A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

A Daily Dose of History (01 Feb 2026) Today's historical events: The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights (Prussia). The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. The Kalabalik or Skirmish at Bender results from the Ottoman sultan's order that his unwelcome guest, King Charles XII of Sweden, be seized. French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Mayon in the Philippines erupts, killing around 1,200 people, the most devastating eruption of the volcano. Slavery is abolished in Mauritius. American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States and joins the Confederacy a week later. Second Schleswig War: Prussian forces crossed the border into Schleswig, starting the war. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The first volume (A to Ant) of the Oxford English Dictionary is published. Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio, the Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey. Fountains Valley, Pretoria, the oldest nature reserve in Africa, is proclaimed by President Paul Kruger. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (31 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the throne as King Eric X of Sweden. The Treaty of Lyon ends the Italian War, confirming French domination of northern Italy, while Spain receives the Kingdom of Naples. Eighty Years' War and Anglo-Spanish War: The Battle of Gembloux is a victory for Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria over a rebel army of Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloons. Gunpowder Plot: Four of the conspirators, including Guy Fawkes, are executed for treason by hanging, drawing and quartering, for plotting against Parliament and King James. The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital. Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina). After the Milwaukee Bridge War, the United States towns of Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify to create the City of Milwaukee. John C. Frémont is court-martialed for mutiny and disobeying orders. Alvan Graham Clark discovers the white dwarf star Sirius B, a companion of Sirius, through an 18.5-inch (47 cm) telescope now located at Northwestern University. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (30 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. An estimated 200 square miles (51,800 ha) along the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in England are destroyed by massive flooding, resulting in an estimated 2,000 deaths. Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain. Charles I of England is executed in Whitehall, London. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, is ritually executed more than two years after his death, on the 12th anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed. The Forty-seven rōnin, under the command of Ōishi Kuranosuke, avenge the death of their master, by killing Kira Yoshinaka. Tây Sơn forces emerge victorious against Qing armies and liberate the capital Thăng Long. Edward Bransfield sights the Trinity Peninsula and claims the discovery of Antarctica. The Menai Suspension Bridge, considered the world's first modern suspension bridge, connecting the Isle of Anglesey to the north West coast of Wales, is opened. In the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States, Richard Lawrence attempts to shoot president Andrew Jackson, but fails and is subdued by a crowd, including several congressmen as well as Jackson himself. Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, California. The first Hallé concert is given in Manchester, England, marking the official founding of The Hallé orchestra as a full-time, professional orchestra. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate. War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne. Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe. Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress. Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War. Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state. The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate. First Mongol invasion of Đại Việt: Đại Việt defeats the Mongols at the battle of Đông Bộ Đầu, forcing the Mongols to withdraw from the country. Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe. Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress. Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War. Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state. The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children. Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile. Liliʻuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Charles Curtis of Kansas becomes the first Native American U.S. Senator. Mexican Revolution: Mexicali is captured by the Mexican Liberal Party, igniting the Magonista rebellion of 1911. Ukrainian-Soviet War: The Bolshevik Red Army, on its way to besiege Kyiv, is met by a small group of military students at the Battle of Kruty. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate. War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne. Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe. Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress. Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War. Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state. The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children. Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile. Liliʻuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Charles Curtis of Kansas becomes the first Native American U.S. Senator. Mexican Revolution: Mexicali is captured by the Mexican Liberal Party, igniting the Magonista rebellion of 1911. Ukrainian-Soviet War: The Bolshevik Red Army, on its way to besiege Kyiv, is met by a small group of military students at the Battle of Kruty. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate. War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne. Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe. Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress. Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War. Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state. The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children. Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile. Liliʻuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (25 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty. Alfonso II becomes King of Naples. Coronation of Francis I of France takes place at Reims Cathedral, where the new monarch is anointed with the oil of Clovis and girt with the sword of Charlemagne. Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn. São Paulo, Brazil, is founded by Jesuit priests. Battle of Mikatagahara: In Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu. Luanda, the capital of Angola, is founded by the Portuguese navigator Paulo Dias de Novais. Walter Raleigh is knighted, shortly after renaming North America region "Virginia", in honor of Elizabeth I, Queen of England, sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". The Battle of Ayubale results in the destruction of most of the Spanish missions in Florida. Moscow University is established on Tatiana Day. Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands near the southern tip of South America, is founded. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (24 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. The Council of Basel suspends Pope Eugene IV. Matthias Corvinus is elected King of Hungary. King Henry VIII of England suffers an accident while jousting, leading to a brain injury that historians say may have influenced his later erratic behaviour and possible impotence. Arauco War: Spanish and Mapuche authorities meet in the Parliament of Boroa renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín in 1641 and 1647. King Charles II of England dissolves the Cavalier Parliament. Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. During the Seven Years' War the leading burghers of Königsberg submit to Elizabeth of Russia, thus forming Russian Prussia (until 1763). Crossing of the Andes: Many soldiers of Juan Gregorio de las Heras are captured during the action of Picheuta. Slaves in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, stage a revolt, which is instrumental in ending slavery there 50 years later. California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento. The University of Calcutta is formally founded as the first fully fledged university in South Asia. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (23 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. In the conflict between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, King Louis IX of France issues the Mise of Amiens, a one-sided decision in favour of Henry that later leads to the Second Barons' War. In a coronation ceremony, Zhu Yuanzhang ascends the throne of China as the Hongwu Emperor, initiating Ming dynasty rule over China that would last for three centuries. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent for the infant King James VI of Scotland, is assassinated by firearm, the first recorded instance of such. The Royal Exchange opens in London. The Union of Utrecht forms a Protestant republic in the Netherlands. Blaise Pascal publishes the first of his Lettres provinciales. The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire. Georgetown College, the first Catholic university in the United States, is founded in Georgetown, Maryland (now a part of Washington, D.C.) when Bishop John Carroll, Rev. Robert Molyneux, and Rev. John Ashton purchase land for the proposed academy for the education of youth. Second Partition of Poland. After an extraordinary charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns, in a rare occurrence of a battle between ships and cavalry. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (22 Jan 2026) Today's historical events: Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (Caesar) by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vikings at Basing. The first contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican. The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present-day Egypt at the Battle of Ridaniya. The Ava Kingdom falls to the Taungoo Dynasty in what is now Myanmar. The Convention Parliament convenes to determine whether James II and VII, the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland, had vacated the thrones of England and Ireland when he fled to France in 1688. The Portuguese royal family arrives in Brazil after fleeing the French army's invasion of Portugal two months earlier. The Ashantis defeat British forces in the Gold Coast. Second Anglo-Sikh War: The Siege of Multan ends after nine months when the last Sikh defenders of Multan, Punjab, surrender. The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to regain Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth from occupation by Russia. The Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War results in a British defeat. The Battle of Rorke's Drift, also during the Anglo-Zulu War and just some 15 km away from Isandlwana, results in a British victory. The United Mine Workers of America is founded in Columbus, Ohio. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: The Praetorian Guard storm the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day, Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed emperor, the sixth emperor of the year. Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12. Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessaloniki, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week. Battle of Firenzuola: Lombard forces under King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the dethroned Emperor Berengar I of Italy at Firenzuola (Tuscany). Byzantine-Bulgarian wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack less than three months later, on October 6. Count Dirk III defeats an army sent by Emperor Henry II in the Battle of Vlaardingen. Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes. The Siege of Damascus ends in a decisive crusader defeat and leads to the disintegration of the Second Crusade. The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland. The infant James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling. Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: English naval forces under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France. War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen: France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands. Founding of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps: General George Washington appoints William Tudor as Judge Advocate of the Continental Army. French physicist Augustin Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light", precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (28 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day. La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country. In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans. Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins. on 28 July, the composer, organist and harpsichordist Johann Sebastian Bach dies. Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain. French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France. Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam. Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte. José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain. USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and now a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned. American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia. At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln). The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (27 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade. Georgian-Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum. Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire. According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state. Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest. The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan. The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act. Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites. A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England. The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula. Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men." Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (26 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded. Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera. Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V. The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire. Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru. Francis Drake, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (San Francisco). Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II. During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession. French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (25 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls. The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings. Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux. Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal. The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile. The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (24 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf. Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles in Scotland, takes place. Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin. Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands, strike against a ban on foreign beer. French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France. Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds the trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit. The Kingdom of Georgia and the Russian Empire sign the Treaty of Georgievsk. War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward the Niagara River to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders. Afro-Chileans are emancipated. In Maracaibo, Venezuela, the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo takes place, where Admiral José Prudencio Padilla defeats the Spanish Navy, thus culminating the independence for the Gran Colombia. After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (23 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury. A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios. Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France. Scanian War: Denmark-Norway captures the harbor town of Marstrand from Sweden. Kingdom of Prussia re-conquers Mainz from France. Sir Thomas Maitland is appointed as the first Governor of Malta, transforming the island from a British protectorate to a de facto colony. While the Mora Rebellion continues, Greeks capture Monemvasia Castle. Turkish troops and citizens are transferred to Asia Minor's coasts. In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the typographer, a precursor to the typewriter. American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (22 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem. Massacre at Béziers: The first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade. Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town of Falkirk. St. Mary Magdalene's flood is the worst such event on record for central Europe. Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl in the Old Zürich War. Ottoman wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade: John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire. Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas are defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured. Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Roanoke Colony: A second group of English settlers arrives on Roanoke Island off North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony. The Dutch city of Groningen defended by the Spanish and besieged by a Dutch and English army under Maurice of Orange, capitulates. William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, is entered on the Stationers’ Register. By decree of Queen Elizabeth, the Stationers’ Register licensed printed works, giving the Crown tight control over all published material. Albany, New York is formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (21 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar and co-ruler. The 365 Crete earthquake affected the Greek island of Crete with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing a destructive tsunami that affects the coasts of Libya and Egypt, especially Alexandria. Many thousands were killed. King Berengar I of Italy and a hired Hungarian army defeats the Frankish forces at Verona. King Louis III is captured and blinded for breaking his oath (see 902). Battle of Taillebourg: Louis IX of France puts an end to the revolt of his vassals Henry III of England and Hugh X of Lusignan. Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats rebels to the north of the county town of Shropshire, England. The first landing of French troops on the coast of the Isle of Wight during the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. Eighty Years' War: Battle of Jemmingen: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva defeats Louis of Nassau. Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues an edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead and braid the rest of their hair into a queue identical to those of the Manchus. The Raid on Málaga takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War. The Treaty of Passarowitz between the Ottoman Empire, Austria and the Republic of Venice is signed. Russo-Turkish War (1768-74): Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ending the war. French campaign in Egypt and Syria: Napoleon's forces defeat an Ottoman-Mamluk army near Cairo in the Battle of the Pyramids. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (20 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. Kardam of Bulgaria defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI at the Battle of Marcellae. Rollo lays siege to Chartres. Richard I of England officially invested as Duke of Normandy. Treaty of San Germano is signed at San Germano between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX. A Dominican named Guala is responsible for the negotiations. The Battle of Kellistown was fought on this day between the forces of the English led by Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March against the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles under the command of Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, the most powerful Chieftain in Leinster. Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara: Timur, ruler of Timurid Empire, defeats forces of the Ottoman Empire sultan Bayezid I. During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were ultimately unable to hold it. A fire in Oulu, Finland almost completely destroyed the fourth district, which covered the southern part of the city and was by far the largest of the city districts. Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War: The Ottoman Empire captures Nauplia, the capital of the Republic of Venice's "Kingdom of the Morea", thereby opening the way to the swift Ottoman reconquest of the Morea. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (19 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital. Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic. Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas. Arab-Byzantine wars: Battle of Apamea: Fatimids defeat a Byzantine army near Apamea. Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots. Italian War of 1542-46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins. The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology. The attempt to install Lady Jane Grey as Queen of England collapses after only nine days. Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel. Representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy sign the Nanfan Treaty, ceding a large territory north of the Ohio River to England. Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow. Unsuccessful in his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Hawaii for the Russian-American Company, Georg Anton Schäffer is forced to admit defeat and leave Kauai. Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (18 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Roman-Persian Wars: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force (60,000 men) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. Sack of Aquileia: After an earlier defeat on the Catalaunian Plains, Attila lays siege to the metropolis of Aquileia and eventually destroys it. Chinese forces under general Li Shiji besiege the strategic fortress city of Anshi (Liaoning) during the Goguryeo-Tang War. Battle of Alarcos: Almohad forces defeat the Castilian army of Alfonso VIII and force its retreat to Toledo. King Edward I of England issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England; this was Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many Jewish calamities. The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone. France and England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace, the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War. Tokhtamysh-Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia. In Brussels, Prince Charles I is crowned Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, a year after inheriting the title. The College of Arms is reincorporated by Royal charter signed by Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain. A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta, kills around 200 people. The Treaties of Orebro end both the Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Swedish Wars. Coronation of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French. First ascent of Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (17 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. Damasus II is elected pope, and dies 23 days later. The Fourth Crusade assaults Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos flees from his capital into exile. Zhu Di, better known by his era name as the Yongle Emperor, assumes the throne over the Ming dynasty of China. Hundred Years' War: Charles VII of France is crowned the King of France in the Reims Cathedral after a successful campaign by Joan of Arc. Battle of Castillon: The last battle of Hundred Years' War, the French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed in the battle in Gascony. King George I of Great Britain sails down the River Thames with a barge of 50 musicians, where George Frideric Handel's Water Music is premiered. Former emperor Peter III of Russia is murdered. Bloody Falls massacre: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee, traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his Arctic overland journey, massacres a group of unsuspecting Inuit. Members of the French National Guard under the command of General Lafayette open fire on a crowd of radical Jacobins at the Champ de Mars, Paris, during the French Revolution, killing scores of people. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (16 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece. Three Roman legates break relations between Western and Eastern Christian Churches through the act of placing an Papal bull (of doubtful validity) of Excommunication on the altar of Hagia Sophia during Saturday afternoon divine liturgy. Historians frequently describe the event as the start of the East-West Schism. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: After Pope Innocent III calls European knights to a crusade, forces of Kings Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal defeat those of the Berber Muslim leader Almohad, thus marking a significant turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain. The canonization of Saint Francis of Assisi The Spanish town of Arjona declares independence and names its native Muhammad ibn Yusuf as ruler. This marks the Muhammad's first rise to prominence; he would later establish the Nasrid Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state in Spain. Celebrated by the Carmelite Order-but doubted by modern historians-as the day when Saint Simon Stock had a vision of the Virgin Mary. King Richard II of England is crowned. Jacques Cartier, navigator and explorer, returns home to St. Malo after claiming Stadacona (Quebec), Hochelaga (Montereal) and the River of Canada (St. Lawrence River) region for France. The first banknotes in Europe are issued by the Swedish bank Stockholms Banco. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (15 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: First Jewish-Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). An Lushan Rebellion: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang is ordered by his Imperial Guards to execute chancellor Yang Guozhong by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. General An Lushan has other members of the emperor's family killed. First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege. The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem. King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton. Swedish-Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva. John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England. Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order. Muhammad XII is crowned the twenty-second and last Nasrid king of Granada. The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was inaugurated in Turku. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (14 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: King Otto II and his Frankish army were defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. Battle of Vítkov Hill, decisive victory of Czech Hussite forces commanded by Jan Žižka against Crusade army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. Anglo-Spanish War: English and Dutch troops sack the Spanish city of Cádiz before leaving the next day. An expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá leaves its base in California and sets out to find the Port of Monterey (now Monterey, California). Foundation of the Mission San Antonio de Padua in modern California by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra. Storming of the Bastille in Paris. This event escalates the widespread discontent into the French Revolution. Bastille Day is still celebrated annually in France. Inaugural Fête de la Fédération is held to celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation. The Sedition Act of 1798 becomes law in the United States making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government. The Finnish War: the Battle of Lapua was fought. Opening of the first major US world's fair, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (13 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England. Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots. The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines. Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months. Anglo-Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company manage to repel a fleet of eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys off the Mediterranean island of Pantelleria. English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller. The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery. Journalist and French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a member of the opposing political faction. The Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria begins. The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of Italy, is established. Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is adopted in Wallachia, one of the two Danubian Principalities that were to become the basis of Romania. In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon. New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (12 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. King Constantine II of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh and King Owain of the Cumbrians accepted the overlordship of King Æthelstan of England, leading to seven years of peace in the north. Third Crusade: Saladin's garrison surrenders to Philip Augustus, ending the two-year siege of Acre. The Ottomans capture Euboea. Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, is published. Lê Cung Hoàng ceded the throne to Mạc Đăng Dung, ending the Lê dynasty and starting the Mạc dynasty. King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace. Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the sacred idols and books of the Maya. The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published. Battle of Aughrim (Julian calendar): The decisive victory of William III of England's forces in Ireland. In response to the dismissal of the French finance minister Jacques Necker, the radical journalist Camille Desmoulins gives a speech which results in the storming of the Bastille two days later. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed in France by the National Constituent Assembly. Ranjit Singh conquers Lahore and becomes Maharaja of the Punjab (Sikh Empire). Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (11 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death. Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor. Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army. Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans. Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time. Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne. Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances. While exploring the North Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher sights Greenland, mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of "Frisland". Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (10 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Emperor Hadrian dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina. Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a coup d'état at the imperial palace. The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin. King Canute IV of Denmark is killed by rebellious peasants. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton. The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama. The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta. Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing. Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England. William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (09 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Hadrian, who became emperor a year ago on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I. Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna. A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths. Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol. The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt. Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague. The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach. Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (08 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta. Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India. Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan. Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island. Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe. The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway. French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York. British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France. The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America. Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. Promulgation of the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter Joseph Bonaparte intended as the basis for his rule as king of Spain. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (07 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks. Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba. Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada. The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland. The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France. An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place. American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton. As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War". The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition. In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists began. US troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the US conquest of California. Four conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln are hanged. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (06 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt). Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania. Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death. Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming-Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor. Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake. (See Deaths section.) A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey. Richard III is crowned King of England. Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River. First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League. Sir Thomas More is executed for treason against King Henry VIII of England. King Philip II of Spain, consort of Queen Mary I of England, sets out from Dover to war with France, which eventually resulted in the loss of the City of Calais, the last English possession on the continent, and Mary I never seeing her husband again. The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England. Córdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera. French Wars of Religion: Siege of La Rochelle ends. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (05 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada. Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka. John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland. Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins. The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition. The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king). In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion. The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins. The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (04 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Pactum Sicardi, a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, is signed. Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint. Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death. The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem. Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz. Ottoman-Hungarian wars: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (03 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792. Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain. French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces. Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded and the first edition is published. American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. American Revolutionary War: Iroquois allied to Britain kill 360 people in the Wyoming Valley massacre. The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens. The first state normal school in the United States, the forerunner to today's Framingham State University, opens in Lexington, Massachusetts with three students. Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indies. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (02 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome. Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident. In China, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang inters the bodies of relatives in the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang outside Chang'an. Battle of Brissarthe: The Franks led by Robert the Strong are defeated by a joint Breton-Viking army. King Henry the Fowler dies in his royal palace in Memleben. He is succeeded by his son Otto I, who becomes the ruler of East Francia. The Byzantine army proclaims Nikephoros II Phokas Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea. The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg. The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain. Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes Voivode of Moldavia. Ottoman Admiral Turgut Reis sacks the Italian city of Paola. Menas, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (01 Jul 2025) Today's historical events: Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the Ostrogoth king, Totila, is mortally wounded. Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by sultan Kilij Arslan I. Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan after nightfall. Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels. Union of Lublin: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations. First meeting of the Westminster Assembly, a council of theologians ("divines") and members of the Parliament of England appointed to restructure the Church of England, at Westminster Abbey in London. Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (as reckoned under the Julian calendar). François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded before his body is burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France. Lexell's Comet is seen closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 astronomical units (2,180,000 km; 1,360,000 mi). Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (30 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy. The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus. Spanish forces defeat a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. King Henry II of France is mortally wounded in a jousting match against Gabriel, comte de Montgomery. The Spanish held Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico having been besieged for fifteen days, surrenders to an English force under Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland. The University of Tartu was founded. The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William, which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution. Seven Years' War: Habsburg Austrian forces destroy a Prussian reinforcement and supply convoy in the Battle of Domstadtl, helping to expel Prussian King Frederick the Great from Moravia. Northwest Indian War: Native American forces under Blue Jacket attack Fort Recovery. French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (29 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. Sverre is crowned King of Norway, leading to his excommunication by the Catholic Church and civil war. Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman invasion force at Torvioll. The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire Jacques Cartier is the first European to reach Prince Edward Island. The Globe Theatre in London, built by William Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, burns to the ground. Charles I of England defeats a Parliamentarian detachment at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge. At the Battle of Konotop the Ukrainian armies of Ivan Vyhovsky defeat the Russians led by Prince Trubetskoy. Alexander Macdonell and over five hundred Roman Catholic highlanders leave Scotland to settle in Glengarry County, Ontario. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (27 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: The Republic of Ragusa is founded. Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England. Americo Vespucci, on Spanish financed trip, sights coast south of Cape Cassipore. The thirteen Stratford Martyrs are burned at the stake near London for their Protestant beliefs. In the Battle of Dettingen, George II becomes the last reigning British monarch to participate in a battle. Anglo-Cherokee War: Cherokee warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Echoee near present-day Otto, North Carolina. British forces take Buenos Aires during the first of the British invasions of the River Plate. Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum Smith, are killed by a mob at the Carthage, Illinois jail. American Civil War: Confederate forces defeat Union forces during the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain during the Atlanta Campaign. The first solo circumnavigation of the globe is completed by Joshua Slocum from Briar Island, Nova Scotia. During the Russo-Japanese War, sailors start a mutiny aboard the Russian battleship Potemkin. Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi convenes an eleven-day conference to discuss Japan's strategy in China. The Tanaka Memorial, a forged plan for world domination, is later claimed to be a secret report leaked from this conference. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (26 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar. Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sasanian Empire. Pope Benedict II is chosen. En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima. Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ. Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms. Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London. Richard III becomes King of England. Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes. Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (25 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vézeronce. In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine. At the Diet of Augsburg the Augsburg Confession is presented to the Holy Roman Emperor by the Lutheran princes and Electors of Germany. Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Rio Nuevo during the Anglo-Spanish War. Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua. Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Hungary. Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution. A photograph of the June Days uprising becomes the first known instance of photojournalism. Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (24 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Rome. Julius Nepos forces Roman usurper Glycerius to abdicate the throne and proclaims himself Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The Battle of Moira is fought between the High King of Ireland and the Kings of Ulster and Dál Riata. It is claimed to be the largest battle in the history of Ireland. The Vikings sack French city of Nantes. Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces, takes place. Battle of São Mamede, near Guimarães: Forces led by Afonso I defeat forces led by his mother Teresa of León and her lover Fernando Pérez de Traba. The Siege of Jaén begins, in the context of the Spanish Reconquista. First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn concludes with a decisive victory by Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce. Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys: The French fleet is almost completely destroyed by the English fleet commanded in person by King Edward III. A sudden outbreak of St. John's Dance causes people in the streets of Aachen, Germany, to experience hallucinations and begin to jump and twitch uncontrollably until they collapse from exhaustion. John Cabot lands in North America at Newfoundland leading the first European exploration of the region since the Vikings. Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon are crowned King and Queen of England. The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded. English King Henry VIII commands his 4th wife, Anne of Cleves, to leave the court. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (23 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu. War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships. The Spanish Reconquista: In the Battle of Moclín the Emirate of Granada ambush a superior pursuing force, killing most of them in a military disaster for the Kingdom of Castile. A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge. First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south of Stirling) begins. Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France sign the "Treaty of Closer Amity With France" (also known as the Pommeraye treaty), pledging mutual aid against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Dragut, commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Great Siege of Malta. The Action of Faial, Azores. The Portuguese carrack Cinco Chagas, loaded with slaves and treasure, is attacked and sunk by English ships with only 13 survivors out of over 700 on board. The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson Bay; they are never heard from again. William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania. The French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia, Canada. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (22 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars led by Krum defeat the Byzantine army near Edirne. Emperor Michael I is forced to abdicate in favor of Leo V the Armenian. The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). Fatahillah expels Portuguese forces from Sunda Kelapa, now regarded as the foundation of Jakarta. Battle of Sisak: Allied Christian troops defeat the Ottomans. The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe in the form he presented it in, after heated controversy. The British pass the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America. A poisonous cloud caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France. In the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, the British warship HMS Leopard attacks and boards the American frigate USS Chesapeake. War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a surprise attack on Beaver Dams in Ontario, Laura Secord sets out on a 30 kilometer journey on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon. The United States Department of Justice is created by the U.S. Congress. The Royal Navy battleship HMS Camperdown accidentally rams the British Mediterranean Fleet flagship HMS Victoria which sinks taking 358 crew with her, including the fleet's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon. British colonial officers Charles Walter Rand and Lt. Charles Egerton Ayerst are assassinated in Pune, Maharashtra, India by the Chapekar brothers and Mahadeo Vinayak Ranade, who are later caught and hanged. Spanish-American War: In a chaotic operation, 6,000 men of the U.S. Fifth Army Corps begins landing at Daiquirí, Cuba, about 16 miles (26 km) east of Santiago de Cuba. Lt. Gen. Arsenio Linares y Pombo of the Spanish Army outnumbers them two-to-one, but does not oppose the landings. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (21 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan. French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac. Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese daimyōs, is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide. Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain. In Montreal in New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city. Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded. James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court. New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States. King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution. Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill. Peninsular War: Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria. Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Daily Dose of History (20 Jun 2025) Today's historical events: Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory. First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan. The Sack of Baltimore: The Irish village of Baltimore is attacked by Algerian pirates. Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth declares himself King of England at Bridgwater. A British garrison is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta. The U.S. Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States. Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention to call the government the 'United States'. Deputies of the French Third Estate take the Tennis Court Oath. King Louis XVI, disguised as a valet, and the French royal family attempt to flee Paris during the French Revolution. The U.S. vessel SS Savannah arrives at Liverpool, United Kingdom. It is the first steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic, although most of the journey is made under sail. Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts. This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices