Science Society

Nausea is a deeply unpleasant sensation that often proves difficult to control. In this episode, we delve into the world of nausea, gut hormones, and brainstem circuits with Dr. Zhang, whose innovative research provides new insights into how our bodies handle this gut malaise.Drawing upon a detailed cell atlas of the area postrema (a sensory circumventricular organ in the brain that detects bloodborne factors), Dr. Zhang and his team have identified inhibitory neurons that counteract nausea associated with various visceral poisons. Their findings pivot around the gut hormone glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which activates area postrema inhibitory neurons. These neurons then locally project and elicit inhibitory currents in the nausea-promoting excitatory neurons via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors.Dr. Zhang's study further reveals that GIP can block behavioral responses to poisons in mice, but this protective effect disappears when the targeted area postrema neurons are eliminated. These groundbreaking findings provide valuable insights into the organization of nausea-associated brainstem circuits and suggest that targeting area postrema inhibitory neurons could offer a new pathway for treating nausea.Tune in as we navigate the intriguing interplay between our gut and brain with Dr. Zhang, revealing new opportunities for nausea intervention.Keywords: Dr. Zhang, nausea, area postrema, inhibitory neurons, glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, brainstem circuits, cell atlas, pharmacological target.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110953 Ablating brainstem GIPR neurons removes anti-nausea effects of GIP

The way network activity is coordinated in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a critical role in the expression of fear. While neuromodulatory systems are known to regulate shifts between behavioral states, the underlying mechanisms largely remain a mystery. Dr. Tasker joins us in this episode to discuss his recent findings which shed light on this enigmatic process.His team used a mouse model to explore the effects of chemogenetic Gq activation and α1 adrenoreceptor activation in BLA parvalbumin (PV) interneurons. The results revealed a stereotyped phasic bursting in PV neurons and time-locked synchronized bursts of inhibitory postsynaptic currents and phasic firing in BLA principal neurons. Interestingly, this activation in PV neurons was found to suppress gamma oscillations in vivo and in an ex vivo slice model, facilitating fear memory recall. This phenomenon aligns with the observed suppression of BLA gamma during the expression of conditioned fear.Dr. Tasker's research identifies a key neuromodulatory mechanism in PV inhibitory interneurons of the BLA, offering new insights into the regulation of BLA network oscillations and fear memory recall. Tune in as we delve into this exciting area of neuroscience research.Keywords: Dr. Tasker, Fear Memory Recall, Network Oscillations, Basolateral Amygdala, Neuromodulatory Systems, Parvalbumin Interneurons, Gamma Suppression.Gq neuromodulation of BLA parvalbumin interneurons induces burst firing and mediates fear-associated network and behavioral state transition in mice. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28928-y

Cryopreservation has underpinned several scientific advancements, including assisted reproductive technology, stem cell therapies, and species preservation. However, current cryoprotective agents like dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol have notable limitations, including toxicity and inefficacy for numerous cell types and tissues. In this episode, we host Dr. Bryant, who has recently made a groundbreaking stride towards developing more effective cryoprotectants.Dr. Bryant's team has been investigating the use of deep eutectic solvents as cryoprotective agents, and their research has provided promising results. They examined six deep eutectic solvents for their cryoprotective abilities for mammalian cells, studying their thermal properties, toxicity, and cell permeability. The researchers found a deep eutectic solvent made from proline and glycerol to be a particularly effective cryoprotective agent for all tested cell types, even with extended pre-freeze incubation.The success of this solvent represents a significant leap forward in cryopreservation, as it exhibited less toxicity and higher effectiveness than its individual components, underlining the value of multi-component systems. The post-thaw cells were characterized using atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy, with molecular dynamics simulations corroborating the biophysical parameters obtained experimentally.Join us as Dr. Bryant walks us through the exciting potential of deep eutectic solvents in cryopreservation, opening doors for the development of thousands of new cryoprotective agents and potential advancements in organ and tissue preservation.Keywords: Cryopreservation, Deep Eutectic Solvents, Dr. Bryant, Cryoprotective Agents, Proline, Glycerol, Organ Preservation, Tissue Preservation.https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TB00573E

The ability to engineer biosensors for user-specified molecules could significantly advance numerous biological applications. In this episode, we have the privilege of hosting Dr. Whitehead, who has made strides towards a method for rapidly engineering such biosensors. The team used PYR1, a plant abscisic acid (ABA) receptor known for its adaptable ligand-binding pocket and a requirement for ligand-induced heterodimerization, which aids in constructing sense-response functions. The researchers successfully evolved 21 sensors with sensitivities ranging from nanomolar to micromolar for various small molecules, including structurally diverse natural and synthetic cannabinoids and multiple organophosphates. Through X-ray crystallography analysis, they revealed the mechanistic basis for new ligand recognition by an evolved cannabinoid receptor. Furthermore, the team demonstrated that the PYR1-derived receptors could be effectively ported to various ligand-responsive outputs, including ELISA-like assays, luminescence by protein-fragment complementation, and transcriptional circuits, all with picomolar to nanomolar sensitivity. Join us as we dive into Dr. Whitehead's fascinating work with the PYR1 scaffold and how it could revolutionize the creation of new biosensors for a broad spectrum of sense-response applications.Keywords: Biosensors, Engineering, Dr. Whitehead, PYR1, Abscisic Acid, Cannabinoids, Organophosphates, Ligand-responsive Outputs, ELISA, Protein-fragment Complementation, Transcriptional Circuits.Beltrán, J., Steiner, P.J., Bedewitz, M. et al. Rapid biosensor development using plant hormone receptors as reprogrammable scaffolds. Nat Biotechnol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01364-5

The multifaceted relationship between crime, policing, and society has long been a subject of controversy, particularly with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in crime prediction and predictive policing. In this intriguing episode, we have the pleasure of hosting Dr. Ishanu Chattopadhyay, whose work demonstrates how predictive models can do more than just enhance state power—they can offer an unprecedented insight into systemic biases in crime enforcement.Dr. Chattopadhyay and his team introduce a novel stochastic inference algorithm that learns spatio-temporal dependencies from crime reports, allowing for impressive accuracy in crime forecasting. Yet, this breakthrough in prediction has far-reaching implications beyond law enforcement efficacy. It offers a powerful tool for social analysis, uncovering evidence of bias in the response to crime based on neighborhood socio-economic status. This can divert policy resources away from disadvantaged areas, perpetuating social inequality—an alarming trend observed across eight major US cities.Join us as we delve into Dr. Chattopadhyay's transformative work, which stands at the intersection of advanced predictive technology and social justice. Discover how AI can be used not only as a surveillance tool for crime but also as a mirror reflecting societal biases in crime enforcement.Keywords: Predictive Policing, Crime, Artificial Intelligence, Systemic Bias, Socio-economic Status, Surveillance, Dr. Ishanu Chattopadhyay.Rotaru, V., Huang, Y., Li, T. et al. Event-level prediction of urban crime reveals a signature of enforcement bias in US cities. Nat Hum Behav (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01372-0

Despite glia playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, current methods for imaging these cells in vivo present a myriad of limitations. In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Silvia de Santis, who introduces a game-changing, noninvasive method for imaging changes in glia morphology using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Dr. De Santis and her team have validated this method in rat models of neuroinflammation, degeneration, and demyelination, demonstrating that diffusion-weighted MRI can provide insights into microglia and astrocyte activation. More importantly, this method has the sensitivity to detect changes in glia morphology and proliferation, enabling a quantitative evaluation of neuroinflammation that is independent of neuronal loss or demyelinating injury.Extending the findings to humans, they have shown significant associations between MRI and histological microglia markers, proving the translational value of this novel approach. Join us as we explore how this groundbreaking work by Dr. De Santis can revolutionize both basic and clinical research, providing valuable insights into the role of inflammation in health and disease.Keywords: Glia Morphology, Diffusion-weighted MRI, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, Demyelination, Microglia, Astrocyte, Noninvasive Imaging, Dr. Silvia de Santis.Mapping microglia and astrocyte activation in vivo using diffusion MRI https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq2923 Science

The benefits of exercise in mitigating obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other cardiometabolic diseases are well-established, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Join us in this episode as we explore these mechanisms with Dr. Long, whose research has led to the discovery of N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe), a metabolite stimulated by exercise that suppresses feeding and obesity.Dr. Long's team found that Lac-Phe is synthesized from lactate and phenylalanine in CNDP2+ cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and other immune and epithelial cells found in various organs. In diet-induced obese mice, an increase in Lac-Phe levels reduced food intake, leading to decreased adiposity and body weight, and improved glucose homeostasis. They further discovered that ablation of Lac-Phe biosynthesis resulted in increased food intake and obesity post-exercise training.Importantly, the research also demonstrated that circulating Lac-Phe levels rise considerably with physical activity in humans and racehorses, indicating its role as a conserved molecular effector across different mammalian species. Tune in as we delve into how Dr. Long's pioneering work could redefine our understanding of exercise's role in metabolic health.Keywords: Exercise, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, N-lactoyl-phenylalanine, Metabolic Health, Dr. Long.Li, V.L., He, Y., Contrepois, K. et al. An exercise-inducible metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04828-5

The value of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in detecting and localizing focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in epilepsy patients is undisputed. However, current cryogenic MEG systems present limitations, particularly for pediatric patients, due to their rigid helmet design. In this episode, we discuss these challenges and potential solutions with Dr. Feys, whose research focuses on on-scalp MEG technology using optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs).Dr. Feys' team conducted a single-center study on school-aged children with either self-limited idiopathic or refractory focal epilepsy. The researchers compared IED detection and localization using traditional cryogenic MEG and the new on-scalp MEG method. Their results showed that the on-scalp MEG provided higher IED amplitudes, a better signal-to-noise ratio, and similar localization value, even with a limited number of sensors and scalp coverage.Despite occasional motion artifacts from head movements, this pioneering study suggests that on-scalp MEG could alleviate the main limitations of cryogenic MEG, particularly in pediatric settings. Tune in as Dr. Feys takes us through his groundbreaking research and its potential implications for epilepsy treatment in children.Keywords: Magnetoencephalography, Epilepsy, Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Feys, On-Scalp MEG, Optically Pumped Magnetometers, Interictal Epileptiform Discharges.On-Scalp Optically Pumped Magnetometers versus Cryogenic Magnetoencephalography for Diagnostic Evaluation of Epilepsy in School-aged Children https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.212453

Aggression is a common behavioral response within rival groups, and while psychological and socio-ecological factors have been studied extensively, the neuroscience behind this phenomenon still has much to uncover. Dr. Chester is at the forefront of this exploration, specifically examining the neural correlates of outgroup versus ingroup aggression. In this episode, we delve into Dr. Chester's study which involved 35 healthy young male participants who were either current or former students of the same university. The study participants underwent functional MRI while participating in an aggression task against both an ingroup and outgroup opponent. This task involved the participants being repeatedly provoked by their opponents, followed by the opportunity to retaliate. Dr. Chester's findings revealed that aggression towards outgroup members was associated with activity in the ventral striatum both before and after social exclusion by outgroup members. Additionally, outgroup aggression was linked to greater activity in the rostral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex post-exclusion.Join us as we discuss these compelling findings with Dr. Chester and explore the critical role of frontostriatal mechanisms in motivating outgroup aggression. Keywords: Aggression, Intergroup Conflict, Functional MRI, Neuroscience, Dr. Chester, Ventral Striatum, Medial Prefrontal Cortex.Lasko EN, Dagher AC, West SJ, Chester DS. Neural mechanisms of intergroup exclusion and retaliatory aggression. Soc Neurosci. 2022 Jun 14:1-13. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2086617. PMID: 35658812.

Adolescent binge drinking has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders later in life, including alcohol use disorder. One of the key findings of Dr. Pandey's research is the epigenetic reprogramming that occurs at the enhancer region of the immediate-early gene, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), known as synaptic activity response element (SARE), in the amygdala of both rodents and humans following adolescent alcohol exposure.In this episode, we discuss Dr. Pandey's fascinating research that demonstrated that the use of dCas9-P300 was able to increase histone acetylation at the Arc SARE, thus normalizing deficits in Arc expression. This led to the reduction of anxiety and excessive alcohol drinking in an adolescent alcohol exposure rat model. Conversely, the use of dCas9-KRAB increased repressive histone methylation at the Arc SARE, reduced Arc expression, and resulted in anxiety and alcohol drinking in control rats.Join us as we dive into these important findings with Dr. Pandey and explore how epigenomic editing in the amygdala can potentially reduce adult psychopathology following adolescent alcohol exposure.Keywords: Epigenomics, Adolescent Binge Drinking, Alcohol Use Disorder, Dr. Pandey, dCas9-P300, dCas9-KRAB, Arc SARE, Anxiety, Alcohol Drinking.Targeted epigenomic editing ameliorates adult anxiety and excessive drinking after adolescent alcohol exposure https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2748

The Asgard archaea are a globally distributed group of microorganisms with significant links to eukaryotes. Despite their global presence and potential implications for our understanding of evolution, viruses that infect these organisms remain understudied and poorly understood. In this episode, we discuss the fascinating work of Dr. Leao, who has shed light on the nature of these viruses. Using metagenome sequences from deep-sea hydrothermal sediments, Dr. Leao and his team characterized six relatively large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viral genomes that infect two Asgard archaeal phyla, Lokiarchaeota and Helarchaeota. These Asgard viruses are intriguing as they show features of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses, suggesting a unique evolutionary history. They possess Caudovirales-like structural proteins and a percentage of their genes are associated with eukaryotic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). Furthermore, they appear to be capable of independent genome replication, repair, epigenetic modifications, and transcriptional regulation. Dr. Leao's research offers fascinating insights into the genomic capabilities of these viruses, suggesting a complex interplay with their Asgard archaea hosts. Join us as we delve into the mysteries of the Asgard viruses and explore their potential impact on our understanding of viral evolution and infection mechanisms.Keywords: Asgard Archaea, Viral Genomes, Lokiarchaeota, Helarchaeota, Dr. Leao, Prokaryotic Viruses, Eukaryotic Viruses, Metagenome Sequences.Rambo, I.M., Langwig, M.V., Leão, P. et al. Genomes of six viruses that infect Asgard archaea from deep-sea sediments. Nat Microbiol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01150-8

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a diverse neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons and voluntary muscle control. Despite the identified mutations in specific genes defining different ALS subtypes, the potential impact of specific immune features on ALS heterogeneity remains poorly understood. In this episode, we delve into the compelling work of Dr. Campisi, who explores ALS-4, an ALS subtype characterized by juvenile onset and slow progression. ALS4 is caused by mutations in the senataxin gene (SETX), and Dr. Campisi's study utilizing Setx knock-in mice reveals intriguing links between this ALS subtype and the immune system.Dr. Campisi has identified an immunological signature in ALS4, consisting of clonally expanded, terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) CD8 T cells in the central nervous system and the blood of these mice. Intriguingly, these increased frequencies of antigen-specific CD8 T cells parallel the progression of motor neuron disease and correlate with anti-glioma immunity. Moreover, bone marrow transplantation experiments underscore the key role of the immune system in ALS4 neurodegeneration. Join us as we discuss these breakthrough findings with Dr. Campisi and explore their potential implications for understanding ALS pathogenesis and identifying possible biomarkers for the disease state.Keywords: ALS, ALS4, Senataxin gene, SETX, Immune system, CD8 T cells, Neurodegeneration, Dr. Campisi.Campisi, L., Chizari, S., Ho, J.S.Y. et al. Clonally expanded CD8 T cells characterize amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-4. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04844-5

The intricate connection between peripheral metabolism and central nervous system functioning is a topic of growing interest in neuroscience. Phospholipids, a type of lipid crucial for cell membrane structure, play a significant role in synaptic regulation, glutamatergic transmission, and overall cortical excitability within the brain. However, how changes in peripheral metabolism might affect these brain lipid levels and, subsequently, cortical excitability is an area still in need of exploration.In this episode, we welcome Dr. Vogt, whose groundbreaking research is shedding light on this compelling question. His study discovered that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) type levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid are elevated after overnight fasting, leading to increased cortical excitability. This spike in LPA-related cortical excitability also enhances fasting-induced hyperphagia, a phenomenon that is reduced following the inhibition of LPA synthesis.We delve into intriguing findings, like how mice with a human mutation (Prg-1R346T) leading to higher synaptic lipid-mediated cortical excitability displayed increased fasting-induced hyperphagia. This mutation in humans was linked to a higher body mass index and a greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Dr. Vogt further explores the critical role of hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in regulating the effects of LPA after fasting. When AgRP-expressing cells were depleted in adult mice, the fasting-induced elevation of circulating LPAs and cortical excitability was decreased, effectively blunting hyperphagia.Join us as we navigate these fascinating insights with Dr. Vogt, shedding light on a potentially transformative understanding of how the hypothalamus can impact the cortex and affect food intake through non-neuronal routes.Keywords: Dr. Vogt, phospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid, cortical excitability, hyperphagia, peripheral metabolism, central nervous system, hypothalamic agouti-related peptide neurons, glutamatergic transmission, food intake, body mass index, type 2 diabetes.Endle, H., Horta, G., Stutz, B. et al. AgRP neurons control feeding behavior at cortical synapses via peripherally derived lysophospholipids. Na (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00589-7

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurological condition characterized by a variety of clinical and pathophysiological markers. Among the critical components under investigation is the locus coeruleus (LC), a small nucleus in the brainstem whose degeneration has been linked to AD. However, our understanding of the relationship between LC integrity and the stages of AD remains limited. In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Cassidy, whose pioneering research uses neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) to examine the role of the LC-norepinephrine system in AD. The study involved cognitively normal older adults, individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD patients. The researchers assessed the LC-norepinephrine system's integrity based on the contrast-to-noise ratio of the LC on NM-MRI images. Dr. Cassidy and his team found that LC signal contrast decreased in tau-positive participants and negatively correlated with the Braak stage, a measure of tau pathology progression in AD. Remarkably, higher LC signal predicted the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), particularly impulse control symptoms, independent of tau burden, amyloid-β burden, and cortical gray matter volume.Join us as we dive deep into these intriguing findings with Dr. Cassidy. We'll discuss how NM-MRI could serve as a practical biomarker, potentially predicting the risk of NPS or guiding their treatment in AD, and explore the implications of LC preservation in AD progression.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Locus coeruleus, Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, Tau protein, Amyloid-β, Neuropsychiatric symptoms, Dr. Cassidy.Cassidy, C.M., et al. Association of locus coeruleus integrity with Braak stage and neuropsychiatric symptom severity in Alzheimer’s disease. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01293-6

The future of the quantum internet holds the promise of unprecedented power through the sharing of quantum information across networks. Quantum teleportation, a process that enables the reliable transfer of quantum information between distant nodes, even amid highly lossy network connections, is a key component of this innovative technological frontier. In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Beukers and his team, who are leading the exploration of quantum teleportation. They discuss their groundbreaking work on quantum teleportation between remote, non-neighboring nodes in a quantum network. The network uses three optically connected nodes based on solid-state spin qubits. Dr. Beukers et al. walk us through the preparation of the teleporter, the establishment of remote entanglement on the two links, the entanglement swapping on the middle node, and storage in a memory qubit. We delve into their findings that demonstrate that once successful preparation of the teleporter is heralded, arbitrary qubit states can be teleported with fidelity above the classical bound, even with unit efficiency.Our conversation explores key innovations that made their work possible, including enhancements in the qubit readout procedure, active memory qubit protection during entanglement generation, and tailored heralding that reduces remote entanglement infidelities.Join us as we delve into these cutting-edge developments with Dr. Beukers and his team. Their work not only provides a crucial building block for future quantum networks but also opens the door to exploring teleportation-based multi-node protocols and applications.Keywords: Dr. Beukers, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Internet, Quantum Networks, Solid-State Spin Qubits, Quantum Information, Remote Entanglement, Entanglement Swapping, Memory Qubit, Quantum Protocols.Hermans, S.L.N., Pompili, M., Beukers, H.K.C. et al. Qubit teleportation between non-neighboring nodes in a quantum network. Nature 605, 663–668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04697-y

Robotics has made significant strides in recent years, yet the ability for robots to touch and sense with the precision and sensitivity of human touch remains a complex challenge. In this episode, we delve into this challenge with Dr. Lepora, who is working at the forefront of developing biomimetic tactile sensors. Dr. Lepora introduces us to the TacTip, a sensor that holds the potential to provide artificial analogs of tactile skin dynamics, afferent responses, and population encoding. This sensor, which is 3D-printed, is based on the physiology of the dermal-epidermal interface, complete with a mesh of biomimetic intermediate ridges and dermal papillae. Dr. Lepora explains how they model slowly adapting SA-I activity and rapidly adapting RA-I activity using these sensors. We discuss how the biological plausibility of these artificial population codes was tested using three classic experiments for a natural touch, including response to normal pressure, response to bars, edges, and gratings, and discrimination of grating orientation. Our conversation reveals how the TacTip shows a match between artificial and natural touch at single afferent, population, and perceptual levels, bringing the development of a biomimetic fingertip that demonstrates human sensitivity using the transduction principles of human touch closer to reality. Join us in this fascinating discussion on the future of artificial tactile sensing with Dr. Lepora.Keywords: Dr. Lepora, Tactile Sensor, Robotics, Artificial Touch, Biomimetic Sensor, TacTip, Tactile Skin Dynamics, Afferent Responses, Artificial Population Codes, 3D Printing, SA-I Activity, RA-I Activity, Grating Orientation.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif. A biomimetic fingertip that demonstrates human sensitivity using the transduction principles of human touch.

In the field of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), understanding the system's sensitivity to initial conditions can unlock a world of possibilities, including effective control mechanisms. Join us in this intriguing episode as we host Dr. Miyoshi and Dr. Sun, who delve into this chaotic yet fascinating world of NWP. The duo discusses the Observing Systems Simulation Experiment (OSSE), a widely recognized approach for studying predictability where an independent NWP model run synthesizes "nature." They talk about their extension of the OSSE to design the control simulation experiment (CSE), where they apply a small signal to control "nature."Through the lens of idealized experiments with the Lorenz-63 three-variable system, Dr. Miyoshi and Dr. Sun reveal that it's possible to control "nature" to remain in a chosen regime, thereby avoiding a shift to another. This happens by adding small perturbations to "nature." Even more fascinating is the fact that they achieve more effective control with a perturbation size of less than only 3 % of the observation error when using longer-lead-time forecasts.The episode culminates in an insightful discussion of the possible applications of CSE in real-world NWP systems, including potential reductions in weather disaster risks. The applicability of CSE to other chaotic systems beyond NWP is also discussed.Join us as we navigate the complex yet rewarding world of numerical weather prediction with Dr. Miyoshi and Dr. Sun.Keywords: Dr. Miyoshi, Dr. Sun, Numerical Weather Prediction, NWP, Observing Systems Simulation Experiment, OSSE, Control Simulation Experiment, CSE, Lorenz-63, Chaotic Systems, Weather Disaster Risks.https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-133-2022 Control simulation experiment with Lorenz’s butterfly attractor

We are thrilled to have renowned author Howard Bloom in this captivating episode. He is known for his critically acclaimed book "The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition into the Forces of History." Howard Bloom challenges the conventional wisdom of evolutionary theory, postulating that all life forms are parts of a global "learning machine" that has evolved since the beginning of time. From the formation of matter to the communal life of bees, Bloom explores the evidence for group selection and the concept of a networked global brain. We dive deep into Bloom's unique perspective on evolution, where he likens the network of life on Earth to a "complex adaptive system" or a global brain. In this context, we all play roles, some conscious, some unknowing. Bloom also sheds light on how the World Wide Web is just the latest step in this global brain's development.Join us for an enlightening conversation with Howard Bloom as we explore the forces of history, evolution, and the interconnectivity of life. Though some of his ideas may require a leap of faith and are controversial, they stimulate thought-provoking discussions.Keywords: Howard Bloom, The Lucifer Principle, Evolution, Global Learning Machine, Group Selection, Global Brain, World Wide Web, Interconnectivity, Forces of History.Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century. Bloom is the author of 7 books and founded 3 international scientific groups and the Space Development Steering Committee.

The fascinating world of Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), macroscopic coherent matter waves that have greatly influenced quantum science and atomic physics, is the focus of today's episode. We are delighted to have Dr. Chen and his team, who share their groundbreaking work on continuous Bose–Einstein condensation.BECs have a crucial role in quantum simulation and sensing, underlying atom interferometers in space, and enabling ambitious tests of Einstein’s equivalence principle. However, a persistent challenge has been the need for sequential cooling stages in quantum gas devices, confining these devices to pulsed operation.Our esteemed guests showcase their breakthrough in overcoming this limitation by demonstrating a continuous-wave (CW) condensate of strontium atoms that persists indefinitely. This continuous condensation process is sustained by the Bose-stimulated gain of atoms from a thermal bath, which is constantly replenished. Dr. Chen's team's experiment is compared to the matter wave analog of a continuous wave optical laser with fully reflective cavity mirrors. This serves as a proof-of-principle demonstration, contributing a new component to atom optics and opening the door to constructing continuous coherent-matter-wave devices.Join us on this enlightening journey as we delve into the groundbreaking work of Dr. Chen and his team in the intriguing world of Bose–Einstein condensates.Keywords: Dr. Chen, Bose–Einstein condensates, BECs, Quantum Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Simulation, Continuous-Wave Condensate, Atom Optics, Coherent Matter Wave, Quantum Gas Devices.Chen, CC., González Escudero, R., Minář, J. et al. Continuous Bose–Einstein condensation. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04731-z could lead to continuous-wave atom lasers

In this insightful episode, we sit down with renowned scientist Dr. Spontak, whose pioneering work has aimed at combating the worldwide threat of drug-resistant microbes, a threat that intensifies the risk of deadly hospital-acquired infections. Dr. Spontak shares his research about the development of charged multiblock polymers with a selectively sulfonated midblock.Dr. Spontak's groundbreaking work demonstrates that these polymers, which are hydrophilic and water-swellable, inherently provide self-sterilizing surfaces that act rapidly against a wide range of bacteria, including three antibiotic-resistant types. Remarkably, these polymers are capable of killing over 99.9999% of these harmful organisms in just 5 minutes. We discuss the importance of this research for a variety of applications, including biomedical applications, smart textiles, separation membranes, commodity fixtures, and food packaging. In addition, we explore the mechanism behind this antimicrobial efficacy, the role of the midblock sulfonation, and how the polymers can be rejuvenated after exposure to electrolyte solutions.This episode is a must-listen for those interested in the science of antimicrobial materials and the global challenge of combating drug-resistant microbes. Join us as we delve into this promising and inexpensive solution to a global healthcare threat.Keywords: Drug-Resistant Microbes, Antimicrobial Materials, Healthcare, Infections, Multiblock Polymers, Sulfonation, Self-Sterilizing Surfaces, Dr. Spontak.DOI: 10.1039/c9mh00726a Inherently self-sterilizing charged multiblock polymers that kill drug-resistant microbes in minutes

In this intriguing episode, we welcome Dr. Maldonado, who takes us on a journey into the realm of food addiction, its relation to obesity and other eating disorders, and the largely unknown mechanisms driving these behaviors. Dr. Maldonado's groundbreaking research delves into the role of microRNA (miRNA) expression in food addiction.We discuss the striking similarities found between miRNA signatures in the medial prefrontal cortex of animals and circulating miRNA levels in humans. This comparison has shed light on several miRNAs of potential interest in understanding the development of food addiction. Dr. Maldonado shares fascinating insights on how the inhibition of specific miRNAs, like miRNA-29c-3p and miRNA-665-3p, in the mouse mPFC can impact behavior and increase vulnerability to food addiction. On the other hand, we explore how the inhibition of miRNA-137-3p doesn't seem to contribute to food addiction.These findings open up an exciting field of study that could lead to the identification of innovative biomarkers for food addiction and inform future interventions. Join us as we explore the intriguing world of epigenetic mechanisms and their role in food addiction.Keywords: Food Addiction, Obesity, Eating Disorders, MicroRNA, Dr. Maldonado, Behavioral Control, Epigenetic Mechanisms, miRNA-29c-3p, miRNA-665-3p, miRNA-137-3p.miRNA signatures associated with vulnerability to food addiction in mice and humans https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI156281

In this compelling episode, we're joined by Dr. Birner, who leads us into the fascinating world of atmospheric science. We explore the little-known issue of the increasing concentration of helium in our atmosphere and the potential implications this has on our understanding of fossil fuel consumption and our planet's atmosphere.Dr. Birner reveals the surprising findings of his research: a clear build-up of helium-4 concentrations in the atmosphere over the past five decades. Based on a high-precision mass spectrometry technique and analysis of 46 air samples acquired between 1974 and 2020, the study has enabled a direct measure of the rise in atmospheric helium-4.This episode delves into the potential sources of the increasing helium concentrations and why this exceeds current estimates of anthropogenic emissions from natural gas, nuclear weapons, and nuclear power generation. This suggests a potential problem with previous isotope measurements or an incorrect assessment of known sources.Join us as we explore these groundbreaking findings and their implications, providing a fresh perspective on the impact of fossil fuel consumption on our atmosphere.Keywords: Helium, Atmosphere, Dr. Birner, Mass Spectrometry, Fossil Fuels, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases, Atmospheric Science, Helium-4, Helium-3.Birner, B., Severinghaus, J., Paplawsky, B. et al. Increasing atmospheric helium due to fossil fuel exploitation. Nat. Geosci. 15, 346–348 (2022). https://doi./10.1038/s41561-022-00932-3

In this enlightening episode, we're joined by Dr. Santos, a scientist at the forefront of finding innovative solutions to the global health crisis posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. He shares his fascinating research on the use of visible light-activated synthetic molecular machines (MMs) as a unique and effective antibacterial therapy.Dr. Santos's work shows that these MMs can kill a broad range of bacteria, including the notorious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in mere minutes. This represents a significantly quicker action than conventional antibiotics. We delve into how these MMs operate, including their ability to disrupt bacterial membranes physically and enhance the effect of conventional antibiotics when used at sublethal doses.In this conversation, we discuss the impressive fact that no resistance development was observed even after repeated exposure to these MMs. Dr. Santos also explains how therapeutic doses of MMs have significantly reduced mortality in an in vivo burn wound infection model.This episode is a must-listen for anyone interested in the latest innovative approaches to tackling the ever-growing issue of antibiotic resistance. Join us as we shed light on this groundbreaking research and its implications for global healthcare.Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Bacteria, Molecular Machines, Light-Activated Therapy, Dr. Santos, Global Health Crisis, Antibacterial Therapy.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm2055 Light-activated molecular machines are fast-acting broad-spectrum antibacterials that target the membrane

In this exciting episode, we're joined by Dr. Congreve, who introduces us to a game-changing technology in the field of three-dimensional (3D) printing. Stereolithography, one of the most successful techniques in 3D printing, has its limitations due to the linear absorption of light. This factor restricts both the choice of resin and the range of shapes that can be produced.In order to overcome this challenge, Dr. Congreve's team has utilized triplet fusion upconversion, a technique that enables volumetric printing with less than 4 milliwatt continuous-wave excitation. This strategy offers a leap beyond the traditional interfacial paradigm of 3D printing and allows for the creation of more complex structures without the restrictions associated with high laser power.Dr. Congreve further discusses the introduction of an excitonic strategy to systematically control the upconversion threshold, supporting monovoxel or parallelized printing schemes. This enables 3D printing at power densities significantly lower than those required for two-photon-based 3D printing.Join us as we delve into this groundbreaking technology and its potential impact on the future of 3D printing.Keywords: Dr. Congreve, 3D Printing, Stereolithography, Triplet Fusion Upconversion, Volumetric Printing, Excitonic Strategy, Monovoxel, Parallelized Printing Schemes.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04485-8 Triplet fusion upconversion nanocapsules for volumetric 3D printing

In this enlightening episode, we are joined by Dr. Bennett, who takes us through his ground-breaking research on the genetic basis of temporal summation of pain, or "wind-up". This process, where the repeated application of noxious stimuli leads to progressively increased pain perception, plays a pivotal role in various clinical pain disorders.Dr. Bennett's team has utilized a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) to reveal a significant association between human pain wind-up and the NCX3 locus, encoded by the SLC8A3 gene. Intriguingly, NCX3 null mice exhibited hypersensitivity in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, with dorsal horn neurons showcasing increased wind-up and intracellular calcium following repetitive stimulation.This episode discusses how the virally mediated enhanced spinal expression of NCX3 can potentially reduce central sensitization, opening up new avenues for pain management. This research underscores the role of calcium efflux as a pathway underpinning temporal summation and persistent pain, offering a promising target for therapeutic intervention.Join us as we delve into these findings and their implications, offering valuable insights into pain perception's genetic associations.Keywords: Dr. Bennett, Pain Perception, NCX3, Wind-up, GWAS, SLC8A3, Neuropathic Pain, Inflammatory Pain, Central Sensitization, Genetics of Pain.Sodium-calcium exchanger-3 regulates pain ‘‘wind- up’’: From human psychophysics to spinal mechanisms https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.05.017

In this episode, we explore the complex world of climate change with distinguished scientist Dr. England. With climate projections indicating a potential weakening or even collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) due to global warming, it's critical to understand the potential ramifications on a global scale. The impacts could range from altered Atlantic Ocean heat transport to changes in Arctic sea ice extent and regional North Atlantic climate. Dr. England's research sheds light on the more far-reaching effects of AMOC collapse, particularly the potential teleconnections to adjacent basins and into the Southern Hemisphere. Through the use of a global climate model, he shows that an AMOC collapse could accelerate the Pacific trade winds and Walker circulation. This change results from excess heat left in the tropical South Atlantic due to AMOC collapse, leading to anomalous atmospheric convection and strengthened Walker circulation and trade winds.Dr. England further discusses other teleconnections, including the weakening of the Indian and South Atlantic subtropical highs and the deepening of the Amundsen Sea Low. These findings provide a vital insight into how the global climate might respond to continued increases in greenhouse gases.Join us as we delve into these pressing issues and their potential impact on our future climate.Keywords: Dr. England, Climate Change, Global Warming, AMOC Collapse, Pacific Trade Winds, Walker Circulation, Teleconnections, Global Climate Response, Greenhouse Gas Increases.Orihuela-Pinto, B., England, M.H. & Taschetto, A.S. Interbasin and interhemispheric impacts of a collapsed Atlantic Overturning Circulation. Nat. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01380-y

Join us in an intriguing discussion with Dr. Arshamian, who challenges traditional notions about how our cultural background influences our perception of smells. While the role of culture in determining our sensory experiences has long been acknowledged, Dr. Arshamian's research suggests a minimal impact of culture on the perception of odor pleasantness. His fascinating study, involving 225 individuals from 9 diverse non-western cultures, found that culture accounted for only 6% of the variance in pleasantness rankings of smells, with individual variability or personal taste explaining a substantial 54%. The findings reveal a significant degree of global consistency, with the identity of the molecules making up the smells explaining 41% of the variance in odor pleasantness rankings. Dr. Arshamian's research also demonstrates that these universal rankings could be predicted by the physicochemical properties of new molecules and pleasantness ratings given by a tenth group of western urban participants. This research provides a new perspective on olfactory perception and suggests that it is primarily governed by universal principles. Tune in to learn more about these findings and their implications for understanding our sensory experiences.Keywords: Dr. Arshamian, Olfactory Perception, Odor Pleasantness, Culture, Sensory Experience, Physicochemical Properties, Personal Taste, Universal Principles.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.062 The perception of odor pleasantness is shared across cultures

On this episode, we're delighted to host Dr. Kakugo, a leading voice in the realm of micro-robotics and nanotechnology. His latest research explores an innovative approach to molecular transportation, employing the cooperative action of numerous artificial molecular machines. These are essentially photoresponsive DNA-conjugated microtubules propelled by kinesin motor proteins.Dr. Kakugo's team uses photoirradiation to trigger these microtubules to form cooperative groups. This technique allows them to load, transport, and unload cargo by disassembling the groups into individual microtubules. With this group formation, these molecular transporters can handle larger cargoes and transport them over greater distances compared to single transporters.Dr. Kakugo's research also demonstrates the potential to collect cargo at specific user-determined locations, guided by ultraviolet light exposure. This groundbreaking work offers exciting potential for the development of molecular robots with advanced functionalities by leveraging the principle of cooperation.Tune in to learn more about how this research is poised to revolutionize the future of micro-robotics and nanotechnology.Keywords: Dr. Kakugo, Microrobotics, Nanotechnology, Molecular Machines, Cooperative Task, Molecular Transportation, Photoresponsive DNA, Kinesin Motor Proteins.https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abm0677 Cooperative cargo transportation by a swarm of molecular machines

In this episode, we're joined by Dr. García-Ruiz to delve into the fascinating subject of cooperative breeding. Traditionally, the evolution of this practice has been credited to the workings of kin selection. However, Dr. García-Ruiz's pioneering research sheds light on the significance of direct fitness benefits and the relative contributions of different selection mechanisms.Through their modeling, Dr. García-Ruiz's team uncovers several intriguing insights. They find that direct fitness benefits from grouping primarily drive the evolution of philopatry or remaining in one's birthplace. Furthermore, while kin selection predominantly influences the emergence of alloparental care, group augmentation also emerges as a sufficient motivator in harsh environments.According to their results, the coevolution of philopatry and alloparental care is subject to positive feedback. Additionally, age-dependent dispersal is triggered by both group benefits and relatedness. Empirical data support these model predictions and open up exciting avenues for comparative analyses and experimental tests of causality.Join us as we navigate the complex world of cooperative breeding and the fascinating interplay between kin selection, direct fitness benefits, and environmental factors with Dr. García-Ruiz.Keywords: Dr. García-Ruiz, Cooperative Breeding, Evolution, Kin Selection, Philopatry, Alloparental Care, Group Augmentation, Direct Fitness Benefits.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl7853 The evolution of cooperative breeding by direct and indirect fitness effects

Title: A Comprehensive Recap of Our Weekly Guest Speaker SeriesDescription:Join us for this summary episode where we dive into the highlights from our recent guest speaker series. Each week, we had the privilege of hosting exceptional thought leaders and researchers from diverse fields, who shared their pioneering research, intriguing discoveries, and insightful perspectives.Our lineup featured some of the greatest minds in fields spanning from neuroscience and genomics to environmental science and artificial intelligence. These discussions touched on everything from the intricacies of brain development and the mysteries of the human genome to groundbreaking solutions for environmental challenges and innovative advancements in AI technology.In this episode, we'll revisit the key takeaways from each speaker, reflect on the questions posed by our audience, and look at how these discussions contribute to our understanding of these complex topics. We will also provide a sneak peek into our upcoming lineup of guest speakers.This is a fantastic opportunity to catch up on any discussions you may have missed, refresh your memory on those you attended, and gain an overview of the diverse topics we've explored so far in our series. Don't miss out on this comprehensive review of our enriching conversations with these trailblazing guests!Keywords: guest speaker series, neuroscience, genomics, environmental science, artificial intelligence, recap, summary, research, discovery, advancements.

In this episode, Dr. Cagan joins us to discuss his intriguing research on the rates and patterns of somatic mutation across a variety of mammalian species. Somatic mutation, the process of change in the DNA of an organism's cells other than sperm or egg cells, plays a key role in cancer and aging. However, the specifics of this process in non-human species have remained largely unknown.Dr. Cagan and his team have shed light on the landscape of somatic mutation by conducting whole-genome sequencing of 208 intestinal crypts from 56 individuals across 16 mammalian species. They found that mutation is dominated by endogenous processes in all species, such as 5-methylcytosine deamination and oxidative damage. Interestingly, mutational signatures across species closely resemble those found in humans, though the contributions of each signature vary.A key finding from Dr. Cagan's work is that the somatic mutation rate per year inversely correlates with species lifespan, suggesting an evolutionary constraint on somatic mutation rates. Despite the enormous variation in lifespan and body mass among the studied species, the somatic mutation burden at the end of lifespan only varied by a factor of around 3.Join us as we delve into this fascinating research with Dr. Cagan, exploring the implications of these findings for our understanding of aging and evolution.Keywords: Dr. Cagan, Somatic Mutation, Mammalian Species, Whole-Genome Sequencing, Aging, Cancer, Evolution, Lifespan.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04618-z Somatic mutation rates scale with lifespan across mammals

In this enlightening episode, we're joined by Dr. Qi Hu to discuss his impactful research on climate variation in Central Asia. Given that over 60% of Central Asia experiences arid to semi-arid climates, changes in the region's climate patterns can have profound impacts on food production, natural resource availability, and overall societal stability.Through an innovative approach using climate classification, Dr. Hu and his team have been able to identify specific geographical patterns of climate variation. Since the 1980s, the desert climate in the region has expanded northward by over 100 km, and temperatures have increased across all climate types.Perhaps most significant are the changes observed in the region's mountainous areas, where previously cold climates have been replaced by warmer, wetter conditions. These shifts are not only leading to the fast retreat of glaciers and a rise in groundwater levels but also have the potential to reshape the region's hydrology and ecology.As we delve into the complexities of this research with Dr. Hu, we'll explore the implications of these findings for both Central Asia's environment and its societies and how these changes could impact future agricultural practices, economic stability, and ecological systems.Keywords: Dr. Qi Hu, Climate Variation, Central Asia, Climate Classification, Desert Expansion, Increased Temperatures, Hydrology, Ecosystems, Agriculture, Societal Stability.Northward Expansion of Desert Climate in Central Asia in Recent Decades Qi Hu,Zihang Han https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098895

This episode features a fascinating discussion with Dr. Ryan Chiechi about his groundbreaking research in the field of molecular electronics. His team has achieved a significant milestone in creating digital logic circuits from protein complexes and liquid metal electrodes. This achievement paves the way for a whole new understanding and approach toward electronics at the molecular level.Dr. Chiechi's protein-based resistors and diodes showcase a unique feature - temperature-independent charge transport across approximately 10 nm distances. Moreover, these circuits don't require special handling or encapsulation, which significantly simplifies their usage. A key characteristic of these protein complexes is that their function is entirely dependent on self-assembly. The orientation of the dipole moments within these assemblies determines their electrical conductivity, adding dynamic functionality to these protein-based circuits.Dr. Chiechi further demonstrates the practical applications of these molecular electronic devices by creating pulse modulators based on AND and OR logic gates. These innovative circuits perform almost identically to their simulated counterparts, indicating a significant step forward in the field of molecular electronics.Join us as we dive into the details of this intriguing research and explore the future possibilities that molecular electronics hold.Keywords: Dr. Ryan Chiechi, Digital Logic Circuits, Protein Complexes, Liquid Metal Electrodes, Molecular Electronics, Self-assembly, Dipole Moments, AND and OR Logic Gates, Molecular Self-assembly.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30038-8 The fabrication of digital logic circuits comprising resistors and diodes made from protein complexes wired together using printed liquid metal electrodes.

Join us in this fascinating episode where we converse with Dr. Thomas Armbruster on his innovative research in neurobiology. The episode dives deep into the intricacies of astrocyte-neuron interactions and the unique role that astrocytes play in neuronal activity.Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, are known to interact with neuronal synapses through their distal processes, aiding in the removal of glutamate and potassium (K+) post-neuronal activity. These actions are dependent on astrocyte membrane potential (Vm). Interestingly, while astrocyte Vm has long been considered largely static, Dr. Armbruster’s research paints a different picture.By utilizing genetically encoded voltage indicators, Dr. Armbruster's team measured Vm at peripheral astrocyte processes (PAPs) in mice. They discovered large, quick, focal, and pathway-specific depolarizations in PAPs during neuronal activity. These depolarizations, driven by presynaptic K+ efflux and electrogenic glutamate transporters in response to neuronal activity, inhibited astrocyte glutamate clearance.This finding unveils a new dimension of astrocyte-neuron interaction, with astrocyte depolarization enhancing neuronal activation by glutamate. Such an intricate form of astrocyte-neuron interaction represents a novel class of subcellular astrocyte membrane dynamics, opening up fresh avenues in our understanding of neurobiology.Join us as we discuss these intriguing findings and their implications for the future of neuroscience.Keywords: Dr. Thomas Armbruster, Astrocytes, Neurons, Glutamate Clearance, Membrane Potential, Neurobiology, Peripheral Astrocyte Processes, Depolarization, Glial Cells, Neuronal Activation.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01049-x Neuronal activity drives pathway-specific depolarization of peripheral astrocyte processes

In this episode, we delve into the fascinating world of auditory neuroscience with Dr. Elena Dellaferrera. We explore how our auditory system separates individual sources from mixed sounds - a challenge known as blind source decomposition.In nature, auditory signals usually originate from multiple sound sources occurring simultaneously. Recognizing these individual sources is a formidable task for the human auditory system, which it handles elegantly by identifying repeating patterns within the acoustic input. However, recreating this behavior through computational models has been a largely unexplored territory.Dr. Dellaferrera introduces us to her innovative, biologically inspired computational model designed to perform blind source separation on mixed acoustic stimuli sequences. The proposed model, grounded in a somatodendritic neuron model and a Hebbian-like learning rule, was designed to detect recurring spatio-temporal patterns in synaptic inputs.This computational model effectively segregates sources, echoing the characteristics of human performance across different experimental settings using synthesized sounds with naturalistic properties. Dr. Dellaferrera's work further extends this study to unexplored territories, including natural sounds and images.Join us as we delve into the implications of this exciting research, its potential to enrich our understanding of auditory neuroscience, and how it can inform predictions in yet-to-be-tested experimental settings.Keywords: Dr. Elena Dellaferrera, Blind Source Decomposition, Auditory Neuroscience, Computational Models, Sound Source Separation, Somatodendritic Neuron Model, Hebbian Learning Rule, Segregation Capabilities.Modeling the Repetition-Based Recovering of Acoustic and Visual Sources With Dendritic Neurons https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.855753

Join us for this summary episode, where we dive into the highlights from our recent guest speaker series. Each week, we had the privilege of hosting exceptional thought leaders and researchers from diverse fields, who shared their pioneering research, intriguing discoveries, and insightful perspectives.Our lineup featured some of the greatest minds in fields spanning from neuroscience and genomics to environmental science and artificial intelligence. These discussions touched on everything from the intricacies of brain development and the mysteries of the human genome to groundbreaking solutions for environmental challenges and innovative advancements in AI technology.In this episode, we'll revisit the key takeaways from each speaker, reflect on the questions posed by our audience, and look at how these discussions contribute to our understanding of these complex topics. We will also provide a sneak peek into our upcoming lineup of guest speakers.This is a fantastic opportunity to catch up on any discussions you may have missed, refresh your memory on those you attended, and gain an overview of the diverse topics we've explored so far in our series. Don't miss out on this comprehensive review of our enriching conversations with these trailblazing guests!Keywords: guest speaker series, neuroscience, genomics, environmental science, artificial intelligence, recap, summary, research, discovery, advancements.

In this insightful episode, we venture into the universe's depths with Dr. Sedat Ata, exploring the complex structure and evolution of our cosmos. We discuss the vital role of cosmological simulations in studying the universe and how these simulations can align with real observed structures.Dr. Ata introduces us to a novel approach in cosmic exploration - constrained cosmological simulations. These are specifically designed to match the observed distribution of galaxies, enabling scientists to 'fast-forward' the simulation to our present day and study the evolution of cosmic structures in a self-consistent way.Based on spectroscopic surveys at a redshift of z ≈ 2.3, approximately 11 Gyr ago, these simulations predict that several protoclusters observed earlier would evolve into massive galaxy clusters today. One such prediction includes the 'Hyperion' structure, which will collapse into a filamentary supercluster spanning 100 Mpc.Moreover, the constrained simulations reveal previously unknown protoclusters with lower final masses, nearly doubling the number of known protoclusters within this volume. The approach Dr. Ata presents, when applied to future high-redshift datasets, offers a unique opportunity to study early structure formation and match galaxy properties between high and low redshifts.Tune in as we journey through time and space, understanding the universe's past, present, and future, and learn about the fascinating structures it houses.Keywords: Dr. Sedat Ata, Cosmological Simulations, Constrained Cosmological Simulations, Universe Structure, Protoclusters, Superclusters, Galaxy Clusters, High-redshift Datasets.Ata, M., Lee, KG., Vecchia, C.D. et al. Predicted future fate of COSMOS galaxy protoclusters over 11 Gyr with constrained simulations. Nat Astron (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01693-0

Aging, a complex process marked by gradual declines in fitness and function, remains a key area of scientific inquiry. Dr. Raj Gill joins us in this episode to shed light on how the aging process impacts cells, leading to reduced function, altered gene expression, and a disrupted epigenome.Dr. Gill introduces us to an innovative technique known as "Maturation Phase Transient Reprogramming" (MPTR), designed to rejuvenate the epigenome without fully reprogramming cells. This novel method, applied to dermal fibroblasts from middle-aged donors, demonstrates the exciting potential for substantially rejuvenating multiple cellular attributes. The MPTR method provides a way for cells to temporarily lose their identity and then reacquire it, suggesting an intriguing interplay of epigenetic memory and persistent gene expression. The transcriptome, the epigenome, and H3K9me3 levels were all significantly rejuvenated. Moreover, the fibroblasts rejuvenated through MPTR were observed to produce youthful levels of collagen proteins and demonstrate enhanced migration speed, indicating functional rejuvenation.In this stimulating conversation, Dr. Gill also hints at the existence of optimal time windows for rejuvenating the transcriptome and the epigenome, thereby setting the stage for further exploration in this area. Tune in as we delve into the exciting world of cellular aging, and learn how it might be possible to turn back time at the cellular level to discover new anti-aging genes and therapies.Keywords: Dr. Raj Gill, Aging, Epigenome, Transcriptome, Maturation Phase Transient Reprogramming (MPTR), Cellular Rejuvenation, Dermal Fibroblasts, Anti-aging Therapy.https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71624 Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming

In this captivating episode, we're joined by Dr. Autti, a leading physicist who takes us into the mesmerizing world of time crystals - macroscopic quantum systems in periodic motion in their ground state.The groundbreaking experiments by Dr. Autti and his team provide an in-depth look at two coupled time crystals made of spin-wave quasiparticles, known as magnons. These form a macroscopic two-level system with a fascinating twist: the two levels evolve over time based on an intrinsic nonlinear feedback, creating a form of spontaneous two-level dynamics.Dr. Autti elucidates the process of a level crossing in these systems, where magnons move from the ground level to the excited level due to the Landau-Zener effect and Rabi population oscillations. This exploration of magnon time crystals reveals a way to access every detail of quantum-coherent interactions in a single experiment.We also discuss the potential applications and implications of this research. Not only does this study open avenues for the detection of surface-bound Majorana fermions in the underlying superfluid system, but it also prompts the possibility of harnessing coherent magnon phenomena in technological applications - potentially even at room temperature.Join us as we traverse the fascinating terrains of quantum physics, exploring the concept of time crystals, and uncover the potential they hold in the world of quantum technology.Keywords: Dr. Autti, Time Crystals, Quantum Systems, Magnons, Quantum Coherent Interactions, Nonlinear Feedback, Landau-Zener Effect, Rabi Population Oscillations, Majorana Fermions, Superfluid Systems.Autti, S., Heikkinen, P.J., Nissinen, J. et al. Nonlinear two-level dynamics of quantum time crystals. Nat Commun 13, 3090 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30783-w

In this enlightening episode, we welcome Dr. Andrés Cubillos-Ruiz, who takes us into the world of gut health and antibiotics. His pioneering research proposes a compelling solution to antibiotic-induced alterations in the gut microbiota—a problem that contributes to various metabolic and inflammatory diseases, increases the risk of secondary infections, and fuels the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.Dr. Cubillos-Ruiz introduces us to an engineered strain of Lactococcus lactis that selflessly degrades β-lactams—a widely used class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that disrupt gut flora—through the secretion and extracellular assembly of a heterodimeric β-lactamase. He explains the unique design of this β-lactamase-expression system, which neither confers β-lactam resistance to the producer cell nor is susceptible to dissemination by horizontal gene transfer. The intriguing part is how this research plays out in vivo. In a mouse model treated with parenteral ampicillin, oral supplementation with this engineered live biotherapeutic minimized gut dysbiosis without affecting the ampicillin concentration in serum. It also prevented the enrichment of antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut microbiome and the loss of colonization resistance against Clostridioides difficile.Join us as we delve into the potential of engineered live biotherapeutics that safely degrade antibiotics in the gut, a strategy that could revolutionize the prevention of dysbiosis and associated pathologies. Keywords: Dr. Andrés Cubillos-Ruiz, Gut Microbiota, Antibiotics, β-lactams, Lactococcus lactis, β-lactamase, Dysbiosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, Biotherapeutics, Metabolic Diseases, Inflammatory Diseases.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00871-9 An engineered live biotherapeutic protects the intestinal microbiome.

In this episode, we have a fascinating discussion with Dr. Manuguri and Dr. Ryssy on the dynamic world of plasmonic nanoparticles and the potentials of light as a modulating agent. They introduce us to their recent work on the orientational control of anisotropic plasmonic nanoparticles—a captivating approach that promises to create dynamic plasmonic responses.The researchers guide us through their cutting-edge work where they used visible-light-induced photothermal effects to manipulate the orientation of gold nanorods within DNA-engineered hydrogel materials. They explain how the light-mediated approach prompts a deformation in the hydrogel matrix, leading to temperature-controlled polarization-dependent optical responses. The anisotropy of these responses proves to be highly adaptable to the nature of DNA crosslinks.We delve into the wider implications of their findings, which could potentially pave the way for novel light-responsive materials with reconfigurable plasmonic responses. Join us as we explore the frontier of nanotechnology and its transformative potential.Keywords: Dr. Manuguri, Dr. Ryssy, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Light-Mediated Approach, Gold Nanorods, DNA-Engineered Hydrogel Materials, Photothermal Effects, Light-Responsive Materials, Nanotechnology.https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202201249 DNA-Engineered Hydrogels with Light-Adaptive Plasmonic Responses Orientational control of anisotropic plasmonic nanoparticles.

In this thought-provoking episode, we sit down with Dr. Enright to explore the effects of mega-fires on soil microbiomes. Mega-fires, fires of tremendous size and intensity, have been increasing globally due to climate change, fire suppression practices, and developmental activities. These fires have significant implications for soil microbiomes, which play a critical role in plant regeneration and nutrient cycling post-fire.Dr. Enright shares her team's unique research opportunities in the aftermath of the 2016 Soberanes mega-fire that severely affected established redwood–tanoak plots. Her study stands out as the first to scrutinize microbial fire response in redwood–tanoak forests, offering a wealth of insights into the transformation of the soil microbiome.Join us as we discuss the compelling findings of their research, where they observed a substantial reduction in bacterial and fungal richness in burned plots while unburned plots remained unchanged. They found the fire selected for certain bacterial and fungal taxa that were phylogenetically conserved, indicating shared evolutionary traits that respond positively to fire.We further delve into how their findings fit into a trait-based conceptual model that could help predict general microbial responses to fire. This is an intriguing discussion for anyone interested in understanding the complex interplay between mega-fires, climate change, and soil microbiomes.Keywords: Dr. Enright, Mega-Fires, Soil Microbiome, Climate Change, Redwood-Tanoak Forests, Bacterial and Fungal Richness, Phylogenetically Conserved Taxa, Trait-Based Conceptual Model, Fire Ecology.https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16399 Soil microbiomes are critical for post-fire plant regeneration. We build a framework to predict generalizable microbial responses to fire.

Join us for this summary episode, where we dive into the highlights from our recent guest speaker series. Each week, we hosted exceptional thought leaders and researchers from diverse fields, who shared their pioneering research, intriguing discoveries, and insightful perspectives.Our lineup featured some of the greatest minds in fields spanning from neuroscience and genomics to environmental science and artificial intelligence. These discussions touched on everything from the intricacies of brain development and the mysteries of the human genome to groundbreaking solutions for environmental challenges and innovative advancements in AI technology.In this episode, we'll revisit the key takeaways from each speaker, reflect on the questions posed by our audience, and look at how these discussions contribute to our understanding of these complex topics. We will also provide a sneak peek into our upcoming lineup of guest speakers.This is a fantastic opportunity to catch up on any discussions you may have missed, refresh your memory on those you attended, and gain an overview of the diverse topics we've explored so far in our series. Don't miss out on this comprehensive review of our enriching conversations with these trailblazing guests!Keywords: guest speaker series, neuroscience, genomics, environmental science, artificial intelligence, recap, summary, research, discovery, advancements.

The capacity to communicate effectively is a fundamental human need. But what happens when paralysis or other medical conditions interfere with the ability to speak? In this fascinating episode, Dr. Moses joins us to discuss his innovative work on technology that can decode words and sentences directly from brain activity, potentially revolutionizing communication for paralyzed individuals.Dr. Moses and his team have successfully implanted a subdural, high-density, multielectrode array over the speech-controlling sensorimotor cortex area in a person suffering from anarthria (loss of speech articulation) and spastic quadriparesis due to a brain-stem stroke. Over 48 sessions, the team recorded the cortical activity while the participant attempted to say words from a selected vocabulary set, then used deep-learning algorithms to create computational models for word detection and classification.In this episode, Dr. Moses shares this study's remarkable results: they decode sentences from the participant's brain activity in real-time, with a significant accuracy rate. This groundbreaking research brings hope to those who have lost the ability to communicate verbally due to medical conditions.Listen as we delve into the world of brain-computer interfaces, deep learning, and the future of assisted communication with Dr. Moses.Keywords: Dr. Moses, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Anarthria, Spastic Quadriparesis, Brain-Stem Stroke, Deep Learning, Speech Decoding, Cortical Activity, Paralysis, Communication, Natural-Language Model.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2027540

Uncovering the secrets of dark matter is one of the greatest challenges in modern cosmology. In this thought-provoking episode, we're joined by Dr. Giacomo Cacciapaglia, who shares his latest findings on the role of gravitons, hypothetical quantum particles that mediate the force of gravity, in the composition of dark matter.Dr. Cacciapaglia and his team discovered a chiral enhancement in the production cross sections of massive spin-2 gravitons that may suggest their potential role as dark matter candidates for the freeze-in mechanism. These findings point towards graviton masses in the keV–MeV range, positioning gravitons as sub-MeV dark matter particles, a concept that aligns with our understanding of small-scale galaxy structures.The team applied their novel calculations to a Randall-Sundrum model with multiple branes, demonstrating a significant parameter space where the first two massive gravitons can account for the dark matter relic density. Join us as we delve into the intricate world of dark matter, gravitons, and the mysteries of the cosmos with Dr. Cacciapaglia.Keywords: Dr. Giacomo Cacciapaglia, Dark Matter, Gravitons, Randall-Sundrum Model, Chiral Enhancement, Freeze-in Mechanism, Cosmology, Physics, Astrophysics, Quantum Particles.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.081806

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is emerging as an innovative treatment for a range of psychiatric disorders, but the current methods for identifying stimulation targets could be improved. In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Balderston, who discusses his pioneering work on a novel targeting optimization approach for TMS treatments that combines whole-brain resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) and electric-field (e-field) modeling.Dr. Balderston explains how this approach allows for more personalized, symptom-specific TMS targets. He shares results from a proof of concept study involving 91 anxious misery (AM) patients and 25 controls. Using principal component analysis (PCA) regression, his team predicted symptoms from rsFC and estimated the parameter vector for the e-field augmented model.The potential applications of this method are vast, as it allows for the computation of predicted symptom changes for each site/orientation using the e-field augmented model. Notably, Dr. Balderston's findings suggest that left dlPFC stimulation, tailored to individual brain connectivity, could lead to better outcomes for depression treatment.Join us as we delve into the intricate world of rsFC, e-field modeling, and the future of individualized TMS therapy with Dr. Balderston.Keywords: Dr. Balderston, Resting State Functional Connectivity, rsFC, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, TMS, Electric-field Modelling, Depression Treatment, Anxious Misery, Individualized Therapy, BA9, Left dlPFC, M1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01110-6 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatments: using individualized TMS targeting to maximize the therapeutic impact.

The journey to understand chronic pain has been complex, and a dimension of this complexity is the marked differences in the prevalence and severity of chronic pain across sexes. In this illuminating episode, we sit down with Dr. Hildebrand, whose groundbreaking research explores the underpinnings of this phenomenon.Dr. Hildebrand's work in Freund’s adjuvant in vivo model of inflammatory pain identified a pathological coupling between KCC2-dependent disinhibition and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) potentiation within superficial dorsal horn neurons in male rats - but not in females. The study further showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neuroimmune mediator, did not regulate the same inhibitory and excitatory signaling elements in females as it did in males.Remarkably, this sex-specific difference in spinal pain processing is not exclusive to rodents - it's conserved in humans, too. And when female rats underwent ovariectomy, their pain neuronal phenotype mirrored that of males, suggesting that sex hormones might play a pivotal role in determining these distinct pain processing pathways.Join us as we delve into the fascinating world of pain research with Dr. Hildebrand and explore how these insights might pave the way for improved chronic pain treatments for both sexes.Keywords: Dr. Hildebrand, Chronic Pain, Sex Differences, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, NMDA Receptor Potentiation, Spinal Pain Processing, Neurology, Pain Management, Neuroscience.https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab408

Title: A Comprehensive Recap of Our Weekly Guest Speaker SeriesDescription:Join us for this summary episode where we dive into the highlights from our recent guest speaker series. Each week, we had the privilege of hosting exceptional thought leaders and researchers from diverse fields, who shared their pioneering research, intriguing discoveries, and insightful perspectives.Our lineup featured some of the greatest minds in fields spanning from neuroscience and genomics to environmental science and artificial intelligence. These discussions touched on everything from the intricacies of brain development and the mysteries of the human genome to groundbreaking solutions for environmental challenges and innovative advancements in AI technology.In this episode, we'll revisit the key takeaways from each speaker, reflect on the questions posed by our audience, and look at how these discussions contribute to our understanding of these complex topics. We will also provide a sneak peek into our upcoming lineup of guest speakers.This is a fantastic opportunity to catch up on any discussions you may have missed, refresh your memory on those you attended, and gain an overview of the diverse topics we've explored so far in our series. Don't miss out on this comprehensive review of our enriching conversations with these trailblazing guests!Keywords: guest speaker series, neuroscience, genomics, environmental science, artificial intelligence, recap, summary, research, discovery, advancements.

In this episode, we have the privilege to speak with Dr. Henri, a leading scientist in the field of Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs). TPVs, which convert infrared wavelength light to electricity, are recognized as potential game-changers for energy storage and conversion. They are ideally suited for higher temperature heat sources, surpassing the operational ranges of today's commonly used turbines in electricity production.The highlight of our conversation is the significant progress made in TPV efficiency. Dr. Henri's team has successfully fabricated and measured TPV cells with efficiencies exceeding 40%, a major leap from the previous highest record of 32%. These groundbreaking TPV cells are two-junction devices composed of III-V materials optimized for emitter temperatures ranging from 1,900–2,400 °C.Our guest also introduces us to the concept of band-edge spectral filtering, used in conjunction with highly reflective back surface reflectors, to reject unusable sub-bandgap radiation, which significantly contributes to the high efficiency of these TPVs.Through his work, Dr. Henri is opening a promising path for thermal energy grid storage, which could play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the electricity grid. Listen in to explore the future of sustainable energy with this fascinating discussion on Thermophotovoltaics.Keywords: Dr. Henri, Thermophotovoltaics, Energy Conversion, Infrared Light, Energy Storage, Efficiency, Electricity Production, Sustainable Energy, Decarbonization.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04473-y

In this episode, we are joined by MD/Ph.D. Zuniga is at the forefront of research into the intricate mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Alzheimer's patients often exhibit evidence of altered RNA processing. However, the causal link between these changes and neurodegeneration and the mechanics of how such alterations occur remain somewhat elusive.Dr. Zuniga provides insight into these issues through her ground-breaking work using Drosophila melanogaster models of tauopathy. Her team discovered that the activity of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a key RNA quality control mechanism, is reduced in these models. Importantly, the manipulation of the NMD machinery could significantly alter tau-induced neurotoxicity, establishing a causal link between deficits in NMD and neurodegeneration.The team identified the cause of NMD deficits to be aberrant RNA export and RNA accumulation within nuclear envelope invaginations in tauopathy. Significantly, they also identified a pharmacological activator of NMD that suppressed neurodegeneration in tau transgenic Drosophila, suggesting that these RNA quality control deficits can be targeted therapeutically.Join us as Dr. Zuniga guides us through the complexities of her research and its implications for the potential treatment of tauopathies, providing a new perspective on these challenging neurodegenerative disorders.Keywords: Dr. Zuniga, Alzheimer's Disease, Tauopathies, RNA Quality Control, Neurodegeneration, Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay, Drosophila Melanogaster, Tauopathy, Therapeutics.doi: 10.1002/alz.12653. Our studies suggest that NMD activators should be explored for their potential therapeutic value to patients with tauopathies.