localised dilatation of the vessel, enlarging significantly compared to a relatively normal diameter of the adjacent artery. An AAA is characterised by abnormal focal dilation of the abdominal aorta that is often detected incidentally or only at the time of rupture. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at AAA risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnostic investigations, screening, treatments and prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/cardiovascular-medicine/ep-173-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Keloid scars are a form of abnormal scarring that occur in susceptible individuals and often appear to be more common in darker skin types. Often observed between the ages of 10 and 30 years, and associated with skin trauma or inflammation, their diagnosis is a clinical one. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment is currently available, but options include injectable preparations and cryotherapy, as well as surgery and radiotherapy. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at the aetiology, epidemiology and presentation of keloid scars as well as the efficacy of current treatments.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/dermatology/ep-172-keloid-scars.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

What if one of the most misunderstood diagnoses of the past is now one of the most manageable chronic conditions? How can GPs play a pivotal role in tackling stigma, increasing testing and improving outcomes for people living with HIV?Dr James Waldron is joined by Dr Grace Bottoni (HIV and Hepatitis C GP Champion, Lewisham) for a series of podcasts about HIV. Together, they explore a range of topics with experts in the field. In this third episode, they talk with Dr Emily Mabonga (Consultant in HIV Medicine, London) about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): who it is for, how to start the conversation and practicalities around access and dosing.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/infectious-disease/ep-171-rethinking-hiv-prevention-and-pre-exposure-prophylaxis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is an obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta due to narrowing at the level of the aortic valve. In Europe, it is the most common valvular disease requiring treatment and is the second most frequent cause for cardiac surgery. By the age of 80, it occurs in almost 10% of adults and has a mortality rate of about 50% at 2 years unless the outflow obstruction is relieved. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at the aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment options and prognosis associated with this common condition usually seen in our elderly patients.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/cardiovascular-medicine/ep-170-aortic-stenosis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Shin splints are a common type of leg pain caused by repetitive stress on the bones and muscles in the lower leg, particularly around the tibia. The condition, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), is characterised by pain and tenderness along the inner or front of the lower leg. It is often triggered by activities like running, jumping or other high-impact sports. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at risk factors, how to diagnose it, typical treatment options and prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-169-shin-splints-medial-tibial-stress-syndrome.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In the UK, ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed in approximately 11 out of every 1,000 pregnancies and typically presents 6–8 weeks after the last normal menstrual period but can be earlier or later. The risk of ectopic pregnancy increases with prior ectopic pregnancy, tubal surgery, history of sexually transmitted infections, smoking, in vitro fertilisation or if the woman is pregnant despite intrauterine device usage. Classical symptoms and signs of ectopic pregnancy are pain, vaginal bleeding and amenorrhoea. Haemodynamic instability and cervical motion tenderness may indicate rupture or imminent rupture of an ectopic pregnancy. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson gives an overview of how to accurately diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, the management pathway involved and the risks of recurrence.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/gynaecology/ep-168-ectopic-pregnancy.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas, most commonly caused by bile stones or excessive use of alcohol. It is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract leading to hospital admission. In most patients, the disease takes a mild course, where moderate fluid resuscitation, management of pain and nausea and early oral feeding result in rapid clinical improvement. The severe form is life-threatening, with mortality rates of up to 30%. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at how to quickly diagnose acute pancreatitis, what the common risk factors are, the treatment options and prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/gastroenterology/ep-167-acute-pancreatitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Hand–arm vibration syndrome is a chronic, progressive disorder of the upper limbs resulting from prolonged exposure to vibration. It encompasses vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal injury, often presenting with a combination of symptoms that may severely impact daily functioning and quality of life. This condition was historically observed among forestry workers and miners but now affects people in a broad range of industries, including construction, engineering, vehicle maintenance and utilities. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at how to recognise the condition in patients, as well as diagnostic tests, treatment options and prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-168-hand-arm-vibration-syndrome.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In the second part of a two-episode series on chronic kidney disease (CKD), Dr Hannah Rosa is joined again by Dr Will Hinchliffe, a Consultant in Renal and General Medicine working in the North East and North Cumbria. They discuss the management options for CKD that can be initiated in primary care. They first look at how to empower patients with lifestyle and dietary advice, then the medical treatment options we have for CKD and when to start them, before finishing with holistic care, especially with regards to cardiovascular disease. This episode is mainly based on the NICE assessment and management guideline for CKD, but it also draws on other recent guidelines from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and the International Society of Nephrology as it aims to help you to improve the lives of your patients with CKD.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/renal-medicine/ep-165-chronic-kidney-disease-among-adults-in-primary-care-testing-diagnosis-and-referral.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is caused by compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots that extend below the spinal cord. The most common cause is disc prolapse at the L4/5 or L5/S1 level and stenosis of the spinal canal. Less commonly, compression may be due to pathology in a higher disc or to a tumour, infection or trauma. Typical symptoms and signs of CES include leg and/or back pain, together with one or more of: bladder or bowel dysfunction; altered perianal, perineal or genital sensation; motor weakness affecting both legs; sexual dysfunction. It is a medical emergency and a missed diagnosis can have devastating consequences. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson covers the anatomy and causes of CES, its presentation, diagnosis and treatment pathway.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/neurology/ep-164-cauda-equina-syndrome.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

In the first of a two-episode series on chronic kidney disease (CKD), Dr Hannah Rosa is joined by Dr Will Hinchliffe, a Consultant in Renal and General Medicine working in the North East and North Cumbria. They discuss which people are at risk of CKD, how to test for it and diagnose it and, lastly, which patients require a referral to secondary care. This episode is mostly based on the NICE guideline on assessment and management of CKD and aims to help you to improve the lives of your patients by diagnosing CKD earlier and referring those who may benefit from specialist input sooner.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/renal-medicine/ep-163-chronic-kidney-disease-among-adults-in-primary-care-testing-diagnosis-and-referral.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that predominantly targets the axial skeleton, especially the spine and sacroiliac joints. This condition evolves insidiously, often beginning in young adulthood, and gradually imposes limitations on spinal mobility, eventually leading to fusion in advanced cases. Beyond its skeletal manifestations, AS can also extend its reach to various extra-articular organs, emphasising the systemic nature of the disease. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at its clinical presentation, how to diagnose it, the treatment options available and its prognosis.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/rheumatology/ep-162-ankylosing-spondylitis.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication following an episode of shingles and can affect up to one in five people. Pain is typically described as burning or like an electric shock and is often associated with allodynia and hyperalgesia. It can have significant effects on both physical and psychological well-being, with sleep disturbance and depression being frequently described. PHN is notoriously difficult to treat, with a significant number of patients achieving only a modest reduction in their symptoms despite combinations of analgesic agents. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman explores the treatment options available in primary care.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/neurology/ep-161-post-herpetic-neuralgiaDid you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

What if one of the most misunderstood diagnoses of the past is now one of the most manageable chronic conditions? How can GPs play a pivotal role in tackling stigma, increasing testing and improving outcomes for people living with HIV?Dr James Waldron is joined by Dr Grace Bottoni (HIV and Hepatitis C GP Champion, Lewisham) for a series of podcasts about HIV. Together, they explore a range of topics with experts in the field. In this second episode, they talk with Dr Mel Rosenvinge (Consultant HIV Specialist, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust) about what happens after a positive test result and how to help support people living with HIV. Listen to find out about the next steps in primary care.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/infectious-disease/ep-160-rethinking-hiv-dealing-with-a-positive-test-result.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Baker’s cysts commonly present in primary care. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman discusses the pathophysiology, underlying aetiology and management options for this condition, describing possible differential diagnoses and indications for investigations. She also explains the self-care options for those with minimal symptoms and how to escalate treatment, as well as when to consider a referral.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:http://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-159-bakers-cyst.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

A rotator cuff injury is an event that causes pain in the shoulder. This can be due to a tear, inflammation or narrowing of the space within the shoulder joint. The rotator cuff muscles interlock to work as a unit. They help to stabilise the shoulder joint and also help with shoulder joint movement. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson takes a specific look at tears to the rotator cuff – a problem often seen in primary care. The episode covers causes, diagnosis and treatment, including conservative approaches and surgical options.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/musculoskeletal-medicine/ep-158-rotator-cuff-tears.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.

Ganglion cysts, also sometimes referred to as synovial cysts, are the most common benign soft-tissue masses of the hand and wrist. These cysts arise from the synovial lining of joints or tendon sheaths and are filled with a gelatinous, mucin-rich fluid. Despite their benign nature, ganglion cysts can cause discomfort, restrict motion and cause neurovascular compression (requiring medical intervention in some cases). In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson looks at epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, differential diagnoses and treatment options.Access episode show notes containing key references and take-home points at:https://gpnotebook.com/en-GB/podcasts/orthopaedics/ep-157-ganglion-cysts.Did you know? With GPnotebook Pro, you can earn CPD credits by tracking the podcast episodes you listen to. Learn more.