Fannie Farmer Created the Modern Cooking Recipe, the Shepard Scale Audio Illusion, and How Scientists Test the COVID-19 Vaccine

Learn how researchers test drugs for deadly diseases like COVID-19 (without exposing participants); how Fannie Farmer transformed cooking from folk art into science; and how the Shepard scale audio illusion makes it sound like a tone is rising forever.

Safety in drug trials by Ashley Hamer (Listener question from Habib)

• Q/A: How clinical trials test vaccines - News Story | VCU Health. (2020). Vcuhealth.org. https://www.vcuhealth.org/news-center/news-story?news=1654
• Office of the Commissioner. (2019). Step 3: Clinical Research. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/patients/drug-development-process/step-3-clinical-research
• Researchers Debate Infecting People on Purpose to Test Coronavirus Vaccines. (2020, July 1). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/health/coronavirus-vaccine-trials.html
• Cohen, J. (2020, March 31). Speed coronavirus vaccine testing by deliberately infecting volunteers? Not so fast, some scientists warn. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/speed-coronavirus-vaccine-testing-deliberately-infecting-volunteers-not-so-fast-some
• Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. (2020, June 10). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html

How Fannie Farmer transformed cooking from folk art into science by Cameron Duke

• Lewis, J. J. (2017). About Fannie Farmer, Cookbook Author and Domestic Scientist. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/fannie-farmer-biography-3528712
• Davis, S. (1984, November 25). Through the Years With The Cookbook of the Ages. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/1984/11/25/through-the-years-with-the-cookbook-of-the-ages/b3fc92c1-88f6-4fc1-be36-7a1b14450a58/
• History.com Editors. (2009, November 24). Fannie Farmer opens cooking school. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fannie-farmer-opens-cooking-school
• Fannie Farmer Biography. (2020). Notablebiographies.com. https://www.notablebiographies.com/Du-Fi/Farmer-Fannie.html
• Engel, K. (2015, April 19). Fannie Farmer, the mother of level measurements | Amazing Women In History. https://amazingwomeninhistory.com/fannie-farmer/
• Fannie Merritt Farmer | American editor | Britannica. (2019). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fannie-Merritt-Farmer
• Moskin, J. (2018, June 13). Overlooked No More: Fannie Farmer, Modern Cookery’s Pioneer. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/obituaries/fannie-farmer-overlooked.html

The Shepard scale is an audio illusion that sounds like a tone is rising forever by Ashley Hamer

• Roger N. Shepard | American psychologist and cognitive scientist | Britannica. (2020). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-N-Shepard
• Shepard, R. N. (1964). Circularity in Judgments of Relative Pitch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36(12), 2346–2353. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1919362
• What is the Shepard’s Tone? – Do you hear what I hear? (2016, July 6). Vassar.edu. https://pages.vassar.edu/seeingvoices/2016/07/06/what-is-the-shepards-tone/
• BBC One - Bang Goes the Theory, Series 4, Episode 6, The Shepard Tone audio illusion. (2011, April 17). BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gfdg1
• Vox. (2017). The sound illusion that makes Dunkirk so intense [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVWTQcZbLgY

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