Autism Science Foundation Weekly Science Report

The word “mitochondrial deficits” gets thrown around a lot as a cause of autism, but what does this really mean? This week we interview Dr. Carisa Sirois from the University of Wisconsin, who recently published a review of how the mitochondria are involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. The ways mitochondria are involved in ASD are not simple, there are many different ways in which they affect cellular function, including genetic variations leading to impaired functioning, which then leads to brain level changes. We also discuss how the mitochondria are involved in a process called oxidative stress, which has been informally proposed to be a core process in autism. Download the publication here: s41583-026-01031-7Download

What is the Independent Autism Coordinating Committee and why did it meet? This week’s podcast discusses the need and the agenda of Thursday’s meeting. In addition, more research showing that epidemiologists should consider different features of autism together with prevalence numbers because they may differ across the spectrum. Finally, different types of language development are seen in those with autism, so interventions should address these differences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41786477 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789365 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41849261

This week’s podcast summarizes some highlights in scientific research and includes a recognition of Rare Disease Week and actions taken by the FDA to ease the criteria for evaluating genetic therapies for rare genetic disorders, the best study to date on the mortality in autism, genetic prediction of outcome in individuals with a diagnosis, and Uta Frith’s commentary on the concept of “spectrum”. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41773580 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41651809 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41661606 https://archive.ph/fPscR

This week we talk to Dr. Emily Hotez from UCLA, (and a sibling to an autistic adult) who has focused her research on reducing stigma and marginalization, which will ultimately improve research participation to increase scientifically valid options for families. She also works on a nationwide project to improve health outcomes in autistic individuals, from birth through adulthood. Her new project focuses on chronic stress on physical health in adolescents with autism. She explains the focus of her research, the study and why it is important, and other work she is doing to improve health care in those with a diagnosis and their family members. You can read more about her study here: https://uclasharelab.org/

A landmark study that uses brain organoids from different people with different genes associated with autism showed that the different genes act as roads that go on different journeys to the same destination. This will be an enormously important discovery for identifying targets to treat different autism symptoms across different genetic causes of autism and understand the diversity of symptoms. Also, the new Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee was announced and there is not much breadth of perspectives. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-10047-5

Air pollution, specifically one part of air pollution called PM 2.5 (named for the size of the crud in the air pollution) has been linked to autism. It’s also been tied to cancer, heart disease, asthma, obesity, and premature births. Air pollution typically comes from industrial sources and car exhaust, but it can also be the result of smoke from wildfires. Four new studies this week link air pollution exposure during pregnancy to autism. The Environmental Protection Agency has responded by easing penalties on producers of this air pollution, making it much easier for everyone to be exposed to high levels of air pollution throughout their lives. This week’s podcast reviews the new evidence and examines new policies which will increase the burden of air pollution to families. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41547316 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41443491 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41271133 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41557972

On this week’s podcast, we present new research summarizing how autism is part of a larger spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders and issues. There are issues that people with autism experience that are not unique to autism; they are seen in people with ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. This is what is meant by “transdiagnostic”. These things include core autism features, co-morbid health problems, and can partially be explained by genetics. While autism is a unique condition, understanding how autism is placed in the wider spectrum of disorders and conditions will speed up discoveries in treatments and supports. Click to access mentalizing-impairments-across-11-psychiatric-conditions-a-transdiagnostic-systematic-review-and-network-meta-analysis-of-tasks-with-static-illustrations.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09820-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41416939 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41257798

This year was a VERY eventful year for autism. If you want to hear a highlight of the good news, the great science that was discovered and the ideas developed to help families with autism, listen to this podcast or read the summary here: https://autismsciencefoundation.org/2025-year-in-review/. In summary: more precise subtypes of autism have been discovered and validated using biological markers, explanation for sex differences, new precision medicines for those with known genetic causes of autism, and new research studying the effects of early intervention. It was a great year for science, even with all the challenges from DOGE.

The immune system is critically involved in autism. Of course, there are still a lot of questions to answer, particularly whether dysregulation of the immune system is the cause or a consequence of autism among others. But it is not studied enough. This week’s podcast includes new studies that examine the role of the immune system in autism, and outlines the different theories of how the immune system is involved in ASD. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41345879 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159125004490?via%3Dihub https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-025-03349-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41125877 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-025-02162-8

You may have heard terms in early intervention like “NDBI” or “Early Start Denver Model” and wondered if there was a difference in efficacy behind all these flavors of toddler interventions. On this week’s podcast, we speak to Dr. Giacomo Vivanti from @DrexelAutism, who combined data from 4 of these interventions across 700 children to see if they found similar or different effects of each protocol. This group of scientists also examined these interventions on the development of spoken language. The results reinforced: 1. the earlier the better when it comes to early intervention, 2. duration of the intervention matters, and 3. focusing on imitation may be a key to helping toddlers talk. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41264359

Everyone knows cognitive ability is critical for understanding autism, however, how does it affect developmental trajectories of autism traits, and can it be accurately measured in those with severe intellectual disabilities? We discuss. Plus, more evidence that tylenol doees not cause autism. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41207796 https://www.aaidd.org/docs/default-source/prepressarticles/which-score-for-what-operationalizing-standardized-cognitive-test-performance-for-the-assessment-of-change.pdf?sfvrsn=42950021_0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33211814 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41203924

This week, a new study suggests a causal link not between Tylenol, but to COVID, which can cause a fever. There is clearly more research needed, but the findings are consistent with research on the link between maternal illness and autism. Also, it’s well known that genetics plays a role in how symptoms of autism emerge and present. Can genetics also explain why some people are diagnosed later? What about cannabis exposure during pregnancy? Is it a factor in a later diagnosis? For more information, listen to this week’s ASF podcast. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41016606 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09542-6 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13623613251355257?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/9900/neurodevelopmental_outcomes_of_3_year_old_children.1392.aspx

Two pediatricians, a child neurologist and a child psychiatrist walk into the ASF weekly science podcast to discuss the safety, efficacy and appropriateness of leucovorin, the drug that the HHS is fast tracking through the FDA approval process. Does it work? Is it safe? What should I do or know when I talk to my doctor? Here is a link to the statement by the Society of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: https://sdbp.org/sdbp-statements-regarding-leucovorin-tylenol-and-autism/ Here are the four studies mentioned: Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial Efficacy of oral folinic acid supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Folinic acid improves the score of Autism in the EFFET placebo-controlled randomized trial Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Folinic Acid in Children with Autism: The Impact of Folate Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms Here is a requested correction to one of the papers where a calculation error was made: https://pubpeer.com/publications/987569A781B9A602DCE7358D4513A0

The National Institutes of Health just awarded $50million to 13 different research sites to better understand genetic and environmental contributions to an autism diagnosis, or increase in prevalence in autism, as well as environmental factors which improve the quality of life for children and adults with ASD. You can read about them here or listen to this 30 minute podcast which summarizes them. https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/autism-data-science-initiative/funded-research

In an effort to better understand the causes of autism in those with a known genetic variant associated with ASD or other developmental disorders, in 2010, the Simons Foundation launched Simons VIP, now known as Simons Searchlight – an online international research program studying nearly 200 rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorders and working with over 60 patient advocacy groups across these conditions. Since its inception, it has grown to not just study specific genes, but to provide de-identified aggregate data to researchers & industry, support for patient advocacy groups to bring together families & researchers (thanks to the generosity of the Simons Foundation), identify even more genes associated with autism, and create international communities. These communities share similar underlying mechanisms even though there are sixty genes represented within Simons Searchlight. This week is a conversation with the principal investigator of Simons Searchlight, Dr. Wendy Chung, talks about why genes associated with autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders are so important to study, what the scientific community has learned, and how Patient Advocacy Groups have grown and flourished as a result of this understanding. If you are having problems accessing a genetic test, here are some tips Genetic Testing

This week the @WSJ reported that the upcoming MAHA report will include acetaminophen (also known as Tylenol in the United States, although it is used all over the world) use during pregnancy as a cause of autism. Acetaminophen is used in about 7.5 % of pregnant women. This is one of many environmental exposures that had previously been investigated in association with an autism diagnosis, but then disproven following rigorous and large scale studies with the right design. For example, is it acetaminophen or fever during pregnancy? Is it acetaminophen or some sort of underlying genetic susceptibility? This week’s ASFpodcast explores the association and what pregnant women should know. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40804730/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40898607/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39982125/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38592388/

This week, Drs. Casey Burrows from @UMN and Shuting Zheng from @UTexas discuss a new paper looking at sex differences in autism features from 20-40 months of age. A new analysis done with data from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium concludes that, early in life, girls with autism show differences in some autism features (like joint attention) compared to boys. There are many reasons for this, including that boys and girls are just different, period. However, it adds to mounting data which may help explain why more males are diagnosed compared to females. More research needs to examine how girls and females present, what symptoms are harder to observe in females andy why, and most importantly, sheds insight how girls and females with autism need to be specifically supported. More here: https://www.epicresearch.org/articles/diagnosis-of-autism-occurring-earlier-in-children-though-still-late-for-many-initial-diagnosis-in-adulthood-increasing-in-women https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2837366

As the autistic brain ages, is it more vulnerable to other brain disorders? Recent scientific discoveries in Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease show that there may be an underlying mechanism between these diseases and autism. However diagnosing someone with autism with an additional brain disorder, especially dementia, can be difficult. This week’s podcast covers the increased risk of Parkinson’s Disease in autism, as well as provides advice from a group of experts on how to diagnose an autistic person with dementia, since there may be overlap in features. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2834684?guestAccessKey=4961ce0b-24e8-412a-b1cc-35fc5826fbe1&utm_source=fbpage&utm_medium=social_jamaneur&utm_term=17468134139&utm_campaign=article_alert&linkId=837634061 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12144002

This week’s podcast includes summaries from two new scientific studies (with comments from one of the studies’ authors @SimonsFoundation and @princetonPPH) about that tackle grouping and labeling the differences across the spectrum into meaningful subtypes. Both provide scientific evidence, including behavioral and biological data, that support the use of different labels. This is more evidence that lumping everyone into one unitary “autism” diagnosis is not meaningful or biologically accurate, and that using computer-driven approaches, different behavioral subtypes map onto behavioral features. This supports approaches that more clearly describe different types of autism for better supports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40651720 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-025-02224-z https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451902224003793?via%3Dihub

This week’s ASF weekly science podcast features Dr. David Amaral, who directs the Autism BrainNet. The Autism BrainNet is a program that organizes the collection of post-mortem brain tissue and then distributes it to autism researchers worldwide to better understand the brains of people with autism. He discusses major scientific discoveries about the mechanisms of autism in the brain that were only possible by using this resource, and the brave generosity of families that make the program happen. Anyone can register to learn more about new scientific research and the program itself, it’s important that everyone at least know the program exists for future planning. You can learn more here: www.autismbrainnet.org.

This week’s podcast includes Storyform Science founders H. Adam Steinberg and Holly Kerby, both scientists who now help other scientists use storytelling to convey the importance of their findings to a broad community. Anyone can do it, and it is so important to help communicate to the public, convince policymakers to listen and granters to fund research. They offer an online course starting in July to help students do this, you can learn more here: https://storyformscience.com. The podcast includes visuals, so it is also posted on youtube here: https://youtu.be/hTFcpeVx4gI Here are some stills from the video in case you are unable to watch it on the internet.

Gene therapies have been in the news lately. They are being used to help individuals who have a genetic variant linked to a disorder or disease, including but not limited to: spinal muscular atrophy, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency, diabetes and some types of cancers. What is the promise in rare genetic forms of neurodevelopmental disorders and autism? This week, scientists from Jaguar Gene Therapy discuss their ongoing studies in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome and how gene therapies hold promise for treating neurological impairments caused by a known genetic variant. The interview provides basic information of what a gene therapy is, how it works, how it is used and what is monitored during these treatments. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/infant-rare-incurable-disease-first-successfully-receive-personalized-gene-therapy-treatment https://jaguargenetherapy.com

The NIH has launched the new Autism Data Science Initiative: https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/autism-data-science-initiative/funding-opportunities#section1, which brings questions about why linking different data sets is important. It can be done without including personal identifying information, and it should be done following ethical guidelines. If done correctly, using large datasets can answer questions relating to treatment, cause, better identification and personalized medicine for those on the spectrum. So what has linking data done for families? This week’s podcast summarizes longitudinal research that follows individuals across time, linking their information across different ages to look at factors that predict outcomes, environmental factors, and how to best support those on the spectrum. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40420626 https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-025-02739-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40391067 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40309015 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401338

This year’s International Society of Autism Research Meeting was filled with great presentations about causes, diagnosis, interventions, mechanisms, supports, understanding sex differences and different populations of those with autism. But not everyone could fly to Seattle to attend. This week’s podcast provides a short summary of just some of the science presented. Michael Lombardo provided a keynote that included data from his research included on this podcast: https://blubrry.com/asfpodcast/137452290/factors-that-influence-heterogeity-and-how/ If you would like a copy of the INSAR program book, email me at [email protected]. Sorry, it’s too large to attach in the summary!

With the International Society for Autism Research underway and a new wave of misunderstanding about scientific evidence in autism, it’s time to think about what is science, how is it conducted, and why does it take so long? Who benefits from science and how? This is just the start, but gives a quick overview of why science matters to families affected by autism.

There is a cell in the brain called the microglia which has been traditionally overlooked as a target for therapies. New research supported by ASF and @FraxAresearch suggests that altering the function of microglia in the brain may help support the development of healthy and functional connections in the brain that may be impaired in autism, making the microglia a prime candidate for research. Drs. Marine Krzisch from @UniversityofLeeds and Dr. Mike Tranfaglia at @FraxAResearch describe the approach and how it can be developed to create specific therapies, that when combined with behavioral interventions, can drastically alter someone’s abilities. Dr. Krzisch is also interviewing families about how the findings will be explained when they are ready, what is important to them and what should research emphasize in the future. Participants will be compensated, just email her: [email protected]

Catatonia is a syndrome which includes immobility, stupor, and sometimes regression in psychiatric wellness or even ability to feed or take care of ones self. This syndrome is seen in autism about 10% of the time but is is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. This may be because the symptoms are relatively rare or because catatonia is harder to detect in those with autism. This week, special guests Drs. Joshua Smith and Dr. Zachary Williams from Vanderbilt University discuss what happens when researchers following people who are suffering from catatonia and autism across time. What treatments work? How? Click to access AUR-18-449.pdf ASF has partnered with NCSA, Autism Speaks, Vanderbilt University, the Catatonia Foundation and other groups to bring you a 6 part series on catatonia given by experts and family members. It is aimed at increasing the visibility and research priority of catatonia. It is NOT this podcast – you have to register via zoom seperately here: https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/RV6rkPh_SAW8Hw3wmQdCrg

Contextual factors, or external factors, are environmental influences and can impact not just a diagnosis but the life course of a person with autism and their families. A recent commentary by autism researchers around the world highlights the importance of these factors and provides resources on how they can be collected in a rigorous, but accessible, way. Dr. Marsha Mailick, lead author of the commentary, discusses the definition of contextual factors, why they are important, and how they can influence development. Read the commentary – open access – here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.3312

Today’s #ASFpodcast explains the potential and the unknowns behind folate, known as leucovorin when prescribe, for treating autism. CBSNews reported on a “miraculous” study using leucovorin that will need further research before it lives up to the type. However, it is an example of how different biological markers may direct what treatments work best in what people, and possibly an example of precision medicine in ASD. Second, more of the mystery of the male/female diagnosis difference in ASD. How do genetics affect liability in males and females? It’s been well established females have more of a certain type of genetic variation, but females are less likely to be diagnosis. New results show that the liability for autism is the same in males and females (both are just as likely to receive a diagnosis based on their genetics), however these two sexes may have a different threshold for an autism diagnosis. Females may need more of these mutations to receive an autism diagnosis. Read more below: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-024-05762-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27752075 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39954678

The past couple of weeks have been a flurry of decisions involving government funding for research and health and wellness services. It’s been difficult to understand their impact without understanding the process in which science is evaluated for funding and policies around support of universities where the research takes place. In this podcast, we will clarify what environmental factors are associated with autism (not vaccines), summarize how grants are reviewed and what effect stopping them will have, and explain new rules around how much money research institutions receive in order to support that research, those “indirect costs” and what cutting them will mean for Research Institutions. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39891002 https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-25-068.html Click to access actinghhssecretarymemoaction2212025-1737591296147.pdf

On this week’s podcast, Dr. Elaine Clarke from @RutgersU discusses the role of adaptive behavior. This refers to the wide range of skills that a person with autism can exhibit. Can they hold a conversation? Dress themselves? Prepare a meal? These sets of skills are strongly influenced by cognitive ability. Dr. Clarke will talk about the link between cognitive ability and adaptive behaviors and while there may be differences in the abilities across the spectrum, it means clinicians and families need to aim for what works best for their individual child. Read more below: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38317766 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39679971 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39056304

Two therapies that are meant to alter brainwave activity, called Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation are receiving a lot of attention for potential efficacy in treating autism. They are non-invasive, which means treatment is provided on the scalp. While results vary, the overall evidence does not support these two interventions in helping to treat core autism features. However, as TMS is approved for depression and OCD, people should ask their doctors about these potential treatments if they suffer from these conditions. Learn more in the articles below: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-024-02635-z Click to access nihms-1934887.pdf https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/34/13/8/7661139?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

It happens every year – this one belonged in the 2024 year end highlights but was published late in the year. Researchers at UCSD, UCLA and CHLA followed families with autism whose genetic test revealed a rare variant. Did it make a difference in care? Understanding? Referrals? If you are in need of a genetic test, here are some things to know: https://www.alliancegenda.org/genetic-testing Reference here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098360024002673

New Technologies, New Data, New Solutions This year’s progress in autism research includes promising findings, clarifications, explanations, and the uncovering of new avenues of inquiry. The focus is now on personalized medicine: finding the right treatment for the right person at the right time through targeted interventions. Advances in technology and genetic testing are opening new avenues for therapeutics, rapid drug testing, and improved differentiation of subgroups of autism. 2024 Autism Science Review

While it may not seem like it, the COVID-19 pandemic brought some advances in care and understanding for people on the spectrum. One example is the development and validity of remotely administered assessments that families can participate in from home rather than travel to a clinic. These tools were built out of necessity, and are evolving into a set of tools that can be used to build better outcome measures for clinical trials. This round focused on those with autism and a rare genetic variant or “neurogenetic syndromes” since these individuals have a known biological etiology of autism. However, they may be further improved to be utilized across the autism spectrum. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39643599 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39526825

This week, special podcast correspondent #MiaKotikovski summarizes new research on the increasing prevalence of autism, with a focus on females. While the number of diagnosed females is increasing faster than the number for males, females assigned at birth still are less likely to receive a diagnosis than males. Additional evidence points to females having more genetic mutations and lower cognitive ability, so the questions remain: Are there females with autism who are just not getting diagnosed despite having all the autism features? Why not? Does autism in females “look” the same as autism in males? What sets them apart? These articles are all featured in the year-end highlight of research, so this is the time to get a deep explanation of the latest in sex differences in #autism. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34563942 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39334436 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33966484

….or at a podcast with at least an attempt at an explanation of what synaptic density is and how it is affected in brains of people with autism. This week we review three convergent lines of evidence – whole brain, brain cell then genes within those brain cells – that show that the autistic brain has a decrease in cell-to-cell communication in multiple brain regions, leading to social communication impairments. https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.adh2602?casa_token=bjtbuFi5U88AAAAA:_ffcE-pGCPxh4re24ix_xDgenAS1cAgDHLIMJJQCCG_1LvxaJKrGwEb9LFuMNsTYhvtGqRwro1A1Smc https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/34/13/121/7661138?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false#no-access-message https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367053

Are you the grandparent, cousin, aunt, uncle, sibling, or half-sibling of someone with autism and wondered “what is the likelihood of autism in families, and the likelihood of comorbid conditions if I have a family member with autism?” Researchers at the AJ Drexel Autism Research Institute and Aarhus University in Denmark collaborated to calculate probabilities between autism in a person and dozens of other comorbid conditions in family members. They not only made the paper open to the public for everyone to read it, but they also created a publicly available data visualization tool so anyone can go on and look at specific situations of particular family relationships relating to anything from autoimmune conditions to mental health and psychiatric diagnosis. Links below for reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39283002 Interactive graphs: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/diana.schendel/viz/ASDPlots_16918786403110/e-Figure5

Despite many years fighting it, families with autism still experience societal stigma. The experiences depend on many factors, summarized in the October 21st podcast. This week, Mia Kotikovski explores cultural factors involved in stigma. As examples, she explores the literature from Asia, the Middle East and the United Kingdom, how they are different, and how families cope with that stigma in different areas of the world. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40489-023-00373-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9330163 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-019-04218-3 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-23978-0 https://molecularautism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13229-023-00579-w https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261774 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aur.2652

Animal models of autism, including cell based models, have received criticism because autism is a uniquely human condition so there is no value in studying it in a model like a mouse or a cell. On the other hand, model systems have been used for decades to develop therapies for a myraid of other conditions and disorders, and produced evidence-based treatments for not just autism but conditions from ADHD to schizophrenia. So why is there so much backlash about this line of research? The ASF podcast talks to Jill Silverman at UC Davis to get some perspective. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35285132 https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/377739/autism-research-mice-lab-models

This week, part 1 in cultural stigma around autism with Mia Kotikovski provides an overview of stigma, where it can come from across cultures and provides some examples of stigma in different countries. Different areas of the world are in different places in terms of their perceptions of autism, their needs for autism families, and what they perceive as their greatest difficulties. The topic is so important we broke it down into two sections. Please listen to both, it will explain a lot about autism services and supports around the world. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362361318823550 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8992913 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11303671 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11303671 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30248583 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38507392 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277816405_A_Cross-Cultural_Comparison_of_Knowledge_and_Stigma_Associated_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_Among_College_Students_in_Lebanon_and_the_United_States?enrichId=rgreq-97b7d5f50aac4d5b124ea8295b42fdb0-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI3NzgxNjQwNTtBUzoyNDI4NTI2Mzk4NDIzMDRAMTQzNDkxMTk4OTI3MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf

Understanding factors that make each person with autism different has been a challenge, affecting diagnosis, interventions and the way we think about autism in general. Researchers at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy, used computers to see how language, intellectual ability, motor and adaptive functioning grouped individuals into different categories. It turns out there are two groups – one group that improves over time and outperforms the other group consistently even in early life. The other group continues to struggle. These factors are not autism-specific, but do influence the creation of these different groups that are different biologically as well as behaviorally. This week’s podcast is an interview with the researchers on what it means for the future of understanding what might help what person at what time in their life. The publication is open access and includes the model so their findings can be replicated widely: https://molecularautism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13229-024-00613-5

A few years after the start of the pandemic, and a couple of years into “recovery”, scientists are still disentangeling the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns and exposure. For example, is there an uptick in autism screen positives when pregnant mothers fell ill? Were there diagnostic disparities based on co-morbid conditions? Did autistic people feel better over time during the pandemic? This week’s #ASFpodcast explores these questions using new longitudinal data sets designed to better understand the long term impacts of the pandemic. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/39312236 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jar.13300 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39228920

In part 2 of the GI series in ASD, a new paper in the Journal of Nutrition and Gastroenterology describing the www.candidgi.com meeting is described. While sometimes doctors may be know-it-alls, sometimes they do not know-it-all and need experts to advise them, especially when they encounter individuals who may be hard to diagnose and treat. Those with intellectual disability and who are non-speaking may pose specific challenges in diagnosing medical issues, including GI problems. This podcast describes the symptoms that may be obvious, some that are not so obvious, and what GI doctors need to do to help these families. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323113 www.candidgi.com

In the first of a two-part series on digestive health in ASD, Mia Kotikovski summarizes scientific information about what the complicated microbiome is, how it influences physical and psychiatric health, if it is altered in autism, and what causes it to be different in ASD. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8638778/ https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.915701/full https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32968276/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002432052300992X https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079226/ https://childmind.org/article/autism-and-picky-eating/ https://www.choa.org/medical-services/gastroenterology/feeding-and-swallowing/multidisciplinary-feeding-program https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38242089/

New research points to a previously understudied but fascinating mechanism by which environmental factors may lead to autism: it’s called the “GABA/glutamate switch” which is a critical period in development when certain cells turn from turning on cell activity to turning them off. These environmental factors may delay this process leading to long term effects on the developing brain consistent with autism. While this data on the mechanism is brand new, the topic of the environment in autism was inspired by a recent effort at NIEHS which is developing an interactive database for people to access information about what environmental exposures have been studied and how in autism. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/events/aware https://www.pnas.org/doi/epub/10.1073/pnas.2406928121

This week, special correspondent Mia Kotikovski discusses challenges in getting emergency care for those with autism, what doctors and hospitals can do to ease the stressors associated with places like the ER. This is a huge issue for families as many “simple” ER visits for their autistic family members can cause such stress it provokes severe reactions, especially in those with sensory issues, intellectual disability or those who cannot express their pain. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/137/Supplement_2/S205/34011/Toward-Practice-Advancement-in-Emergency-Care-for

Instead of grouping together people with autism based on traditional severity scores, what if groupings were done based on functional outcome? Would this help better understand the broad spectrum of autism and why some people with autism are so different than others? Researchers at the University of Minnesota led by Kyle Sterrett, together with UCLA and UNC utilized a study that followed children with autism in the early 1990’s into their adulthood, in the 2020’s. They created and asked these families a set of questions (included in the manuscript below) to help identify levels of functioning in people with autism. This was done to help them and their families get the right support at right time. They found that these questions could differentiate people with Profound Autism based on things like level of independence and safety concerns. Dr. Sterrett talks with us on this week’s podcast to explain what they did and why it is so important. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39031157